-     LIBRARY 


I 


UNIVERSITY  OF 
CALIFORNIA 

SAN  DIEGO 


presented  to  the 

LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  •  SAN  DIEGO 

by 
FRIENDS  OF  THE  LIBRARY 

M.F.  Studebaker 

donor 


SECOND  REPORT 


OF  THE 


Provost  Marshal  General 

TO  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR 

ON  THE  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  SELECTIVE 
SERVICE  SYSTEM  TO  DECEMBER  20,  1918 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1919 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

A   SURVEY   OF   EVENTS   AND   POLICIES. 

Page. 

(I)  Introduction 1 

(II)  Some  lessons  of  experience 7 

(III)  The  future 11 

1.  The  necessary  industries 13 

2.  The  normal  and  the  nonproductive  employments 18 

3.  The  local  and  the  national  viewpoints 19 

4.  Afterthewar 20 

CHAPTER  II. 

REGISTRATION. 

(I)  First  registration,  ages  21-30,  June  5,  1917 22 

(II)  Second  registration,  age  21,  June  5- August  24,  1918 22 

1.  Need  for  this  registration 22 

2.  Plan  of  registration 22 

3.  Supplemental  registration  of  August  24, 1918 24 

4.  Results  of  second  registration 24 

(III)  Third  registration,  ages  18-20,  32-45,  September  12,  1918 24 

1.  Necessity  for  extending  the  draft  ages 24 

2.  Legislative  measures 25 

3.  Plan  of  registration 26 

4.  Securing  100  per  cent  registration;  publicity  methods 27 

5.  Results  cf  the  third  registration 30 

6.  Ratio  of  registrants  to  male  population 31 

(IV)  Special  arrangements  for  registration  on  Indian  reservations,  in  national 

parks,  in  the  Territories,  and  in  foreign  countries 32 

1.  Registration  on  Indian  reservations 32 

2.  Registration  in  national  parks  and  monuments 33 

3.  Registration  in  the  Territories — Alaska,  Hawaii,  and  Porto  Rico.  33 

4.  Registration  in  foreign  countries 35 

CHAPTER  III. 

THE   PROCESS   OF   SELECTION. 

(T)  Assignment  of  serial  numbers 39 

(II)  Drawing  of  order  numbers 41 

•(III)  Determining  and  recording  of  order  numbers 43 

{IV)  The  questionnaires  and  the  classification  system 45 

(V)  Making  and  granting  of  claims  for  deferment  and  exemption 48 

1.  Method  of  making  claims  and  appeals 48 

2.  Number  of  claims  made  and  granted  in  local  boards 49 

3.  Number  of  claims  made  and  granted  in  district  boards 51 

4.  Number  of  appeals  to  the  President 52 

(a)  Under  regulations  of  June  30,  1917 52 

(6)  Under  regulations  in  force  since  Dec.  15,  1917 53 

ir 


CONTENTS.  V 

Page. 

(VI)  Permits  for  departures  abroad 54 

(VID  Noncombatants 56 

1.  Religious-creed  members 56 

2.  Conscientious  objectors 58 

3.  Court-martial  trials  of  conscientious  objectors 61 

(VII  I)  The  Emergency  Fleet  classification  list 62 

1.  Reasons  for  this  measure 62 

2.  General  plan 64 

(a)  Functions  of  the  office  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General.  ...  64 

(6)  Plan  of  operation  issued  by  the  Navy  Department 65 

(c)  Plan  of  operation  used  by  the  United  States  Shipping 

Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation 66 

(d)  Plan  of  operation  used  by  the  recruiting  service  of  the 

United  States  Shipping  Board 67 

3.  Shipbuilding  labor-power  obtained  bv  this  system 68 

4.  Operation  of  the  system 69 

(a)  Complaints 69 

(b)  General  results  of  the  measure 72 

(IX)  The  "work  or  fight "  order 75 

1.  Origin  and  purpose 75 

2.  Method 76 

3.  Provisions  of  the  rules 77 

4.  Enforcement  of  the  rules 79 

(a)  Formal  action  by  boards 79 

(b)  Collateral  evidence  of  the  effect  of  the  rules 80 

(c)  Effect  on  different  occupations 81 

(d)  Baseball 82 

5.  Relation  of  the  "work  or  fight"  order  to  the  War  Industries 

Board  priorities  list 83 

6.  Effect  on  compulsory-work  movenent 85 

7.  Industrial  conscription 85 

CHAPTER  IV. 

CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES    AND    RESULTS. 

(I)  Alienage 86 

Introductory 86 

(a)  Loyalty  of  aliens 86 

(b)  The  legal  status  of  aliens 88 

(c)  Numbers  of  aliens 88 

1.  Alienage  as  disturbing  the  quota  basis 92 

(a)  Alien  nonliability  to  the  draft 93 

(b)  Reciprocal  treaties  of  conscription  with  cobelligerents. . .  93 

(c)  The  classification  system 93 

2.  Treatment  of  aliens  by  the  law  and  by  the  officials  as  a  subject 

of  diplomatic  protest  by  foreign  representatives 94 

(a)  Nondeclarant  aliens 94 

(6)  Declarants 98 

(c)  Naturalization 101 

3.  Effect  of  foregoing  measures 101 

(a)  Discharges  in  camp 101 

(6)  Naturalizations  in  1918 102 

(c)  Cobelligerent  recruiting 102 

(d)  Localboards 102 


VI  CONTENTS. 

(I)  Alienage — Continued.  Page. 

4.  Alien  enemy  subjects  in  the  Army 104 

(a)  Alien  enemies  as  affected  by  the  draft 104 

(6)  Naturalization 107 

(c)  German  race-stock 107 

(II)  Dependency 108 

1.  Early  rulings  under  the  method  of  calling  and  discharging 108 

2.  The  classification  system 110 

3.  Class  II-A — Married  registrants  with  children Ill 

4.  Class  II-B — Married  registrants  without  children Ill 

5.  Class  I— B,  C 113 

6.  Board  opinion  as  to  the  clarification 114 

7.  Third  persons'  claim 115 

8.  Results  of  the  classification 116 

(a)  Married  men 116 

(6)  Classes  II-A,  II-B,  IV-A 117 

(c)  Single  men 118 

9.  Recent  marriages 119 

(a)  Change  of  rule 121 

(b)  Results  of  change  of  rule 122 

(III)  Military  or  Naval  Service 123 

1.  Significance  of  this  classification.  . 123 

2.  Number  classified  in  V-D 124 

(IV)  Sundry  specified  vocations 124 

1.  Exemptions  and  deferments  in  specified  vocations 124 

2.  Federal  employees  designated  by  the  President 126 

3.  Divinity  and  medical  students 128 

4.  Firemen  and  policemen 129 

5.  County  and  municipal  officials 132 

6.  Federal  and  State  officers 133 

(V)  Necessary  agricultural  and  industrial  workers 135 

1.  Purpose  of  the  deferment 135 

2.  Numerical  results  of  the  deferment  system  on  industry  and  agri- 

culture   '. 136 

3.  Blanket  deferments  of  entire  occupations 139 

(a)  United  States  Railway  Service 139 

(b)  United  States  Fuel  Administration 140 

4.  Industrial  advisers 142 

5.  Industrial  and  agricultural  furloughs 144 

6.  Statutory  enlargement  of    "industries"  to   include  "occupations 

and  employments  " 146 

(VI)  Moral  disqualification 147 

1.  Definition  of  moral  disqualification 147 

2.  Convicted  and  indicted  persons  entering  the  Army 148 

(VII)  Physical  qualifications 150 

1.  Physical  examination  system 150 

2.  Physical  standards  of  qualification 151 

3.  The  four  physical  groups 151 

4.  Group  A;  Qualified  for  general  military  service 153 

5.  Group  B;  Remediables 153 

6.  Group  C;  Qualified  for  special  or  limited  service 154 

(a)  Number  called 154 

(6)  Uses  made 155 

7.  Group  D;  Disqualified  for  any  military  service 156 

8.  Malingerers 157 


CONTENTS.  VH 

(VII)  Physical  qualifications — Continued.  Page. 

9.  Urban  and  rural  physical  rejections  compared 159 

10.  Colored  and  white  physical  rejections  compared 159 

11.  Alien  and  native  physical  rejections  compared " 160 

12.  Age — 21  physical  rejections 161 

13.  Camp  surgeons'  revision  of  local  board  physical  examinations 161 

14.  Specific  causes  of  rejection , 164 

15.  Alcohol  and  drug  addiction 167 

16.  Thyroid  disease 167 

17.  Mental  deficiency  and  disorders 168 

(VIII)  Deferments  and  exemptions  in  general 168 

1.  Ratio  of  different  grounds  for  exemption  and  discharge 168 

2.  Ratio  of  different  classes 169 

3.  Divisions  within  classes ; 170 

4.  Fluctuation  of  deferred  classifications 171 

5.  Ratio  of  exemptions  and  deferments  under  the  British  system 171 

(IX)  Class  1 172 

1.  Nominal  Class  I : 172 

2.  Effective  Class  1 174 

(a)  Delinquents  and  deserters 174 

(b)  Medical  groups  B  and  C 174 

(c)  Emergency  Fleet  entries 174 

3.  Elements  of  complication  in  using  Class  I  effectives 175 

4.  Exhaustion  of  Class  1 176 

5.  Class  I  in  the  registration  of  September  12,  1918 176 

6.  Ratio  of  Class  I  in  new  registration 178 

CHAPTER  V. 

SPECIAL    GROUPS    OF    REGISTRANTS. 

(I)  Age  groups : 179 

1.  Estimates  of  size  of  age  groups  of  males  liable  for  military  serv- 

ice   180 

(a)  Total  for  age  groups  18-20,  32-45 180 

(6)  Total  for  ages  21-30 181 

(c)  Total  for  ages  18-20 182 

(d)  Total  for  age  group  32-15 182 

(e)  Total  for  age  group  18-45 182 

(/)  Individual  ages  18,  19,  and  20 183 

(g)  Individual  ages  32,  33,  etc.,  to  36 184 

(A)  Age45 I 185 

(i)  Age32 185 

2.  Slackers  and  nonregist rants  on  June  5,  1917,  and  June  5,  1918 186 

(a)  June  5,  1917 186 

(b)  JuneS,  1918 188 

3.  Distribution  of  ages  by  States 188 

4.  Effectives  in  the  several  age  groups 189 

(a)  Ages  21-30 189 

(6)  Ages  18-20,  32-36 189 

(II)  Race  and  color  groups 191 

1.  Colored  and  white  registration  compared 191 

2.  Colored  and  white  classification  compared 192 

3.  Colored  and  white  inductions  compared 193 

4.  The  Negro  in  relation  to  the  draft 193 

5.  The  Indian  in  relation  to  the  draft. . .                                        197 


VIII  CONTENTS. 

Page. 

(Ill)  Delinquents,  deserters,  and  resistants 199 

1.  Evasion  of  the  draft;  slackers,  delinquents,  and  deserters;  dis- 

•  tinctions  explained 199 

2.  Methods  of  detecting  and  apprehending  slackers,  delinquents, 

and  deserters 200 

3.  Reported  and  net  reported  desertions 202 

(a)  Reported  desertions 202 

(6)  Net  reported  desertions 203 

(c)  Desertions  disposed  of 204 

4.  Reported  desertions,  by  color,  compared 205 

5.  Reported  desertions,  by  nationality,  compared 206 

6.  Resistance  to  the  draft 207 

CHAPTER  VI. 

QUOTA   BASIS   AND    STATE    QUOTAS. 

1.  Quotas  from  September  to  December,  1917 213 

2.  Quotas  from  January  1,  1918,  to  date  of  filling  first  levy  of  687,000 214 

3.  Quotas  from  date  of  filling  first  levy  of  687 ,000  to  May  31 ,  1918 214 

4.  Quotas  from  June  1,  1918,  to  September  1,  1918 216 

5.  Quotas  in  September 219 

6.  Quotas  in  October 219 

7.  Quotas  in  November 219 

8.  Calls  from  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and  Porto  Rico,  subsequent  to  the  first  levy  of 

687,000 219 

CHAPTER  VII. 

INDUCTION   AND  INCREMENTS    RAISED    BY   SELECTIVE    DRAFT. 

1.  Enlistment  and  induction,  distinguished 220 

2.  Time  of  induction 220 

3 .  Total  inductions 222 

(a)  Ratio  of  inductions  to  registrants 222 

(6)  Induction  totals  by  months 222 

4.  Effect  of  enlistments  on  Class  1 223* 

(a)  Influence  of  the  draft  on  enlistment 224 

(6)  Influence  of  enlistment  on  the  selective  service  mechanism 225 

5.  Extension  of  induction  to  supply  Navy  and  Marine  Corps 226 

6.  Total  armed  forces  raised  by  induction  and  enlistment  combined 227 

7.  Ratio  of  forces  raised  to  males  of  military  age  and  to  total  male  population. . .  228 

8.  Armed  forces  of  Great  Britain  raised  by  enlistment  and  by  conscription..  229 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

MOBILIZATION. 

1.  Requisitions 232 

2.  Kinds  of  calls -. 232 

3.  Mode  of  allocating  a  call 236 

4.  Entrainment 237 

(a)  Assembly  of  selectives  for  entrainment 237 

(b)  Railroad  arrangements 239 

(c)  Camp  destinations 240 

(d)  Mileage 240 


CONTENTS.  IX 

CHAPTER  IX. 

FISCAL  ARRANGEMENTS.  Page. 

1.  Compensation  in  general 242 

2.  Compensation  of  local  board  members 242 

3.  Clerical  services  for  local  boards • 244 

4.  Appropriations 247 

5.  Disbursements 247 

6.  Per  capita  cost,  National  and  State 248 

7.  Per  capita  cost  in  1917  and  1918  compared 249 

8.  Per  capita  cost  of  induction  and  enlistment  compared 250 

9.  Per  capita  cost  in  the  Civil  War 250 

CHAPTER  X. 

ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL   OF   THE    SELECTIVE    SERVICE    SYSTEM. 

National  summary : 251 

(I)  The  Provost  Marshal  General ' 253 

1.  Personnel 253 

2.  Divisions  of  the  office 254 

3.  National  inspectors 256 

4.  Correspondence  with  the  field  force 256 

5.  Information  division 259 

6.  Publications 261 

(a)  Printing 261 

(&)  Distribution 262 

(II)  The  State  executives 262 

1.  The  governors .' 262 

2.  The  draft  executives 264 

3.  Duties  of  State  headquarters 265 

4.  State  inspectors 266 

5.  Clerical  force '. 267 

6.  Supervision  and  control 267 

(III)  District  boards 268 

1.  Number  and  personnel 268 

2.  Scope  of  work 269 

3.  Necessary  industries 270 

4.  Methods  of  work 274 

(IV)  Industrial  advisers 275 

(V)  Local  boards 276 

1.  Character  of  membership 276 

2.  Duties 279 

3.  Moral  responsibility  for  the  selective  draft 283 

4.  Popular  support 284 

5.  Spirit  of  the  boards 288 

(VI)  Government  appeal  agents 290 

1.  Appointment  under  original  regulations 290 

2.  Under  the  regulations  of  December,  1917 291 

3.  Performance  of  their  duties 292 

(VII)  Medical  advisory  boards 293 

(VIII)  Legal  advisory  boards 294 

1.  Need  for  these  officials 294 

2.  Resort  to  the  legal  profession 294 

3.  Organization  of  the  boards 295 


X  CONTENTS. 

(VIII)  Legal  advisory  boards — Continued.  Page. 

4.  Appointment  of  the  members 295 

5.  Method  of  work 296 

6.  Scope  of  the  work 297 

7.  Results 298 

(IX)  Boards  of  instruction 298 

1.  Object 299 

2.  Organization;  local  board  of  instruction  in  every  area 300 

3.  Methods 300 

4.  Publications 301 

5.  Work  of  the  boards 302 

(X)  Civic  cooperating  agencies 303 

LIST  OF  TEXT  TABLES. 

1.  Total  Registration 31 

2.  Ratio  of  Males  Liable  for  Military  Service  to  Total  Male  Population 31 

3.  Ratio  of  Males  Liable  for  Military  Service  to  Total  Male  Population  in 

Great  Britain  and  France 32 

4.  Deferment  Claims;  Ratio  of  Claims  Made  to  Claims  Granted 49 

5.  Deferment  Claims  Made;  Ratio  to  Registrants 50 

5a.  Claims  Granted,  1917  and  1918;  Compared 51 

6.  District  Board  Claims  Filed 51 

7.  Disposition  of  District  Board  Cases 51 

8.  Appeals  to  the  President  under  Regulations  of  1917 52 

9.  Presidential  Appeals,  1917,  Compared  as  to  Kinds  of  Claims 53 

10.  Presidential  Appeals,  1918,  Disposition 54 

11.  Presidential  Appeals,  1918,  Kinds  of  Claims 54 

12.  Religious  Denominations  Opposed  to  War 57 

13.  Noncombatant  Religious  Creeds  and  Conscientious  Objectors 57 

14.  Disposal  of  Conscientious  Objectors 61 

15.  Emergency  Fleet  Deferments  as  Reduced  by  Later  Action 68 

16.  Emergency  Fleet  (Shipbuilding)  Entries — Ratio  to  Employees,  by  Districts .  09 

17.  Ratio  of  Emergency  Fleet  Deferments  to  Other  Grounds  for  Deferment,  for 

Shipbuilding  Registrants 69 

18.  Work  or  Fight  Order;  Cases  Disposed  of 79 

19.  Occupational  Distribution  of  Work  or  Fight  Rulings 82 

20.  Aliens  and  Citizens,  Registration  Compared 89 

21.  Citizens  Registered 89 

22.  Aliens  Registered 89 

23.  Alien  Registration  Distributed  as  to  War  Status 90 

24.  Classification  of  Aliens  and  Citizens  Compared 90 

25.  Classification  of  Aliens  in  General 91 

26.  Classification  of  Cobelligerent  Aliens 91 

27.  Classification  of  Neutral  Aliens 91 

28.  Nondeclarant  Cobelligerent  and  Neutral  Deferments  Compared 92 

29.  Alien  Enemies  and  Allied  Enemies  Classified 92 

30.  Neutral  Declarants  Withdrawing  from  Service •. 102 

31.  Marriage  Dependency  as  Ground  for  Deferment 116 

32.  Marriage  Dependency,  1917  and  1918,  Compared 117 

33.  Divisions  of  Marriage  Dependency 117 

34.  Married  and  Single  Registrants  Compared  as  to  Classification 118 

35.  Single  Men  Deferred  for  Dependency —  118 

36.  Recent  Marriages 122 

37.  Persons  in  Military  or  Naval  Ser\:ee. 124 


CONTENTS.  XI 

Page. 

38.  Vocations  Specifically  Recognized . .  .• 126 

39.  Federal  Employees  Designated  by  President 128 

40.  Divinity  and  Medical  Students 129 

40a.  Firemen  and  Policemen  Deferred 130 

41.  Effects  of  Draft  on  Industries  and  Occupations  for  1917  Registrants,  since 

Dec.  15,  1917 136 

42.  National  Occupational  Summary,  by  Classes,  for  1917  Registrants,  since 

Dec.  15,  1917 137 

43.  Agricultural  Workers  Deferred , 137 

44.  Industrial  Workers  Deferred 137 

46.  Effects  of  Draft  on  11  Skilled  Railroad  Employments  to  June,  1918 138 

47.  Effect  of  Draft  on  Coal-mining  Industry 141 

48.  Morally  Unfit 149 

49.  Physical  Groups  Compared 153 

50.  Military  Status  of  Group  C  Men 154 

51.  Army  Disposition  of  Group  C  Men  Accepted 156 

52.  Rural  and  Urban  Physical  Rejections  Compared 159 

53.  Colored  and  White  Physical  Rejections  Compared 160 

54.  Physical  Rejections  in  Alien  and  Native  Communities  Compared 160 

55.  Age-21  Physical  Rejections,  Compared  with  Ages  21-30 161 

56.  Camp  Surgeons'  Revision  of  Local  Board  Physical  Examinations 162 

57.  Comparison  of  1917  and  1918  Rejections 162 

58.  Physical  Rejections  by  Camps,  Compared 163 

59.  Physical  Rejections  by  Camp  Surgeons,  by  Selected  Coterminous  Camps 

and  States,  Compared 164 

60.  Varieties  of  Defects  Disqualifying   for  Military  Service,  from  Feb.    10, 

1918,  to  Oct.  15,  1918 165 

61.  Comparison  of  Grounds  of  Deferment ' 168 

62.  Deferments  and  Exemptions  in  General 170 

62a.  Deferments  in  British  System 172 

63.  Nominal  Class  1 173 

64 .  Effective  Class  I  in  1918 174 

65.  Registration,  by  Age  Groups,  Compared  with  Census  and  Actuarial  Esti- 

mates   181 

66.  Registration  by  Individual  Ages 183 

66a.  Overdue  Registrants  of  Ages  21-30,  1917,  Brought  Out  by  Later  Regis- 
trations   r : 186 

67.  Ratio  of  Effectives  by  Ages 189 

68.  Effectives  in  Age  Groups  18-20,  32-36 190 

71.  Colored  and  White  Registration  Compared 191 

72.  Colored  and  White  Classification  Compared 192 

73.  Colored  and  White  Inductions  Compared 193 

74.  Ratio  of  Indian  Deferment  Claims  and  Inductions 198 

75.  Ratio  of  Reported  and  Outstanding  Desertions 203 

76.  Reported  Desertions,  by  Color.  Compared 205 

77.  Reported  Desertions,  by  Citizenship,  Compared 206 

78.  Inductions,  Ratio  to  Registrants 222 

79.  Enlistments  and  Inductions,  Compared  by  Months 223 

79a.  Inductions  Navy  and  Marine  Corps;  Oct.-Nov.,  1918 226 

80.  Total  Strength  of  Army,  Navy,  Marine  Corps,  Compared  as  to  Original 

Strength  and  Increments 227 

81.  Ratio  of  Military  Strength  to  Males  of  Ages  18-45  and  to  Male  Population 

All  Ages 228 


XII  CONTENTS. 


81a.  Ratio  of  United  Kingdom  Forces  Raised  to  Male  Ages  18-45  and  to  Males 

All  Ages 229 

81b.  Enlistment  and  Conscription  in  the  United  Kingdom 230 

82.  Mobilization,  by  Kinds  of  Calls  Issued 234 

83.  Inductions  Compared  as  to  Voluntary  and  Involuntary 235 

84.  Inductions,  by  Branches  of  the  Army,  Compared 235 

85.  Mobilization  by  Camps,  Compared 240 

86.  Mobilization,  by  Mileage 241 

87.  Appropriations  for  Registration  and  Selection  for  Military  Service 247 

88.  Per  Capita  Cost  of  Draft 248 

89.  Per  Capita  Cost  1917  and  1918  Compared 249 

90.  Per  Capita  Cost  of  Induction  and  Enlistment  Compared 250 

91.  Personnel  of  Selective  Service  Administration 251-2 

92.  Summary  of  Mail  to  Nov.  15,  1918 259 

93.  Printed  Forms  Required  for  the  Selective  Service  System 261 

94.  Essential   Industries   (Priorities  List)   Found   "Necessary"   by   District 

Boards 271^1 

95.  Occupations  of  Local  Board  Members 277 

LIST  OF  APPENDIXES. 

Appendix  A. 

The  President's  Proclamation  of  August  31,  1918 309 

Appendix  B. 

Estimates  of  Man-Power;  Ages  18-20,  32-45 312 

Appendix  C. 

Territorial  Returns 318 

Appendix  D. 

Conscientious  Objectors — A  Local  Board  View 323 

Appendix  E. 

Sample  Form  of  Requisition  for  Registrants  to  be  Mobilized 324 

Appendix  F. 

Specimen  Entrainment  Schedule 325 

Appendix  G. 

Officers  on  Duty  in  Office  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General,  1917-1918 335 

Appendix  H. 

List  of  the  Principal  Forms  Printed  for  the  Provost  Marshal  General's  Office  338 
Appendix  I. 

List  of  District  Boards  showing  Location  and  Jurisdiction 343 

Appendix  J. 

A  Summary  of  the  Civil  War  Draft 369 

Appendix  K. 

A  Study  of  Conscription  in  the  United  Kingdom,  1914-1918 379 

LIST  OF  APPENDIX  TABLES. 

1A.  Total  Registration 396 

10A.  Presidential  Appeals  to  December  20,  1918 397 

23 A.  Registration  of  Aliens  and  Alien  Enemies,  by  States 398 

23B.  Registration  of  Aliens,  by  Nationalities 399 

26A.  Classification  of  Aliens,  by  Nationalities 400 

30A.  Number  of  Diplomatic  Requests  received  for  discharge  of  Aliens,  by 

Countries 400 

31A.  Married  Registered,  Deferred,  and  Deferred  for  Dependency 401 

36A.  Single  Men  Registered,  Deferred  for  Dependency,  and  Recent  Marriages.  404 


CONTENTS.  XIII 


42A.  Industrial  Index — Statistical  Summary  of  Occupations,  by  Classes 405-16 

49A.  Physical  Groups  by  States 417 

52A.  Causes  for  Physical  Rejectionsin  Urban  and  Rural  Districts,  Compared. .  419 

56A.  Physical  Rejections  at  Camp,  Compared  by  States 420 

60A.  Combined  Figures  and  Percentages  for  Causes  of  Rejections  by  Local 

Boards  and  Camp  Surgeons,  and  for  Discharges  from  the  Army  of 

Recently  Inducted  Men 422-5 

GOB.  Causes  of  Physical  Rejections  by  Local  Boards,  Compared  by  States. .  426-29 
60C.  Causes  of  Physical  Rejections  by  Camp  Surgeons,  Compared  by  States.  430-34 
60D.  Physical  Rejections  at  Camp,  showing  Anatomical  and  Pathological 

Defects  in  Detail 435-39 

60E.  Mental  and  Nervous  Disorders  as  Cause  for  Rejection  by  Local  Boards 

and  Camp  Surgeons,  and  for  Discharge  from  the  Army 448 

62 A.  Deferments  and  Exemptions  in  General,  by  States 449 

62B.  Deferments  and  Exemptions  in  General,  by  Divisions 451 

64A.  Class  I,  Nominal  and  Effective  Strength,  September,  1918,  Registration, 

Ages  19-20;  32-36 453 

66A.  Registration ;  Age  Distribution  by  States 454-7 

71A.  Colored  and  White  Registration,  Compared  by  States 458 

73A.  Colored  and  White  Inductions,  Compared  by  States 459 

75A.  Desertions:  Reported  and  Outstanding 460 

76A.  Reported  Desertions  by  Color,  Compared  by  States 461 

77A.  Reported  Desertions  by  Citizenship,  Compared  by  States 462 

78A.  Quota  Sheet  No.  1 463 

78B.  Quota  Sheet  No.  2 464 

78C.  Quota  Sheet  No.  3 465 

78D.  Quota  Sheet  No.  4 466 

78E.  Quota  Sheet  No.  5 467 

79A.  Enlistments  and  Inductions,  April  2,  1917,  to  October  31,  1918,  under 

First  and  Second  Registrations,  Compared  by  States 468 

81  A.  List  of  Requisitions  for  Men,  Received  by  the  Provost  Marshal  General 

from  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army 470-3 

87A.  Disbursements  and  Expenses,  by  States 474-5 

88A.  Total  and  per  Capita  Cost  of  Selective  Service  System 476 

91A.  Number  of  Personnel  in  the  Selective  Service  Administration 478-9 

94A.  War  Industries  Board  Priorities  List  Compared  with  District  Board 

Rulings  as  to  Necessary  Industries 480-91 

100A.  Principal  Statistical  Data,  by  Local  Boards 492-602 

LIST  OF  CHARTS. 

Chart. 

A.  Per  cent  of  married  registrants  to  total  registrants  (App.  Ta.  31-A) 402 

B.  Ratio  of  dependency  deferments  and  deferments  on  other  grounds  to  total 

married  (App.  Ta.  31-A) 403 

C.  Physical  rejections  by  local  boards  (App.  Ta.  49-A) 418 

D.  Physical  rejections  of  inducted  men  at  camp,  by  States  (App.  Ta.  56-A). .  421 

E.  Comparison  of  causes  of  physical  rejections  from  camp,  for  Maryland  (App. 

Ta.  60-D) 440 

F.  Comparison  of  causes  of  physical  rejections  from  camp,  for  Massachusetts 

(App.  Ta.  60-D) 441 

G.  Comparison  of  causes  of  physical  rejections  from  camp,  for  New  York  (App. 

Ta.  60-D) 442 

H.  Comparison  of  causes  of  physical  rejections  from  camp,  for  Alabama  (App. 

Ta.  60-D) .'...       443 


XIV  CONTENTS. 

Page. 
I.  Comparison  of  causes  of  physical  rejections  from  camp,  for  Illinois  (App. 

Ta.  60-D) 444 

J.  Comparison  of  causes  of  physical  rejections  from  camp,  for  Colorado  (App. 

Ta.  60-D ) 445 

K.  Comparison  of  causes  of  physical  rejections  from  camp,  for  Texas  (App.  Ta. 

60-D ) , 446 

L.  Comparison  of  causes  of  physical  rejections  from  camp,  for  California  (App. 

Ta,  60-D) 447 

M.  Distribution  of  registrants  by  classes  (App.  Ta.  62-A) 450 

N.  Trend  line  showing  enlistments  and  inductions  by  months  (App.  Ta.  7&-A)  469 

O.  Selective  service  cost  per  man  inducted,  by  States  (App.  Ta.  88-A) 477 

Index .  603 


SECOND  REPORT  OF  THE  PROVOST  MARSHAL  GENERAL, 


CHAPTER  I. 
(I)  INTKODTJCTIOW. 

Nineteen  months  of  war  have  brought  to  a  successful  conclusion 
our  conflict  with  the  Central  Powers.  Entering  the  struggle  at  a 
time  when  the  prospect  was  decidedly  dismal,  we  witnessed  German 
success  advance  to  an  almost  overwhelming  allied  defeat,  until, 
throwing  our  hastily  assembled  forces  into  the  balance,  we  saw 
impending  catastrophe  turn  into  brilliant  and  decisive  victory. 

We  are  now  too  close  upon  the  events  accurately  to  assess  them. 
How  groat  a  part  American  Selective  Service  played  in  the  drama 
of  the  world  war,  history  alone  can  tell.  That  a  new  and  untried 
scheme  of  selection  could  succeed  at  all  was  to  many  doubtful;  that 
it  should  attain  results  beyond  the  fondest  dreams  of  its  most  ardent 
supporters  was  unbelievable.  To  enroll  for  service  over  24,000,000 
men;  to  mobilize  a  selected  Army  of  more  than  2,800,000,  a  million 
of  them  within  the  space  of  90  days;  to  have  presently  available 
for  military  duty  2,000,000  additional  fighting  men;  to  classify  this 
vast  group  of  man-power  in  the  order  of  its  military  and  industrial 
importance,  so  as  to  preserve  the  domestic  and  industrial  life  of  the 
Nation,  to  speed  up  war-time  activities,  to  maintain  them  in  a  sta- 
tus of  maximum  efficient  production,  and  to  pave  the  way  to  a 
speedy  return  to  normal  peacetime  pursuits  while  recruiting  the  full 
fighting  strength  of  the  Nation — these  are  results  which  would  be 
instantly  rejected  as  impossible  did  not  the  actual  facts  stand  as 
irrefutable  testimonials  of  their  accomplishment. 

The  registration. — In  the  first  report  submitted  to  you  on  December 
20,  1917,  it  was  stated  that  the  classification  of  the  first  registration 
group  which  had  been  enrolled  on  June  5,  1917,  and  which  then  num- 
bered 9,586,508,  was  just  beginning.  On  June  5,  1918,  by  the  regis- 
tration of  men  who  had  attained  the  age  of  21  since  June  5,  1917,  and 
whose  enrollment  was  authorized  by  the  Joint  Resolution  of  May  20, 
1918,  735,834  were  enrolled.  On  August  24,  1918,  the  registration  of 
youths  attaining  their  majority  since  June  5,  1918,  was  accomplished, 
and  increased  the  enrollment  by  159,161  men.  Finally,  on  September 
12,  1918,  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  August  31,  1918,  a  final 
registration  of  all  men  between  the  ages  of  18  and  45,  both  inclusive, 

97250° — 19 1  1 


2  CHAPTER  I.    SURVEY   OF   EVENTS  AND   POLICIES. 

who  had  not  previously  registered  was  accomplished,  and  13,228,762 
men  were  added  to  lists  of  those  available  for  military  service.  In- 
cluding interim  accessions,  a  total  of  24,234,021  men  was  enrolled  and 
became  subject  to  the  terms  of  the  Selective  Service  Law. 

That  this  vast  labor  should  have  been  accomplished  without  fric- 
tion and  without  the  slightest  manifestation  of  antagonism  on  the  part 
of  any  disturbing  elements  is  in  itself  a  complete  vindication  of  the 
loyalty  of  the  American  people.  The  organization  of  each  registra- 
tion proceeded  to  a  completion  of  its  task  with  the  smoothness  and 
facility  of  the  perfectly  adjusted  machine.  In  contrast  to  riots  and 
bloodshed  attendant  upon  the  enrollment  under  the  civil  war  draft 
act,  the  cheerful  and  eager  submission  of  the  nation  to  the  assumption 
of  its  military  obligation  is  a  glorious  monument  to  the  unselfish 
spontaniety  of  its  patriotism. 

Tl\e  classification. — The  classification  of  man  power  thus  enrolled 
so  as  instantly  to  disclose  the  relative  importance  to  the  military  and 
industrial  realms  of  its  components  was  the  next  great  task.  Under 
the  scheme  outlined  in  my  former  report,  all  available  man  power 
was  to  be  grouped  into  four  classes  in  the  inverse  order  of  its  indus- 
trial importance;  the  fifth  class  containing  those  exempted  from  all 
liability  under  the  terms  of  the  selective  service-  law.  Class  I  was  to 
constitute  the  reservoir  of  man  power,  the  drain  of  which  for  military 
duty  would  least  disturb  the  domestic  and  economic  life  of  the  nation. 
The  other  classes  were  to  contain  the  men  whose  domestic  and  indus- 
trial relations  were  such  that  their  call  to  the  colors  should  be  de- 
ferred as  long  as  the  exigencies  of  the  military  situation  would 
permit. 

My  report  of  December  20,  1917,  carried  the  statement  that— 

It  can  be  announced  now  as  the  policy  and  belief  of  this  Office  that  in  all  probability 
it  will  be  possible  to  fill  our  military  needs  without  ever  invading  any  class  more 
deferred  than  Class  I;  and  this  is  the  promise,  the  standard  and  the  goal,  here  for  the 
first  time  announced,  toward  which  every  administrative  effort  of  this  Office  shall 
be  directed. 

The  promise  has  been  fulfilled.  Our  fighting  forces  were  supplied 
with  men  from  Class  I,  and  from  Class  I  only.  From  the  ordinary 
walks  of  civil  life,  2,810,296  men  were  drawn  and  placed  in  the  mili- 
tary service.  But  the  deferred  classes  have  remained  intact.  When 
hostilities  closed,  there  remained  in  Class  I  a  supply  of  fighting  men 
sufficient  to  meet  every  military  necessity. 

The  classification  of  •  the  twenty -four  million  registrants  pro- 
ceeded rapidly.  The  first  registration  group  of  over  nine  million 
was  disposed  of  in  little  more  than  60  days,  and  the  registrants 
of  June  5  and  August  24,  1918,  were  speedily  classified.  On  Sep- 
tember 18,  1918,  the  local  boards  began  the  task  of  classifying 
the  registrants  of  September  12  between  the  ages  of  19  and  36,  both 


INTRODUCTION.  3 

inclusive.  By  November  1,  this  labor  had  been  substantially 
completed  and  the  boards  took  up  the  work  of  classifying  the 
remaining  registrants,  i.  e.,  the  18-year-old  men  and  those 
above  the  age  of  36.  Their  efforts  were  well  under  way  when 
the  signing  of  the  armistice  on  November  11,  put  a  halt  upon 
their  work.  On  November  11,  the  local  boards  were,  pursuant  to 
your  direction,  ordered  to  complete  the  classification  of  the  18- 
year-old  men  and  the  men  between  the  ages  of  19  and  36  but  to 
discontinue  the  classification  of  registrants  above  the  age  of  36. 
Their  labors  were  completed  before  December  10,  1918,  when  their 
records  were  sealed  and  their  activities  ended. 

With  the  accomplishment  of  this  stupendous  labor,  the  founda- 
tion and  framework  of  the  selective  structure  were  erected.  With 
a  complete  registration  and  classification  effected,  the  whole  field 
of  available  man-power  turns,  as  if  by  magic  touch,  from  a  con- 
glomerate mass  of  potential  resource  into  a  well-ordered,  easily 
manipulated  supply,  capable  of  ready  adjustment  to  any  military 
or  industrial  emergency,  making  possible  the  facile  control  of  the 
nicest  military-industrial  balance,  the  maintenance  of  which  the 
selective  organization  necessarily  assumed. 

Economic  necessities. — But  with  the  classification  completed  by 
successive  registration  stages,  and  the  separation  made  between 
those  who  should  properly  contribute  their  energies  to  the  fighting 
forces  in  the  theater  of  war  and  those  who  for  industrial  or  domestic 
reasons  should  be  retained  in  their  civilian  status,  the  task  of  selec- 
tion was  not  completely  accomplished. 

War  makes  strange  stern  calls  upon  affected  nations.  It  not  only 
demands  its  armies  but  requires  heroic  adjustments  in  civil  walks. 
New  industries  spring  up  and  must  be  continued ;  the  nonessential  pur- 
suits must  be  curtailed  or  abandoned  and  every  energy  bent  toward  a 
common  purpose.  As  time  goes  on,  the  steady  drain  upon  man-power 
for  the  battle  front  increases,  industrial  tension  quickens,  the  factory 
and  the  mill  must  yield  to  the  sterner  call  of  wrartime  preparations. 
The  supply  of  labor,  skilled  and  unskilled,  the  proper  maintenance 
and  adjustment  of  industrial  and  agricultural  production,  the  slow 
and  careful  combing  of  the  nonfighting  groups  so  as  to  yield  the 
greatest  military  return  with  the  least  disturbance  of  civil  activity, 
all  these  become  matters  of  vital  national  importance.  How  to  di- 
vert labor,  skilled  and  unskilled,  from  the  nonessential  to  the  essential 
industries;  how  to  prepare  an  easy  transition  from  wartime  activities 
to  peace  time  conditions  -such  are  typical  of  the  broader  problems  with 
which  selection  concerned  itself  to  the  very  end,  each  growing  increas- 
ingly delicate  as  time  went  on.  It  is  true  that  the  selective  draft  act 
was  primarily  a  means  of  raising  armies.  But  there  was  not  lacking  in 
the  minds  of  the  proponents  of  the  measure  and  of  the  Congress 


4  CHAPTER   I.    SURVEY   OF   EVENTS  AXD   POLICIES. 

which  enacted  it,  an  appreciation  of  the  broader  aspects  to  which  I 
have  alluded.  This  was  evidenced  by  the  provisions  of  the  bill,  as 
proposed  by  the  Department,  looking  toward  liberal  deferments  and 
exemptions  because  of  dependency  and  occupation.  So  it  was 
that  the  act,  and  the  regulations  made  in  aid  of  its  execution,  looked 
both  to  a  military  and  economic  classification  which  would  not  only 
effect  the  deferment  of  the  economically  useful,  but  would  also  furnish 
a  ready  means  for  diverting  their  talents  into  civil  pursuits  most 
directly  contributing  to  the  efficient  maintenance  of  the  military 
establishment. 

Great  national  issues  have  been  affected  by  it.  The  one  of  ship- 
building was  referred  to  in  my  first  annual  report.  The  war  found 
us  without  the  essential  requirement  to  the  conduct  of  an  overseas 
campaign,  namely,  an  immediately  available  merchant  marine,  and 
all  the  energies  of  our  nation  were  exerted  to  the  building  of  one. 
The  genius  of  construction  was  ours,  but  labor,  skilled  and  unskilled, 
was  not  at  hand.  The  contributions  of  the  selective  draft  of  this 
labor  and  of  the  operative  crews  are  statistically  presented  else- 
where in  this  report,  and  form  one  of  its  most  interesting  chapters. 

But  these  tasks,  indispensable  to  the  preservation  of  our  domestic 
and  economic  life,  did  not  proceed  in  the  quiet  isolation  of  peace  time 
conditions.  The  burning  fact  was  always  present,  that  the  primary 
purpose  of  the  selective  service  law  was  the  raising  of  armies. 

Mobilization. — On  January  1,  we  had  accomplished  the  mobiliza- 
tion of  516,000  men.  On  September  30,  1918,  2,552,173  selected 
men  had  been  mobilized.  In  the  first  nine  months  of  the  current 
year,  therefore,  we  put  into  the  camps  and  cantonments  over 
2,000,000  men.  In  addition,  when  the  Student's  Army  Training 
Corps  was  created,  145,000  youths  were  inducted  into  the  service 
for  military  training  during  the  continuance  of  their  studies  in  some 
500  colleges  and  universities  throughout  the  country.  On  Novem- 
ber 11,  1918,  when  your  order  directed  the  immediate  discontin- 
uance of  all  mobilization,  we  had  produced  a  selective  army  of 
2,810,296  men.  Had  mobilization  lasted  five  days  longer,  the 
selective  service  organization  would  have  placed  with  the  colors 
more  than  3,000,000  soldiers. 

I  call  your  attention  to  the  fact  that  mobilization  under  the  selec- 
tive plan  began  on  September  5,  1917.  At  the  end  of  the  first  14 
months  over  2,750,000  men  were  put  in  camp,  and  14£  months  of 
selective  mobilization  would  have  raised  the  total  to  more  than 
3,000,000  men. 

Many  difficulties  were  encountered  growing  out  of  the  emergent 
demands  upon  the  selective  service  organization.  The  accelerated 
program  of  the  War  Department  came  in  the  early  summer,  necessi- 
tating calls  for  men  far  in  excess  of  the  number  that  had  theretofore 


INTRODUCTION;  5 

been  contemplated.  During  the  months  of  May,  June,  and  July 
we  called  to  the  colors  1,076,151  men.  In  the  month  of  July  alone 
401,147  men  were  placed  in  camp.  In  the  latter  part  of  May  an 
emergent  call  was  made  for  the  immediate  mobilization  of  50,000  men; 
we  called  and  mobilized  the  full  number  within  seven  days  after 
receipt  of  the  requisition  for  them. 

In  the  mobilization  of  these  men,  1,708  separate  calls  were  made, 
varying  in  sizes  from  calls  for  1  man  to  220,000  men.  Men  were  sent 
to  283  mobilization  points  throughout  the  country.  The  average 
period  of  mobilization,  that  is,  the  time  elapsing  between  the  date 
of  the  demand  upon  this  office  and  the  date  of  the  arrival  of  selected 
contingents  at  camp,  was  20  days.  Actual  mobilization  was  accom- 
plished in  an  average  time  of  5  days. 

Every  type  of  man  desired  by  the  Army,  from  the  soldier  qualified 
for  full  line  service  to  the  highly  skilled  specialist  of  limited  physical 
qualifications  only,  was  furnished.  Of  specially  skilled  men  fur- 
nished, I  mention  only  a  few — bricklayers,  expert  timbermen,  ac- 
countants, locomotive  engineers,  autogenous  welders,  draftsmen, 
butchers,  cabinetmakers,  meteorologists,  chemists,  veterinarians,  and 
watch  repairmen. 

I  have  stated  these  facts  in  outline  only.  A  full  discussion  of  them 
appears  later  in  this  report. 

State  quotas. — The  method  of  apportioning  quotas  was  radically 
changed  after  my  first  report.  The  old  rule  of  population,  under 
which  the  first  levy  of  687,000  men  was  made,  was  abandoned,  and, 
under  authority  of  the  joint  resolution  of  May  16,  1918,  Class  I  was 
made  the  basis  of  contribution  among  the  States.  The  population 
rule  early  demonstrated  its  inequity,  taking,  as  it  did,  no  count  of 
that  part  of  the  population  which  was  exempted  from  draft  and 
laying  the  burden  of  furnishing  men  for  the  Army  without  regard  to 
actual  availability.  The  population  scheme  was  a  blind  rule  of 
numerical  equality  only.  Gross  population  included  aliens,  who 
under  the  terms  of  the  law  were  exempted  from  draft.  In  districts 
with  a  large  alien  population,  the  population  rule,  therefore,  resulted 
in  a  grossly  disproportionate  reduction  of  citizen  population,  which, 
in  some  instances,  was  little  short  of  calamitous. 

The  adoption  of  the  classification  scheme  carried  with  it  as  a 
necessary  corollary,  the  basing  of  quotas  upon  availability  for  mili- 
tary service.  Without  such  a  rule,  we  would  soon  have  been  con- 
fronted with  the  intolerable  situation  of  having  one  community  fur- 
nishing its  contingents  from  Class  I  while  a  neighboring  locality 
would  be  drawing  upon  Class  IV.  The  concurrent  operation  of  the 
classification  plan  and  the  Class  I  quota  basis  obviated  the  injustice 
that  would  otherwise  have  ensued.  Class  I  had  to  be  exhausted 
nationally  before  a  more  deferred  class  could  be  made  subject  to 


6  CHAPTER  I.    SURVEY   OF    EVEXTS   AND   POLICIES. 

military  duty.  Since  Class  I  was  the  class  the  members  of  which 
were  most  easily  spared  from  civil  life,  it  followed  that  the  end  of 
the  whole  classification  scheme,  viz,  the  preservation  of  the  domestic 
and  industrial  spheres,  was  thus,  in  a  large  measure,  attained. 
The  Class  I  quota  basis  regarded  the  Nation  in  war,  not  as  48  separate, 
jealous  States,  but  as  a  firmly  united  whole,  contributing  to  our 
fighting  forces  in  a  manner  which  would  least  disturb  peace  time 
normality,  locally  and  nationally. 

Voluntary  enlistment. — But  while  the  classification  and  mobilization 
under  the  selective  service  law  were  proceeding,  the  Army,  the  Navy, 
and  the  Marine  Corps  were  recruiting  under  the  old  system  of  volun- 
tary enlistment.  Enlistment  in  the  Army,  as  to  registrants,  was 
discontinued  on  December  15,  1917;  but  recruiting  in  the  Navy  and 
Marine  Corps,  as  to  registrants,  and  in  the  Army,  as  to  nonregistrants, 
continued  until  August  8,  1918,  when  all  voluntary  enlistments  were- 
ordered  discontinued. 

Such  recruiting  played  havoc  for  a  time  with  the  orderly  process 
of  selection.  During  the  period  in  which  enlistments  were  permitted, 
1,300,000  men  were  withdrawn  from  the  available  source  of  supply, 
upon  which  the  selective  service  organization  relied.  The  volunteer 
plan  took  no  heed  of  economic  value;  it  received  as  readily  the  man 
indispensable  to  production  as  it  did  the  industrially  worthless. 
We  were  presented  with  the  strange  anomaly  of  a  nation  which  had 
intrusted  its  man  power  to  a  selective  organization,  at  the  very 
breath  turning  over  the  same  resources  to  an  indiscriminate  with- 
drawal  by  the  agencies  of  recruitment.  The  task  of  accounting 
became  highly  difficult ;  an  equitable  or  efficient  apportionment  of 
man  power  between  the  military  and  industrial  realms  was  impos- 
sible. Recruitment  disturbed  every  phase  of  the  scientific  adminis- 
tration of  our  task  and  impaired  the  efficiency  of  the  whole 
organization. 

These  facts  were  readily  cognizable  by  the  summer  of  1918,  and 
all  recruitment  was  discontinued.  The  act  of  August  31,  relegated 
the  Navy  and  Marine  Corps  to  selective  drafts  in  securing  additional 
maij  power,  and  for  the  remainder  of  the  war  every  branch  of  our 
fighting  forces  was  supplied  through  the  selective  service  organization. 

It  is  not  certain,  however,  that  the  country  as  a  whole,  thoroughly 
understood  the  imperative  necessity  of  eliminating  indiscriminate 
volunteering.  The  desire  for  its  continuance  persisted  to  the  last, 
in  infrequent  requests  that  it  be  reopened,  at  least  as  to  registrants 
in  Class  I.  Experience  showed  that  such  a  course,  if  widely  adopted, 
would  prove  most  unwise,  as  it  would  have  led  to  uncertainty  hi 
mobilization  and  to  substitution  against  which  we  could  not  guard 
too  jealousy,  if  the  democratic  ideals,  to  which  we  had  pinned  our 
faith,  were  to  prevail  to  the  end-  To  carry  selection  to  its  logical 


SOME    LESSONS   OF    EXPERIENCE.  7 

and  efficient  end,  there  could  be  no  deviation  from  the  rule  that  each 
registrant  must  await  his  tune  and  perform  his  military  obligation 
only  when  his  call,  in  orderly  process,  came  to  him. 

In  brief  outline,  this  is  the  story  of  the  selective  draft  since  the 
last  report  to  you  and  up  to  the  cessation  of  hostilities,  the  date 
upon  which  the  selective  organization  halted  its  constructive  efforts. 
Detailed  and  elaborate  treatment  will  be  found  in  the  following  pages. 

I  would  be  remiss  in  the  performance  of  a  public  duty  did  I  not, 
at  this  point,  accord  the  credit  which  is  so  richly  due  to  the  war 
governors  and  their  several  State  headquarters,  the  155  district 
boards,  the  4,648  local  boards,  the  1,319  medical  advisory  boards, 
the  3,646  legal  advisory  boards,  as  well  as  then-  auxiliary  agencies  of 
Government  appeal  agents,  examining  physicians,  boards  of  instruc- 
tion, and  other  civilian  and  enlisted  assistants,  upon  whom  has 
fallen  the  great  strain  of  the  task  that  has  been  accomplished.  No 
labor  has  been  so  onerous  and  no  demand  so  exacting  but  that  it 
has  been  performed  with  a  zeal  and  dispatch  that  are  unparalleled 
in  the  history  of  free  peoples.  Without  adequate  compensation, 
often  at  great  financial  sacrifice,  the  members  of  the  local  adminis- 
trative organizations  have  bent  themselves  to  their  tasks  with  a 
devotion  that  spells  the  imperishability  of  our  democratic  instititions. 

I  am  certain  that  no  great  national  undertaking  was  ever  begun 
which  depended  so  utterly  upon  faith  in  a  people  for  its  execution; 
and  undoubtedly  no  faith  has  ever  been  more  completely  justified 
and  no  confidonco  more  abundantly  rewarded. 

(H)  SOME  LESSONS  OF  EXPERIENCE. 

Before  casting  a  survey  into  the  future,  I  turn  aside  to  make  one 
or  two  comments  suggested  by  the  administrative  experience  of  the 
draft. 

In  the  report  of  Brig.  Gen.  James  Oakcs,  acting  assistant  provost 
marshal  general  for  Illinois,  in  1865,  printed  in  the  report  of  the 
Provost  Marshal  General  of  the  United  States  for  the  Civil  War 
(Final  Report  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  1866,  Pt.  II,  p.  37),  there  is 
a  remarkable  passage,  in  which  the  writer  of  the  report  expresses 
the  hope  ' '  that  the  great  lessons  of  the  war  will  not  be  lost  upon  the 
country,"  and  predicts  "that  if  these  lessons  are  wisely  improved, 
the  Nation  would  embark  in  another  war,  whether  foreign  or  domes- 
tic, with  incomparably  greater  advantages  for  its  successful  prose- 
cution than  were  possessed  at  the  commencement  of  the  late  rebel- 
lion." The  remarkable  thing  about  the  prediction  thus  made  is  that 
the  hope  expressed  was  verified  in  a  degree  so  complete  that  it  merits 
national  thankfulness.  The  preceding  few  pages  of  that  report  com- 
mented on  nearly  a  dozen  features  of  the  Civil  War  draft  in  which, 
it  was  pointed  out,  shortcomings  had  been  developed.  The  princi- 


8  CHAPTER   I.    SURVEY   OF   EVENTS  AND   POLICIES. 

pal  recommendations  made  for  the  avoidance  of  these  shortcomings 
in  the  future  were  as  follows:  (1)  Registration  by  personal  report  of - 
the  citizen  at  a  registration  office,  and  not  by  a  house-to-house  cen- 
sus; (2)  the  determination  of  regional  liability  for  man-power  to  be 
made  by  the  place  of  residence  of  the  citizen,  and  not  by  his  casual 
place  of  registration;  (3)  the  responsibility  for  furnishing  quotas  to 
be  allotted  to  the  several  States,  and  not  to  the  congressional  dis- 
tricts, and  the  calculations  of  the  quantities  to  be  centralized  at 
State  headquarters;  (4)  substitutes  to  be  forbidden;  (5)  bounties  for 
volunteering  to  be  forbidden;  (6)  short  periods  of  service  to  be  aban- 
doned, and  the  duration  of  the  war  to  be  the  uniform  period  of 
service;  (7)  State  headquarters  to  have  a  supervising  medical  aide; 
and  (8)  State  officials  to  have  legal  advisers  on  the  administration 
of  the  law.  It  is  a  notable  fact  that  every  one  of  the  lessons  thus 
pointed  out  in  1865  was  followed  in  the  year  1917,  cither  in  the 
selective  service  act  itself  or  in  the  regulations  issued  thereunder. 
And  thus  it  happened  that  we  entered  upon  the  present  war  with 
all  the  advantages  which  the  reporting  officer,  in  his  solemn  warning 
of  1865,  had  hoped  that  we  would  possess  "in  another  war,  whether 
foreign  or  domestic." 

Fortified  as  we  thus  were  by  the  lessons  of  the  Civil  War,  and 
profiting  as  we  have  done  since  the  first  six  months  of  1917  by  our 
initial  experience  in  the  present  system,  there  remains  indeed  no  large 
scope  for  critical  comment  based  on  the  experience  of  the  last  10 
months.  Nevertheless,  a  few  important  topics  suggest  themselves, 
upon  which  it  is  desirable  here  to  interpolate  comments;  these  may 
serve  to  answer  questions  that  have  occurred  to  the  minds  of  observers 
of  the  system  during  the  present  year. 

Civilian  administration. — The  quickness  with  which  the  American 
people  adapted  themselves  to  the  selective  service  law,  and  their 
ready  cooperation  in  carrying  out  its  provisions,  were  notable.  Since 
the  foundation  of  this  Republic  our  people  have  inherited  a  deep- 
seated  prejudice  against  anything  akin  to-  universal  compulsory 
military  service.  This  tradition,  to  be  sure,  was  offset  by  the  popular 
will  to  win  the  war — so  imbued  were  they  all  with  the  determination 
to  perpetuate  democratic  ideals — so  impressed  with  the  knowledge 
that  not  only  was  it  necessary  to  raise  an  army  but  to  raise  it  quickly. 
Nevertheless,  such  a  stupendous  undertaking  could  not  have  been 
accomplished  through  a  system  not  in  harmony  with  the  National 
spirit.  And  the  most  influential  feature  in  bringing  about  this  har- 
mony was  the  fact  that  the  selective  draft  system  was  mainly  placed 
in  the  hands  of  men  taken  from  the  people  themselves — a  civilian 
organization  without  previous  experience  except  in  the  diverse 
civilian  pursuits.  The  knowledge  that  the  privilege  and  the  re- 
sponsibility belonged  to  them  made  the  draft  more  popular  with  the 


SOME    LESSONS   OF    EXPERIENCE.  9 

citizenry  than  if  it  had  been  effected  by  purely  military  processes. 
It  was  their  task,  and  its  achievement  was  their  reward.  The 
system  was  peculiarly  democratic  in  that  it  lodged  the  maximum 
of  authority  with  the  smallest  unit  practicable.  It  was  essentially 
the  people's  institution,  subjecting  our  form  of  government  to  the 
severest  test  and  resulting  in  its  triumphant  vindication. 

State  agencies. — The  use  of  the  State  officials  in  administering  the 
draft  has  unquestionably  brought  about  a  closer  union  between  the 
States  and  the  Central  Administration,  thus  welding  more  firmly  the 
various  parts  of  the  Union.  The  governors  of  the  States  have  become 
in  a  sense  Federal  officials,  with  a  sense  of  responsibility  to  the 
National  Government  that  did  not  theretofore  exist.  The  significance 
of  this  feature  of  the  system,  and  its  lesson  for  the  art  of  American 
Government,  receive  fuller  comment  in  Chapter  X  of  this  report. 

Since  it  became  necessary  to  function  with  great  rapidity  under 
the  selective  service  law,  in  order  to  place  adequate  armies  in  the 
field,  speed  was  the  controlling  idea  in  perfecting  the  organization 
of  the  personnel  of  the  various  draft  boards  and  officials  throughout 
the  country.  Here  it  was  necessary  to  rely  upon  the  sound  judgment 
and  integrity  of  the  various  draft  executives  of  the  States  in  selecting 
the  personnel.  It  would  naturally  have  been  expected,  therefore, 
that  in  such  a  hastily  constructed  organization,  many  errors  of  judg- 
ment in  making  such  recommendations  would  be  committed,  and 
that  even  in  some  instances  evidence  of  political  influence  would 
appear.  The  result,  however,  bears  out  the  conclusion  that  the  execu- 
tives of  the  various  States  were  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  patriotic 
desire  to  create  a  war  machine  of  maximum  efficiency,  and  that  they 
made  efficiency  their  sole  watchword.  In  consequence,  maladminis- 
tration in  the  performance  of  official  duties  was  noticeably  less  than 
in  the  cases  of  officials  constituted  by  the  usual  methods  of  election 
and  appointment.  The  personnel  of  the  Selective  Service  organiza- 
tion was  perhaps  its  greatest  possession,  because  upon  it  depended 
the  success  of  every  activity  connected  with  the  operation  of  the 
draft. 

Deferred  status  as  a  means  of  evasion. — Not  much  difficulty  was 
experienced  by  draft  officials  in  determining  the  worth  of  a  registrant 
to  the  Nation  as  affected  by  his  industrial  or  domestic  status  prior 
to  the  initiation  of  the  selective  service  system.  But  a  just  decision 
upon  a  status  acquired  by  change  of  circumstances  subsequent  to 
the  act  was  not  always  plain  and  simple  of  attainment.  Some  criti- 
cism developed,  on  the  ground  that  there  was  a  lack  of  uniformity 
throughout  the  country  in  the  interpretation  of  the  rules  governing 
such  cases.  In  the  field  of  dependency,  this  was  met  by  a  ruling, 
issued  from  this  office  on  June  13,  1918,  prescribing  the  conditions 
under  which  claims  based  on  recent  marriages  might  be  granted; 


10  CHAPTER  I.    SURVEY   OF   EVENTS  AND  POLICIES. 

and  the  general  opinion  of  draft  officials  was  that  this  ruling  brought 
about  uniformity  in  the  consideration  of  such  cases.  A  similar 
ruling,  governing  a  subsequently  acquired  industrial  and  occupa- 
tional status,  would  probably  have  prevented  a  great  many  evasions 
of  military  service.  It  is  beyond  doubt  that  thousands  of  registrants 
succeeded  in  evading  service,  by  removing  to  farms  purchased  by 
indulgent  parents,  and  by  other  like  means,  undertaken  subsequent 
to  the  passage  of  the  act;  and  that,  therefore,  the  system  did  not 
effectively  prevent  on  the  part  of  registrants  the  evasion  of  its  require- 
ments. But  it  is  also  true  that,  in  the  absence  of  an  auxiliary  system 
of  conscription  for  industry,  the  classification  of  registrants  according 
to  their  status  at  any  fixed  date  would  not  have  been  practicable. 

The  selective  service  regulations,  therefore,  while  not  being  proof 
against  the  wiles  of  the  artful  evader,  at  least  effected  one  of  two 
things:  Either  they  placed  such  registrants  in  the  military  service, 
or  they  forced  them,  through  fear  of  such  service,  to  engage  in  a 
useful  industrial  or  agricultural  undertaking,  thus  probably  pre- 
venting the  necessity  for  legislation  that  would  have  signified  labor 
conscription. 

Jurisdiction  of  boards. — The  statutory  provision  vesting  in  dis- 
trict boards  the  original  jurisdiction  in  industrial  and  agricultural 
cases  was  of  doubtful  wisdom.  In  many  instances,  such  boards  were 
too  far  removed  from  the  locality  of  the  individual  registrant  to  be 
able  to  know  or  to  ascertain  the  actual  economic  conditions  of  his 
community.  Many  district  boards  followed  substantially  the  cur- 
sory recommendations  of  local  boards  in  occupational  cases,  while 
other  boards  ignored  such  recommendations,  relying  upon  data 
which  were  often  incomplete  and  artificial.  The  provision  made  in 
September,  1918,  for  the  appointment  of  three  industrial  advisers 
for  the  respective  district  boards,  went  far  toward  remedying  these 
conditions,  though  the  cessation  of  hostilities  and  the  resultant 
suspension  of  mobilization  prevented  a  full  test  of  the  wisdom  of 
this  plan.  On  the  whole,  a  more  just  and  effective  classification 
would  have  been  secured,  had  original  jurisdiction  in  all  cases  been 
vested  in  local  boards,  reserving  to  district  boards  a  jurisdiction 
strictly  of  an  appellate  character.  This  would  have  effected  a 
fairer  coordination  of  industrial  and  dependency  deferments,  and  a 
reviewing  authority  other  than  the  President  would  have  been  pro- 
vided for  occupational  cases. 

l*  Delinquents  and  deserters. — It  must  be  admitted  that  the  selective 
service  system  was  not  altogether  successful  in  dealing  with  draft 
evaders,  delinquents,  and  deserters.  The  fault  lay  not  primarily  in 
the  law  and  regulations  governing  this  phase  of  the  draft.  In  a  few 
regions,  undoubtedly,  registrants  could  with  impunity  refuse  to  obey 
the  requirements  of  the  law.  The  selective  service  officials  possessed 


THE  FUTURE.  11 

t 

no  police  or  penal  authority  of  their  own;  and  although  the  Depart- 
ment of  Justice,  and  police  officials  generally,  rendered  valuable  service 
in  enforcing  the  draft,  this  division  of  responsibility  naturally  lessened 
their  efficiency.  By  a  very  substantial  enlargement  of  its  field  force, 
had  that  been  possible,  the  Department  of  Justice  could  have  handled 
the  situation.  But  it  is  believed  that  a  more  effective  method  would 
have  been  to  provide  local  boards  with  sufficient  police  assistance  thor- 
oughly to  cover  their  respective  territories.  Moreover,  net  desertion 
lists  would  have  been  substantially  reduced  had  a  definite  scheme 
been  adopted  of  requiring  the  regular  publication,  through  the  press, 
of  alphabetical  lists  of  delinquents  and  deserters  in  the  same  manner 
as  casualty  lists  are  published. 

Publicity. — The  publicity  incidentally  brought  about  by  the  draft 
process  has  thrown  light  upon  practically  every  problem  in  our 
social  and  economic  life,  and  has  formed  an  invaluable  stimulus  to 
the  progress  of  the  Nation.  The  reference  is  not  to  publicity  in  the 
sense  of  public  knowledge  of  once  private  facts,  but  in  the  sense  of  a 
conscious  stirring  up  of  universal  interest  in  the  many  aspects  of 
community  life.  It  has  been  the  greatest  educative  process  in  the 
history  of  the  country.  Ignorance  has  been  exposed,  and  with  its 
exposure  the  necessity  for  greater  educational  facilities  has  been 
impressed  upon  all  the  people.  Disease,  heretofore  hidden  in  holes 
and  corners,  has  been  uncovered.  With  all  has  come,  in  many 
quarters  where  it  was  needed,  the  conviction  on  the  part  of  all 
intelligent  citizens  that  there  must  be  new  methods  and  new  efforts. 
The  stimulus  thus  given  to  patriotic  and  disinterested  organization 
for  the  purposes  of  the  common  welfare  will  be  the  means  hereafter 
of  saving  an  hundred  times  the  lives  lost  in  the  war. 

(HI)  THE  FUTURE. 

The  war  having  now  been  brought  to  a  successful  conclusion, 
the  activities  of  this  office  and  of  the  whole  selective  machinery 
will  soon  come  to  an  end.  Perhaps  it  will  not  be  without  interest 
to  outline  the  policies  that  were  shaping  and  the  plans  that  were 
developing  when  the  close  of  the  war  was  reached.  If  these  mat- 
ters are  now  no  longer  of  present  value,  the  consideration  of  them 
may  not  be  without  worth,  if  the  Nation  is,  at  some  future  time, 
again  presented  with  an  emergency  such  as  that  through  which  it 
has  just  passed.  Nor  am  I  uncertain  but  that,  in  the  administra- 
tion of  selective  service,  we  have  evolved  certain  principles  of  national 
significance  which  can  be  applied  as  advantageously  in  times  of  peace 
as  in  time  of  war,  and  the  successful  execution  of  which  was  never 
contemplated  until  the  impetus  of  war  forced  us  to  the  test. 

That  selective  service  can  raise  expeditiously  a  fighting  force 
limited  in  numbers  only  by  the  demands  of  the  Army  and  Navy  has 
been  conclusively  demonstrated.  In  14  months  little  short  of 


12  CHAPTEK   I.    SURVEY   OF   EVENTS   AXD   POLICIES. 

3,000,000  selected  men  were  mobilized,  and  an  abundant  supply  still 
remained  in  Class.  I.  If  military  necessity  had  ever  become  so  dire 
that  its  demands  could  not  have  been  met  from  the  supplies  of 
Class  I,  there  existed  a  simple  solution  for  the  shortage,  which, 
happily,  never  arose.  The  primary  object  of  the  selective  service 
law — that  is,  the  raising  of  a  fighting  force — was,  therefore,  fully 
attained. 

But  the  task  of  selective  service  does  not  stop  with  the  raising  of 
armies;  rather  it  becomes  more  intricate  and  more  highly  difficult. 

The  classification  scheme  sorted  out  from  over  24,000,000  regis- 
trants and  placed  in  Class  I  those  whose  withdrawal  from  domestic 
and  industrial  connections  would  create  the  least  disturbing  effect 
upon  the  current  of  our  national  life.  But  the  remainder  far  out- 
numbered those  who  went  to  the  fighting  forces.  The  residue,  the 
deferred  classes,  formed  the  great  army  behind  the  lines  whose  efforts 
had  so  to  be  directed  as  to  contribute  most  effectively  to  the  fighting 
forces.  How  to  mold  this  vast  group  of  man-power;  how  to  weave 
its  energies  into  the  general  pattern  of  national  effectiveness,  attaining 
a  maximum  of  wartime  production  and  a  minimum  of  peacetime  dis- 
turbance— these  were  the  problems,  herculean  in  magnitude,  yet  sus- 
ceptible of  only  the  most  delicate  treatment,  to  which  the  selective 
organization  had  to  address  itself. 

From  the  wartime  standpoint,  occupations  may  be  roughly  grouped 
into  three  classes: 

1.  Those  enterprises  such  as  shipbuilding  and  the  manufacture  of 
munitions,  which  have  a  direct  and  immediate  relation  to  the  military 
problem. 

2.  Those  enterprises  contributing  to  the  general  good,  without 
which  the  normal  life  of  the  Nation  would  be  seriously  affected  and 
the  continuance  of  which  must  be  fostered  to  render  a  return  to  peace- 
time conditions  easy. 

3.  The  harmful  and  nonproductive  employments. 

•  For  the  man-power  between  the  ages  of  18  and  45  in  each  of  these 
groups  the  selective  system  was  responsible. 

Let  us  examine  each  of  these  labor  groups  separately.  First,  how- 
ever, it  must  be  stated  that  the  ultimate  aim  of  the  selective  service 
system  was  to  eliminate  entirely  useful  man-power  in  the  third,  to 
comb  the  second  to  the  minimum  consistent  with  the  preservation  of 
the  framework  of  normality,  and  to  fill  the  first  to  the  utmost  possible 
limits.  The  whole  scheme  may  be  envisioned  as  an  instantaneous 
destruction  of  the  third  group,  a  gradual  compression  of  the  second 
and  a  constant  expansion  of  the  first.  To  the  accomplishment  of 
these  ends,  the  selective  service  law  provided  powerfully  persuasive 
means,  holding  out  the  alternatives  of  productive  employment  on 
the  one  hand  and  enforced  military  service  on  the  other. 


THE   FUTURE.  13 

1.    THE    NECESSARY    INDUSTRIES. 

Compulsory  deferment. — The  first  task  was  to  preserve  intact  the 
industrial  group  then  employed  in  the  war  time  industries,  the  so- 
called  "necessary"  industries,  which  have  a  direct  relation  to  the 
military  problem.  Only  when  we  have  preserved  the  original  group 
may  we  concern  ourselves  with  the  enlargement  of  it. 

The  regulations,  promulgated  in  execution  of  the  selective  service 
law  took  abundant  precaution  to  withhold  from  military  duty  the 
labor  and  directing  talent  necessary  to  the  continuance  of  such 
industries.  The  regulations  always  contemplated  the  deferment  of 
call  to  military  service  of  men  necessary  to  the  continuance  of  them 
and  their  scope  was  extended  from  time  to  time.  Deferment  on  the 
ground  of  employment  alone  was,  therefore,  the  initial  step  in  the 
solution  of  the  problem.  To  attempt  the  enlargement  of  an  indus- 
trial group  and  yet  to  take  no  precaution  to  preserve  the  original 
nucleus  is  to  build  with  the  one  hand  and  to  destroy  with  the  other. 

There  was  at  first  no  safeguard  thrown  about  the  industrial  type, 
which,  though  indispensable  to  production,  sought  to  enter  the 
military  service.  Fired  with  a  patriotism  which  conceives  the 
highest  obligation  as  service  in  the  fighting  forces,  large  numbers  of 
men  whose  energies  were  of  infinitely  more  value  in  the  industrial 
world  than  on  the  battle  field,  abandoned  their  productive  labors 
for  service  in  the  Army  or  Navy.  It  was  here  that  the  pernicious 
system  of  volunteer  recruitment,  to  which  I  have  already  referred, 
dealt  its  most  vital  blow.  What  selection  sought  to  establish  and 
protect,  recruitment  consistently  disrupted  and  disorganized.  The 
industrial  expert  voluntarily  enlisting  in  the  Army  or  Navy  left 
vacant  a  place  in  the  forces  of  production  to  occupy  a  place  which 
he  could  not  fill  with  equal  effectiveness  in  the  fighting  forces.  The 
industrial  group,  which  selection  had  been  zealously  building,  was 
thus  subjected  to  a  steady  and  alarming  drain.  When  viewed  from 
this  standpoint,  it  is  inconceivable  that  the  advocates  of  voluntary 
enlistment  should  have  continued  to  press  their  point.  If  patriotism 
is  the  desire  to  serve  one's  country,  then  the  highest  type  is  the 
desire  to  serve  one's  country  best.  If  the  industrial  expert  is  of 
greater  value  in  the  factory  than  in  the  field,  then  it  is  unpatriotic 
for  him  to  abandon  his  labors  in  the  former  to  resume  them  in  the 
latter.  Fortunately,  the  evil  of  recruitment  was  finally  abandoned 
definitely  for  the  period  of  the  emergency. 

The  evils  of  voluntary  enlistment  existed  in  a  less  degree  in  the 
opportunities  offered  to  registrants  in  deferred  industrial  classes  to 
secure  voluntary  induction  into  the  service  through  the  medium  of 
the  Selective  Service  organization.  Originally,  no  restraint  had 
been  placed  upon  such  voluntary  induction  and  the  hurtful  effects 


14  CHAPTER  I.    SURVEY   OF   EVEXTS  ASTD  POLICIES. 

of  recruitment  were  modifiedly  duplicated  by  it.  The  regulations 
promulgated  in  September,  1918,  however,  placed  additional  re- 
straints upon  the  classes  deferred  on  account  of  industrial  useful- 
ness. To  waive  industrial  deferment  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
induction  into  the  Army  was  made  more  difficult  of  accomplishment. 
Great  pains  were  taken  to  lay  before  the  Nation  the  patriotic  duty 
both  of  employers  and  employees  to  claim  and  establish  the  right  to 
deferred  classification  for  all  those  whose  occupation  was  such  that 
necessary  industrial  effectiveness  would  have  been  reduced  by  their 
withdrawal  for  military  service. 

Thus  were  established  the  partial  means  for  protection  of  the 
"necessary"  industries,  both  nuclei  and  accretions. 

But  before  hostilities  ceased,  the  time  was  rapidly  approaching 
when  we  would  have  been  compelled  to  take  the  final  step  in  tho 
process  and  to  have  denied  absolutely  to  the  registrants  deferred 
upon  industrial  grounds,  all  rights  to  military  service.  We.  had 
almost  reached  the  time  when  it  would  have  been  necessary  to  make 
it  as  impossible  for  the  man  deferred  for  industrial  reasons  to  secure 
military  service  as  it  had  been  for  the  registrants  in. Class  I  to  avoid 
it.  This  was  the  logical  end  to  which  we  had  been  led  and  to  which 
we  had  inevitably  been  tending. 

When  this  final  step  had  been  taken  we  would  have  effectively 
accomplished  the  end  which  we  had  set  out  to  attain. 

Compulsory  transfer. — But  it  is  one  matter  to  conserve  labor  in 
the  "necessary"  industries  from  withdrawals  by  the  army,  and  an- 
other matter  to  augment  labor  in  those  industries  to  the  desired 
scope.  Both  are  equally  important.  Wo  were  not  prepared  to 
accept  an  industrial  draft,  and  therefore  had  to  look  elsewhere  for  a 
solution. 

Fortunately,  the  means  for  supplying  the  initial  additions  of  labor 
in  these  industries  were  readily  available.  For  two  and  one-half 
years  prior  to  the  declaration  of  war  against  Germany,  our  country 
had  been  serving  the  embattled  nations  of  Europe.  Labor  had 
already  thronged  to  the  munition  factories  and  the  powder  mills, 
and  the  rapidly  rising  wage  scale  accelerated  the  influx.  The  lure  of 
the  rising  wage  brought  its  full  measure  of  returns.  But  wage  com- 
petition became  so  keen,  and  in  many  instances  its  results  were  so 
little  short  of  calamitous,  that  it  was  folly  to  believe  that  the  ebb 
and  flow  of  labor  supply  could  or  should  bo  governed  by  such  means 
alone.  Indeed  the  efforts  of  other  departments  of  the  Government 
had  long  been  devoted  to  the  elimination  of  the  indiscriminate  com- 
petition and  to  the  stabilization  of  all  wage  scales. 

Here  the  selective  service  law  furnished  a  powerful  lever  needed 
for  forming  into  the  "necessary"  industries  the  needed  additional 
supplies  of  labor.  The  operation  of  the  "Work  or  fight"  regula- 


THE   FUTURE.  15 

tions  is  fully  set  forth  in  the  later  pages  of  this  report.  Demanding, 
as  these  regulations  did,  that  continuance  in  a  deferred  class  on  the 
ground  of  dependency  should  be  contingent  upon  employment  in  a 
productive  occupation  and  that  every  man  should  become  an  effective 
producer  or  a  soldier,  the  result  of  the  regulations  was  to  destroy 
idleness  and  to  drive  from  the  nonproductive  pursuits  all  registrants 
whose  deferment  hinged  upon  a,  change  of  occupation. 

The  possibilities  of  this  principle  are  practically  limitless.  They 
are  as  wide  as  the  field  of  labor  itself.  The  "Work  or  fight"  prin- 
ciple had  been  only  sparingly  applied  when  the  war  ended,  but  it  had 
already  succeeded  in  cleaning  out  the  idle  class  and  the  small  group 
of  occupations  theretofore  declared  to  be  nonproductive.  The 
labor  thus  diverted  turned,  perforce,  to  the  field  of  necessary  or 
productive  industry.  The  shipyards,  for  example,  were  materially 
aided  by  the  augmentation  of  labor  in  them.  We  had  only  to 
extend  the  scope  of  the  "Work  or  fight"  regulations  to  produce 
their  added  effectiveness.  '  As  time  went  on,  more  and  more  occupa- 
tions were  to  be  catalogued  as  nonproductive  and  the  evacuation  of 
labor  from  them  would  have  been  initiated.  The  labor  thus  affected 
turns  for  rcemployment  naturally  to  the  fields  of  highest  wages. 
Since  the  highest  wage  scale  is  found  in  the  purely  war  time  industries, 
the  labor  thus  diverted  turns  almost  as  a  unit  to  these  very  indus- 
tries. Thus  at  one  stroke  is  accomplished  the  elimination  of  the 
nonproducer  and  his  transformation  into  the  most  effective  producer. 

In  time  of  war,  we  have  only  to  apply  the  "Work  or  Fight" 
principle  understandingly  and  sympathetically  to  attain  any  desired 
adjustment  of  the  labor  supply.  Cooperation  with  other  depart- 
ments of  the  Government  to  this  end  will  prove  helpful.  When  the 
war  ended,  the  Department  had  under  consideration  the  immediate 
extension  of  the  scope  of  the  "Work  or  Fight"  regulations.  It  was 
considered  that  the  study  of  this  problem  and  the  execution  of  the 
future  policy  in  respect  of  it  were  among  the  most  important  tasks 
remaining  for  the  Selective  Service  organization. 

Group  transfer. — The  "Work  or  Fight"  principle  was  effective  in 
diverting  labor  from  the  nonproductive  to  the  productive  employ- 
ments. But  since  its  purpose  was  persuasive  only,  it  did  not  go  to 
the  length  of  dictating  to  the  nonproducer  the  exact  field  of  employ- 
ment to  which  he  should  turn  his  efforts  upon  abandoning  his  non- 
productive occupation.  It  is  true,  the  consideration  of  higher  wages 
in  the  most  essential  labor  fields,  and  the  economic  law  of  supply  and 
demand  in  the  several  industries  within  these  fields,  must  have  an 
important  bearing  on  the  ultimate  location  of  such  labor.  •  But, 
when  the  laborer  has  his  choice  between,  say,  the  shipyard  and  the 
munition  factory,  he  may  choose  either  the  one  or  the  other.  It  is 


16  CHAPTER  I.    SURVEY   OF   EVENTS  AND  POLICIES. 

conceivable  that  situations  may  arise  when  it  is  possible  to  obtain 
abundant  labor  for  the  shipyard  and  insufficient  labor  for  the  munition 
factory,  and  when  the  "Work  or  Fight"  doctrine  will  not  adequately 
serve  to  divert  the  deficit  of  labor  to  the  munition  factory.  We  had, 
therefore,  to  seek  some  measure  supplemental  to  the  "  Work  or  Fight" 
regulations  which  would  solve  the  problem  of  diverting  labor  into 
definite  branches  of  necessary  occupations.  The  "Work  or  Fight" 
regulations  served  to  turn  labor  from  the  nonproductive  to  the 
productive  fields,  but  they  did  not  serve  to  distribute  productive 
labor  among  the  various  industries  in  the  productive  fields.  How 
could  this  be  accomplished  when  the  ordinary  law  of  supply  and 
demand  failed  to  produce  the  desired  result  ? 

There  was  abundant  legal  authority  for  calling  into  military  service, 
through  the  selective  service  organization,  any  or  all  of  a  particular 
group  of  skilled  industrials,  regardless  of  their  classification.  It  was 
quite  feasible,  therefore,  to  call  for  service  all  or  any  part  of  a  group 
of  skilled  labor  and  to  offer  to  the  men  thus  called  the  options  of 
remaining  in  the  Army  for  military  duty  or  accepting  an  indefinite 
furlough  dependent,  as  to  duration,  upon  the  continuance  of  em- 
ployment in  a  certain  definite  work.  The  industrial  furlough  had 
been,  in  a  limited  way,  already  employed  in  individual  cases,  but  it 
had  not. been  extended  to  an  industrial  group. 

Assume  that  there  should  have  arisen  a  shortage  of  labor  in  the 
longshore  labor  group,  which  could  not  have  been  adequately  filled 
under  any  of  the  methods  in  operation.  Under  the  law  it  was  possi- 
ble to  call  for  military  service  all  skilled  longshoremen  who  were  sub- 
ject to  the  Selective  Service  Law.  When  these  men  had  been  in- 
ducted into  the  military  service,  they  might  each  have  been  offered 
an  industrial  furlough  upon  the  condition  that  they  secure  and  retain 
employment  in  the  loading  of  transports  and  supply  ships.  The 
result  of  such  a  method  is  easily  visualized.  The  necessary  labor 
would  have  been  secured  and  the  uncertain  shifting  of  it  that  might 
otherwise  have  ensued  would  have  been  stabilized."  The  adoption 
of  such  a  plan  to  meet  emergent  situations  arising  out  of  labor  short- 
age in  particular  fields  of  necessary  industries  was  not  foreign  to  my 
thoughts  when  hostilities  ceased. 

Labor  efficiency. — But  after  all  precautions  had  been  taken  to 
protect  the  necessary  industrial  classes  by  granting  deferred  classi- 
fication to  the  members  thereof,  and  after  these  classes  had  been 
increased  through  the  methods  outlined,  a  complete  solution  of  the 
problem  had  not  yet  been  attained.  While  the  ''Work  or  Fight" 
regulations,  for  example,  succeeded  in  diverting  such  labor  from 
nonproductive  to  productive  fields,  they  had  not  been  sufficiently 
broad  to  insure  a  fair  and  honest  return  from  the  labor  thus  diverted. 
In  other  words,  the  bartender  turned  shipbuilder  might  or  might 


THE   FUTURE.  17 

not  devote  a  decent  effort  to  his  new  vocation.  If  ho  did  not,  there 
was  no  recourse  for  the  selective  organization  to  pursue,  as  his  nominal 
employment  in  a  productive  field  placed  him  beyond  the  purview  of 
the  existing  "Work  or  Fight"  regulations. 

Many  factors  could  and  did  exist  which  tended  to  slacken  the 
efforts  of  labor  in  the  necessary  industries.  Many  of  these  were 
found  in  labor's  conscious  and  willful  avoidance  of  a  full  and  fair 
measure  of  exertion.  The  habitual  failure  or  refusal  of  a  certain 
class  of  registrants  employed  in  occupations  not  declared  nonpro- 
ductive, to  dovote  a  fair  amount  of  time  per  week  to  their  tasks 
gave  rise  to  a  distinct  group  which  may  be  termed  "industrial 
slackers."  The  elimination  of  this  group  was  another  task  to  which 
the  selective  organization  had  to  bond  its  efforts. 

The  "Work  or  Fight"  regulations  had  received  instant  popular 
approval.  The  public  had  been  more  than  ready  to  accept  the  doc- 
trine that  the  man  who  was  industrially  useless  should  lose  the 
deferred  classification  which  he  would  otherwise  have  continued 
to  enjoy.  But  the  criterion  of  industrial  usefulness  was  made 
employment  in  a  useful  occupation.  It  is  quite  apparent,  however, 
that  a  man  may  bo  as  useless  to  production  while  nominally  engaged 
in  a  productive  industry  as  if  engaged  in  a  nonproductive  one. 
Unless  ho  devoted  a  fair  and  reasonable  amount  of  time  and  energy 
to  his  work,  no  matter  what  that  work  may  be,  he  is  a  slacker  whose 
pernicious  inactivity  should  be  reached. 

The  remedy  that  suggested  itself  was  simple.  We  had  merely  to 
class  as  a  noiiproducer,  and  make  subject  to  the  "Work  or  Fight" 
regulations,  the  registrant  who,  though  employed  in  a  useful  occupa- 
tion, did  not  devote  a  reasonable  amount  of  time  to  his  work.  There 
is  no  difficulty  in  determining  what  a  "reasonable  amount  of  time"  is. 
Labor  has  consistently  insisted,  and  it  is  generally  impliedly  recog- 
nized, that  eight  hours  is  the  reasonable  working  day.  From  such  a 
premise  it  "would  not  have  been  difficult  to  determine  a  "reasonable 
working  week."  Having  determined  a  "reasonable  working  week," 
it  would  have  been  a  mere  matter  of  regulation  to  provide  that  the 
deferred  classification  of  no  registrant  should  be  continued  unless  he 
devoted  such  reasonable  length  of  time  per  week  to  the  useful  oc- 
cupation in  which  he  was  emplo}Ted.  In  other  words,  a  minimum 
working  week  would  have  been  established  and  the  failure  to  ob- 
serve it  would  have  deprived  the  registrant  of  his  deferment  regard- 
less of  any  other  industrial  or  domestic  connection. 

Regulations  putting  into  effect  the  principle  described  above  had 
prepared  and  submitted  to  you  for  approval  when  the  signing 
of  the  armistice  obviated  the  necessity  for  their  promulgation. 

97250°— 19 2 


18  CHAPTER  I.    SURVEY  OF   EVENTS  AND  POLICIES. 

2.    THE    NORMAL    AND    THE    NONPRODUCTIVE    EMPLOYMENTS. 

The  second  industrial  group  is  made  up,  as  lias  been  indicated,  of 
those  enterprises  contributing  to  the  general  good  without  which  the 
normal  life  of  the  Nation  would  he  seriously  affected  and  the  continu- 
ance of  which  must  be  fostered  to  render  the  return  to  peace  time  con- 
ditions easy.  These  are  the  industries  which  constitute  the  frame- 
work of  the  normal  economic  life  in  times  of  peace.  They  must  not 
be  destroyed  nor  ruinously  injured  in  time  of^war  if  the  difficult 
return  to  peace  is  to  be  anything  short  of  chaotic.  We  can  never 
risk  becoming  a  Nation  without  the  means  for  supplying  the  ordinary 
necessities  and  the  smaller  comforts  of  civil  life.  Neither  can  the 
production  of  these  things  in  a  period  of  hostilities  proceed  along 
peace-time  lines  if  war-time  development  is  to  be  speeded. 

The  task  in  the  war  just  ended, was  not  to  eliminate,  but  so  to 
compress  this  group  as  to  maintain  its  framework  while  at  the  same 
time  producing  the  maximum  of  efficiency  and  production  in  the 
necessary  wartime  industries. 

There  were  many  outside  influences  at  work  which  aided  the 
selective  organization  in  the  accomplishment  of  its  share  in  this 
particular  task.  The  curtailment  of  production  in  many  of  these 
industries,  made  possible  by  the  action  of  other  departments  of  the 
Government,  released  supplies  of  labor  for  the  necessary  Avar  indus- 
tries and  the  higher  regulated  wage  scales  in  the  latter  also  attracted 
the  labor  which  might  not  otherwise  have  been  forthcoming. 

But  there  were  many  occupations  with  abundant  supplies  of  labor 
in  them  which  could  be  reached  only  by  the  Selective  Service  organ- 
ization. It  was  to  these  employments  that  the  peculiar  obligation 
of  the  administration  of  the  Selective  Service  organization  attached 
— for  example,  chauffeurs.  This  group  consisted  of  well  over  one 
hundred  thousand  men  engaged  in  all  phases  of  the  employment. 
Obviously,  men  thus  employed  could  not  be  controlled  by  the 
agencies  authorized  to  regulate  production  in  the  various  industries, 
for  they  produce  nothing.  But  it  required  only  an  extension  of 
the  "Work  or  Fight"  regulations  so  as  to  include  chauffeurs,  or 
certain  designated  types  of  chauffeurs,  in  the  nonproductive  employ- 
ments, to  divert  their  labor  to  other  channels. 

Labor  groups,  similar  to  chauffeurs  in  then1  relation  to  the  economic 
structure,  •  are  numerous  and  could  be  reached  only  through  the 
selective  organization.  Regulations  extending  the  scope  of  the 
"Work  or  fight"  principle  had  been  submitted  to  you  when  hostili- 
ties ceased  and  their  approval  became  unnecessary. 

The  third  group,  to  which  reference  has  been  made,  is  the  nonpro- 
ductive. The*  extent  to  which  the  "nonproductive"  field  has  been 
defined  by  the  "Work  or  fight"  regulations  when  the  war  ended, 


THE   FUTURE.  19 

has  .already  been  indicated.  But  it  had  been  realized  that  the  scope 
of  those  regulations  would  have  to  be  enlarged  in  direct  ratio  to  the 
exigencies  of  the  situations  as  they  developed.  The  primary  purpose 
was  not  to  destroy  the  nonproductive  occupations,  but  to  utilize  the 
available  man-power  in  them.  The  continuance  of  such  occupations, 
in  time  of  war,  with  the  labor  of  women  and  the  physically  and  legally 
disqualified  is  not  only  possible  but  actual. 

3.    THE    LOCAL   AND    THE    NATIONAL   VIEWPOINTS. 

In  dealing  with  the  broad  questions  of  labor  distribution  by  means 
of  selective  service,  there  is  one  important  consideration  that  ought 
not  be  overlooked.  It  is  true  that  all  of  the  larger  problems  of  a 
great  war  are  national  and  must  be  solved  with  the  end  in  view  of 
obtaining  the  greatest  national  efficiency.  But  we  can  not  afford  to 
lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  all  wars  eventually  come  to  an  end,  and 
that  sooner  or  later  the  Nation  must  return  to  a  peace-time  basis. 
This  Nation,  at  bottom,  is  one  of  local  entities.  It  would  be  such  for 
geographical  reasons  alone  even  were  it  not  fundamentally  so  politi- 
cally. The  solidarity  and  the  prosperity  of  the  Nation  are,  under 
our  peculiar  organization,  dependent  upon  the  well-being  of  the  local 
community.  To  disrupt  the  whole  economic  structure  of  the  com- 
munity for  the  single  purpose  of  promoting  the  maximum  of  national 
production  is  not  only  a  harsh  rule,  but,  with  the  return  of  peace,  a 
ruinous  one.  If  the  return  to  normal  peace-time  conditions  is  to  be 
made  anything  less  than  impossible,  we  must  take  the  steps  while 
still  at  war  successfully  to  accomplish  the  eventual  readjustment. 

We  cannot  afford  absolutely  to  destroy  local  economic  life  except 
in  the  direst  military  necessity.  We  must  leave  in  each  community 
the  framework  of  its  normal  economic  structure.  In  this  way  alone 
is  an  easy  readjustment  possible.  Yet,  withal,  the  overwhelming 
consideration,  during  an  emergency,  is  national  and  not  local  effec- 
tiveness. How  to  attain  the  greatest  national  good  with  the  least 
local  harm,  therefore,  becomes  the  nicest  and  most  delicate  problem 
which  can  present  itself. 

With  this  end  in  view  the  Selective  Service  administration  consis- 
tently entrusted  to  local  agencies  the  duty  of  determining  the  indus- 
trial usefulness  of  its  registrants.  The  criterion  was  always  national 
necessity,  but  no'  other  attempt  was  ever  made  arbitrarily  to  define 
those  necessities.  The  American  people  have  always  appreciated 
the  fact  that  national  well-being  is  inextricably  bound  up  in  local 
well-being;  they  are  too  patriotic  to  allow  local  interest  to  impede 
national  success  during  an  emergency.  As  a  result,  we  secured  a 
classification  of  skilled  labor  which  kept  local  life  going,  while  at  the 
same  time  national  industrial  development  proceeded  at  a  rapid  pace. 
'Skilled  labor  was  classified  from  a  national  viewpoint,  so  tempered 


20  CHAPTER  I.    SURVEY   OF   EVENTS  AND   POLICIES. 

by  a  local  one  that  national  development  was  unhampered  while 
communities  retained  the  roots  of  economic  life;  and  these,  now  that 
peace  has  returned,  will  again  blossom  into  pre-war  fruition. 

We  should  never  permit  ourselves  to  become  so  imbued  with 
nationalistic  ideas  about  labor  during  a  period  of  war  as  to  lose  sight 
of  the  local  economic  life  to  be  resuscitated  when  war  ceases. 
.  It  is  perhaps  to  be  regretted  that  the  selective  service  law  as 
originally  enacted  did  not  provide  for  a  classification  of  labor  upon 
industrial  grounds  as  broad  as  industry  itself.  Yet  the  haste  in 
which  the  act  of  May  18,  1917,  was  prepared,  and  the  lack  of  prece- 
dent available  at  the  time,  precluded  the  enactment  of  a  more  perfect 
measure.  The  act  of  March,  1863,  the  Civil  War  draft  measure,  con- 
tamed  no  provision  for  industrial  deferment.  The  British  military 
service  acts,  complicated  by  antecedent  war  labor  policies,  succeeded 
so  little  in  systematizing  an.  industrial  classification  that  the  results 
by  the  spring  of  1917  were  confusion  rather  than  an  orderly  scheme 
for  military-industrial  correlation.  The  original  selective  service 
law  was  therefore  an  experiment  so  far  as  the  scope  of  industrial 
classification  was  concerned.  The  amendment  of  August  31,  1918, 
broadened  the  field  to  the  proper  limits. 

That  district  boards  should  have  been  made  the  tribunals  for 
the  solution  of  industrial  readjustment  can  no  longer  be  doubted. 
The  duty  imposed  upon  them  was  likewise  an  experiment,  the 
wisdom  of  which  subsequent  events  fully  justified.  The  evolution 
of  selective  service  developed  two  antagonistic  viewpoints  respecting 
the  proper  distribution  of  war-time  labor.  On  the  one  hand  were 
those  who  would  have  made  all  labor  questions  matters  of 
purely  national  significance;  on  the  other  hand,  were  those  who 
would  have  tested  each  labor  question  in  the  light  of  local  situations 
only.  The  district  boards,  standing  between  the  two  extremes, 
succeeded  in  accomplishing  a  distribution  of  labor  from  a  viewpoint 
impossible  alike  to  a  national  body  or  a  purely  local  one. 

4.    AFTER   THE    WAR. 

The  end  of  the  war  leads  one  necessarily  to  a  contemplation  of  the 
possible  changes  that  may  be  brought  about  in  our  national  life  by 
the  application,  after  the  war,  of  the  principles  evolved  in  the  opera- 
tion of  the  selective  service  during  the  emergency.  The  feasibility 
of  many  theories,  widely  divergent  from  the  pre-war  conception  of 
things,  has  been  demonstrated.  How  far  these  principles  should  be 
projected  after  the  war  is  a  matter  of  vital  national  importance. 

Before  the  war,  it  would  have  been  considered  highly  improbable 
that  a  law  requiring  all  persons  within  designated  age  limits  volun- 
tarily to  present  themselves  at  a  given  time  for  enrollment,  would 
meet  with  any  fair  degree  of  success.  Yet  the  enactment  of  such  a 


THE   FUTURE.  21 

law  resulted  in  the  enrollment  of  over  24,000,000  men — 13,000,000 
within  a  single  day,  and  a  total  of  over  24,000,000  in  four  days.  Not 
alone  was  the  enrollment  accomplished^  but  a  complete  survey 
and  classification  as  to  the  domestic  and  industrial  status  of  those 
enrolled  was  made. 

The  machinery  for  enrollment  has  been  once  established,  and  there 
is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  it  can  not  be  reconstituted. 

The  taking  of  the  decennial  census  has  heretofore  always  proceeded 
upon  the  idea  that  no  satisfactory  results  could  be  attained  unless 
the  desired  information  was  sought  out  piecemeal  and  compiled. 
The  possibility  of  having  every  man,  woman  and  child  report  at  a 
given  place  on  a  given  day  for  enrollment  and  submitting  to  an  exam- 
ination as  to  domestic  and  industrial  status,  was  considered  remote, 
if  indeed  it  was  considered  at  all.  The  administration  of  selective 
service  has  demonstrated  not  only  the  practicability  of  such  a  scheme 
but  the  superiority  of  it  in  speed,  accuracy,  and  completeness.  What 
under,  the  present  census  method  is  a  matter  of  months,  becomes 
under  the  selective  procedure  a,  matter  of  days.  The  machinery 
for  the  taking  of  the  census  by  registration  is  established.  To 
apply  the  selective  plan  to  the  census  would  not  be  an  experiment 
but  the  extending  of  the  application  of  a  principle  already  established. 


CHAPTER  II. 

REGISTRATION. 

(I)  FIRST  REGISTRATION— AGES  21-30— JUNE  5,   1917. 

Results  of  this  registration. — The  first  registration,  pursuant  to  the 
act  of  May  18,  1917,  took  place  on  June  5,  1917;  an  account  of  it 
was  given  in  my  first  Report  (December,  1917).  The  total  number 
registered  on  that  date  (exclusive  of  the  Territories),  with  accre- 
tions from  tardy  registrants  and  transferred  cards  up  to  Novem- 
ber 12,  1917,  was  9,586,508  (Report  for  1917,  Table  1).  But  new 
accessions  filtered  in  throughout  the  intervening  period;  complete 
reports  were  received  from.'  the  Territories;  and  the  total  number  on 
the  eve  of  the  third  registration  (Sept.  11,  1918)  was  9,925,751. 
After  that  date,  any  additional  persons  presenting  themselves  in  the 
ages  overdue  to  be  registered  in  the  first  registration  were  required 
to  be  entered  as  of  the  third  registration  (Sept.  12,  1918). 

(H)  SECOND  REGISTRATION— AGE  21— JUNE  5-AUGUST  24,  1918. 

1.  Need  for  this  registration. — In  the  spring  of  1918  it  was  apparent 
that  the  yield  of  effectives  in  the  first  registration  would  not  suffice 
for  the  increasing  demands  of  the  military  program;  and  a  further 
registration  for  military  service  became  necessary.     On  May  20, 
1918,  Congress  passed  a  joint  resolution  (Pub.  Res.  No.  30,  65th 
Cong.,  S.  J.  Res.  124)  requiring  the  registration  of  all  males  who  had 
attained  the  age  of  21  since  June  5,  1917,  on  or  before  the  day  set 
by  the  President  for  their  registration;  and  further  authorizing  the 
President  to  require  the  registration,  at  such  intervals  as  he  might 
prescribe,  of  all  males  attaining  the  age  of  21  since  the  day  of  this 
second  registration  and  on  or  before  the  next  day  set  by  him  for  such 
registration.     This  resolution  made  all  such  persons  liable  to  military 
service  under  the  act  of  May  18,  1917 ;  but  provided  that  they  should 
be  "placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  list  of  those  liable  to  military  service 
in  the  several  classes  to  which  they  are  assigned." 

June  5,  1918,  was  fixed  by  presidential  proclamation  as  the  date 
for  this  second  registration. 

2.  Plan  of  registration. — Anticipating  the  enactment  of  this  legis- 
lation, a  plan  for  conducting  the  registration  was  decided  upon  and 
communicated  to  the  local  boards  three  weeks  in  advance  of  the 
passage  of  the  act.     The  registration  organization  was  thus  made 
ready  in  advance  and  was  enabled  to  conduct  the  registration  at  an 
early  date  after  the  enactment  of  the  law. 

22 


SECOND   REGISTRATION.  23 

An  experienced  and  fully  equipped  organization— the  local  boards — 
was  in  existence  to  accomplish  the  registration,  and  the  vast  ma- 
chinery found  to  be  necessary  for  the  first  registration  would  have 
been  cumbersome  as  well  as  useless.  It  was  therefore  decided  that 
every  person  subject  to  registration  would  be  required  to  register 
under  the  supervision  of  the  local  board  having  jurisdiction  of  the 
area  in  which  he  permanently  resided. 

In  the  cities,  normally,  the  office  occupied  by  a  local  board  was 
the  place  of  registration.  If  this  was  deemed  inadequate,  the  local 
board  consulted  with  the  adjutant  general  or  draft  executive  of  the 
State  and  obtained  such  additional  rooms  or  offices  as  were  author- 
ized by  him.  In  the  rural  districts  the  office  of  the  local  board, 
wherever  practicable,  was  likewise  the  place  of  registration.  It  was 
realized  that  many  such  offices  would  be  too  small,  and  also,  that 
in  exceptional  cases,  registration  offices  should  be  established  in  cities 
and  towns  other  than  those  in  which  the  boards  had  their  permanent 
offices.  Whenever,  in  the  opinion  of  a  board,  its  office  was  too  small 
or  places  for  registration  seemed  to  be  necessary  at  other  points,  it 
consulted  with  the  adjutant  general  or  draft  executive  of  the  State 
and  established  such  additional  offices  as  he  authorized.  Of  course, 
where  the  territory  of  a  board  was  relatively  large  or  travel  therein 
was  unusually  difficult,  registration  offices  were  established  at  such 
points  as  were  necessary  successfully  to  accomplish  the  registration; 
but  the  fact  that  the  board  had  jurisdiction  over  a  rural  district 
was  not  in  itself  sufficient  to  warrant  their  establishment.  The 
determination  of  the  necessity  for  additional  offices  depended  upon 
the  circumstances  and  conditions  peculiar  to  the  locality,  and  was 
a  matter  which  was  left  largely  to  the  discretion  of  the  local  boards. 
Offices  in  public  buildings  were  procured  wherever  practicable,  and 
rented  buildings  and  rooms  were  not  authorized  unless  other  suitable 
offices  were  unavailable 

A  chief  registrar  had  immediate  supervision  over  each  place  of 
registration.  Board  members  acted  in  the  capacity  of  chief  regis- 
trars. If  there  were  more  than  three  places  of  registration  under  the 
supervision  of  one  board,  or  for  any  other  reason  a  member  of  the 
board  was  not  available  to  act  as  chief  registrar,  the  board  designated 
a  thoroughly  reliable  registrar  having  familiarity  with  the  regulations 
to  act  in  the  capacity  of  chief  registrar.  Generally  speaking,  the 
board  members  and  salaried  attaches  of  the  board  performed  the 
duties  of  registrars;  but,  in  the  event  additional  registrars  were 
needed,  the  board  recommended  to  the  adjutant  general  or  draft 
executive  of  the  State  the  appointment  of  such  additional  registrars, 
and,  upon  his  approval  of  the  recommendation,  proceeded  to  make 
the  appointment.  The  duties  of  registrars  and  chief  registrars  are 


24  CHAPTER  II.   REGISTRATION. 

explained  in  that  part  of  the  report  relating  to  the  registration  held 
on  September  12,  1918. 

This  second  registration  of  June  5,  1918,  added  to  the  lists  approxi- 
mately 735,834  persons  in  all. 

3.  Supplemental  registration  of  August  24,  191$. — But  the  rapid 
and  unexpected  increase  in  shipments  of  troops  abroad,  followed  by 
equally  large  calls  of  new  contingents  to  camp,  soon  made  it  plain 
that  the  authority  of  the  President,  given  under  the  joint  resolution 
of  May  20,  1918,  must  again  be  exercised  to  require  the  registration 
of  those  who  arrived  at  age  21  since  the  registration  of  June  5,  1918. 
Accordingly,  on  August  13,  1918,  the  President  issued  a  proclamation 
requiring  the  registration  on  August  24  of  all  male  persons  (except 
those  exempted  by  law  from  registration)  who,  since  June  5,  1918, 
and  on  or  before  August  24,  1918,  had  attained  their  twenty-first 
birthday. 

This  registration  was  accomplished  in  the  same  general  manner  as 
that  held  on  June  5,  1918;  but,  in  view  of  the  comparatively  small 
number  of  persons  to  be  registered,  it  was  not  necessary  to  provide 
as  many  registration  places  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Local 
Boards  as  were  provided  for  the  registration  held  on  June  5,  1918. 

On  this  supplementary  second  registration  approximately  159,161 
young  men  of  age  21  were  registered. 

Meantime  additional  tardy  registrations  were  taking  place  of  men 
due  to  have  registered  on  June  5,  1918. 

4.  Results  of  second  registration. — The  total  number  of  men  of  the 
new  age  21,  thus  registering  between  June  5  and  August  24,  1918, 
representing  the  entire  second  registration  group,  was  912,564. 

(HI)  THIRD  REGISTRATION.     AGES  18-20,  32-45,  SEPTEMBER  12,  1918. 

1.  Necessity  for  extending  the  draft  ages. — The  military  situation, 
above  alluded  to,  had  begun  to  develop  as  early  as  March,  1918, 
when  the  great  spring  drive  of  the  German  Armies  was  started. 
The  pressure  of  this  drive  on  the  allied  forces  made  it  apparent  that 
the  time  had  imperatively  arrived  for  strengthening  the  defense  at 
the  earliest  moment  by  the  largest  possible  American  contingent. 
Shipping  was  released  for  the  purpose ;  the  existing  monthly  program 
for  deliveries  overseas  was  more  than  doubled;  and  the  calls  upon 
the  selective  service  for  deliveries  into  camp  were  correspondingly 
increased.  The  list  of  inductions  by  months,  given  in  Chapter  VII, 
Table  79 ,  shows  the  figures  leaping  up,  from  April  onwards.  At  the  same 
time,  enlistments  of  men  of  draft  age  in  the  Navy  and  Marine  Corps, 
and  entries  in  the  Emergency  Fleet  service,  were  rapidly  increasing, 
due  in  part  to  the  desire  to  enlist  before  being  reached  in  the  draft. 
The  total  of  these  and  a  few  other  important  but  unexpected  items 
of  depletion  approximated  475,000  men.  In  other  words,  the  425,000 


THIRD   REGISTRATION.  25 

men  originally  scheduled  by  the  program  of  early  June  as  available 
for  the  October,  November,  and  December  calls,  were  found  by  the 
end  of  July  to  be  more  than  offset  by  these  475,000  withdrawals. 
Thus  it  was  apparent  that,  by  September,  the  effectives  available 
would  number  onjy  100,000,  and  perhaps  less,  after  filling  the  calls 
indicated  for  July  and  August  and  making  deductions  for  the  un- 
expectedly heavy  losses  due  to  the  rush  in  June  and  July  to  the  Navy, 
Marine  Corps,  and  Emergency  Fleet.  (Memorandum  of  the  Provost 
Marshal  General  to  the  Chief  of  Staff,  dated  July  27,  published  in 
the  Congressional  Record,  August  5,  and  printed  here  in  Appendix  B). 

Class  I,  by  the  original  program,  would  have  sufficed  until  January, 
1919.  It  now  threatened  to  become  exhausted  in  September,  1918. 
Even  the  increment  from  the  newly  registered  youths  of  21,  on  June 
5-August  24,  1918,  would  be  inadequate  to  replenish  the  gaps  in 
Class  I.  Should  the  Nation  now  proceed  to  send  into  service  its  de- 
ferred Classes  II,  III,  and  IV,  of  the  age  21-30  group,  registered  June 
5,  1917?  Or  should  it  proceed  to  enlarge  the  age  groups  registered 
for  service,  and  to  call  upon  the 'Class  I  men  obtainable  from  this 
additional  registration  ? 

In  no  quarter  was  any  disposition  apparent  to  adopt  the  former  of 
these  alternatives.  The^latter  was  therefore  the  obviously  unavoid- 
able one. 

But  the  question  then  presented  itself,  How  far  was  it  necessary  to 
go,  in  extending  the  ages,  to  obtain  the  necessary  additions?  In 
round  numbers,  2,000,000  more  men  would  be  needed  to  fulfill  the 
military  program  from  October,  1918,  to  June,  1919.  What  com- 
bination of  age  groups  would  yield  at  least  this  number  of  men  in 
effectives?  A  computation  was  made  by  this  office  (Appendix  B). 
This  computation  presented  the  estimate  in  three  studies,  covering, 
respectively,  the  age  groups  19-20,  32-40;  19-20,  32-45;  and  18-20, 
32-45;  and  the  net  estimated  yield,  based  on  the  experience  of  the 
first  registration,  was,  for  the  respective  age  combinations,  1,569,720, 
1,722,870,  and  2,398,845  effectives.  Obviously,  only  the  last  and 
most  extensive  of  these  three  combinations  would  suffice  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  the  military  program. 

2.  Legislative  measures. — A  bill  was  therefore  drafted,  at  the 
instance  of  the  Secretary  of  War  (S.  4856),  and  introduced  in  Con- 
gress on  August  5,  1918,  to  enlarge  the  registration  ages  down  to 
18  and  up  to  45,  inclusive,  with  a  view  to  obtaining  immediately 
the  needed  additions  to  military  man  power. 

There  was  a  natural  reluctance  on  the  part  of  many  members 
of  Congress  to  direct  the  taking  of  youths  of  minimum  military 
age;  and  the  debate  on  this  subject  is  an  illuminating  record  of  the 
weighty  considerations  on  both  sides  (Congressional  Record,  Aug. 
5,  12,  21,  22,  23,  and  24,  1918).  But,  in  the  face  of  the  military 


26  CHAPTER   II.   REGISTRATION. 

necessity,  the  general  policy  became  a  matter  of  secondary  conse- 
quence, and  the  bill  was  passed  on  August  31,  1918.  Its  provisions 
extended  those  of  the  Act  of  May  18,  1917,  by  subjecting  to  military 
service  all  male  citizens  and  declarants  "between  the  ages  of  18 
and  45,  both  inclusive."  It  further  defined  these  persons  as  those 
"who  shall  have  attained  their  eighteenth  birthday  and  who  shall 
not  have  attained  their  forty-sixth  birthday  on  or  before  the  day 
set  for  registration,"  and  it  provided  for  future  expanding  needs 
by  authorizing  the  President  to  require  at  later  intervals  the  regis- 
tration of  those  who  from  time  to  time  attained  the  age  of  18. 

On  August  31,  1918,  the  same  day  of  its  passage,  the  President 
approved  the  act  of  Congress  extending  the  draft  ages  to  include 
all  persons  between  18  and  45  years  of  age.  The  date  of  September 
12,  1918,  was  immediately  set  by  the  President  as  the  registration 
day. 

In  anticipation  of  the  enactment  of  the  legislation,  a  communica- 
tion was  addressed  on  August  5,  1918,  to  the  draft  authorities  of  all 
States  outlining  the  general  plan -for  conducting  the  registration,  if 
the  then  pending  bill  became  a  law.  Consequently,  all  arrange- 
ments for  the  registration  were  practically  completed  before  the 
passage  of  the  act,  and  the  registration  could  have  been  held  as 
soon  thereafter  as  was  desired. 

The  law  exempted  from  registration  those  who  had  previously 
registered,  and  also  the  following  descriptions  of  persons:  Officers 
and  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army;  officers  commissioned  in  the 
Army  of  the  United  States,  and  men  of  the  forces  drafted  under  the 
provisions  of  the  act  approved  May  18,  1917  (the  selective  service 
law);  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  National  Guard  while  in  the 
service  of  the  United  States;  officers  of  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps 
and  enlisted  men  in  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps  while  in  the  service 
of  the  United  States;  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Navy  and 
Marine  Corps;  officers  and  enlisted  and  enrolled  men  of  the  Naval 
Reserve  Force  and  Marine  Corps  Reserve  while  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States;  and  diplomatic  representatives,  technical  attaches  of 
foreign  embassies  and  legations,  consuls  general,  consuls,  vice  consuls, 
and  consular  agents  of  foreign  countries,  residing  in  the  United 
States,  who  were  not  citizens  of  the  United  States. 

3 .  Plan  of  registration. — The  Governors  of  all  States  and  the  Com- 
missioners of  the  District  of  Columbia  were  called  upon  to  supervise 
the  execution  of  the  registration  in  their  respective  States  and  the 
District  of  Columbia.  The  adjutant  general  or  draft  executive  in 
each  State,  acting  under  the  direction  of  the  governor,  was  the 
central  administrative  authority  of  the  registration  system  within 
the  States.  The  local  boards  had  immediate  supervision  and  direc- 
;  tion  of  the  registration  within  their  respective  jurisdictions. 


THIRD  REGISTRATION.  27 

The  actual  registration  was  made  in  the  customary  voting  precincts 
in  the  jurisdiction  of  each  local  board,  and,  generally  speaking,  at  the 
place  and  in  the  manner  ordinarily  employed  in  the  registration  of 
voters.  However,  in  exceptional  cases,  the  boundaries  of  the 
voting;  precincts  were  disregarded,  and  registration  booths  were 
established  by  the  local  board  in  such  places  as  seemed  most  desirable 
within  its  jurisdiction,  after  consultation  with  the  adjutant  general 
or  draft  executive  of  the  State. 

Each  local  board  appointed  a  registrar  or  registrars  for  each  voting 
precinct  or  place  of  registration  within  its  jurisdiction.  Where  there 
was  more  than  one  registrar,  one  of  them  was  designated  by  the 
local  board  as  chief  registrar;  and  where  there  was  only  one  registrar, 
he  performed  the  duties  of  chief  registrar  in  addition  to  those  of 
registrar.  In  each  city  and  county  or  similar  subdivision  having 
more  than  one  local  board  within  its  jurisdiction,  this  office  urged 
that  a  central  registration  committee  be  organized  from  and  by 
the  membership  of  the  local  boards.  Such  committees  were  charged 
with  the  duty  of  coordinating  and  supervising  generally  the  prepara- 
tions for  the  registration  and  directing  the  activities  looking  toward 
a  complete  registration.  County  and  city  attorneys  cooperated 
with  the  members  of  the  legal  advisory  boards;  marshals,  deputy 
marshals,  and  police  officers  held  themselves  in  readiness  to  render 
assistance  in  the  execution  of  the  law. 

The  responsibility  for  providing  suitable  places  for  registration 
rested  upon  the  local  boards,  assisted  by  the  Governor  of  the  State, 
the  mayor  in  cities  of  30,000  population  or  over,  the  authorities  of 
the  count}'  or  similar  subdivision  (if  they  were  not  already  serving 
on  the  local  board),  and  the  central  registration  committee  in  those 
jurisdictions  where  such  a  committee  had  been  appointed.  Regis- 
trars were  charged  in  the  first  instance  with  making  places  ready  for 
registration.  This  duty  was  performed  under  the  direction  of  the 
local  board.  They  were  charged  also  with  the  duty  of  making  the 
actual  registration.  The  chief  registrar,  when  not  otherwise  engaged, 
likewise  made  out  registration  cards,  and  held  every  person  acting 
as  registrar  under  him  strictly  accountable  for  the  registration 
cards  and  certificates  supplied  to  him.  The  chief  registrar  was 
likewise  held  accountable  for  the  registration  cards  and  certificates 
supplied  to  him  by  the  local  boards. 

4.  Securing  100  per  cent  registration;  publicity  methods. — The 
exhaustion  of  Class  I  under  the  first  two  registrations  was  impending. 
The  new  registration  act  had  gone  to  the  extreme  age  limits,  recog- 
nized in  our  law  for  a  century  and  a  quarter  past  as  the  ages  of  lia- 
bility for  military  service.  And  this  extreme  inclusion  of  man  power 
was  calculated  to  fulfill  the  military  program  up  to  June,  1919,  only. 
It  therefore  behooved  all  concerned  that  the  registration  should 


28  CHAPTER  II.   REGISTRATION. 

yield  up,  on  the  day  of  registration,  the  maximum  man-power  actually 
existing  within  those  ages.  In  short,  it  became  the  task  of  the 
Provost  Marshal  General  to  insure  a  100  per  cent  registration  on 
September  12. 

The  problem  was  this:  The  estimates  of  male  population  for  the 
new  ages  came  to  13,200,000  (as  set  forth  later  in  Table  65);  from 
these  must  be  deducted  some  400,000  already  enlisted  in  military  or 
naval  service  and  therefore  not  required  by  the  law  to  register; 
leaving  some  12,800,000.  (estimated)  due  to  register.  It  was  necessary 
to  register  this  entire  mass,  and  then  to  classify  those  who  were 
entitled  to  exemption  or  discharge.  Though  only  about  one  in  six  or 
seven  would  ultimately  find  his  way  into  a  uniform,  yet  unless  these 
12,800,000  men  all  came  forward,  we  should  lose  just  so  many  pro- 
portionately for  the  Army.  The  registration  was  voluntary,  in  the 
sense  that  it  could  not  be  known  who  these  men  were,  and  that 
they  must  voluntarily  and  honestly  come  forward  and  identify  them- 
selves. If  they  shirked  this  duty,  they  would  be  lost  to  our  registra- 
tion, and  we  should  never  be  able  to  find  more  than  a  few  thousand 
of  the  shirkers.  Therefore,  the  problem  for  the  War  Department 
was  to  make  it  psychologically  a  certainty  that  every  one  of  those 
12,800,000  men  would  hear  of  the  need,  would  receive  the  President's 
message  proclaiming  his  duty  to  register,  and  would  honestly  and 
frankly  come  forward  and  register.  This  was  where  the  problem  of 
publicity  began — how  to  reach,  in  a  startling,  inspiring  and  universal 
appeal,  every  individual  in  those  thirteen  million.  If  they  did  not 
come  forward  under  control  of  their  own  consciences,  the  loss  would 
be  substantially  irreparable.  We  had  to  stake  our  whole  result  on  the 
response  of  the  men's  consciences  as  citizens.  The  problem  of 
publicity,  therefore,  divided  itself  into  two:  How  to  reach  every 
individual  so  that  he  heard  and  knew  of  the  call;  and  next>  how  to 
make  him  responsive  to  that  call. 

The  President's  proclamation  (Appendix  A),  dated  August  31, 1918, 
concluded  with  an  eloquent  and  inspiring  appeal  calculated  to  evoke 
a  loyal  response  to  the  call  to  register.  Of  this  proclamation  700,000 
copies  were  printed  and  distributed  to  all  officials  in  the  selective 
service  system  as  well  as  to  all  postmasters.  Governors  and  county 
and  municipal  officials  were  called  upon  to  lend  their  assistance  in 
organizing  the  registration. 

But  the  time  was  short.  Moreover,  the  selective  service  draft 
was  now  a  well-worn  theme  to  the  public  at  large;  they  had  been 
surfeited  with  announcements  of  its  various  phases.  In  May,  1917, 
the  extraordinary  event  of  our  entry  into  the  war,  and  the  novelty 
of  the  draft,  had  a  combined  effect  calculated  to  awaken  every  citi- 
zen to  the  knowledge  of  his  duty  to  register.  But  in  September, 
1918,  the  situation  was  far  otherwise.  It  was  too  likely  that  the 


THIKD   REGISTRATION.  29 

extreme  nature  of  the  step  thus  taken  by  Congress  would  not  be 
known  or  appreciated  by  a  large  proportion  of  our  people,  and  that 
the  registration  would  fail  of  its  full  harvest.  We  were  attempting 
to  do  voluntarily  in  one  day  what  the  Prussian  autocracy  had  been 
spending  nearly  50  years  to  perfect.  There  was  too  much  at  risk 
to  permit  of  sparing  any  effort  that  would  insure  against  the  risk. 
Accordingly  it  was  decided  to  invoke  the  assistance  of  the  two  best 
organized  official  agencies  that  could  be  counted  upon  to  reach 
every  inhabitant  of  the  country — every  farm,  every  factory,  every 
shop,  and  every  home.  These  two  agencies  were  the  Council  of 
National  Defense,  with  its  multiple  State  and  local  branches,  and 
the  Committee  on  Public  Information,  with  its  splendid  organiza- 
tion for  carrying  publicity  in  every  form.  To  the  officials  and 
staff  of  those  two  bodies  particular  gratitude  is  felt  for  the  vigorous, 
unstinted,  and  effective  assistance  placed  at  the  disposal  of  this  office. 
Among  the  various  methods  used  for  reaching  and  influencing  all 
who  were  due  to  register,  there  were  included  the  daily  press  (63 
releases  going  to  4,000  newspapers),  farm  newspapers  (bulletins  to 
150  farm  weeklies),  trade  newspapers  (bulletins  to  500  trade  week- 
lies), sundry  newspapers  (bulletins  to  14,000  minor  newspapers), 
foreign  language  pi-ess  (reading  matter  and  telegrams  to  1,400  foreign 
language  newspapers,  covering  20  languages),  chambers  of  commerce 
(25,000  bulletins  sent  through  the  United  States  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce), manufacturers  (bulletins  sent  to  15,000  manufacturers), 
labor  unions  (17,000  in  all),  libraries  (9,000  in  all),  banks  (32,000  in 
all),  churches  (125,000  ministers,  priests,  and  rabbis),  general  stores 
(60,000  in  all),  Y.  M.  C.  A.  (3,500  branches  in  all),  ad.  clubs  (bulletins 
to  8,000  advertising  clubs  and  a  similar  number  of  Rotary  clubs),, 
postmasters  (bulletins  to  56,000  postmasters),  railway  station 
agents  (bulletins  to  55,000  station  agents),  painted  signs  (public 
billboards  erected  by  350  firms  in  as  many  cities),  window  display 
(35,000  posters  distributed  through  550  chairmen  of  local  committees 
of  the  National  War  Service  Committee  on  Window  Display),  street 
cars  (50,000  advertising  cards  posted),  drug  stores  (bulletins  to 
50,000  drug  stores),  and  American  Red  Cross  (100,000  bulletins  to 
local  committees).  To  reach  the  population  in  rural  districts,  7,000,- 
000  leaflets  were  distributed  by  mail,  one  to  every  person  on  a  rural 
free  delivery  or  star  route.  In  the  meanwhile,  several  hundred 
cartoonists  were  supplied  with  material  for  cartoons  in  the  news- 
papers. A  film  announcing  the  date,  September  12,  was  furnished 
to  1 7,000  motion  picture  houses.  For  seven  days  before  September  12 
some  30,000  Four-minute  Men  spoke  in  all  public  places  of  resort. 
The  Secretary  of  War  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  authorized 
commanding  officers  to  loan  all  military  bands  for  the  day;  and  the 


30  CHAPTER  II.   REGISTRATION. 

Council  of  National  Defence  notified  mayors  of  all  cities  and  towns 
of  this  opportunity  to  give  patriotic  emphasis  to  the  occasion.  So 
huge  an  effort  at  publicity,  concentrated  upon  a  single  vital  moment, 
had  probably  not  before  been  made  during  the  war. 

And  the  gratifying  feature  was  that  virtually  all  of  this  publicity 
effort  was  contributed  gratuitously  by  the  persons  who  took  part; 
down  to  the  humblest  worker  in  the  cause  this  readiness  to  contribute 
service  was  notable.  For  example,  in  the  Mailers'  Union  of  New 
York  City,  numerous  volunteers,  after  their  day's  labor  elsewhere  was 
done,  came  over  at  night  to  the  office  of  the  Committee  on  Public 
Information  and  took  part  in  this  work  of  the  War  Department. 
Including  the  donations  of  advertising  space,  the  aggregate  value  of 
the  total  contributions  amounted  to  several  millions  of  dollars.  The 
actual  expense  amounted  to  slightly  over  $20,000;  and  this  covered 
some  unavoidable  expense  in  the  preparation  and  distribution  of 
printed  matter  and  films. 

As  the  day  of  registration  arrived,  it  was  apparent  that  every 
human  being  in  the  United  States  had  been  made  fully  aware  of  its 
meaning,  and  the  occasion  took  on  all  the  appearance  of  a  public 
festival.  The  volunteer  spirit  prevailed  over  all.  Every  citizen 
seemed  to  feel  that  (in  the  words  of  the  President's  announcement  for 
that  day)  "he  owed  it  to  himself  and  to  his  country  to  make  the  day  a 
unanimous  demonstration  of  loyalty,  patriotism,  and  the  will  to  win.'' 

5.  Results  oftlie  third  registration. — The  registration  of  September  12 
was  indeed  America's  final  demonstration  of  military  efficiency.  The 
result  showed  that  this  registration,  in  the  President's  words,  "was 
America's  announcement  to  the' world  that  we  are  ready  to  complete 
the  task  already  begun  with  such  emphatic  success.' '  The  provisional 
figures  of  the  returns  received  during  September  from  the  State 
headquarters  showed  a  total  of  12,966,594,  or  nearly  200,000  above 
the  estimated  male  population  due  to  register.  The  total,  as  finally 
shown  by  the  official  reports  directly  from  the  local  boards,  including 
the  accessions  during  September  and  October,  amounted  to  13,395,706 
(Table  1). 

In  so  far  as  the  excess  was  due  to  the  difficulty  of  making  correct 
actuarial  estimates,  this  interesting  phase  is  further  discussed  in 
Chapter  V.  But  it  may  be  supposed  that  a  substantial  portion  of 
the  excess  is  accounted  for  by  the  large  numbers  of  men  of  ages 
46  and  17  who  found  this  opportunity  to  volunteer  by  declaring 
themselves  within  the  ages  for  registration,  as  well  as  by  the  large 
numbers  of  delayed  registrations  from  men  of  ages  21  to  30  who  should 
have  registered  in  the  preceding  year.  Whatever  the  explanation, 
the  tremendous  fact  remains  that  virtually  every  man  due  to  register 
had  done  so ;  and  the  Nation  could  rest  assured  that  it  was  mustering 
the  entire  man-power  actually  in  existence  within  the  new  ages. 


THIRD   REGISTRATION. 


31 


This  complete  national  response  to  the  call  to  duty  could  hardly 
have  been  effected  without  the  assistance  of  the  Committee  on 
Public  Information.  Its  superb  organization,  its  efficient  officers, 
and  the  vast  network  of  influential  agencies  voluntarily  contributing 
at  its  request,  demonstrated  it  to  have  been  one  of  the  most  powerful 
and  bcneficiont  agencies  created  for  war  service. 

The  total  number  of  -persons  thus  registered  in  all  three  registra- 
tions was  24,234,021.  The  ratio  of  each  registration  to  the  whole 

was  as  follows: 

TABLE  1. — Total  registration. 


Total  registration. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
total. 

Per  cent  of 
total. 

1 

Total  of  all  three  registrations  

24,  234,  021 

100.  00 

100.00 

?, 

June  5,  1917-Sept.  11,  1918  

9,  925,  751 

40.96 

3 

June  5-Aug.  24,  1918  

912,  564 

3.77 

4 

Sept.  12,  1918  

13,  395,  706 

55.  27 

f, 

Al;i,-':a,  Hawaii,  and  Porto  Rico  (three  series).  . 

^  325,445' 

1.34 

G 

7 

United  States  without  Territories  (three  series)  . 
June  5,  1917-Sept.  11,  1918  

23,  908,  576 
9,  780,  535 

100.00 
40.  91 

98.66 

S 

June  5-Aug.  24,  1918  

899,  279 

3  76 

<t 

Sept.  12,  1918           

13,  228,  762 

55.33 

6.  Ratio  of  registrants  to  male  population. — An  important,  if  not  a 
vital,  question  of  military  preparation  is  the  ratio  of  the  arms- 
b earing  male  population  to  the  total  male  population.  Much  will 
some  day  be  revealed  of  the  extent  to  which  the  several  nations  of 
Europe  have  been  .able,  during  the  present  war,  to  count  upon  pos- 
sessing man-power  of  given  ages.  For  the  United  States  (exclusive 
of  the  Territories)  it  appears  that  the  ratio  of  its  total  registration — • 
that  is,  of  males  registered  for  military  service — to  its  total  male 
population  of  all  ages  is  44  per  cent. 

TABLE  2. — Ratio  of  males  liable  for  military  service  to  total  male  population. 


Ratio  of  males  liable  for  military  service  to  total  male 
population. 

Number. 

Percent  of 
population. 

Per  cent 
not  regis- 
tered but 
in  service. 

1 

Total  male  population  Sept.  12,  1918  

54,  340,  000 

100.00 

2 

Ages  18-45  registered  June  5,  1917-Sept.  12, 
1918  

23  908  576 

44  00 

3 

Ages  18-45  not  registered  but  in  military 
service  . 

1  438  901 

2  65 

100  00 

4 

Ages  21-30  in  military  service  Juneo, 
1917  (estimated)  

364  298 

25  32 

5 

Age  21  in  military  service  June  5,  1918 
(estimated)  

260  703 

18  12 

6 

Ages    18-20,  32-45  in  military  service 
Sept.  12,  1918  (estimated)  

813  900 

56.  56 

7 

Remainder  not  registered  

28,  992,  523 

53.  35 

8 

q 

Under  18  (67.3  percent)  
Over  45  (32  7  per  cent) 

19,  511,!)i;x 
9  480  r,r>5 



32 


CHAPTER  II.   REGISTRATION. 


The  corresponding  figures  for  Great  Britain  and  France  can  not 
be  obtained  with  acctErecy  to  date.  A  rough  estimate  to  serve 
merely  fe-r  mass  comparison  is  as  follows: 

TABLE  3. — Ratio  of  males  litMefor  military  service  to  total  male  population  in  Grtat 

Britain  and  France. 


1 

2 
3 

Ratio  ofttales  liable  for  militaryawvice  to 
total  male  population  in  Great  Britain 
and  France. 

United  Kingdom. 

France. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

I'er  cent. 

Total  male  population  1914  
Males  18-45 

22,  827,  261 
9,  407,  000 
13,  420,  261 

100.  00 
41.21 

19,  700,  000 
8,  045,  789 
11,  654,  211 

100.00 
40.84 

BwHBainiiig  ages             .    . 

A  comparison  of  the  figures  for  the  United  States  and  for  our  two 
principal -oobelligerents  on  the  Western  Front  reveals  something  of 
the  relative  national  capacity  for  bearing  the  burden  and  duty  of  the 
struggle,  had  the  destiny  of  nations  required  its  prolongation  beyond 
the  present  winter.  The  man-power  of  the  given  military  ages  in 
the  United  States  was  equal  to  the  total  combined  man-power  of 
both  France  and  Great  Britain  plus  almost  half  as  much  again.  If 
the  entire  reservoir  of  •w«i-power  of  both  those  countries,  duplicated 
by  an  equal  contribution  from  -this  country,  had  been  drained,  we 
should  still  have  had -in  reserve  a  quantity  equaling  two-thirds  the 
man-power  of  either  of  them. 

(IV)  SPECIAL  ARRANGEMENTS  FOR  REGISTRATION  ON  INDIAN  RES- 
ERVATIONS, IN  NATIONAL  PARKS,  IN  THE  TERRITORIES,  AND  IN 
FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 

1 .  Registration  on  Indian  reservations. — The  registration  of  Indians 
and  other  persons  residing  on  Indian  Reservations  was  conducted 
under  the  direction  of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  whose 
duties  approximated  as  eiesely  as  practicable  those  prescribed  for  the 
adjutants  general  of  the  several  States.  A  registration  board  was 
established  on  each  reservation  and  consisted  of  the  superintendent 
of  the  agency,  the  chief  clerk,  and  the  physician.  The  Commissioner 
of  Indian  Affairs  was  notified  that  the  rules  for  conducting  the 
registration  of  Indians  were  not  to  be  inflexible,  and  much  was  left 
to  his  discretion  and  judgment.  The  effective  manner  in  which  the 
Indian  Bureau  conducted  the  registration  is  additional  evidence 
of  the  whole-hearted  spirit  of  cooperation  and  zeal  which  was  mani- 
fested by  all  agencies  of  the  Government  in  the  administration  of 
the  draft. 

The  registration  cards  of  citizen  Indians  were  allocated  to  local 
boards  having  jurisdiction  of  the  area  in  which  the  reservations 
were  located  and  such  registrants  were,  classified  in  the  same  man- 


ON   INDIAN  RESERVATIONS  AND  OUTSIDE  UNITED  STATES.          33 

ner  as  other  citizens  of  the  United  States.  The  registration  cards 
of  noncitizen  Indians,  who  were  not  under  the  law  subject  to  mili- 
tary service, 'were  retained  by  the  registration  boards  on  the  Indian 
reservations. 

2.  Registration  in  national  parks  and  monuments . — The  registration 
of  persons   residing   in   Yellowstone,  Glacier,  and   Mount   Rainier 
National  Parks  was  conducted  under  the  supervision  of  the  Director 
of  National  Park  Service,  which  bureau  exercises  supervision  over 
16  national  parks  and  24  national  monuments,  covering  an  area  of 
10,591  square  miles,  in  a  number  of  States,  principally  in  the  West. 
His   duties  in   connection   with    the   registration   approximated   as 
closely  as  was  practicable  those  prescribed  for  the  draft  executives 
of  the  several  States.     A  registration  board  was  established  for  each 
of  the  national  parks  named,  and  consisted  of  the  supervisor,  the 
commissioner,  and  a  third  member  who  was  named  by  the  Director 
of  National  Park  Service.     In  effecting  the  second  and  third  regis- 
trations, the  registration  boards  consisted,  so  far  as  practicable,  of 
persons  constituting  such  boards  on  June  5,  1917,  the  date  of  the  first 
registration.     After  the  registration,  the  cards  of  all  persons  regis- 
tered in  the  national  parks  were  allocated  to  local  boards  adjoining 
and  convenient  to  the  parks. 

The  registration  of  persons  residing  in  national  monuments  and 
in  national  parks,  other  than  those  above  named,  was  accomplished 
by  the  registration  machinery  of  the  local  boards  having  jurisdiction 
of  the  county  or  other  subdivision  in  which  the  monuments  or  parks 
were  located.  If  not  located  hi  any  such  subdivision,  persons  subject 
to  registration  residing  therein  were  instructed  by  the  Director  of 
National  Park  Service  to  present  themselves  for  registration  at  a 
place  designated  by  a  neighboring  board. 

In  all,  220  registrations  of  persons  residing  in  national  parks  were 
recorded. 

3.  Registration    in    the    Territories — Alaska,    Hawaii,    and   Porto 
Rico. — The  registration  in  the  Territories  of  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and 
Porto  Rico  was  not  conducted  on  the  days  prescribed  for  the  regis- 
tration hi  the  several  States  and  the  District  of  Columbia.     In  view 
of  the  desirability  of  holding  each  registration  as  soon  as  possible 
after  the  enactment  of  the  law  authorizing  it,  there  was  not  suffi- 
cient time  for  the  transmission  of  registration  cards  and  other  neces- 
sary forms  to  the  Territories  before  the  day  set  for  registration  in 
the  States. 

First  registration. — A  separate  proclamation  was  therefore  issued 
for  each  registration  in  each  Territory.  In  1917,  July  5,  one 
month  after  the  registration  held  in  the  States,  was  the  date  fixed 
for  conducting  the  registration  in  Porto  Rico.  July  31  was  the 
day  prescribed  for  the  registration  hi  Hawaii.  In  Alaska,  the  period 

97250°— 19 3 


34  CHAPTER  II.   REGISTRATION. 

of  time  between  July  2  and  September  2  was  fixed  by  Presidential 
proclamation  for  the  registration.  A  period  of  time  rather  than  a 
single  day  was  necessary  because  of  the  magnificent  distances  and 
difficulties  of  travel  in  Alaska.  So  much  for  the  registration  in  the 
Territories  in  1917. 

Second  registration. — In  1918,  July  5  was  the  day  fixed  for  the  regis- 
tration of  the  21 -year  old  registrants  in  Porto  Rico;  July  31  for  such 
registration  in  Hawaii,  and  the  period  between  July  2  and  September 
3  for  such  registration  in  Alaska.  It  will  be  noted  that  this  registra- 
tion in  each  Territory  was  held  one  year  after  the  first  registration, 
following  the  plan  adopted  in  the  States.  September  3  was  fixed 
as  the  end  of  the  period  of  time  for  registration  hi  Alaska,  inasmuch 
as  September  2,  the  end  of  the  period  of  the  first  registration,  fell 
on  Sunday. 

In  the  Territories  there  was  no  registration  corresponding  to  that 
held  in  the  States  on  August  24,  the  purpose  of  which  was  to  obtain  a 
sufficient  number  of  registrants  to  fill  September  calls,  and  to  bridge 
over  the  gap  until  the  September,  1918,  registrants  were  available. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  legislation  extending  the  draft  ages  was 
pending  hi  Congress  at  the  tune  of  the  August  24  registration. 

Third  registration. — The  registration  in  the  Territories  of  Hawaii 
and  Porto  Rico,  corresponding  to  that  conducted  hi  the  States  on 
September  12>  1918,  was  held  on  October  26.  In  Alaska,  the  period 
between  October  15  and  December  16  was  fixed  as  the  time  for  the 
registration. 

The  dates  for  the  entire  series  of  registrations  were  thus  as  follows  : 

Porto  Rico: 

First  registration,  July  5,  1917. 

Second  registration,  July  5,  1918. 

Third  registration,  October  26,  1918. 
Hawaii: 

First  registration,  July  31,  1917. 

Second  registration,  July  31, 1918.  . 

Third  registration,  October  26,  1918. 
Alaska: 

First  registration,  July  2  to  September  2,  1917. 

Second  registration,  July  2  to  September  3,  1918. 

Third  registration,  October  15  to  December  16,  1918. 

The  registration  in  the  Territories  was  conducted  along  the  same 
lines  as  those  prescribed  for  the  States.  The  Governor  of  each 
Territory  was  called  upon  to  supervise  the  execution  of  the  registra- 
tion. The  adjutant  general  or  draft  executive  was  the  central 
administrative  authority  for  the  registration  system  in  each  Terri- 
tory, and  the  local  boards  in  the  Territories  had  immediate  supervi- 
sion and  direction  of  the  registration  within  their  respective  juris- 
dictions. 


ON  INDIAN  RESERVATIONS  AND  OUTSIDE  UNITED  STATES.          35 

Owing  to  the  territorial  registrations  being  held  at  different  tunes 
and  under  special  circumstances,  the  returns  for  the  various  groups 
of  registrants  did  not  arrive  in  season  for  assimilation  with  the  na- 
tional tables  given  in  the  ensuing  chapters.  Such  returns  as  have 
been  received  are  therefore  set  forth  separately,  in  their  original 
form,  in  Appendix  C. 

4.  Registration  in  foreign  countries. — The  registration  of  United 
States  citizens  and  declarants  residing  abroad  was  at  no  tune  obliga- 
tory. Nevertheless  many  citizens  hi  all  parts  of  the  world  from  time 
to  time  voluntarily  chose  to  register,  and  thus  patriotically  placed 
themselves  at  the  call  of  the  Government. 

To  accomplish  the  registration  of  such  persons,  the  assistance  of 
United  States  consular  representatives  throughout  the  world  was 
invoked.  It  was  provided  by  regulation  that  a  citizen  or  a  declarant 
residing  abroad  and  desiring  to  register  should  have  his  registration 
card  filled  out  at  the  nearest  American  consulate  and  certified  by  an 
official  or  agent  of  the  consulate.  The  card  was  then  forwarded  to  a 
local  board  in  the  place  in  the  United  States  designated  by  the 
registrant  as  his  permanent  home.  In  practice  many  such  cards 
were  transmitted  through  the  State  Department  to  the  office  of  the 
Provost  Marshal  General  and  thence  to  State  headquarters  for  dis- 
tribution to  the  proper  local  boards.  The  registrant  then  received 
his  registration  certificate  and  became  subject  to  the  normal  process 
of  selection. 

In  appraising  the  patriotic  response  of  Americans  to  the  need  for 
men,  the  share  of  these  volunteer  registrants,  many  of  them  in  remote 
parts  of  the  world,  for  whom  a  call  to  service  meant  more  than  the 
ordinary  degree  of  sacrifice,  should  not  be  overlooked. 

Great  Britain  and  Canada. — The  conclusion  of  the  reciprocal 
military  service  conventions,  which  under  certain  conditions  sub- 
jected American  citizens  in  Great  Britain  and  Canada  to  compulsory 
service  in  the  British  or  Canadian  forces,  resulted  in  a  great  increase 
of  registration  under  the  selective  service  act  by  American  citizens 
in  those  countries.  These  conventions,  which  became  effective  July 
30,  1918,  imposed  liability  on  male  citizens  of  the  United  States  in 
Great  Britain  and  Canada  to  the  compulsory  service  laws  and  regula- 
tions from  time  to  time  in  effect,  in  such  countries,  provided  they 
did  not  within  certain  limited  periods  enlist  or  enroll  in  the  forces 
of  the  United  States  or  return  to  the  United  States  for  service  in  such 
forces.  The  prescribed  limit  of  time  for  the  exercise  of  this  option 
was  60  days,  in  the  case  of  those  immediately  liable  for  service  by  the 
laws  of  Great  Britain  or  Canada  when  the  conventions  became 
effective,  and  in  other  cases,  30  days  from  the  time  when  such  liability 
accrued. 


36  CHAPTER  II.   REGISTRATION. 

The  question  at  once  arose  as  to  the  status  in  Great  Britain 
or  Canada  of  Americans  registered  under  the  selective  service  law 
of  the  United  States.  Was  this  an  "enrollment  in  the  forces  of  the 
United  States,"  as  provided  in  the  convention?  It  was  thereupon 
agreed  by  the  three  countries  concerned  that,  within  the  meaning 
of  the  option  provided  by  the  conventions,  registration  for  service 
in  the  United  States  forces  should  be  regarded  as  enrollment  in  such 
forces.  Therefore,  any  American  citizen  in  Great  Britain  or  Canada, 
who  registered  before  a  consular  representative  prior  to  the  expiration 
of  the  60  or  30  day  period  or  who  had  previously  registered  in  the 
United  States,  was  thereby  placed  outside  the  operation  of  the 
conventions  and  could  not  be  subjected  to  service  in  the  British  or 
Canadian  forces.  Any  other  course  would  have  placed  some  Ameri- 
cans under  obligation  to  respond  to  calls  by  both  countries;  and  the 
object  of  the  treaties  was  accomplished  if  such  persons  chose  liability 
under  the  laws  of  their  native  country  only.  Thus  it  came  about 
that  many  thousands  of  Americans  in  Great  Britain  and  Canada 
registered  before  consular  officers  subsequent  to  July  30,  1918. 

The  convention  also  provided  that  the  United  States,  through  its 
diplomatic  representatives,  could  grant  to  its  citizens  in  Great 
Britain  and  Canada  certificates  of  exemption  from  service  in  the 
armies  of  those  countries.  Such  certificates  were  to  be  issued  within 
the  60  or  30  day  period  above  referred  to.  Accordingly,  the  ambassa- 
dor to  Great  Britain  and  the  consul  general  at  Ottawa  were  authorized 
by  the  State  Department  to  grant  such  exemptions  on  certain 
specified  grounds. 

In  both  Great  Britain  and  Canada  it  became  necessary  to  assure 
adequate  publicity  to  all  American  citizens  regarding  their  rights  and 
liabilities  under  these  treaties.  The  public  press  and  other  agencies 
could  not  be  relied  upon  to  the  same  extent  as  in  the  United  States. 
The  American  consular  representatives  were,  therefore,  again  called 
upon  to  accomplish  this  object.  Regulations  were  prepared  in  cooper- 
ation with  the  State  Department  and  promulgated  by  that  department 
to  all  consulates  and  consular  agents  in  Great  Britain  and  Canada. 
These  regulations  defined  the  classes  of  Americans  affected  by  the 
convention,  described  their  privileges  of  enlisting  or  enrolling  or 
returning  to  the  United  States,  outlined  the  method  of  registration 
at  the  consulates,  and  stated  the  requisites  for  application  for  diplo- 
matic exemption  and  the  grounds  on  which  such  certificates  could  be 
granted.  In  order  to  protect  Americans  who  had  registered  under 
the  selective  service  act  from  overzealous  British  or  Canadian 
draft  officials,  a  form  of  certificate  under  the  seal  of  the  consul  was 
provided  for  each  registered  person,  attesting  the  fact  of  his  regis- 
tration. 


ON   INDIAN  RESERVATIONS  AND  OUTSIDE  UNITED  STATES.          37 

Meantime  authority  was  granted  by  General  Pershing  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  recruiting  service  in  Great  Britain;  and  thereafter 
American  registrants  in  Great  Britain  who  were  called  for  service  by 
their  local  boards  were  allowed  to  enlist,  thus  obviating  the  necessity 
of  their  return  to  the  United  States  for  induction. 

No  complete  statistics  are  available  on  the  number  of  Americans 
who  registered  as  a  result  of  these  conventions.  Approximately 
20,000  registration  cards  from  Canada  were  transmitted  through  the 
office  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General.  It  is  believed  that  both  in 
Great  Britain  and  Canada  a  large  majority  of  Americans  of  military 
age  preferred  registration  under  the  Selective  Service  Act  to  the 
liability  to  service  under  the  British  flag.  Conversely,  it  is  probable 
(although  no  figures  are  available)  that  relatively  few  Americans 
actually  entered  the  British  or  Canadian  Armies  through  the  opera- 
tion of  these  conventions. 

In  both  Great  Britain  and  Canada  authority  of  law  for  the  draft- 
ing of  alien  Americans  was  provided  by  orders  in  council  based  on  the 
general  draft  legislation  already  in  force.  These  orders  in  council 
operated  with  the  same  effect  as  the  provisions  in  the  act  of  Congress 
approved  July  9,  1918,  subjecting  to  the  draft  in  the  United  States 
the  nationals  of  countries  with  which  such  reciprocal  treaties  were 
concluded.  An  interesting  feature  of  the  Canadian  order  in  council, 
issued  August  21,  1918,  is  that  it  required  the  registration  in  Canada 
of  every  American  citizen  residing  in  that  country  within  10  days 
from  the  expiration  of  the  limited  period  within  which  he  might 
be  exempted  by  the  United  States.  Heavy  penalties  for  failure  to 
register  were  provided,  questionnaires  were  distributed,  and  Ameri- 
cans were  required  to  allege  and  prove  their  prior  enlistment  or  en- 
rollment (registration)  in  the  forces  of  the  United  States,  as  well  as 
any  other  claim  for  relief  from  service  allowed  by  the  Canadian  laws. 
After  the  conventions  became  effective,  all  registration  certificates, 
questionnaires,  and  other  communications  from  local  boards  were  sent 
to  the  registrants  in  Great  Britain  and  Canada  through  the  consular 
officers  before  whom  registration  occurred.  Consuls  were  called 
upon  to  assist  registrants  in  filling  out  questionnaires;  and  in  Canada 
authority  was  given  for  the  organization,  wherever  needed,  of  volun- 
teer advisory  boards  corresponding  to  the  legal  advisory  boards  in 
the  United  States.  Much  credit  is  due  to  the  consular  and  diplomatic 
officers  and  other  officials  of  the  State  Department  for  continued  effec- 
tive cooperation  in  the  administration  of  the  selective  service  law,  not 
only  in  those  countries  where  the  draft  conventions  made  the  work 
especially  important,  but  throughout  the  entire  world  wherever 
Americans  responded  by  voluntary  registration. 

Other  countries. — A  reciprocal  draft  convention  between  tjie  United 
States  and  France  became  effective  November  8,  1918,  and  the  ratifi- 


3&  CHAPTER  II.   REGISTRATION. 

cations  of  similar  conventions  with  Italy  and  Greece  were  exchanged 
November  12,  the  day  following  the  armistice.  The  provisions  of 
these  treaties  were  practically  identical  with  those  affecting  Ameri- 
cans in  Great  Britain  and  Canada.  Although  corresponding  regula- 
tions were  prepared  and  transmitted  by  the  State  Department  to 
the  American  diplomatic  representatives  in  those  countries,  the 
prompt  receipt  of  information  from  the  governments  of  France, 
Italy,  and  Greece  that  no  effort  would  be  made  to  enroll  Americans  in 
their  armies  under  the  authority  of  the  conventions  rendered  it 
unnecessary  to  put  these  instructions  into  actual  operation. 


CHAPTER  III. 
THE  PROCESS  OF  SELECTION. 

The  process  of  selection  for  military  service  in  1918  departed  in  some 
essential  respects  from  the  process  followed  in  1917.  It  will,  therefore, 
be  worth  while  to  call  attention  briefly  to  the  specific  differences. 
This  will  be  done  under  the  following  heads :  (1)  Assignment  of  serial 
numbers;  (2)  drawing  of  order  numbers;  (3)  determining  and  record- 
ing of  order  numbers;  (4)  the  questionnaires  and  the  classification 
system;  (5)  making  and  granting  of  claims  for  deferment  and  exemp- 
tion; (6)  permits  for  departure  abroad;  (7)  noncombatants;  (8) 
the  emergency  fleet  classification  list;  and  (9)  the  "work  or  fight" 
order. 

(I)  ASSIGNMENT  OF  SERIAL  NUMBERS. 

A  primary  measure,  in  any  registration  system  designed  to  enable 
large  masses  of  persons  to  be  handled  as  individuals,  must  be  to 
identify  the  individuals  by  serial  numbers.  Accordingly,  the  pro- 
cedure followed,  from  the  inception  of  the  registration  system,  was 
to  assign  to  each  registrant  a  number,  proceeding  serially  from  one 
upwards,  the  series  being  separate  and  independent  for  each  local 
board  area.  Thus  each  registrant  could  be  identified  by  citing  his 
local  board  name  and  his  serial  number. 

In  affixing  these  serial  numbers,  it  was  necessary  to  make  the 
assignment  in  such  a  manner  that  there  could  be  no  tampering  and  no 
confusion  of  identity.  The  method  employed  hi  the  registrations  of 
June  5,  August  24,  and  September  12,  1918,  was  not  essentially 
different  from  that  employed  in  the  registration  of  June  5,  1917. 
But  as  the  details  of  the  method  were  not  set  forth  hi  my  first  annual 
report,  it  is  desirable  to  place  them  on  record  here,  describing  the 
method  as  enployed  for  the  registration  of  September  12,  1918: 

First  and  third  registrations. — On  the  day  following  that  set  for 
registration,  each  local  board  caused  to  be  numbered  every  registration 
card  then  in  its  possession,  beginning  with  No.  1,  and  continuing  con- 
secutively until  all  registration  cards  were  numbered.  These  num- 
bers were  known  as  "serial  numbers"  and  were  entered  hi  red  ink  on 
each  registration  card  in  the  space  designated  for  such  numbers.  The 
registration  cards  were  not  alphabetically  arranged  for  the  purpose 
of  assigning  such  serial  numbers,  but  were  consecutively  numbered 
without  regard  to  alphabetical  or  other  arrangement.  Additional 
registration  cards  of  late  registrants  received  by  any  local  board  were 
numbered  consecutively  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  received. 

39 


40  CHAPTER  III.   THE   PROCESS  OF   SELECTION. 

The  first  of  such  additional  cards  received  by  a  local  board  bore  the 
serial  number  next  following  the  last  serial  number  placed  upon  a 
registration  card  theretofore  received,  and  other  or  additional  cards 
received  bore  the  numbers  next  following  this  number  in  consecutive 
order. 

Immediately  after  the  numbering  of  registration  cards,  each  local 
board  caused  to  be  prepared  five  identical  lists  of  the  names  of  all 
persons  whose  registration  cards  were  in  its  possession.  Such  lists 
contained  the  names  and  serial  numbers  of  all  such  persons,  arranged 
in  the  order  of  their  consecutive  serial  numbers.  One  copy  of  the  list 
was  retained  for  the  records  of  the  board ;  another  copy  was  posted 
in  a  conspicuous  place  in  the  office  of  the  local  board;  another  copy 
was  made  accessible  to  the  press  with  a  request  for  publication; 
another  copy  was  furnished  to  the  State  adjutant  general  or  draft 
executive,  and  the  remaining  copy  was  transmitted  to  the  Provost 
Marshal  General.  Each  local  board  thereafter  daily  caused  to  be 
prepared  in  the  same  manner  five  identical  lists  of  the  names  of  all 
persons  whose  registration  cards  were  thereafter  received,  and  such 
additional  lists  were  daily  retained,  posted,  offered  for  publication, 
and  transmitted  to  the  State  draft  executive  and  the  Provost  Marshal 
General,  respectively. 

This  procedure  continued  until  and  including  September  21,  1918. 
Thereafter,  under  directions  previously  given,  local  boards  were  not 
permitted  to  assign  serial  numbers  to  additional  registration  cards 
or  to  cards  which  lacked  serial  numbers. 

Second  registration. — Registrants  of  the  second  registration  (of 
June  5,  1918),  who  were  known  as  the  class  of  June,  1918,  were 
assigned  ''registration"  numbers  corresponding  to  the  "serial" 
numbers  of  the  first  registration.  It  was  originally  intended,  in 
drafting  registrants  of  the  June,  1918,  registration,  to  integrate  them 
with  those  who  had  previously  registered.  However,  before  the 
enactment  of  the  legislation  authorizing  their  draft,  an  amendment 
was  inserted  in  the  bill  providing  that  all  persons  registered  pursuant 
to  its  terms  were  to  be  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  list  of  those  liable 
to  military  service  in  the  several  classes  to  which  they  were  assigned. 
In  view  of  this  requirement  of  law,  draft  authorities  were  directed 
not  to  order  into  military  service  any  registrant  of  the  June,  1918, 
registration  until  those  registrants  of  the  first  registration  and  of  the 
corresponding  class,  who  were  available  for  general  military  service, 
had  been  ordered  to  report  for  duty. 

The  registration  cards  of  persons  registered  on  August  24,  1918, 
were  treated  as  those  of  late  registrants  of  the  class  of  June,  1918, 
and  were  assigned  registration  and  order  numbers  in  the  following 
manner :  A  copy  of  all  registration  cards  and  a  list  of  the  names  of  all 


DRAWING   OF    ORDER   NUMBERS.  41 

registrants  was  forwarded  by  each  local  board  to  the  adjutant  general 
or  draft  executive  of  the  State,  together  with  the  statement  of  the 
highest  registration  number  on  the  list  of  persons  in  the  class  of  June, 
1918,  whose  registration  cards  were  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
local  board.  Upon  receipt  of  such  registration  cards  and  list  of  the 
names  of  registrants,  the  adjutant  general  or  draft  executive  proceeded 
to  assign  registration  numbers  by  lot,  and  then  certified  to  the  local 
boards  lists  showing  the  registration  numbers  so  assigned.  Upon 
receipt  of  such  lists,  the  local  boards  entered  the  registration  numbers 
on  the  original  registration  cards,  and  assigned  the  proper  order 
numbers  by  consulting  the  master  list  of  numbers  drawn  for  the 
class  of  June,  1918.  The  registrants  of  the  August,  1918,  registration 
were  in  this  manner  integrated  with  the  registrants  of  the  class  of 
June,  1918. 

(H)     DRAWING  OF  ORDER  NUMBERS. 

In  order  to  designate  impartially  the  sequence  in  which  registrants 
qualified  for  military  service  should  be  called  when  needed,  a  single 
national  drawing  for  all  registrants  of  a  given  registration  group  was 
instituted.  This  method  has  been  fully  described  in  my  report  for 
1917;  and  substantially  the  same  method  was  followed  in  the  draw- 
ings of  numbers  for  the  registration  of  June  5,  1918,  and  of  Septem- 
ber 12,  1918;  the  registrants  of  age  21  on  August  24,  1918,  being 
treated  as  late  registrants  of  the  group  of  June  5,  1918. 

In  brief,  the  method  consisted  in  preparing  a  single  set  of  numbers, 
beginning  at  one  and  including  the  highest  serial  number  reached  in 
the  largest  local  board  area;  in  inclosing  the  small  squares  of  paper 
containing  these  printed  numbers  within  a  gelatin  capsule;  in  placing 
the  numbers  in  a  largti  glass  bowl,  and  then  causing  them  to  be 
drawn  from  the  bowl  at  random  by  a  blindfolded  person  in  a  public 
place.  The  place  of  drawing  for  the  three  registrations  was  the 
Senate  Office  Building.  The  day  of  the  drawing  was  obliged  to  be 
some  three  or  four  weeks  after  the  day  of  the  registration;  because 
it  was  necessary  that  every  local  board  should  have  completed  the 
assignment  of  serial  numbers  (as  already  described),  and  should  have 
placed  the  duplicate  list  of  such  serial  numbers  in  the  mail  for  trans- 
mission to  the  Provost  Marshal  General's  Office.  Thus  only  could 
there  be  a  guarantee  against  the  possible  alteration  of  a  serial  num- 
ber, with  a  view  to  improper  manipulation  of  the  order  of  service, 
after  public  announcement  of  the  order  numbers. 

The  three  national  drawings  took  place,  respectively,  July  20,  1917, 
Juno  27,  1918,  and  September  30,  1918.  At  each  of  these  drawings, 
personages  of  national  importance  were  invited  to  draw  the  first  few 
numbers.  The  names  of  those  who  drew  the  first  few  numbers  in 


42 


CHAPTER  III.    THE   PROCESS  OF   SELECTION. 


the  several  drawings,  with  the  numbers  drawn  by  them,  were  as 
follows : 

First  drawing. — Room  No.  226,  the  public  hearing  room,  of  the 
Senate  Office  Building,  was  the  scene  of  the  first  two  drawings.  In 
the  first  drawing,  10,500  numbers  were  drawn,  the  first  capsule  being 
taken  from  the  glass  bowl  at  9.30  a.  m.,  Friday,  July  20,  and  the  last 
at  2.16  a.  m.,  Saturday,  July  21,  1917;  elapsed  time,  16  hours  46 
minutes.  Those  who  drew  the  first  few  were: 


Cap- 
sule. 

Name. 

Title. 

Serial  num- 
ber drawn. 

1 

Newton  D   Baker 

The  Secretary  of  War              .  .   . 

258 

2 
3 

George  E.  Chamberlain... 
S  Hubert  Dent,  jr  

Senator  from  Oregon,  Chairman,  Senate 
Committee  on  Military  Affairs. 
Representative  from  Alabama,  Chair- 

2522 
9613 

4 

Francis  E.  Warren  

man,  House  Committee  on  Military 
Affairs. 
Senator  from  Wyoming  

4532 

5 

JuliuB  Kahn  

Representative  from  California  

10218 

6 

Tasker  H.  Bliss  

Major  general,  Chief  of  Staff,  United 

458 

7 

Enoch  H  .  Crowder  

States  Army. 
Provost  Marshal  General  .  United  States 

3403 

8 

Henry  P.  McCain  

Army. 
The  Adjutant  General,  United  States 

10015 

Army. 

Second  drawing. — In  the  second  drawing  1,200  numbers  were  drawn, 
the  first  capsule  being  taken  from  the  glass  globe  at  9.34  a.  m., 
and  the  last  at  11.38  a.  m.,  Thursday,  June  27,  1918;  elapsed  time 
2  hours,  4  minutes.  These  officials  participated: 


Cap- 
sule. 

Name. 

Title. 

Serial  num- 
ber drawn. 

1 

Newton  D  Baker       .  . 

The  Secretary  of  War                .   . 

246 

2 
3 

George  E.  Chamberlain... 
Francis  E  Warren 

Senator  from  Oregon,  Chairman,  House 
Committee  on  Military  Affairs. 
Senator  from  Wyoming 

1168 

818 

4 

S.  Hubert  Dent,  jr  

Representative  from  Alabama,  Chair- 

1091 

5 

Julius  Kali  n  

man,  House  Committee  on  Military 
Affairs. 
Representative  from  California,  mem- 

479 

6 

Peyton  C.  March  

ber  of  the    same  committee. 
Major  general,  Acting  Chief  of  Staff, 

469 

7 

Enoch  H  .  Crowder  

United  States  Army. 
Provost  Marshal  General.  United  States 

492 

8 

Charles  B   Warren 

Army. 
Colonel      Judge     Advocate       United 

154 

9 

James  S.  Easby-Smith  .  .  . 

States  Army. 
do  

529 

10 

Harry  C.  Kramer 

Major    Infantry    United  States  Army 

355 

Third  drawing. — The  Caucus  Room  in  the  Senate  Office  Build- 
ing was  the  scene  of  the  third  drawing.     There  were  17,000  mim- 


DETERMINING   AND   RECOEDING    OF    ORDER   NUMBERS. 


43 


bers  drawn,  the  first  capsule  being  taken  from  the  same  glass  bowl 
that  had  been  used  in  the  first  drawing,  at  noon,  Monday,  Sep- 
tember 30,  and  the  last  at  8  a.  m.,  Tuesday,  October  1,  1918; 
elapsed  time,  20  hours.  Officials  who  participated  were: 


Cap- 
sule. 

Name. 

Title. 

Serial 
number 
drawn. 

1 

Woodrow  Wilson  

The  President  of  the  United  States  

322 

2 

Thomas  R.  Marshall  

Vice  President  of  the  United  States  

7277 

3 

Willard  Saulsbury  

Senator  from  Delaware,  president  pro 

6708 

4 

Champ  Clark               .... 

tempore  of  the  Senate. 
Speaker  of  the   House  of   Represen- 

1027 

5 

Josephus  Daniels           ... 

tatives. 
The  Secretary  of  the  Navy  

16169 

6 

Benedict  Crowell  

The  Acting  Secretary  of  War  

8366 

7 
8 

George  E.  Chamberlain... 
Francis  E.  Warren      

Senator  from  Oregon.    Chairman,  Sen- 
ate Committee  on  Military  Affairs. 
Senator  from  Wyoming  

5366 
1697 

9 

S.  Hubert  Dent,  jr 

Representative  from  Alabama.    Chair- 

7123 

10 

Julius  Kahn          

man,  House  Committee  on  Military 
Affairs. 
Representative  from  California.    Mem- 

2781 

11 

Peyton  C.  March      .   .... 

ber  of  the  same  committee. 
General,  Chief  of  Staff,  United  States 

9283 

12 

William  S.  Benson  

Army. 
Admiral,  chief  of  operations,  United 

6147 

13 
14 

Samuel  B.  M.  Young  .... 
Enoch  H.  Crowd  er 

States  Navy. 
Lieutenant    General,    United    States 
Army,  retired,  governor  of  United 
States  Soldiers'  Home. 
Provost  Marshal  General,  United  States 

10086 
438 

15 

(  'harles  B   Warren     ...    . 

Army. 
Colonel,     Judge     Advocate,     United 

904 

16 

James  S.  Easby-Smith  .  .  . 

States  Army. 
do  

12368 

17 

John  H.  Wigmore      .  .    .. 

do  

1523 

(m)  DETERMINING  AND  RECORDING  OF  ORDER  NUMBERS. 

The  method  employed  for  determining  the  result  of  the  national 
drawing,  in  its  application  to  the  individual  registrants,  was  as 
follows,  for  the  registration  group  of  September  12,  1918: 

Master  list.— A  schedule  or  " master  list"  was  prepared  by  this 
office,  containing  the  numbers  from  1  to  17,000,  placed  in  the 
exact  order  in  which  they  were  drawn.  The  first  number  drawn 
was  placed  at  the  top  of  column  1  of  the  "master  list,"  the  second 
number  drawn  was  placed  next  below  in  such  list,  and  this  order 
was  followed  until  all  the  numbers  were  so  placed  in  the  "master 
list"  in  the  exact  order  in  which  they  were  drawn.  The  number 
17,000  was  in  excess  of  the  total  registration  of  the  local  board  having 
the  largest  registration,  the  excess  numbers  being  drawn  to  provide 
for  persons  registered  after  September  21. 


44  CHAPTER  III.    THE    PROCESS   OF   SELECTION. 

Determining  order  numbers. — The  method  of  determining  the  order 
numbers  assigned  to  each  of  these  registrants,  who  are  known  as  the 
class  of  September,  1918,  was  as  follows: 

A  second  list  of  the  names  of  the  persons  in  this  class  of  September, 
1918,  was  made  by  each  local  board.  Th,e  first  name  entered  on  the  list 
prepared  by  each  local  board  was  the  name  of  the  person  in  the  class 
of  September,  1918,  the  serial  number  of  whose  registration  card  was 
first  placed  on  the  "master  list"  reading  down  from  the  top  of  the  first 
column  on  the  first  page  of  the  schedule  and  disregarding  the  numbers 
in  the  schedule  which  did  not  appear  on  any  registration  card  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  local  board.  Before  the  name  of  the  first  person  on  each 
list  was  written  the  serial  number  of  his  registration  card.  The  order 
number  written  on  the  list  after  the  name  of  such  first  person  was  No.  1 . 

The  next  name  to  be  entered  on  the  list  prepared  by  each  local 
board  was  the  name  of  the  person  in  the  class  of  September,  1918, 
whose  serial  number  was  next  placed  in  such  "master  list,"  reading 
down  the  columns  from  the  top  thereof  and  disregarding  the  numbers 
in  the  schedule  which  did  not  appear  on  any  registration  card  in  the 
possession  of  the  local  board.  The  order  number  written  on  the  list 
after  the  name  of  such  person  was  No.  2. 

The  order  in  which  the  names  of  all  remaining  persons  of  the  class  of 
September,  1918,  were  entered  on  the  list  prepared  by  each  local  board 
was  determined  in  the  exact  manner  above  described  for  determining 
the  names  of  the  first  and  second  persons  on  each  such  list;  and  this 
method  was  pursued  by  each  local  board  until  the  name  of  every  person 
whose  registration  card  was  in  its  possession  and  had  been  given  a  serial 
number  on  or  before  September  21 , 1918,  had  been  entered  upon  the  list. 

Those  registration  cards  received  after  September  21,  1918,  were 
assigned  serial  numbers  by  lot  under  the  supervision  of  the  adjutant 
general  or  draft  executive  of  each  State.  Directions  were  also  given 
for  the  draft  executive  to  determine  the  serial  numbers  to  be  assigned 
to  any  cards  lacking  serial  numbers  or  improperly,  erroneously,  or 
illegibly  serially  numbered.  Upon  the  assignment  of  serial  numbers 
to  such  cards,  the  method  above  described  was  followed  by  the 
local  boards  in  determining  their  proper  order  numbers.  These 
precautions  were  taken,  notwithstanding  the  experience  of  this 
office  confirmed  the  opinion  that  they  were  unnecessary,  in  order  to 
prevent,  so  far  as  possible,  any  element  which  might  give  rise  to  a 
baseless  charge  of  fraud  or  favoritism  in  the  assignment  of  serial  and 
order  numbers,  and  to  dispel  any  doubt  that  they  were  not  to  be 
impartially  assigned.  By  prohibiting  the  assignment  of  serial 
numbers  by  local  boards  a  number  of  days  in  advance  of  the  drawing, 
local  boards  were  saved  from  the  suspicion,  however  unjust,  that 
they  did  not  assign  serial  numbers  to  certain  registration  cards  until 
after  the  drawing,  and  that  the  serial  numbers  then  assigned  gave 
favorable  order  numbers  to  the  registrants  involved. 


THE   QUESTIONNAIRES   AND   CLASSIFICATION    SYSTEM.  45 

(IV)  THE  QUESTIONNAIRES  AND  THE  CLASSIFICATION  SYSTEM 

The  further  procedure  necessary  to  complete  the  selection  of 
individuals  for  military  service  departed  essentially  in  1918  from  the 
method  originally  employed  in  1917.  That  method  (which  may  be 
denominated  the  method  of  calling  and  discharging  or  accepting), 
rested  upon  the  general  assumption  that  a  specific  number  of  men 
were  known  to  be  needed  for  military  service  at  a  given  time,  and 
that,  therefore,  enough  registrants  should  be  called  by  each  local 
board,  in  the  sequence  of  the  registrants'  order  numbers,  and  selected 
according  to  the  terms  of  the  Law  and  Regulations,  until  a  number 
of  qualified  men  had  been  obtained  equal  to  that  local  board's  share 
or  quota  of  the  entire  specified  number  then  needed. 

This  plan  was  adapted  to  the  exigency  of  the  early  stage  of  the 
war,  and  was  effective  for  the  purpose.  But  experience  showed 
that  it  was,  in  some  respects,  wasteful;  that,  in  other  respects  it 
would  begin  to  be  ineffective  in  speed  as  the  Army  needs  grew  larger 
and  more  pressing;  and  that  it  did  not  sufficiently  take  account  of 
certain  equitable  distinctions  affecting  the  order  of  liability  for 
military  service.  A  new  method,  involving  several  essential  altera- 
tions, was,  therefore,  prepared  and  received  the  sanction  of  the 
President  for  promulgation  on  November  8,  1917,  to  become  effective 
December  15,  1917 — at  the  time  when  the  first  call  for  687,000  men 
had  been  more  than  filled  by  the  local  boards  and  an  opportunity 
for  change  of  plan  was  presented.  This  new  method  was  announced 
in  my  First  Report,  which  was  dated  December  20,  1917,  before 
the  new  plan  had  been  put  into  practical  operation. 

The  essential  changes  were  as  follows:  (1)  The  physical  examination 
followed,  instead  of  preceding,  the  determination  of  the  claim  for  discharge 
or  exemption.  Under  the  original  procedure,  the  first  step  after  the 
giving  of  registration  numbers  and  order  numbers  was  the  calling  of 
registrants  before  the  local  boards  (according  to  their  order  numbers) 
for  physical  examination.  Those  registrants  found  to  be  physically 
disqualified  for  general  military  service  were  given  a  certificate  of 
discharge  on  that  ground.  Those  who  were  found  physically  quali- 
fied for  military  service  were  given  an  opportunity  to  submit  claims 
for  exemption  or  discharge.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  hearings  upon 
the  claims,  those  men  who  had  been  found  physically  qualified  for 
general  military  service  and  who  failed  to  make  claims  for  exemption 
or  discharge,  or  whose  claims  were  disallowed,  were  certified  for  serv- 
ice and  subsequently  were  inducted  according  to  the  order  numbers 
of  men  who  had  so  been  certified.  This  method  required  the  calling 
for  physical  examination  of  more  than  3,000,000  registrants  and  the 
actual  physical  examination  of  more  than  2,500,000  registrants,  of 
whom  1,780,000  were  found  physically  qualified.  Subsequent  to 


46  CHAPTER   III.    THE   PROCESS   OF    SELECTION. 

this,  1,420,000  claims  were  filed,  and  a  very  large  number  of  men 
found  physically  qualified  failed  to  make  any  claim.  As  a  net  result 
of  the  actual  physical  examination  of  2,500,000  men  and  the  adjudi- 
cation of  1,420,000  claims,  there  were  certified  for  military  service 
1,057,000,  of  whom  there  had  been  actually  inducted  to  December 
15,  1917,  slightly  more  than  500,000  men. 

Under  the  new  system  the  procedure  was  reversed.  The  regis- 
trant was  first  required  to  file  answers  to  ajquestionnaire,  the  filing  of 
which  might  include  a  claim  for  exemption  or  deferred  classification. 
The  failure  to  make  claims,  or  the  final  adjudication  rejecting  or 
granting  claims,  resulted  in  the  classification  of  the  entire  registra- 
tion list,  and  it  then  became  necessary  to  perform  the  labor  of  physical 
examination  only  in  respect  of  the  class  liable  to  earliest  call,  viz, 
Class  I. 

Thus,  under  the  first  method  there  were  actually  called  for  physical 
examination  more  than  3,000,000  registrants,  of  whom  1,057,000  were 
certified  for  service;  while  under  the  new  system  not  only  was  the 
total  number  physically  examined  of  the  first  registration  group  but 
slightly  larger  (3,200,000)  than  had  been  examined  under  the  first 
process  (which  resulted  in  the  net  induction  of  slightly  over  500,000 
men),  but  the  relatively  much  smaller  labor  under  the  new  system 
resulted  in  the  net  induction,  between  December  15,  1917,  and 
November  11,  1918,  of  more  than  2,000,000  men. 

(2)  Another  improvement  in  the  second  plan  was  a  greater  flexi- 
bility in  the  equitable  distinctions  affecting  the  order  of  liability  for 
military  service.  Under  the  original  plan,  the  registrant  was  either 
accepted,  on  the  one  hand,  or  discharged  or  exempted  on  the  other; 
whatever  the  varying  degrees  of  equity  in  those  cases,  virtually  there 
was  only  a  choice  between  these  two  alternatives.  It  is  true  that  all 
discharges  were  in  form  temporary  or  provisional,  and  were,  therefore, 
revocable  in  case  of  need.  Nevertheless,  the  method  did  not  specifi- 
cally point  out  any  grades  of  distinction  between  the  various  ones 
thus  discharged;  and  had  it  become  necessary  to  revoke  the  dis- 
charges and  to  resort  to  this  group  for  heavier  drains  for  military 
purposes,  the  establishment  of  further  discriminations  would  have 
been  a  cumbrous  and  tedious  process. 

The  new  plan  established  five  groups,  representing  the  equitable 
order  of  liability  for  military  service,  and  thus  made  once  for  all  an 
inventory  of  all  registrants  by  placing  them  in  one  or  another  of  these 
five  groups.  This  made  it  possible  to  recognize,  by  differences  in  the 
order  of  liability  for  the  different  groups  or  classes,  the  equitable 
distinctions  which  might  well  obtain  between  the  suitability  of  one 
or  another  group  for  earlier  or  later  call.  These  several  groups  or 
classes  were  made  by  Presidential  regulation,  exercising  the  authority 
given  by  the  Selective  Service  Act  to  discharge  certain  descriptions 


THE   QUESTIONNAIRES  AND  CLASSIFICATION   SYSTEM.     '          47 

of  persons,  but  assigning  the  different  order  of  liabilities  as  between 
these  different  descriptions. 

Nothing  has  done  more  than  this  measure  to  establish  in  popular 
conviction  the  equity  of  the  whole  draft  system  as  established  by  the 
act  of  Congress.  All  the  apprehension  and  unrest  once  involved  hi 
the  popular  idea  of  a  military  conscription  has  settled  down  into  a 
firm  national  acceptance  which  would  have  seemed  incredible  two 
years  ago. 

(3)  Another  result  of  the  classification  system  was  that  the  Nation 
was  ready  from  an  early  date  in  1918  immediately  to  raise  an  army 
of  practically  any  size  that  migjit  be  necessary.     The  whole  registered 
man-power  had  been  examined  and  was  ready  to  be  called  in  the 
order  of  availability.     Even  if  the  new  legislation  of  August  31,  1918, 
increasing  the  draft  ages,  had  not  been  enacted,  we  could  nevertheless 
have  proceeded  in  the  order  of  availability,  and  after  exhausting 
Class  I,  to  call  men  of  the  first  registration  from  Class  II,  III,  and 
IV,  with  practically  accurate  knowledge  that  they  were  being  called 
in  direct  order  of  their  availability  and  in  inverse  order  o"f  their  need 
for  the  social  and  economic  life  of  the  country.     The  classification 
system  thus  not  only  gave  us  an  accurate  inventory  of  the  registered 
man-power,  coupled  with  the  knowledge  of  availibility  of  the  several 
classes,  so  that  if  it  was  necessary  to  call  the  majority  of  the  regis- 
trants they  could  have  been  called  in  the  order  of  availibility;  but 
the  results  undoubtedly  furnished  the  only  adequate  basis  for  con- 
sideration by  Congress  in  proceeding  to  extend  the  draft  ages  in 
August,  1918. 

(4)  A  further  advantage  resulting,  from  the  classification  system 
was  that,  for  the  first  time,  it  enabled  the  respective  contributions 
of  men,  due  from  the  different  areas,  to  be  allotted  in  just  propor- 
tion to  the  ability  of  each  area  to  make  that  contribution.     If  Class  I, 
throughout    all    boards,    represented    the    reservoir  of    man  power 
available  equitably  for  the  earliest  call,  then  the  quotas  of  each 
State  and  each  board  could  be  allotted,  at  the  time  of  making  each 
levy,  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  that  reservoir.     And  if  it  had  become 
necessary  to  proceed  into  Class  II,  after  exhausting  Class  I,  then 
similarly  the  proportion  of  quotas  could  have  been  equitably  made 
in  ratio  to  the  size  of  Class  II  in  each  State  and  in  each  board.     In 
other  words,  the  classification  system  furnished  an  opportunity  for 
abandoning  the  inequities  of  the  population  basis  for  levying  quotas — 
inequities  which  had  givon  rise  to  complaint  under  the  act  as  adminis- 
tered in  1917.     In  this  respect,  however,  the  change  could  not  be 
made  without  amendatory  legislation,  which  is  elsewhere  referred  to 
in  Chapter  II  and  in  Chapter  VI  of  this  report. 

The  classification  system,  as  promulgated  in  the  Selective  Service 
Regulations  effective  December  15,  1917,  amply  withstood  the  test 


48  CHAPTER   III.    THE   PSCCESS   OF    SELECTION. 

of  experience  throughout  the  year.  It  can  be  stated  that,  in  spite 
of  constant  watchfulness  with  a  view  to  detecting  difficulties  or  inequi- 
ties in  their  operation,  these  regulations  have  proceeded  without  a 
single  essential  change,  in  principle  or  procedure,  since  December, 
1917,  to  the  present  date;  and  that  no  essential  change  would  have 
been  needed  for  any  further  operations  of  the  selective  draft  in  its 
application  to  the  13,000,000  registrants  added  to  our  list  on  Septem- 
ber 12,  1918. 

(V)  MAKING  AND  GRANTING  OF  CLAIMS  FOB  DEFEEMENT  AND 

EXEMPTION. 

1.  Method  of  making  claims  and  appeals. —The  method  of  making 
claims  for  deferment  or  exemption  was  unproved  by  the  use  of  the 
questionnaire.  Under  the  original  plan,  a  registrant  who  made  no 
claim  for  deferment  or  exemption  placed  no  document  on  file,  and 
thfc  facts  of  his  status  appeared  only  upon  the  registration  card. 
Under  the  new  plan,  an  inventory  was  taken  of  every  registrant.  A 
questionnaire  was  filled  out  by  every  registrant  without  exception. 
Those  who  made  the  claims  for  exemption  or  deferment  simply  filled 
out  the  additional  series  of  answers  appropriate  to  their  specific 
claims.  There  was  thus  on  file  for  each  registrant  a  single  document 
containing  all  the  facts  and  papers  necessary  to  determine  his  status 
hi  liability  for  military  service. 

The  questionnaire  went  through  three  editions ;  the  first  being  used 
beginning  December  15,  1917,  for  the  remaining  registrants  of  the 
first  registration  not  already  inducted;  the  second  edition  for  the 
registrants  of  age  21,  registered  on  June  5,  1918,  and  August  24,  1918; 
and  the  third  edition  for  the  registrants  of  September  12,  1918.  No 
essential  changes  were  found  to  be  necessary  in  the  questionnaires 
contained  in  these  several  editions;  but  the  second  and  third  edition 
contained  a  few  improvements  of  detail,  dictated  by  experience, 
together  with  some  additional  series  of  questions  made  necessary  by 
the  establishment  of  additional  divisions  in  the  several  classes  pur- 
suant to  new  legislation  affecting  minor  groups  of  persons. 

In  the  method  of  making  claims,  an  important  change  took  place 
in  that  a  claim  for  deferment  as  a  necessary  worker  in  industry  or 
agriculture  received  a  notation  by  the  local  board  before  transmission 
to  the  district  board.  The  district  board  had  sole  jurisdiction  to 
adjudicate  under  the  act  of  Congress;  but  under  the  original  method, 
by  which  the  claim  was  filed  directly  with  the  district  board,  that 
board  lost  the  benefit  of  the  knowledge  and  judgment  of  the  local 
board  as  to  the  merits  of  the  claim;  and  the  requirement  that  the 
local  board  should  append  a  recommendation  for  or  against  the  claim 
was  undoubtedly  of  material  assistance  to  the  district  board  in  passing 
upon  the  facts  and  the  justice  of  the  case. 


MAKING  AND  GRANTING   OF    CLAIMS. 


49 


In  respect  to  appqals  from  the  district  board  to  the  President,  a 
material  innovation  (S.  S.  R.,  sec.  Ill)  consisted  in  limiting  the 
right  of  appeal  to  cases  where  there  had  been  at  least  one  dissenting 
vote  in  the  district  board  and  where  one  member  of  the  local  board 
and  either  the  Government  appeal  agent  or  the  adjutant  general 
of  the  State  recommended  that  the  decision  of  the  district  board  be 
reviewed.  This  innovation,  with  one  or  two  minor  additional  details, 
was  rendered  advisable,  in  view  of  the  fact  disclosed  by  the  appeals  of 
1917,  that  of  the  13,000  appeals  acted  on  up  to  December  19,  1917, 
less  than  8  per  cent  had  been  granted,  the  fact  indicating  that  the 
vast  majority  of  appeals  were  not  meritorious,  and  that  measures 
should  be  taken  to  restrict  them  as  nearly  as  possible  to  apparently 
meritorious  cases.  On  the  other  hand,  a  contrary  innovation  was 
made  by  permitting  an  appeal  to  the  President  in  claims  for  defer- 
ment on  the  ground  of  dependency,  which  under  the. original  regula- 
tions had  not  been  allowed;  they  were  now  made  allowable  when 
accompanied  by  a  statement  of  one  member  of  the  local  board  and 
either  the  Government  appeal  agent  or  the  adjutant  general  of  the 
State  certifying  that  the  case  was  one  of  great  and  unusual  hardship 
and  recommending  its  reconsideration. 

2.  Number  of  claims  made  and  granted  in  local  boards. — The  follow- 
ing Table  4  shows  the  total  claims  for  deferment,  made  and  granted, 
and  their  distribution: 

TABLE  4. — Deferment  claims;  ratio  of  claims  made  to  claims  granted. 


Deferment  claims;  ratio  of  claims  made  to  claims  granted. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  claims 
made. 

Per  cent 
of  claims 
granted. 

1 

Total  claims  made  Dec.  15,  1917,  to  Sept.  11, 
1918  (first  and  second  registration)  

10,  085,  296 

100.  00 

2 

Total  claims  granted  

7,  681,  176 

76.16 

100.00 

3 

Class  II  claims  made  

1,  646,  905 

-16.  33 

4 

Granted     

1,  329,  582 

17.31 

5 

Class  MI  claims  made                   

1,  452,  266 

14.40 

6 

Granted      .  .           

803,  373 

10.46 

7 

Class  IV  claims  made  

4,  450,  266 

44.13 

8 

Granted 

3,  373,  496 

43.92 

9 

Class  V  claims  made  

2,  535,  859 

25.14 

10 

Granted 

2,174  725 

28  31 

11 

Industrial  claims  made    

543,  200 

5.39 

100.  00 

12 

Granted        

291,078 

53.59 

13 

Agricultural  claims  made 

1,  051,  679 

10.43 

100.  00 

14 

Granted  

544,  665 

51.  79 

15 

Dependency  claims  made  

4,  968,  237 

49.26 

100.  00 

16 

Granted  

3,  744,  399 

75.37 

17 

Sundry  claims  made  

3,  522,  180 

34.92 

100.  00 

18 

Granted  

3,  101,  034 

88.04 

(a)  It  appears  from  this  table  that  the  volume  of  business  trans- 
acted by  the  local  boards  in  the  disposal  of  claims  under  the  first 
and  second  registrations  amounted  to  10,085,296. 
972uO°— 19 i 


50 


CHAPTER   III.    THE   PROCESS   OF   SELECTION. 


(b)  It  further  appears  that,  as  between  the  several  classes,  the 
claims  for  deferment  in  Class  IV  were  nearly  double  those  for  any 
other  class. 

(c)  As  to  the  several  specific  grounds  for  the  claims  represented 
by  the  divisions  within  the  classes  and  distributed  according   to 
their  nature  as  industrial,  agricultural,  or  domestic,  it  appears  that 
the  domestic  claims  were  very  largely  in  the  majority  and  that  the 
industrial  claims  formed  a  small  minority. 

(d)  In  the  method  of  calling  used  in  1917  it  was  possible  to  show 
the  ratio  of  persons  making  claims  to  total  registrants  (first  report, 
p.  48);  but  under  the  questionnaire  system  of  1918  the  records  did 
not  permit  this  ratio  to  be  computed,  inasmuch  as  a  single  registrant 

^  might  make  claims  on  several  grounds. 

The  records  permit  some  idea  to  be  gained  of  the  ratio  of  claims 
made  by  the  seyeral  economic  and  domestic  groups,  i.  e.,  what  ratio 
of  farmers  or  of  nonfarmers  or  of  married  registrants  made  claims 
for  deferment;  this,  however,  can  be  shown  only  for  the  first  regis- 
tration, as  the  economic  status  of  the  registrants,  as  classified,  was 
not  ascertained  for  the  second  and  the  third  registrations.  The 
figures  are  as  follows  (Table  5): 

TABLE  5. — Deferrfient  claims  made;  ratio  to  registrants. 


Deferment  claims  made;  ratio  to  registrants. 

Numlxjr. 

Per  cent  of 

resist  r;mts 
classified. 

Per  cent  of 
claims 
made. 

1 

Total  claims  made  in  first  registration  since 
Dec.  15,  1917  

9,  493,  328 

100.  00 

9 

Industrial  registrants  classified 

6  068  021 

100  00 

3 

4 

Claims  made  on  industrial  grounds  
Agricultural  registrants  classified  

497,  909 
2,  509,  698 

8.21 
100  00 

5.24 

5 
6 

Claims  made  on  agricultural  grounds.  .  . 
Married  registrants  classified  

956,  233 
4,  631,  065 

38.  10 
100.  00 

10.07 

7 

Claims  made  for  married  dependency.  . 

4,  054,  233 

87.54 

42.  71 

(e)  It  is  interesting  to  compare  the  years  1917  and  1918  with 
reference  to  the  ratio  of  claims  granted.  There  had  been  a  belief, 
on  the  part  of  some,  that  after  the  first  urgent  rush  of  raising  the 
first  levy  of  687,000  men,  and  in  view  of  the  popular  superficial 
notion,  prevailing  early  in  1918,  that  we  had  perhaps  accomplished 
our  part  in  man-power  contribution,  there  would  be  seen  a  relaxation 
in  the  strictness  in  which  claims  were  scrutinized  and  that  the  ratio 
of  claims  granted  would  decrease.  But  how  little  the  Nation  could 
afford  to  indulge  in  such  relaxation,  and  how  completely  needed  was 
the  entire  group  of  effectives  obtainable  from  the  first  10,000,000, 
was  amply  perceived  later  in  the  year,  when  our  troops,  from  April 
onward,  began  to  be  rushed  overseas  in  large  numbers,  and  when 
our  Class  I  of  the  first  registration  became  exhausted.  And  so,  in 
retrospect,  it  is  interesting  to  observe  (Table  5a)  that  in  1917 


MAKING  AND   GRANTING   OF    CLAIMS. 


51 


(Report  for  1917,  p.  48,  Table  19)  the  ratio  of  total  claims  granted 
was  greater  than  in  1918,  as  also  the  ratio  for  dependency  claims 
granted;  showing  that  there  had  been  no  relaxation  of  strictness  by 
the  boards.  But  the  substantial  increase  in  the  1918  ratio  of  indus- 
trial and  agricultural  claims  granted  (Table  5a)  was  precisely  what 
might  be  expected  and  justified  in  view  of  the  increasing  necessity  of 
preserving  the  economic  operations  of  the  country  from  impairment. 

TABLE  5a. — Claims  granted,  1917  and  1918,  compared. 


Claims  granted.  1917  and  191S,  compared. 


Per  cent. 


JO 

11 


Percentage  of  all  claims  granted : 

1917 

1918 

Percentage  of  dependency  and  sundry  claims  granted — 

1917. ' 

1918 

Percentage  of  agricultural  claims  granted — 

1!H7 

1918 

Percentage  of  industrial  claims  granted — 

1917'.' ! 

1918... 


77.86 
76.16 

81.  79 
80.63 

35.  89 
51.79 

42.81 
53.59 


3.  Number   of  claims  made   and  granted   in  district   boards. — The 
claims  made  before  district  boards  were  as  follows : 

TABLE  G. — District  board  claims  filed. 


1 

2 
3 

4 

5 

District  board  claims  Pled,  Dec.  15,  1917-Sept.  11,  I'.iis. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
registrants. 

Per  cent 
of  claims. 

Total  registrants  classified    

9,  952,  735 
2,  623,  835 
623,  335 

1,  989,  046 
11,454 

100.  00 
26.36 

Total  claims  presented  to  district  hoards.  .  .  . 
Appeals  from  local  lx>ards  filed        

100.00 
23.  76 

75.81 
.43 

Claims  filed  on  agricultural  and  indus- 
trial grounds 

A  ppeals  tiled  as  to  physical  qualifications 

The  disposition  of  these  claims  before  the  district  boards  was  as 

follows : 

TABLE  7. — Disposition  of  district  board  cases. 


Disposition  of  district  board  cases,  Dec.  15,  1917,  to 
Sept.  11,  1918. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
appeals. 

Per  c<mt  of 
claims. 

1 

Total  appeals  from  local  boards 

623,  335 

100.00 

9 

Placed  in  Class  I 

313,451 

50.29 

3 

Placed  in  deferred  classes  

309,  884 

49.71 

4 

Total  claims  on  agricultural  and  industrial 

1,  989,  046 

100.00 

grounds  

5 

Placed  in  Class  I  

906,  425 

45.  57 

6 

Placed  in  deferred  classes  

1,082,621 

54.43 

7 

Total  appeals  as  to  physical  qualifications 

11,454 

100.  00 

8 

Found  fully  qualified  

6,739 

58.84 

q 

Found  disqualified  

1,777 

15.51 

10 

Found  qualified  for  limited  service 

2  938 

25.  65 

52 


CHAPTER   III.    THE   PROCESS   OF    SELECTION. 


That  the  district  boards  performed  a  very  necessary  function  is 
evident,  th^s  year  as  last  year,  in  the  number  of  appeals  granted: 

4.  Number  of  appeals  to  the  President. — At  the  time  of  going  to 
press  with  my  first  report  (Dec.  20,  1917),  the  appeals  to  the 
President,  then  pending,  had  been  little  more  than  half  disposed  of, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  these  appeals  were  more  than  22,000  in  num- 
ber, and  that  even  with  the  utmost  dispatch  the  accumulation  of 
the  preceding  few  weeks  could  not  be  more  rapidly  disposed  of 
with  justice  to  the  cases.  It  is,  therefore,  necessary  here  to  replace 
my  report  of  last  year  on  this  subject  (Report  for  1917,  p.  63, 
Tables  40  and  41)  by  a  new  statement  covering  the  entire  mass  of 
appeals  as  subsequently  disposed  of. 

(a)  Appeals  from  district  boards  to  the  President  under  the  regula- 
tions of  June  30,  1917,  effective  to  Dec.  15,  1917. — In  the  report  of 
the  first  draft,  Table  No.  40  showed  that  8,496  appeals  to  the  Presi- 
dent were  pending  on  December  19,  1917.  Under  the  classification 
system,  all  registrants  not  in  the  Army  became  subject  to  classifica- 
tion and  all  previous  discharges  were  revoked  on  December  15,  1917. 
Accordingly,  the  appeal  records  were  returned  without  action  in  all 
cases  in  which  no  report  of  induction  had  been  received.  This  dis- 
posed of  a  large  majority  of  the  pending  appeals. 

The  final  disposition  of  appeals  to  the  President  under  rules  and 
regulations  of  June  30,  1917,  was  as  follows: 

TABLE  8. — Appeals  to  the  President  under  regulations  of  1917. 


Appeals  to  the  President  under  regulations  of  1917. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  claims 
disallowed. 

Per  cent 
of 
appeals. 

1 

Total,  industrial   and   agricultural    claims  disal- 
lowed by  district  boards  

85,  059 

100.  00 

?, 

Total  appeals  to  President  

22,  771 

26.  77 

100.00 

3 

Denied  

15,  368 

67.49 

4 

Granted  

1,324 

5.82 

5 

Withdrawn  or  dismissed  for  want  of  juris- 
diction   

450 

1.97 

6 

Returned  without  action  (registrants  not 
inducted)  

5,629 

24.  72 

MAKING  AND   GRANTING   OP    CLAIMS. 


53 


The  result  of  this  action  for  the  different  kinds  of  claims  was  as 
follows : 

TABLE  9. — Presidential  appeals  of  1917,  compared  as  to  kind  of  claims. 


Presidential  appeals  of  1917,  compared  as  to 
kind  of  claims. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  claims 
disallowed. 

Per  cent  of 
agricultural 
appeals. 

Per  cent  of 
industrial 
appeals. 

i 

Total  agricultural  claims  disallowed  .  .  . 

58,  812 

100.00 

?, 

Appeals  to  President  

17,  701 

30.09 

100.  00 

3 

Denied  

11,  604 

65.56 

4 

Granted  .    .  .           

981 

5.54 

5 

Withdrawn   or  dismissed   for 
want  of  jurisdiction  

227 

1.28 

6 

Returned  without  action  

4,889 

27.62 

7 

Total  industrial  claims  disallowed  

26,  247 

100.  00 

8 

Appeals  to  President  

5  006 

19  07 

100  00 

9 

Denied  

3,764 

75.19 

10 

Granted  

343 

6.85 

11 

Withdrawn,  or    dismissed  for 
want  of  jurisdiction 

159 

3  18 

1? 

Returned  without  action  

740 

14.78 

(6)  Appeals  to  the  President  under  the  regulations  in  force  since 
December  15,  1917. — Although  the  total  number  of  registrants  classi- 
fied under  the  new  regulations  of  December,  1917  greatly  exceeded 
the  number  of  men  examined  and  certified  by  the  same  boards  under 
the  first  draft,  the  cases  appealed  to  the  President  from  classification 
by  the  district  boards  have  been  few,  compared  with  the  appeals 
arising  under  the  former  regulations.  The  chief  reason  for  this  shrink- 
age is  found  in  the  requirements  of  Section  111,  Selective  Service 
Regulations,  limiting  the  right  of  appeal  in  the  manner  already 
described.  Under  the  first  draft,  appeals  were  confined  to  industrial 
and  agricultural  claims  denied  by  the  district  board.  These  appeals 
numbered  22,771  or  more  than  26  per  cent  of  all  such  claims  dis- 
allowed by  the  district  board.  The  regulations  of  December,  1917 
granted  an  appeal  to  the  President  also  in  dependency  cases  certified 
as  of  great  and  unusual  hardship.  Despite  this  extension  of  the 
jurisdiction,  the  procedure  described  in  Section  111,  Selective 
Service  Regulations,  has  restricted  the  total  appeals  to  1,584, 
or  only  0.13  per  cent  of  the  claims  for  deferred  classification  on  indus- 
trial, agricultural,  and  dependency  grounds  denied  by  the  district 
boards.  In  addition,  the  lack  of  one  or  more  of  the  jurisdictional 
requirements  specified  by  the  regulations  has  necessitated  the  return 
of  a  large  proportion  of  the  records  received,  without  action  on  the 
appeals. 

Although  the  percentage  of  cases  appealed  to  the  President  from 
the  millions  of  classifications  by  the  district  boards  is  thus  insignifi- 
cant, each  decided  case  represents  a  division  of  opinion  in  a  district 
board,  and  the  decisions  rendered  have  doubtless  promoted  uniformity 


54 


CHAPTER   III.    THE   PROCESS   OF    SELECTION. 


of  classification  in  a  larger  number  of  doubtful  cases,  in  which  appeals 
were  not  perfected. 

The  disposition  of  Presidential  appeal  records,  as  a  whole,  was  as 

follows : 

TABLE  10. — Presidential  appeals  of  1918;  disposition. 


Presidential  appeals  of  1918;  disposition. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  rulings. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
appeals. 

Per  cent 
of  appeals 
acted  on. 

1 

Total,   rulings  by  district  boards 
placing  in  Class  I      

1,  219,  876 

100.  00 

9 

Total  appeals  to  the  President. 

1,584 

.13 

100.  00 

3 

Returned  for  want  of  juris- 
diction, etc  

1,025 

.08 

64.71 

4 

Appeals  acted  on      

559 

35.29 

100  00 

5 

Appeals  affirmed  

452 

28.54 

80  86 

fi 

Appeals  modified  

78 

4.92 

13  95 

7 

Appeals  reversed  

29 

1.83 

5  19 

Appendix  Table  10-A  shows  the  distribution  of  these  cases  by  States. 
The  several  results  of  this  action,  as  to  the  kind  of  claim  involved, 
were  as  follows: 

•  TABLE  11. — -Presidential  appeals  of  1918;  kinds  of  claims. 


Presidential  appeals  of  1918;  kinds  of  claims. 

Total. 

Affirmed. 

Modified. 

Reversed. 

^ 

Appeals  acted  on 

559 

452 

78 

29 

2 

Agricultural 

197 

171 

19 

7 

3 

Industrial  

137 

122 

10 

5 

4 

Agricultural  and  industrial 

8 

7 

1 

5 

Dependency  

181 

129 

41 

11 

8 

Agricultural  and  dependency 

13 

11 

1 

1 

7 

Industrial  and  dependency 

19 

9 

7 

3 

8 

Work  or  fight  order  

4 

3 

1 

There  remain  four  special  topics,  involving  changes  in  procedure 
instituted  by  the  new  regulations  of  December  15,  1917,  two  of  them 
of  minor  importance  and  two  of  major  importance. 

(VI)  PERMITS  FOB,  DEPARTURES  ABROAD. 

By  an  act  of  Congress  approved  May  22,  1918,  it  was  provided  that, 
when  the  United  States  is  at  war,  if  the  President  shall  find  that  the 
public  safety  requires  that  restrictions  and  prohibitions  in  addition 
to  those  provided  otherwise  than  by  this  act  be  imposed  upon  the 
departure  of  persons  from  and  their  entry  into  the  United  States, 
and  shall  make  public  proclamation  thereof,  it  shall  be  unlawful  for 
any  alien  to  depart  from  the  United  States  except  under  such  reason- 
able rules,  and  regulations  as  the  President  shall  prescribe,  and  for 
any  citizen  of  the  United  States  to  depart  from  the  country  unless 
he  bears  a  valid  passport. 


PERMITS  FOR  DEPARTURES  ABROAD.  55 

In  a  proclamation  dated  August  8,  1918,  the  President  announced, 
pursuant  to  this  act  that  he  found  and  publicly  proclaimed  that  the 
public  safety  required  restrictions  and  prohibitions  in  addition  to 
those  provided  by  the  act  of  May  22,  1918;  and  he  issued  certain 
orders  to  be  carried  out  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  with  regard  to  the 
departure  of  citizens  and  aliens  from  the  country.  By  an  Executive 
order  (August  8)  it  was  provided  (in  sec.  12)  that  no  person  reg- 
istered or  enrolled  or  subject  to  registry  or  enrollment  for  military 
service  in  the  United  States  should  depart  from  the  United  States' 
without  the  consent  of  the  Secretary  of  War  or  of  such  person  or 
persons  as  he  might  appoint  to  give  such  consent,  and  that  the  Sec- 
retar}T  of  State  should  issue  no  passport  or  permit  entitling  such 
person  to  depart  from  the  United  States  without  satisfactory  evidence 
of  such  consent.  In  accordance  with  these  regulations,  local  boards 
were  designated  by  the  Secretary  of  War  to  issue  permits  to  regis- 
trants to  leave  the  country. 

By  section  156  of  the  Selective  Service  Regulations,  rules  were 
prescribed  respecting  the  issuance  of  these  permits  by  local  boards. 
A  registrant  who  desired  to  depart  from  the  United  States  was  re- 
quired to  apply  to  the  local  board  with  which  he  had  registered. 
The  board  considered  the  application;  and  if  the  applicant  was  not 
likely  to  be  called  for  service  during  the  period  of  his  proposed 
absence,  or  if  the  board  was  otherwise  assured  that  the  issuance  of 
the  permit  would  not  result  in  evasion  or  interference  with  the  execu- 
tion of  the  Selective  Service  Law,  the  board  took  from  the  applicant 
a  statement  of  his  address  while  absent  and  an  engagement  to  keep 
himself  informed  of  any  call  that  might  be  made  on  him  and  to  re- 
turn immediately  on  such  call.  Thereupon  the  board  issued  a  permit. 

It  became  -unnecessary,  after  the  signing  of  the  armistice  on  No- 
vember 11,  that  the  regulations  with  regard  to  the  departure  from 
the  United  States  of  persons  registered  or  enrolled  or  subject  to 
registry  or  enrollment  for  military  service  in  the  United  States  should 
continue  in  force.  Section  12  of  the  Executive  order  of  August  8, 
1918,  was  therefore  revoked  by  the  President  by  an  order  under  date 
of  November  22,  and  thereupon  section  156  of  the  Selective  Service 
Regulations  was  also  rescinded. 

The  act  of  May  22,  1918,  furnished  a  specific  statutory  authoriza- 
tion for  executive  regulations  with  regard  to  the  departure  of  regis- 
trants from  the  United  States.  Prior  to  the  enactment  of  this  law, 
the  Treasury  Department,  by  virtue  of  authority  conferred  on  it  by 
an  act  approved  June  15,  1917,  over  vessels  in  American  waters  had 
declined  to  permit  persons  of  military  age  to  sail  from  the  United 
States  unless  they  were  in  possession  of  evidence  from  officials  ves^-d 
with  the  execution  of  the  Selective  Service  Law,  that  they  had  obtained 
permission  to  leave  the  country.  And  the  Department  of  State 


56  CHAPTER  III.    THE   PROCESS   OF    SELECTION. 

issued  passports  to  persons  subject  to  draft  only  when  their  applica- 
tions were  accompanied  by  permits  issued  by  these  officials.  Up  to 
August  5,  1917,  these  permits  were  furnished  to  registrants  directly 
from  the  office  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General.  After  that  date,  the 
more  practical  plan  was  adopted  (Selective  Service  Regulations, 
sec.  156)  of  causing  the  permits  to  be  granted  by  local  boards  which 
were  in  possession  of  information  respecting  the  status  of  registrants 
and  this  plan  was  continued  until  the  executive  regulations  with 
regard  to  the  departure  of  registrants  from  the  country  were  revoked. 
No  figures  are  ob tamable  showing  the  number  or  kinds  of  persons, 
subject  to  military  service,  who  obtained  permits  for  departure 
on  passport. 

(VH)  NONCOMBATANTS. 

1.  Religious-creed  members. — The  Selective  Service  Act  provided 
that  members  in  a  well-recognized  religious  sect  on  May  18,  1917, 
whose  creed  forbade  participation  in  war  in  any  form,  would  be 
required  to  serve  only  in  a  capacity  declared  by  the  President  to  be 
noncombatant.  Under  the  classification  system,  therefore,  regis- 
trants claiming  relief  from  noncombatant  service  under  this  provision 
(embodied  in  Selective  Service  Regulations,  sec,  79,  Rule  XIV) 
were  not  placed  in  a  deferred  class  on  this  claim  alone;  for  a  deferred 
class  signified  total  or  temporary  withdrawal  from  military  service. 
The  registrant  was  classified  as  any  other  registrant,  according  as  he 
claimed  or  did  not  claim  some  ground  for  deferment.  IJis  classifica- 
tion was  entered  in  the  records  like  that  of  any  other  registrant ;  but, 
for  the  purpose  of  designating  him,  if  in  Class  I  and  when  called  for 
noncombatant  service,  his  name  was  accompanied  in  all  records  by  the 
insertion  of  a  cipher. 

The  administration  of  this  regulation  was  left  to  the  decision  of  the 
local  boards;  i.  e.,  no  list  was  prepared  of  religious  denominations 
recognized  as  existing  on  May  18,  1917,  and  professing  a  creed  opposed 
to  war  in  any  form.  To  compile  such  a  list  was  impracticable; 
and  each  board  decided  for  itself  on  the  facts  of  each  claim.  No 
report  has  ever  been  required  of  the  boards  showing  the  creeds  thus 
recognized.  But  is  is  interesting,  now  that  the  war  period  has 
closed,  to  attempt  to  estimate  the  ratio  of  registrants  in  such  creeds 
who  claimed  the  noncombatant  status.  From  materials  gathered 
in  the  Census  Bureau  it  appears  that  the  principal  creeds  professing 
such  a  tenet  are  these: 

Brethren  in  Christ:  The  Yorker,  or  Old  Order  Brethren,  and  the  United  Zion's 
Children  belong  to  this  group;  they  believe  that  inasmuch  as  Christ  is  Prince  of  Peace 
His  kingdom  is  of  peace  and  as  his  subjects  they  should  abstain  from  the  employment 
of  carnal  forces  which  involve  the  taking  of  human  life;  for  this  reason  the  doctrine 
of  nonresistance  is  a  prominent  feature  of  their  belief; 

Christadelphians:  Conscientious  scruple  as  to  serving  in  the  Army  in  the  Civil  War 
was  the  occasion  for  the  organization  of  the  body  under  this  name; 


NONCOMBATANTS. 


57 


Amana  Society:  The  members  believe  war  to  be  contrary  to  the  will  of  God  and  the 
teachings  of  Christ; 

Churches  of  Christ:  This  body  has  no  published  creed,  but  a  leading  elder  stated 
that  the  churches  believe  in  "nonresistance"; 

Church  of  the  Brethren  (Conservative  Bunkers):  They  hold  that  the  bearing  of  arms 
is  forbidden  by  the  sixth  commandment; 

Old  Order  German  Baptist  Brethren:  Denominational  practice  calls  for  non- 
conformity to  the  world  in  war,  politics,  secret  societies,  dress,  and  amusements; 

Brethren  Church  (Progressive  Bunkers'):  In  doctrinal  matters  the  Brethren  Church 
is  in  general  accord  with  the  Church  of  the  Brethren; 

German  Seventh  Bay  Baptists:  In  general  accord  with  other  Bunkers; 

Church  of  God  (New  Bunkers'):  A  new  body  in  general  accord  with  other  Bunkers; 

Friends  (four  bodies):  The  official  position  of  the  Friends  in  regard  to  the  war  with 
Germany  is  practically  the  same  as  that  taken  by  the  Friends  at  the  time  of  the 
American  Revolution;  they  have -simply  reaffirmed  their  historic  position  in  regard 
to  all  war. 

Mennonites  (10  bodies"1.:  "Christ  has  forbidden  his  followers  the  use  of  carnal  force 
in  resisting  evil  and  the  seeking  of  revenge  for  evil  treatment.  Love  for  enemies 
can  not  be  shown  by  acts  of  hatred  or  revenge,  but  by  deeds  of  love  and  good  will." 
(from  Summary  of  Articles  of  Faith.) 

The  total  membership  of  the  religious  bodies  reported  to  the 
Bureau  of  the  Census  as  holding  the  doctrine  of  nonresistance  is  as 

follows : 

TABLE  12. — Religious  denominations  opposed  to  ivar. 


Religious  denominations  opposed  to  war. 

Total  member- 
ship. 

Membership 
reporting  sex. 

Males. 

1 

Brethren  in  Christ  

3,805 

3,805 

1,541 

9 

The  Yorker,  or  Old  Order  Brethren  

432 

432 

174 

3 

I  nited  Zion's  Children  

1,152 

1,145 

478 

4 

Christadelphians            

2,922 

2,905 

1,235 

5 

A  mana  Societv  

1,534 

1,534 

715 

fi 

Churches  of  Christ  

317,937 

317,812 

132.  755 

7 

Church  of  the  Brethren  (Conservative  Bunk- 
ers)    

105,  102 

103,  135 

44,  923 

8 

Old  Order  German  Baptist  Brethren  

3,399 

3,  399 

1,494 

9 
10 

Brethren  Church  (Progressive  Bunkers)  
German  Seventh  Bav  Baptists  

24,  060 
136 

23,  648 
136 

9,699 
48 

11 

Church  of  God  (New  Bunkers).             .... 

929 

676 

261 

12 

Friends  

112,  982 

105,  161 

47,864 

13 

Mennonites  

79,  363 

77,  294 

35,  656 

Total.  . 

276,  843 

Taking  the  total  number  of  members  of  such  creeds,  estimating 
the  males  of  ages  21  to  30  at  20  per  cent,  and  comparing  the  numbers 
reported  by  the  boards  as  claiming  and  receiving  the  noncombatant 
privilege,  we  reach  the  following  result: 

TABLK  13. — Noncombatant  religious  creeds  and  conscientious  objectors. 


Noncombatant  religious  creeds  and  conscientious  objectors. 


Number. 


Total  registrants  ages  21  to  30.  June  5, 191 7,  to  Sept.  11,  1918,  professing 

non  combatant  religious  creeds 

Total  claims  made  for  noncombatant  classification 

Total  claims  recognized 


55, 368 
64,693 
56,  830 


58  CHAPTER  III.    THE   PROCESS   OF   SELECTION". 

It  appears  that  the  entire  body  of  registrant  creed-members 
availed  themselves  of  this  privilege.  The  general  experience  of 
local  boards  with  this  exemption  is  temperately  expressed  in  a 
passage  from  a  local  board  report,  printed  as  Appendix  D. 

The  disposition  of  the  Class  I  men  whose  noncombatant  claims 
were  denied,  and  who  were  later  inducted  into  service,  was  merged 
with  that  of  the  other  group  now  to  be  mentioned,  viz: 

2.  Conscientious  objectors. — The  so-called  conscientious  objector 
was  not  recognized  either  in  the  law  or  in  the  Selective  Service 
Regulations.  But  when  Class  I  men  were  inducted  and  received 
in  camp,  the  distinction  between  religious  creed  claimants  and 
conscientious  objectors  was  not  in  general  given  marked  recognition. 
At  this  point  the  subject  fell  entirely  within  the  authority  of  the 
camp  commanders,  acting  under  the  direction  of  the  President  and 
of  the  Secretary  of  War. 

The  following  regulations  were  issued  by  the  President,  March  20, 
1918: 

1.  By  virtue  of  authority  contained  in  section  4  of  the  act  approved  May  18,  1917, 
entitled,  "An  act  to  authorize  the  President  to  increase  temporarily  the  military 
establishment  of  the  United  States, "  whereby  it  is  provided :  "  And  nothing  in  this  act 
contained  shall  be  construed  to  require  or  compel  any  person  to  serve  in  any  of  the 
eorces  herein  provided  for  who  is  found  to  be  a  member  of  any  well-recognized  religious 
feet  or  organization  at  present  organized  and  existing  and  whose  existing  creed  or 
principles  forbid  its  members  to  participate  in  war  in  any  form  and  whose  religious 
convictions  are  against  war  or  participation  therein  in  accordance  with  the  creed  or 
principles  of  said  religious  organizations ;  but  no  person  so  exempted  shall  be  exempted 
from  service  in  any  capacity  that  the  President  shall  declare  to  be  noncombatant," 
1  hereby  declare  that  the  following  military  service  is  noncombatant  service : 

(a)  Service  in  the  Medical  Corps  wherever  performed.  This  includes  service  in 
the  sanitary  detachments  attached  to  combatant  units  at  the  front;  service  in  the  divi- 
sional sanitary  trains  composed  of  ambulance  companies  and  field  hospital  companies, 
on  the  line  of  communications,  at  the  base  in  France,  and  with  the  troops  and  at 
hospitals  in  the  United  States;  also  the  service  of  supply  and  repair  in  the  Medical 
Department. 

(6)  Any  service  in  the  Quartermaster  Corps  in  the  United  States  may  be  treated 
as  noncombatant.  Also  in  rear  of  zone  of  operations,  service  in  the  following:  Steve- 
dore companies,  labor  companies,  remount  depots,  veterinary  hospitals,  supply 
depots,  bakery  companies,  the  subsistence  service,  the  bathing  service,  the  laundry 
service,  the  salvage  service,  the  clothing  renovation  service,  the  shoe-repair  service, 
the  transportation  repair  service,  and  motor-truck  companies. 

(c)  Any  engineer  service  in  the  United  States  may  be  treated  as  noncombatant 
service.  Also,  in  rear  of  zone  of  operations,  service  as  follows:  Railroad  building, 
operation,  and  repair;  road  building  and  repair;  construction  of  rear  line  fortifications, 
auxiliary  defenses,  etc. ;  construction  of  docks,  wharves,  storehouses,  and  of  such 
cantonments  as  may  be  built  by  the  Corps  of  Engineers;  topographical  work;  camou- 
flage; map  reproduction;  supply  depot  service;  repair  service;  hydraulic  service,  and 
forestry  service. 

2.  Persons  ordered  to  report  for  military  service  under  the  above  act  who  have 
(a)  been  certified  by  their  local  boards  to  be  members  of  a  religious  sect  or  organiza- 
tion as  defined  in  section  4  of  said  act;  or  (6)  who  object  to  participating  in  war  because 


NONCOMBATANTS.  59 

of  conscientious  scruples  but  have  failed  to  receive  certificates  as  members  of  a  religious 
sect  or  organization  from  their  local  board,  will  be  assigned  to  noncombatant  military 
service  as  denned  in  paragraph  1  to  the  extent  that  such  persons  are  able  to  accept 
service  as  aforesaid  without  violation  of  the  religious  or  other  conscientious  scruples 
by  them  in  good  faith  entertained. 

Upon  the  promulgation  of  this  order  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  division,  camp, 
or  post  commander,  through  a  tactful  and  considerate  officer,  to  present  to  all  such 
persons  the  provisions  hereof  with  adequate  explanation  of  the  character  of  noncom- 
batant service  herein  defined,  and,  upon  such  explanations,  to  secure  acceptances 
of  assignment  to  the  several  kinds  of  noncombatant  service  above  enumerated ;  and 
whenever  any  person  is  assigned  to  noncombatant  service  by  reason  of  his  religious 
or  other  conscientious  scruples,  he  shall  be  given  a  certificate  stating  the  assignment 
and  reason  therefor,  and  such  certificate  shall  thereafter  be  respected  as  preventing  the 
transfer  of  such  persons  from  such  noncombatant  to  combatant  service  by  any  division, 
camp,  post,  or  other  commander  under  whom  said  person  may  thereafter  be  called 
to  serve,  but  such  certificate  shall  not  prevent  the  assignment  of  such  person  to  some 
other  form  of  noncombatant  service  with  his  own  consent.  So  far  as  may  be  found 
feasible  by  each  division,  camp,  or  post  commander,  future  assignments  of  such 
persons  to  noncombatant  military  service  will  be  restricted  to  the  several  detachments 
and  units  of  the  Medical  Department  in  the  absence  of  a  request  for  assignment  to 
some  other  branch  of  noncombatant  service  as  defined  in  paragraph  1  hereof. 

3.  On  the  first  day  of  April  and  thereafter  monthly,  each  division,  camp,  or  post 
commander  shall  report  to  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army,  for  the  information 
of  the  Chief  of  Staff  and  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  names  of  all  persons  under  their 
respective  commands  who  profess  religious  or  other  conscientious  scruples  as  above 
described  and  who  have  been  unwilling  to  accept  by  reason  of  such  scruples,  assign- 
ment to  noncombatant  military  service  as  above  defined,  and  as  to  each  such  person 
BO  reported  a  brief,  comprehensive  statement  as  to  the  nature  of  the  objection  to  the 
acceptance  of  such  noncombatant  military  seryiee  entertained.     The  Secretary  of 
War  will  from  time  to  time  classify  the  persons  so  reported  and  give  further  directions 
as  to  the  disposition  of  them.     Pending  such  directions  from  the  Secretary  of  War, 
all  such  persons  not  accepting  assignment  to  noncombatant  service  shall  be  segregated 
as  far  as  practicable  and  placed  under  the  command  of  a  specially  qualified  officer 
of  tact  and  judgment,  who  will  be  instructed  to  impose  no  punitive  hardship  of  any 
kind  upon  them,  but  not  to  allow  their  objections  to  be  made  the  basis  of  any  favor 
or  consideration  beyond  exemption  from  actual  military  service,  which  is  not  extended 
to  any  other  soldier  in  the  service  of  the  United  States. 

4.  With  a  view  to  maintaining  discipline,  it  is  pointd  out  that  the  discretion  of 
courts-martial,  so  far  as  any  shall  be  ordered  to  deal  with  the  cases  of  persons  who  fail 
or  refuse  to  comply  with  lawful  orders  by  reason  of  alleged  religious  or  other  conscien- 
tious scruples,  should  be  exercised,  if  feasible,  so  as  to  secure  uniformity  of  penalties 
in  the  imposition  of  sentences  under  Articles  of  War  64  and  Go,  for  the  willful  diso- 
bedience of  a  lawful  order  or  command.     It  \\ill  be  recognized  that  sentences  imposed 
by  such  courts-martial,  when  not  otherwise  described  by  law,  shall  prescribe  con- 
finement in  the  United  States  Disciplinary  Barracks  or  elsewhere,  as  the  Secretary 
of  War  or  the  reviewing  authority  may  direct,  but  not  in  a  penitentiary:    but  this 
shall  not  apply  to  the  cases  of  men  who  desert  either  before  reporting  for  duly  to  the 
military  authorities  or  subsequently  thereto. 

5.  The  Secretary  of  War  will  revise  the  sentences  and  findings  of  courts-martial 
heretofore  held  of  persons  who  come  within  any  of  the  classes  herein  described,  and 
bring  to  the  attention  of  the  President  for  remedy,  if  any  be  needed,  sentences  and 
judgments  found  at  variance  with  the  provisions  hereof. 

WOODROW  WILSOX, 
THE  WHITE  HOUSE,   March  2(\  1918. 


60  CHAPTER  III.    THE   PROCESS  OF   SELECTION". 

Those  drafted  objectors  who  refused  to  accept  noncombatant 
service  under  military  authority,  and  were  held  in  segregated  units 
as  provided  in  section  3  of  the  President's  order,  were  dealt  with  in 
the  following  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  made  public  June  1, 
1918: 

1.  By  the  terms  of  the  presidential  order  of  March  20,  1918,  men  reporting  at  the 
training  camps  under  the  provisions  of  the  selective  service  law  who  profess  con- 
scientious scruples  against  warfare  are  given  an  opportunity  to  select  forms  of  service 
designated  by  the  President  to  be  noncombatant  in  character.     By  direction  of  the 
Secretary  of  War  dated  April  22,  1918,  instructions  were  issued  by  this  office,  April 
27,  1918,  to  try  by  court-martial  those  declining  to  accept  such  noncombatant  service; 
(a)  whose  attitude  in  camp  is  defiant;  (6)  whose  sincerity  is  questioned;  (c)  who  are 
active  in  propaganda. 

2.  All  other  men  professing  conscientious  objections,  now  segregated  in  posts  and 
camps,  i.  e.,  those  who,  while  themselves  refusing  to  obey  military  instructions  on 
the  ground  of  conscientious  scruples,  religious  or  other,  have  given  no  other  cause  of 
criticism  in  their  conduct,  and  all  who  have  been  or  may  be  acquitted  by  such  court- 
martial,  shall  be  transferred,  upon  orders  issued  by  this  office  to  camp  and  other  com- 
manders, to  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans.     The  commanding  officer,  Fort  Leavenworth, 
will  keep  these  men  segregated,  but  not  under  arrest,  pending  further  instructions 
from  this  office. 

3.  The  same  procedure  shall  be  carried  out  as  promptly  as  possible  in  the  cases  of 
men  professing  similar  scruples  who  may  report  at  posts  or  camps  in  the  future. 

4.  Under  no  circumstances  will  conscientious  objectors  otherwise  qualified  to  per- 
form military  duty  be  discharged  from  their  responsibilities  under  the  Selective  Service 
Law,  but  the  Secretary  of  War  has  constituted  a  board  of  inquiry,  composed  of  a  rep- 
resentative from  the  Judge  Advocate  General's  office  (Maj.  R.  C.  Stoddard)  chairman, 
Judge  Julian  W.  Mack  of  the  Federal  court,  and  Dean  H.  F.  Stone  of  the  Columbia 
University  law  school.     It  will  be  the  duty  of  this  board  to  interrogate  personally 
each  man  so  transferred.     Such  men  as  may  be  determined  by  this  board  to  be  sincere 
in  their  attitude  and  desirous  of  serving  their  country  in  any  way  within  the  limits  of 
their  conscientious  scruples  may  be  furloughed  by  the  commanding  officer,  Fort 
Leavenworth,  without  pay,  for  agricultural  service,  upon  the  voluntary  application 
of  the  soldier,  under  the  authority  contained  in  the  act  of  Congress  of  March  16,  1918, 
and  the  provisions  of  General  Orders  No.  31,  War  Department,  1918,  provision  being 
made: 

(1)  That  monthly  report  as  to  the  industry  of  each  person  so  furloughed  shall  be 
received  from  disinterested  sources,  and  that  the  furlough  shall  terminate  automati- 
cally upon  the  receipt  of  report  that  he  is  not  working  to  the  best  of  his  ability;  and 

(2)  That  no  person  shall  be  recommended  for  such  furlough  who  does  not  volun- 
tarily agree  that  he  shall  receive  for  his  labor  an  amount  no  greater  than  a  private's 
pay,  plus  an  estimated  sum  for  subsistence  if  such  be  not  provided  by  the  employer. 
It  is  suggested  that  any  additional  amount  which  may  be  offered  for  the  service  of 
such  men  be  contributed  to  the  Red  Cross. 

5.  In  exceptional  cases  the  board  may  recommend  furlough  for  service  in  France 
in  the  Friends'  Reconstruction  Unit. 

6.  If  there  shall  be  any  instances  in  which  the  findings  of  courts-martial  at  camps 
or  posts  in  cases  involving  conscientious  objectors  shall  be  disapproved  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  War,  the  men  concerned  shall  also  be  transferred  to  Fort  Leavenworth,  and 
similarly  examined  and  reported  upon  by  the  board  of  inquiry. 

7.  Any  man  who  is  not  recommended  for  furlough  by  this  board,  or  who  being 
offered  such  furlough  shall  refuse  to  accept  it,  or  whose  furlough  shall  be  terminated 
for  the  reasons  indicated  above,  or  for  other  reasons  deemed  sufficient  by  the  Secre- 


NONCOMBATANTS.  61 

tary  of  War,  shall  be  required  to  perform  such  noncombatant  service  as  may  be  assigned 
to  him  and  shall  be  held  strictly  accountable  under  the  articles  of  war  for  the  proper 
performance  of  such  service  and  to  strict  obedience  of  all  laws  governing  or  appli- 
cable to  soldiers  employed  in  that  status.  In  the  event  of  disobedience  of  such  laws 
or  failure  to  perform  such  service,  the  offender  shall  be  tried  by  court-martial,  and  if 
found  guilty  and  sentenced  to  confinement  shall  be  detained  in  the  disciplinary  bar- 
racks for  the  term  of  his  sentence. 

8.  Pending  the  final  decision  in  each  case  as  to  the  disposal  of  these  men,  the  direc- 
tions as  to  their  treatment  issued  from  time  to  time  by  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War 
remain  in  force.  These  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

As  a  matter  of  public  health  every  man  in  camp,  entirely  apart  from  his  military 
status,  shall  be  expected  to  keep  himself  and  his  belongings  and  surroundings  clean, 
and  his  body  in  good  condition  through  appropriate  exercise.  Men  declining  to  per- 
form military  duties  shall  be  expected  to  prepare  their  own  food. 

If,  however,  any  drafted  man,  upon  his  arrival  at  camp  either  through  the  presenta- 
tion of  a  certificate  from  his  local  board,  or  by  written  statement  addressed  by  himself 
to  the  commanding  officer,  shall  record  himself  as  a  conscientious  objector,  he  shall 
not,  against  his  will,  be  required  to  wear  a  uniform  or  to  bear  arms;  nor  if,  pending  the 
final  decision  as  to  his  status,  he  shall  decline  to  perform,  under  military  direction, 
duties  which  he  states  to  be  contrary  to  the  dictates  of  his  conscience,  shall  he  receive 
punitive  treatment  for  such  conduct. 

No  man  who  fails  to  report  at  camp,  in  accordance  with  the  instructions  of  his  local 
board,  or  who,  having  reported,  fails  to  make  clear  upon  his  arrival  his  decision  to  be 
regarded  as  a  conscientious  objector,  is  entitled  to  the  treatment  outlined  above. 

In  the  assignment  of  any  soldier  to  duty,  combatant,  or  noncombatant,  the  War 
Department  recognizes  no  distinction  between  service  in  the  United  States  and  service 
abroad. 

The  board  of  inquiry  named  in  the  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War, 
and  consisting  of  one  military  officer  and  two  civilians,  visited  the 
various  camps  between  June  and  October,  1918,  and  inquired  into 
the  individual  cases  of  recalcitrants,  both  religious  creed  claimants 
and  conscientious  objectors,  and  made  recommendations  for  action 
of  the  President.  Reports  of  this  board  show  the  following  state  of 

facts ; 

TABLE  14. — Disposal  of  conscientious  objectors. 


Disposal  of  conscientious  objectors. 

Number. 

1 

Total  cases  of  objectors  inquired  into        ..      ..'  

1,697 

9 

Found  to  be  sincere  entirely  or  in  part      

1,461 

S 

Found  insincere      ..                                         

103 

4 

Remanded  for  further  inquiry  

88 

5 

Remanded  for  examination  as  to  mental  deficiency       

7 

r. 

Otherwise  disposed  of  

38 

3.  Court-martial  trials  of  conscientious  objectors. — During  the  period 
extending  from  September,  1917,  to  the  middle  of  November,  1918, 
the  number  of  professed  conscientious  objectors  (as  reported  from  the 
Judge  Advocate  General's  Office)  who  were  tried  by  courts-martial, 
convicted,  and  sentenced  to  terms  ranging  from  three  months  to  50 
years,  was  371. 


62  CHAPTER   III.    THE   PROCESS   OF   SELECTION". 

Of  this  number,  80  per  cent  were  charged  with  violations  of  the 
sixty-fourth  article  of  war,  the  specification  in  nearly  every  instance 
being  that  the  accused  had  disobeyed  the  order  of  a  superior  officer 
to  perform  work  about  camp,  to  drill,  to  submit  to  vaccination  and 
innoculation,  to  sign  the  enlistment  card,  or  to  wear  the  uniform. 
The  maximum  sentence  imposed  on  men  convicted  on  this  charge 
was  50  years;  the  average  sentence  was  10  years.  In  95  cases,  sen- 
tence of  life  imprisonment  was  mitigated  to  25  years  by  the'reviewing 
authority. 

Approximately  12  per  cent  were  accused  and  convicted  of  deser- 
tion. In  these  cases  sentences  averaged  15  to  20  years.  In  one 
instance  the  deserter  was  sentenced  to  life  imprisonment,  but  the 
reviewing  authority  reduced  the  term  to  25  years.  Another  deserter 
was  sentenced  to  be  shot;  this  sentence  was  changed  by  the  review- 
ing authority  to  confinement  for  25  years. 

Violation  of  the  ninety-sixth  article  of  war  was  charged  against 
5  per  cent  of  the  total  number  convicted,  the  specifications  being 
disloyal  utterances  and  abusive  language  against  the  United  States 
Government.  The  average  sentence  was  10  years  imprisonment; 
three  were  sentenced  to  terms  of  30  years,  and  in  five  cases  sentences 
to  life  imprisonment  were  changed  to  25  years. 

The  remaining  3  per  cent  were  charged  with  disobedience,  refusal 
to  submit  to  physical  examination,  failure  to  report  for  guard  duty, 
and  similar  offenses.  The  sentences  averaged  10  years. 

(Vm)  THE  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CLASSIFICATION  LIST. 

1.  Reasons  for  this  measure. — When  the  United  States  entered  the 
World  War,  the  most  important  problem  with  which  our  Govern- 
ment was  confronted  was  that  of  raising  and  equipping  a  large  army. 
The  next  most  important  problem  was  that  of  transporting  to  France 
this  army  and  all  necessary  food,  ammunition,  and  material  for 
maintaining  it  in  the  field.  This  problem  reduced  itself  to  a  ques- 
tion of  ships. 

For  the  purpose  of  mobilizing  the  man-power  of  the  Nation  and  of 
raising  the  necessary  army,  Congress  enacted  the  Selective  Service 
Law.  This  law  left  the  details  of  administration  to  presidential  regu- 
lation, and  the  task  of  putting  the  law  into  execution  was  assigned  to 
this  office  whose  guiding  principle  has  been  and  is  "  military  effective- 
ness first."  Military  effectiveness  is  closely  related  to  and  dependent 
upon  industrial  and  agricultural  effectiveness.  Therefore  the  indus- 
trial and  agricultural  needs  of  the  Nation  were  strongly  developed 
with  reference  to  deferments  under  the  first  draft.  But  when  a  war 
is  being  waged  on  a  battle  field  3,000  miles  from  our  coast  line,  mili- 
tary, industrial,  and  agricultural  effectiveness  are  attainable  only  by 
attaining  at  the  same  time  marine  effectiveness,  next  in  importance 


THE    EMERGENCY    FLEET   CLASSIFICATION    LIST.  63 

to  military  effectiveness.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  this  office  was 
vitally  interested  in  so  adjusting  the  incidence  of  the  military  draft 
as  to  make  it  consistent  with  marine  effectiveness. 

The  shipping  facilities  of  this  country  at  that  time  were  wholly 
inadequate  to  accomplish  the  great  task  of  transporting  the  Army 
to  France  and  maintaining  it  there.  We  did  not  have  the  ships. 
The  shipping  facilities  of  Great  Britain,  though  very  large,  were 
already  overtaxed  with  the  great  burdens  of  transporting,  feeding, 
and  maintaining  the  armies  which  Great  Britain  had  placed  in  the 
field  on  all  fronts  and  of  transporting  food  from  different  parts  of 
the  world  to  England  for  the  sustenance  of  the  civilian  population 
there.  Moreover,  the  loss  of  shipping  tonnage,  sunk  by  German 
submarines,  was  extremely  heavy  and  menacing.  On  April  12, 
1917,  in  a  speech  at  the  American  Luncheon  Club,  Premier  Lloyd 
George  sounded  his  clarion  call  to  America  for  ships:  "The  road 
to  victory,  the  guarantee  of  victory,  the  absolute  assurance  of  victory, 
is  to  be  found  in  one  word — Ships.  In  a  second  word — Ships.  In 
a  third  word — Ships.  I  see  that  America  fully  realizes  this." 

The  American  Government  immediately  formulated  and  put  into 
process  of  execution  an  extensive  shipbuilding  program  involving 
the  vast  enlargement  of  all  existing  shipyards,  the  building  outright 
of  many  new  shipyards,  and  the  transforming  of  numerous  established 
industrial  enterprises  into  plants  for  the  manufacture  of  fittings 
for  ships. 

Prior  to  the  entrance  of  the  United  States  into  the  war  it  is  esti- 

• 

mated  approximately  47,000  men  were  engaged  in  the  shipbuilding 
industry.  The  large  national  shipbuilding  program  now  under- 
taken called  for  such  tremendous  extensions  in  this  industry  that  the 
number  of  men  trained  and  skilled  in  shipbuilding  was  totally 
inadequate.  By  October,  1917,  it  was  estimated  there  were  112,000 
men  engaged  in  shipbuilding.  But  it  soon  appeared  that  even  this 
number  was  not  sufficient  to  carry  the  project  forward.  The  problem 
presented  was  to  secure  labor  for  the  shipbuilding  industry,  and,  so 
far  as  consistent  with  the  military  necessities  of  the  Nation,  to  pro- 
tect the  organization  of  that  industry  against  continual  disorganiza- 
tion and  resultant  ineffectiveness  by  the  removal  of  its  employees 
who  were  registrants,  through  induction  into  the  military  service 
under  the  Selective  Service  Law  and  regulations. 

This  office  undertook  to  cooperate  with  and  assist  the  shipbuilding 
industry  so  far  as  was  possible  by  granting  a  special  deferment  of 
call  into  military  service  to  all  registrants  engaged  in  the  building 
and  manning  of  ships  under  the  supervision  of  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment, the  United  States  Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Cor- 
poration, and  the  recruiting  service  of  the  United  States  Shipping 
Board. 


64  CHAPTER  III.   THE   PROCESS  OF   SELECTION. 

For  the  foregoing  reasons,  provisions  were  made  in  November, 
1917,  in  drafting  sections  152  to  155  J  of  the  revised  Selective  Service 
Regulations  for  an  Emergency  Fleet  Classification  List.  The  pur- 
pose of  these  sections  of  the  regulations  was  twofold:  First,  to  defer 
and  postpone  the  call  for  military  service  of  all  registrants  placed 
thereon  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  they  were  engaged  in  the  building 
of  ships  or  the  manufacture  of  fittings  therefor  under  the  supervision 
of  the  Navy  Department  or  the  United  States  Shipping  Board 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  or  were  in  training  for  or  actually  in 
service  as  mariners  under  the  general  supervision  of  the  recruiting 
service  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board;  second,  to  encourage 
men  to  engage  in  the  building  and  manning  of  ships.  This  special 
deferment  obtained  only  so  long  as  the  registrants  remained  so 
engaged.  To  what  extent  these  regulations  proved  to  be  effective 
will  appear  later. 

2.  General  plan — (a)  Functions  of  the  office  of  the  Provost  Marshal 
General. — Under  the  general  plan  for  Emergency  Fleet  classification 
listing  of  registrants,  as  provided  for  in  the  Selective  Service  Regula- 
tions, a  registrant  was  placed  on  the  Emergency  Fleet  classification 
list,  and  granted  a  special  deferment  of  call  for  military  service,  at  the 
request  of  an  authorized  official  of  the  Navy  Department,  of  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  or  of 
the  recruiting  service  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board. 

The  conditions  precedent  entitling  a  registrant  to  Emergency  Fleet 
classification  listing  were:  First,  that  he  be  actually  employed  and 
engaged  in  the  building  of  ships  or  the  manufacture  of  fittings  there 
for,  or  be  in  training  for  or  actually  in  service  as  a  mariner;  second 
that  such  employment  be  under  the  supervision  of  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment or  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corpora- 
lion,  or  that  such  training  for  or  service  as  a  mariner  he  under  the 
supervision  of  the  recruiting  service  of  the  United  States  Shipping 
Board;  and  third,  that  a  request  for  such  listing  be  made  and  signed 
by  one  of  the  designated  officials,  as  specifically  set  forth  in  the  regu- 
lations, on  the  prescribed  P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1024. 

Every  local  board  maintained  a  special  copy  of  the  classification 
list,  preceding  the  caption  of  which,  in  the  box  there  provided,  was 
written  in  bold  characters  the  words  -"  Emergency  Fleet."  The  local 
board,  upon  the  receipt  of  the  above-mentioned  Emergency  Fleet 
request,  if  the  same  was  received  prior  to  the  mailing  to  the  registrant 
of  an  order  to  report  for  military  service,  forthwith  entered  the  name 
of  such  registrant  on  the  Emergency  Fleet  classification  list  and  also 
entered  in  Column  29  of  the  original  classification  list,  opposite  the 
name  of  such  registrant,  the  letters  "E.  F."  in  red  ink.  The  classifi- 
cation of  such  registrant  upon  his  questionnaire,  and  all  process  pre- 
scribed in  the  selective  service  regulations  with  respect  to  him,  were 


THE   EMERGENCY   FLEET  CLASSIFICATION   LIST.  65 

not  changed  by  placing  him  on  the  Emergency  Fleet  classification 
list,  except  that  so  long  as  he  remained  thereon  he  was  to  be  regarded 
as  not  available  for  military  service. 

Under  the  Selective  Service  Regulations,  first  edition,  effective 
December  15,  1917,  all  registrants,  irrespective  of  their  classification, 
whether  in  Class  I,  II,  III,  IV,  or  V,  were  eligible  to  be  placed  on  the 
Emergency  Fleet  classification  list.  It  was  also  provided  that  the 
ofTicial  requesting  the  Emergency  Fleet  classification  listing  of  a 
registrant  should  make  a  monthly  report  to  the  registrant's  local 
board,  stating  that  the  registrant  was  still  employed.  Each  local 
board  was  required  to  make  a  monthly  check  of  its  Emergency  Fleet 
classification  list;  and  in  the  event  the  monthly  report  was  not 
received  by  the  local  board,  at  the  specified  tune,  the  board  was 
required  to  remove  the  registrant  from  the  list.  On  June  25,  1918, 
local  boards  were  instructed  that  these  reports  would  be  suspended 
for  June  and  July;  on  July  20,  1918,  these  monthly  reports  were  in- 
definitely suspended.  (Sec.  154,  note  1,  S.  S.  R.,  2d  ed.)  And  on  July 
23,  1918,  by  a  general  telegram  from  this  office,  the  placing  of  Class 
I  men  on  the  list  by  the  Navy  Department  and  the  United  States 
Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  (though  not  by  the 
Recruiting  Service  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board)  was  sus- 
pended. (Sec.  153,  note  3,  S.  S.  R.,  2d  ed.) 

With  exception  of  the  removal  of  a  registrant  from  the  Emergency 
Fleet  classification  list  by  his  local  board  upon  failure  to  receive  the 
monthly  report  (which  exception  no  longer  obtains)  a  registrant 
could  not  be  removed  from  the  Emergency  Fleet  classification  list  by 
his  local  board  until  the  board  received  from  the  official  who  made 
the  request  for  such  listing  in  the  first  instance  a  notice,  on  specified 
P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1025,  that  the  registrant  was  no  longer  entitled  to 
such  listing  and  should  be  removed  from  the  list.  Upon  the  receipt 
of  this  notice  the  local  board  forthwith  struck  the  registrant's  name 
from  the  list,  and  he  immediately  became  once  more  subject  to  call 
for  military  service  in  accordance  with  his  original  classification  and 
order  number. 

The  powers  and  functions  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General's  office 
with  respect  to  the  administration  of  the  Selective  Service  Regu- 
lations relating  to  Emergency  Fleet  classification  listing  were  super- 
visory and  directory.  The  details  of  the  operation  of  the  general 
plan  were  left  to  the  discretion  and  good  judgment  of  the  three  ship- 
building agencies.  They  acted  independently  of  each  other,  and 
adopted  slightly  different  systems  of  operation  to  meet  then'  dif- 
ferent needs  and  conditions. 

(b)  Plan  of  operation  issued  by  the  Navy  Department. — The  Secre- 
tary of  the  Navy  placed  the  administration  of  the  Selective  Service 
Regulations  relating  to  Emergency  Fleet  classification  listing  of  em- 
97250°— 19 5 


66  CHAPTER   III.    THE    PROCESS   OF    SELECTION. 

ployees  of  navy  yards  and  naval  stations  in  the  hands  of  the  com- 
mandants of  such  yards  and  stations.  The  commandants  selected 
those  registrants  employed  by  the  Navy  Department,  under  their 
supervision,  to  be  placed  on  the  Emergency  Fleet  classification  list, 
and  the  requests  on  P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1024,  for  the  listing  of  such 
registrants  were  made  by  the  commandant  direct  to  the  local  boards 
without  reference  to  the  Navy  Department. 

The  responsibility  for  the  selection  of  men  employed  by  private 
shipbuilding  plants  engaged  on  naval  work  to  be  placed  on  the 
Emergency  Fleet  classification  list  was  lodged  in  the  hands  of  the 
superintending  constructors  at  such  plants,  and  in  these  cases  the 
requests  were  forwarded  to  the  commandant  of  the  naval  district  in 
which  the  plant  was  located  and  by  him  to  the  local  boards. 

In  addition  to  the  private  shipbuilding  plants  actually  engaged  in. 
building  ships  for  the  Navy  Department  there  were  several  hundred 
private  manufacturing  plants  throughout  the  country  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  fittings  for  ships.  In  these  cases  action  looking  to 
the  Emergency  Fleet  classification  of  his  employees  was  initiated  by 
the  contractor  in  each  case,  who  submitted  a  list  of  such  employees 
to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  through  the  naval  inspector  in  charge 
of  work  at  the  plant,  who  was  charged  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
with  the  duty  of  making  careful  investigation  in  each  case  of  the 
necessity  for  Emergency  Fleet  classification.  The  list  was  passed 
upon  by  the  Secretary  or  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Nav}T,  and,  in 
the  cases  of  those  for  whom  Emergency  Fleet  classification  was 
approved,  the  inspector  forwarded  P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1024  to  the 
commandant  of  the  naval  district  in  which  the  plant  was  located, 
who  thereupon  signed  and  forwarded  it  to  the  local  board,  retaining 
a  duplicate  in  his  files. 

(c)  Plan  of  operation  used  by  the  United  States  Shipping  Board 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation. — The  United  States  Shipping  Board 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  for  purposes  of  administering  the 
Selective  Service  Regulations  relating  to  the  Emergency  Fleet  classi- 
fication list,  designated  the  industrial  relations  division  of  the 
corporation  as  the  administrative  agency  of  its  several  divisions  to 
deal  with  all  matters  pertaining  to  such  listing.  This  division  as- 
signed the  same  to  its  draft  classification  and  transfer  branch  of 
labor  supply  section — the  branch  which  under  different  designa- 
tions has  handled  this  work  since  the  initial  publication  of  the  regu- 
lations. Until  June  1,  1918,  the  work  was  centered  at  the  home 
office  at  Washington.  Then  it  was  decentralized,  and  there  were 
established  branch  district  offices. 

The  various  shipyards  and  subcontractors,  under  the  supervision 
of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation, 
were  assigned  to  the  various  district  (or  branch)  offices  in  such  a 


THE    EMERGENCY   FLEET  CLASSIFICATION    LIST.  67 

way  as  to  bring  each  plant  within  the  radius,  by  mail  or  otherwise, 
of  a  maximum  of  24-hour  personal  service.  These  employers  sub- 
mitted to  the  yard  representatives  of  the  industrial  relations  divi- 
sion stationed  at  the  shipyards,  or  inspectors  or  officers  inspecting  at 
the  industrial  plants,  as  the  case  might  be,  for  forwarding  to  the 
proper  district  office  all  applications,  requests,  reports,  etc.,  required 
by  the  Selective  Service  .Regulations.  All  applications,  requests, 
reports,  etc.,  respecting  Emergency  Fleet  classification  listing  prepared 
or  compiled  for  forwarding  to  an  office  of  the  industrial  relations 
division,  or  to  the  home  office,  as  the  case  might  be,  were  first  sub- 
mitted to  the  yard  representative  or  inspector  making  inspections 
and  examinations  at  the  manufacturing  plant.  He  indicated  his 
approval,  disapproval,  comment,  or  suggestion,  upon  the  face  of  such 
application^  etc.,  or  attached  his  separate  memorandum  to  each 
copy  thereof  and  forwarded  the  same  to  the  district  office  of  the 
territory  in  which  such  yard  or  plant  was  located.  The  district 
offices,  if  Emergency  Fleet  classification  listing  was  deemed  proper, 
then  sent  requests  for  such  listing  on  P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1024  to  the 
registrants'  local  boards.  The  district  offices  likewise  notified  the 
local  boards  when  the  registrants'  names  should  be  removed  from 
the  Emergency  Fleet  classification  list  by  sending  a  notice  to  that 
effect  on  P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1025. 

The  home  office  had  supervision  of  the  work  of  the  various  district 
offices.  It  indicated  and  directed  the  policies  to  be  followed,  pre- 
pared and  initially  distributed  all  forms  used,  and  handled  all  matters 
of  correspondence  relating  to  deferments.  Regular  inspections  were 
made  of  the  several  shipyards,  industrial  plants,  and  establishments 
as  to  all  matters  connected  with  Emergency  Fleet  listing,  and  reports 
were  transmitted  to  the.  home  office  for  such  action  and  further  in- 
struction as  the  facts  justify  and  circumstances  demand. 

(d)  Plan  of  operation  used  by  the  recruiting  service  of  the  United 
States  Shipping  Board. — The  recruiting  service  of  the  United  States 
Shipping  Board,  for  administrative  purposes,  was  divided  into  seven 
sections.  Under  the  system  which  it  used  in  connection  with  the 
administration  of  the  Selective  Service  Regulations,  each  section 
chief,  having  supervision  of  the  engineering  and  navigation  schools 
in  his  section,  mailed  P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1024,  in  behalf  of  the  reg- 
istrant, to  his  local  board,  upon  his  enrollment  in  any  of  these  schools. 
Immediately  upon  the  discharge  or  resignation  of  any  registrant,  the 
section  chief  immediately  mailed  P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1025  to  the 
local  board.  Upon  graduation  from  any  of  these  schools,  the  reg- 
istrant reported  to  the  agent  of  the  nearest  sea-service  bureau,  and 
was  then  placed  in  sea  service.  Each  supervisor  of  sea  training, 
having  supervision  of  a  training  ship,  mailed  P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1024, 
in  behalf  of  any  registrant  to  his  local  board,  upon  his  acceptance 


68 


CHAPTER   III.    THE   PROCESS   OF    SELECTION. 


aboard  the  training  ship;  and  immediately  upon  his  discharge  from 
the  service,  P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1025  was  mailed  to  the  local  board. 
Upon  the  graduation  of  the  registrant  from  the  training  ship,  he  was 
sent  to  the  nearest  agent  of  the  sea-service  bureau  and  placed  in 
sea  service.  The  recruiting  service  also  placed  on  the  Emergency 
Fleet  list  a  small  number  of  experienced  mariners,  most  of  whom 
were  classified  in  Class  I,  and  consequently  were  unable  to  ship 
unless  they  were  reclassified  in  Class  IV-B,  or  were  placed  on  the 
Emergency  fleet  list.  All  these  mariners  signed  a  sea-service 
contract  to  serve  for  the  duration  of  the  war.  Reports,  registra- 
tions, and  placements  from  the  sea-service  agents  were  sent  in  daily 
to  headquarters  at  Boston. 

In  addition  to  being  placed  on  the  Emergency  Fleet  classifica- 
tion list,  registrants  under  the  supervision  of  the  recruiting  service 
were  issued  permits  for  passports  by  their  local  boards.  When  a 
registrant  was  discharged  by  the  recruiting  service  his  local  board 
was  so  notified  on  P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1025,  and  his  permit  for  pass- 
port was  returned  to  his  local  board. 

3 .  Shipbuilding  labor-power  obtained  by  this  system. — The  numerical 
results  of  the  system,  as  shown  by  reports  received  from  the  various 
shipbuilding  agencies  and  compared  with  the  reports  received  from 
the  local  boards,  may  now  be  examined  (all  of  these  figures  being 
approximate  only,  because  of  the  complex  records  involved). 

The  total  number  of  registrants  placed,  at  various  times  on  the 
Emergency  Fleet  classification  list  at  the  request  of  the  various 
agencies  was  202,849;  the  number  of  such  registrants  removed  from 
the  list  at  various  times  was  56,414;  leaving  a  net  total  of  registrants 
on  the  list  on  October  15,  1918,  as  146,435.  These  original  place- 
ments and  subsequent  cancellations  were  distributed  among  the 
three  shipbuilding  agencies  as  follows: 

TABLE  15. — Emergency  Fleet  deferments  as  reduced  by  later  action. 


Emergency  Fleet  deferments  as  reduced  by  later  action. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  defer- 
ments. 

Per  cent 
of  total  can- 
cellations. 

1 

Total  Emergency  Fleet  deferments  originally 
granted             .   ...         

202,  849 

100.  00 

9 

Total  cancellations  

56,  414 

27.81 

100.00 

3 

-1 

Navy  Department  — 
Total  deferments    

55,  653 

27.43 

5 

Cancellations     

12,  749 

6.28 

22.60 

6 

7 

Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  — 
Total  deferements  

129,  897 

64.04 

s 

Cancellations                     

42,  291 

20.85 

74.97 

9 
10 

Shipping  Board  Recruiting  Service  — 
Total  deferments  

17,  299 

8.53 

11 

Cancellations  

1,374 

.68 

2.43 

THE    EMERGENCY   FLEET   CLASSIFICATION    LIST. 


69 


The  net  total  number  of  registrants  on  the  Emergency  Fleet 
Classification  List,  on  October  15,  1918,  was  146,435;  distributed 
as  shown  in  Table  16  among  the  three  shipbuilding  agencies;  the 
same  table  shows  also  the  total  numbers  of  employees  in  the  respec- 
tive agencies: 

TABLE  16. — Emergency  fleet  (shipbuilding)  entries — ratio  to  employees,  by  districts. 


Per  cent 

Emergency  fleet  (shipbuilding)  entries  —  ratio  to 
employees,  by  districts. 

Number 

Per  cent 
of  total 
employees. 

of  total 

emergency 
fleet 

entries. 

1 

Total  shipping  employees  

788,  755 

100.00 

2 

Total    Emergency   Fleet   entries    in 

force  Oct   15,  1918  

146,  435 

18.57 

100.00 

3 

Navy  Department  — 

4 

Total  employees     .,       

175,  000 

22  19 

5 

Entered  Emergency  Fleet  

42,904 

5.44 

29.30 

6 

Shipping  Board  Recruiting  Service  —  • 

7 

Total  employees  

15,  925 

2.02 

8 

Entered  Emergency  Fleet  

15,  925 

2.02 

10.88 

9 

Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  — 

II) 

Total  emplovees                

597,  830 

75.79 

11 

Entered  Emergency  Fleet  

87,  606 

11.11 

59.82 

Of  these  146,435  registrants  on  the  list  on  October  15,  1918, 
48,374;  or  33  per  cent,  were  classified  in  Class  I;  the  distribution 
among  the  three  shipbuilding  agencies  being  as  shown  in  Table  17. 

TABLE  17. — Ratio  of  Emergency  Fleet  deferments  to  other  grounds  for  deferment  for 

shipbuilding  registrants. 


Ratio  of  Emergency  Fleet  deferments  to  other  grounds  for 
deferment  for  shipbuilding  registrants. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
employees. 

Per  cent  of 
Class  I. 

1 

Total  employees,  ages  21-39  years  (entered  as  Emer- 
gency Fleet)      

146,  435 

100.  00 

9 

Class  I                   

48,  374 

33.  03 

100.00 

3 

Deferred  on  other  grounds  

98,  061 

66.97 

4 
5 

Navy  Department- 
Total  entered  as  Emergencv  Fleet  

42,  904 

100.  00 

6 

Class  I                     

9,297 

21.67 

19.22 

7 

Deferred  on  other  ^rounds    

33,  607 

78.33 

8 
q 

Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  —  - 
Total  entered  as  Emergency  Fleet 

87,  606 

100.  00 

10 

Class  I     .                  

26,  337 

30.  06 

54.44 

11 

Deferred  on  other  grounds  

61,  269 

69.94 

12 
13 

Shipping  Board  —  Recruiting  Service  — 
Total  entered  as  Emergency  Fleet 

15,  925 

100.  00 

14 

Class  I  

12,  740 

80.00 

26.34 

15 

Deferred  on  other  grounds 

3,185 

20.00 

4.  Operation  of  the  system. — (a)  Complaints. — Before  pointing  out  the 
effect  of  the  general  plan  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Classification  List, 
it  will  be  well  to  discuss  briefly  a  number  of  complaints  which  arose 


70  CHAPTER   III.    THE   PROCESS   OF    SELECTION. 

in  connection  with  the  administration  of  the  Selective  Service  Regu- 
lations concerning  the  list. 

Numerous  complaints  were  made  to  this  office  by  individuals  and 
by  local  boards,  and  others  appeared  in  the  public  press,  with  respect 
to  a  supposed  abuse  of  the  privilege  extended  under  these  regula- 
tions. The  complaints,  in  the  main,  alleged  that  registrants  in 
Class  I  sought  employment  in  the  shipbuilding  industry,  or  training 
or  service  as  mariners,  for  the  avowed  and  express  purpose  of  evading 
military  service  under  the  Selective  Service  Regulations;  that  the 
industrial  establishments  under  the  supervision  of  the  privileged 
agencies  used  the  Emergency  Fleet  Classification  List  to  aid  and 
assist  personal  friends,  who  were  in  Class  I,  to  get  this  special  defer- 
ment for  the  purpose  of  evading  military  service;  and  that  regis- 
trants, who  were  professional  baseball  players,  were  placed  on  the 
list  to  exempt  them  from  military  service  when  called  in  the  sequence 
of  their  class  and  order  number.  On  the  other  hand,  this  office 
received  complaints  from  the  same  official  agencies,  to  the  effect 
that  local  boards  were  not  cooperating  with  them  in  the  administra- 
tion of  these  regulations,  and  arbitrarily  refused  to  honor  Emergency 
Fleet  requests,  or  removed  registrants  from  the  Emergency  Fleet 
Classification  List  without  authority. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  there  were  some  abuses  of  this  privilege  of 
being  placed  on  the  Emergency  Fleet  Classification  List.  Some 
registrants  sought  employment  in  the  shipbuilding  industry  or  train- 
ing or  service  as  mariners,  intentionally  and  in  such  manner  as  to 
clearly  demonstrate  that  they  were  actuated  solely  by  their  desire 
to  evade  military  service.  Some  registrants  were  assisted  in  getting 
on  the  Emergency  Fleet  Classification  List  by  personal  friends,  who 
were  operating  industrial  plants  under  the  supervision  of  the  Navy 
Department  or  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  in  order  that  they 
might  in  this  manner  avoid  being  drafted.  An  attempt,  which  from 
the  newspaper  reports  seemed  to  be  an  organized  plan,  was  made 
by  some  professional  baseball  players  to  get  on  the  Emergency  Fleet 
Classification  List,  in  order  to  avoid  being  called  for  military  service, 
and  thus  to  continue  to  play  ball. 

How  many  cases  of  abuse  of  the  foregoing  character  there  were,  it 
is  impossible  to  state.  However,  every  case  in  which  a  complaint  of 
the  foregoing  nature  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  this  office  was 
promptly  and  thoroughly  investigated.  Where  the  facts  showed  an 
abuse  of  the  privilege  of  Emergency  Fleet  classification  listing,  the 
registrant  was  forthwith  removed  from  the  Emergency  Fleet  Classifi- 
cation List  by  the  supervising  agency. 

With  respect  to  the  complaints  of  an  organized  attempt  on  the 
part  of  professional  baseball  players  to  be  placed  on  the  Emergency 
Fleet  Classification  List  to  evade  military  service,  this  office,  immedi- 


THE   EMERGENCY    FLEET   CLASSIFICATION    LIST.  71 

atoly  upon  having  the  matter  brought  to  its  attention,  made  an 
investigation.  The  investigation  showed  that  such  individual 
attempts  wore  being  made,  and  that  in  a  few  instances  baseball 
players  had  been  placed  on  the  list  and  were  being  permitted  to 
continue  to  play  baseball  by  their  employers,  who  required  them  to 
do  only  a  nominal  amount  of  work  in  connection  with  the  building 
of  ships  or  the  manufacture  of  fittings  therefor.  With  the  cooperation 
of  the  three  agencies,  this  office  promptly  put  an  end  to  this  practice. 
Where  an  abuse  of  this  nature  was  found,  the  registrant  was  removed 
from  the  Emergency  Fleet  Classification  List  at  once,  thereupon 
automatically  becoming  subject  to  call  for  military  service  in  the 
sequence  of  his  class  and  order  number. 

The  officials  in  authority  in  the  three  shipbuilding  agencies,  cooper- 
ated with  and  assisted  this  office,  in  every  way  in  their  power,  by 
making  investigations  of  all  complaints  and  in  removing  registrants 
who  were  found  to  bo  improperly  placed  on  the  Emergency  Fleet 
Classification  List  or  were  found  to  have  abused  this  privilege. 

How  many  such  registrants  sought  employment  in  the  shipbuild- 
ing industry,  or  training  or  service  as  mariners,  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  the  special  deferment  granted  by  the  Selective  Service 
Regulations  governing  the  Emergency  Fleet  Classification  List,  can 
not  be  estimated  with  any  degree  of  accuracy.  But  it  must  be  noted 
that  this  motive  in  and  of  itself  did  not  constitute  an  abuse  of  the 
special  privilege.  The  regulations  permitted  this  listing,  and  it  was 
realized  that  many  would  avail  themselves  of  it  by  seeking  such 
employment.  In  fact,  one  of  the  purposes  of  these  special  regulations 
was  to  induce  laborers  to  seek  this  essential  employment.  If  any 
registrants  did  so  from  this  motive,  and  if  there  were  no  elements  of 
abuse  (such  as  failing  to  report  to  local  boards  when  ordered  and  then 
seeking  this  employment  as  a  protection,  or  such  as  shirking  in  their 
work),  and  if  they  were  placed  on  the  Emergency  Fleet  Classification 
List  in  the  prescribed  way,  and  if  they  conscientiously  performed  their 
duty  while  so  employed,  they  acted  clearly  'within  their  rights. 
They  performed  work  of  immense  value  to  the  Government,  and 
contributed  materially  and  effectively  to  the  winning  of  the  war. 
And  this  office  has  no  criticism  to  offer  for  such  a  course*  of  action. 

With  reference  to  complaints  made  by  the  Navy  Department,  the 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  and  the  Recruiting  Service  that  local 
boards  failed  to  honor  Emergency  Fleet  requests  and  removed 
registrants  from  the  Emergency  Fleet  classification  list,  in  some 
instances  arbitrarily  and  without  authority,  it  may  be  stated  that, 
although  there  was  cause  for  complaint  in  a  number  of  cases,  yet  on 
the  whole  the  locaj  boards  responded  to  and  cooperated  with  these 
departments  and  this  office  in  a  splendid  manner.  The  boards 
acted  under  trying  conditions  and  were  subject  to  great  pressure  in 


72  CHAPTER   III.   THE   PEOCESS  OF   SELECTION. 

the  matter  of  classifying  registrants  and  filling  quotas  under  the  large 
calls  which  were  being  made  upon  them,  and  this  in  the  face  of  the 
natural  resentment  aroused  in  some  communities  on  account  of 
individual  cases  of  personal  abuse  of  the  regulations  by  registrants  or 
their  employers.  The  large  majority  of  cases  in  which  it  was  alleged 
that  local  boards  refused  to  honor  requests  proved  upon  investiga- 
tion to  be  cases  in  which  the  requests  failed  to  reach  the  boards 
because  of  incorrect  or  insufficient  addresses  used  in  mailing  out  the 
requests  or  because  the  cards  were  lost  in  the  mails  or  because  the 
requests  reached  the  boards  after  they  had  mailed  orders  to  the 
registrants  to  report  for  military  service.  The  number  of  cases 
where  the  boards  arbitrarily  declined  to  honor  Emergency  Fleet 
requests  was  almost  negligible,  and  this  office  in  such  cases  im- 
mediately took  steps  to  correct  any  mistakes  the  boards  might  have 
made  and  pointed  out  to  the  boards  their  errors  and  the  necessity  of 
complying  strictly  with  the  provisions  of  the  Selective  Service 
Regulations. 

(6)  General  results  of  the  measure. — The  interesting  question  now 
remains,  whether  or  not  the  plan  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  classification 
list  accomplished  the  desired  and  expected  results. 

It  may  be  stated  that  the  Emergency  Fleet  Classification  List,  as  a 
measure  for  the  purpose  of  deferring  and  postponing  the  call  for 
military  service  of  all  registrants  placed  thereon,  was  entirely  effective 
and  satisfactory.  Thus  one  of  the  expected  results,  though  perhaps 
the  least  important,  was  accomplished. 

With  respect  to  the  success  of  the  plan  as  a  means  of  assisting  and 
forwarding  the  execution  of  the  national  shipbuilding  program,  we 
have  to  depend  for  an  answer  upon  the  figures  given  above  and  upon 
the  opinions  of  the  officials  of  the  Navy  Department,  the  Emergency 
Fleet  Corporation*,  and  the  Recruiting  Service. 

On  October  15,  1918,  there  were  (Table  16)  approximately  788,755 
men  engaged  in  the  building  of  ships  or  the  manufacture  of  fittings 
therefor  or  in  training  for  service  as  mariners  under  the  supervision 
of  these  three  departments  or  agencies  of  the  Government.  Of  this 
total  number  about  one-fifth,  or  to  be  exact  18.57  per  cent,  were  on 
the  Emergency  Fleet  classification  list.  It  would  thus  appear, 
at  first  impression,  that  the  shipbuilding  industry  secured  one-fifth 
of  its  present  force,  or,  approximately,  146,435  men,  through  the 
assistance  of  the  provisions  of  the  Selective  Service  Regulations 
relating  to  the  Emergency  Fleet  classification  list.  If  this  is  true, 
it  can  be  said  at  once  that  the  extent  of  the  assistance  thus  rendered 
to  the  shipbuilding  industry  by  the  Emergency  Fleet  classification 
list  regulations,  relative  to  its  general  labor  force,  was  large  and 
material  and  that  the  plan  was  entirely  successful. 


THE   EMERGENCY   FLEET  CLASSIFICATION   LIST.  73 

When,  however,  the  statistics  given  above  are  examined  more 
closely,  and  other  matters  taken  into  consideration,  it  will  become 
evident  that  it  can  not  be  said  or  assumed  that  all  of  the  146,435 
registrants  sought  this  employment  by  reason  of  desiring  to  be  placed 
on  the  Emergency  Fleet  classification  list.  In  addition  to  a  .desire 
for  the  special  deferment,  it  must  be  remembered  that  at  least  two 
other  motives  actuated  men  who  sought  employment  in  the  ship- 
building industry,  to  wit:  A  patriotic  sense  of  duty  to  assist  the 
Government  in  one  of  the  most  important  undertakings  assumed  by 
the  Government  in  connection  with  the  waging  of  the  war;  and  a 
desire  to  secure  the  high  wages  which  were  being  paid  employees  in 
this  industry.  The  further  questions  are,  what  percentage  of  the 
146,435  registrants  went  into  the  shipbuilding  industry  by  reason  of 
a  patriotic  desire  to  aid  the  Government  in  this  important  work; 
what  percentage  sought  this  employment  because  of  the  high  wages; 
and  what  percentage  was  actuated  by  a  desire  to  secure  the  special 
deferment.  The  truth  probably  is  that  these  men  were  actuated 
by  mixed  motives,  so  it  is  impossible  to  answer  the  foregoing  questions 
with  any  degree  of  accuracy. 

If  we  must  rely  entirely  on  the  figures  for  our  answer,  then  we  should 
be  compelled  to  say  that'of  the  146,435  registrants  on  the  Emergency 
Fleet  classification  list,  the  number  who  sought  this  listing  for  the 
purpose  of  getting  a  special  deferment  would  be  represented  by  the 
number  of  men  on  said  list  who  are  in  Class  I,  and  the  number  who 
sought  this  employment  for  other  reasons  would  be  represented  by 
the  number  of  men  on  said  list  who  were  in  deferred  classes  on 
dependency  or  industrial  grounds.  If  this  is  a  correct  basis  for  an 
answer  to  the  question  of  the  effectiveness  of  the  Emergency  Fleet 
Classification  List  regulations  as  a  means  of  causing  registrants  to 
seek  this  character  of  employment,  it  would  appear  (Table  17)  that 
the  measure  of  success  of  this  plan,  in  the  number  of  men  secured, 
is  48,374  men  (the  number  of  Class  I  men)  or  approximately  one- 
twentieth — to  be  more  exact,  6  per  cent — of  the  total  number  of  men 
employed  in  the  shipbuilding  industry. 

Not  all  of  the  Class  I  men,  however,  sought  this  employment  for 
the  purpose  of  getting  a  deferment  of  call.  So  it  must  be  admitted 
that  the  foregoing  figures  can  not  be  taken  as  a  true  indication  of  the 
effectiveness  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Classification  List  regulations. 
If  we  relied  solely  upon  the  figures,  we  should  be  compelled  to  assume 
that  the  total  number  of  men  secured  by  the  Emergency  Fleet 
Classification  regulations  was  only  about  6  per  cent  of  the  total  number 
of  men  employed.  If  this  were  true,  it  could  be  very  easily  said  that 
the  shipbuilding  industry  did  not  need  the  assistance  of  tin's  office, 
and  that  the  success  and  effectiveness  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Classi- 
fication List  plan  was  small  and  rather  negligible. 


74  CHAPTER  III.    THE   PROCESS  OF   SELECTION. 

But  we  must  not  rely  solely  upon  the  figures.  It  must  be  remem- 
bered that  the  need  for  large  numbers  of  men  in  this  industry  was 
urgent.  Great  publicity  was  needed  to  place  this  urgent  need  be- 
fore the  country,  and  there  was  no  more  effective  way  to  do  it  than 
to  link  the  matter  with  the  administration  of  the  Selective  Service 
law.  By  so  doing,  this  urgent  need  was  at  once  brought  to  the 
attention  of  the  people  in  every  section  of  the  country.  And  it  is  a 
fact  that  immediately  after  the  promulgation  of  the  Emergency 
Fleet  Classification  List  regulations,  there  was  a  rush  of  men  to  enter 
the  employment  ef  shipyards  and  industrial  establishments  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  fittings  therefor.  It  is  stated  by  the  Navy 
Department,  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet 
Corporation,  and  its  Recruiting  Service,  that  in  their  opinion  these 
regulations  were  entirely  successful  in  aiding  and  assisting  them  to 
secure  a  sufficient  number  of  men  to  carry  forward  the  national 
shipbuilding  program.  This  opinion  is  further  substantiated  by 
the  fact  that  at  the  tune,  July  23,  1918,  when  this  office  suspended 
the  regulations  with  respect  to  the  placing  of  Class  I  men  on  the  list 
by  the  Navy  Department  and  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation, 
they  both  objected,  fearing  that  they  could  not  secure  the  addi- 
tional number  of  men  they  were  needing  and  would  need  in  the 
future  without  this  special  privilege. 

Based  on  the  figures  at  hand,  we  would  have  to  say  that  the  number 
of  men  secured  by  means  of  the  Emergency  Fleet  Classification  List 
regulations  was  somewhere  between  48,374  men  and  146,435  men. 
If  we  took  the  mean  of  these  numbers,  then  it  could  be  said  that  97,405 
men  were  secured,  or  12  per  cent  of  the  total  number  employed. 
This  perhaps  is  as  nearly  accurate  an  estimate  as  could  be  reached. 

With  respect  to  the  success  of  the  regulations  in  connection  with 
the  administration  of  the  Recruiting  Service  of  the  United  States 
Shipping  Board,  it  will  be  noted  (Table  17)  that  of  the  15,925 
registrants  so  listed  12,740,  or  80  per  cent,  were  in  Class  I.  It  will 
therefore  appear  at  once  that  without  the  Emergency  Fleet  Classi- 
fication List  regulations  the  Recruiting  Service  would  have  been 
so  badly  crippled  as  to  render  it  practically  ineffective.  In  fact,  it 
could  not  have  operated  at  all. 

It  may  be  safely  stated,  therefore,  that  the  Emergency  Fleet 
Classification  List  regulations  accomplished  the  expected  result  of 
causing  many  registrants  and  other  persons  to  seek  employment  in 
the  ship  building  industry,  and  in  this  manner  greatly  assisted  the 
Navy  Department  and  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  Emer- 
gency Fleet  Corporation  in  the  execution  of  the  national  shipbuilding 
program. 


THE   WORK   OE  FIGHT   ORDEE.  75 

(IX)  THE  WORK   OR  FIGHT  ORDER. 

1.  Origin  and  purpose. — On  May  17,  1918,  the  so-called  "Work 
or  fight"  order  was  promulgated;  it  was,  in  form,  an  amendment  to 
Section  121  of  the  Selective  Service  Regulations.  Its  genesis  was  as 
follows : 

The  selective  service  draft  was  in  itself  a  purely  military  measure. 
But  inherent  in  its  administration  by  the  President  was  the  neces- 
sity of  so  employing  it  as  to  minimize  the  disturbance  to  industry 
and  agriculture,  and  to  preserve  the  civic  processes  necessary  to  the 
military  establishment  and  national  welfare  during  the  emergency. 
Constantly,  therefore,  it  required  a  watchful  adjustment  to  tho 
issues  thus  developing  in  the  industrial  situation. 

For  some  months  before  the  date  of  promulgation,  one  aspect  of 
these  issues  had  been  emphatically  revealed  by  the  experiences  of 
the  draft  and  by  the  comments  reaching  this  office.  The  spec- 
tacle had  been  not  infrequent  of  a  contingent  of  selectives,  taken 
by  the  incidence  of  the  draft  order-numbers  from  farms  and  fac- 
tories, and  marched  for  entrainment  down  the  streets  of  their  home 
town,  past  crowds  of  sturdy  idlers  and  loafers  standing  at  the  street 
comers  and  contemplating  placidly  their  own  immunity.  The 
spectacle  was  not  a  pleasing  one  to  any  right-minded  citizen.  It 
demanded  direct  measures.  What  gave  those  idlers  that  immunity  ? 
They  were  in  Class  I;  but  they  chanced  to  receive  high  order  numbers 
in  tho  drawing,  and  thus  became  immune  in  their  idleness,  until  their 
order  numbers  might  be  reached.  The  remedy  for  this  was  simple, 
viz,  to  let  no  man  who  was  idle  be  deferred  in  the  draft  merely  because 
his  order  number  had  not  yet  been  reached;  to  require  him  to  go 
promptly  to  work,  or  be  inducted  immediately  into  military  service, 
his  high  order  number  being  canceled.  The  Army  and  Navy  were 
taking  the  men  who  were  best  able  physically  to  do  tho  fighting. 
But  that  was  only  one  part  of  the  national  task  imposed  by  the 
war.  The  other  part,  the  part  that  fell  on  the  other  men,  was  to 
set  free  those  men  who  were  to  do  the  fighting.  Every  man  who 
helped  to  set  free  a  fighting  man  was  helping  to  fight  and  win  the 
war. 

And  it  was  every  man's  duty  to  give  that  share  of  help.  That  duty 
to  work,  and  to  work  effectively,  was  the  foundation  of-  the  new 
measure.  "Work  or  fight";  there  was  no  other  alternative. 

Another  class  of  fruitless  immunes  was  represented  by  those  who 
ob tamed  deferment  hi  Classes  II,  III  or  IV  on  grounds  of  depend- 
ency, but  who  were  not  engaged  in  productive  industries.  Those 
deferred  classes  were  meant  to  protect  domestic  relations 'and  also 
economic  interests.  But  thousands,  if  not  hundreds  of  thousands, 
of  men  thus  deferred  for  dependency  were  in  obviously  iioneffective 
occupations,  and  thus  their  deferment  served  no  economic  war 


76  CHAPTER  III.    THE   PROCESS   OP   SELECTION. 

purpose  whatever.  If  they  were  to  retain  their  immunity,  they 
should  transfer  into  useful  and  effective  occupations,  or  else  forfeit 
their  immunity  of  deferment.  The  alternative  was  a  fair  one. 
The  Nation  should  now  force  them  to  make  their  choice. 

There  was  a  popular  demand  for  the  organization  of  man  power. 
With  the  information  then  available,  however,  no  complete  read- 
justment by  transfer  of  individuals  from  one  useful  industry  to 
another  could  be  attempted.  This  would  first  require  a  determina- 
tion of  the  grades  of  usefulness  for  all  industries — a  task  as  yet 
impracticable. 

However,  sheer  idleness  and  obviously  noneffective  occupation 
must  and  could  be  reached.  And  a  measure  which  would  achieve 
this  would  receive  instant  welcome  from  our  people  everywhere, 
and  would  give  substantial  relief  to  existing  needs. 

2.  Method. — How  could  this  be  done?  The  selective  service 
system  was  the  one  agency  of  law  as  yet  available  for  this  vital 
purpose. 

For  some  months  past  this  office  had  been  studying  its  possibilities; 
and  the  measure  which  finally  received  the  approval  of  the  Secretary 
of  War  and  the  President  was  this : 

To  idlers  and  to  men  not  effectively  employed  was  to  be  given  the 
choice  between  military  service  and  effective  employment.  Every 
man,  within  the  draft  age,  at  least,  must  now  work  or  fight.  "  Work 
or  fight"  was  to  be  the  slogan  from  now  onward. 

Naturally  this  regulation  must  take  account  of  all  reasonable  cir- 
cumstances of  excuses.  Idleness,  for  example,  would  be,  of  course, 
excusable  for  men  who  are  on  vacations  from  regular  work,  or  are  ill, 
or  can  not  at  the  time  find  employment  suitable  to  their  capacity, 
or  temporarily  unemployed  because  of  strikes  or  lockouts  or  other 
industrial  disputes.  So,  too,  employment  in  a  noneffective  occu- 
pation would  be  excusable  in  view  of  personal  circumstances  which 
would  not  permit  a  change  without  disproportionate  hardship  to 
the  dependents,  or  in  view  of  the  difficulty  of  finding  an  opening  for 
effective  employment  in  the  home  community. 

But  it  was  believed  that  these  circumstances  affecting  individual 
cases  could  all  be  handled  successfully  by  the  knowledge  and  dis- 
cretion of  the  local  boards.  The  list  of  noneffective  occupations 
was  a  small  one,  and  represented  only  those  open  to  little  or  no 
controversy.  The  superb  work  of  the  local  and  district  boards  in 
administering  the  law  during  the  preceding  year,  their  accurate 
knowledge  of  local  conditions,  their  proved  wisdom  and  impartiality, 
all  combined  to  insure  a  fair  and  practical,  as  well  as  a  vigorous, 
enforcement  of  the  new  regulation.  The  law,  as  well  as  the  boards, 
would  deal  impartially  with  all  registrants  now  as  hitherto.  Wealth 
and  social  position  were  to  afford  no  immunity  from  its  operation. 


THE   WORK   OR  FIGHT   ORDER,  77 

Work  or  fight — such  was  the  fair  alternative  imposed  alike  upon  all. 
Every  assistance  would  be  supplied  for  making  this  choice,  if  desired. 
The  boards  would  be  in  cooperation  with  employment  agencies, 
work  bureaus,  labor  representatives,  and  employers  of  all  kinds. 
An  opportunity  for  work  would  be  found  if  it  existed.  How  exten- 
sive would  be  the  additions  to  the  military  forces  could  not  be  foretold. 
But  it  was  certain  that  a  large,  if  not  the  largest,  part  of  the  result 
would  be  felt  in  industrial  and  agricultural  activities.  The  moral 
and  psychological  effect  would  be  seen  in  the  choice  that  many  or 
most  would  make  to  get  promptly  into  the  ranks  of  effective  occu- 
pations. 

3.  Provisions  of  the  rules. — In  general  the  rules  provided  that  any 
registrant  in  Class  I,  II,  III,  or  IV,  who  after  due  notice  and  inves- 
tigation, with  opportunity  to  present  evidence,  was  found  by  a  local 
board  to  be  an  idler  or  to  bo  engaged  in  a  nonproductive  occupation 
as  designated  and  defined  in  the  rules,  without  reasonable  excuse, 
which  finding  was  approved  on  review  by  the  district  board,  should 
suffer  the  withdrawal  of  his  deferred  classification,  if  any,  and  of  his 
order  number,  and  should  become  immediately  liable  to  induction 
into  military  service. 

While  the  principle  extended  potentially  to  all  nonproductive 
occupations,  and  while  all  registrants  in  deferred  classes  were  explic- 
itly urged  to  engage,  if  practicable,  in  some  employment  hi  which 
they  could  render  effective  assistance  to  the  Nation,  it  was  deemed 
advisable,  at  the  outset,  to  confine  the  legal  application  of  the  rules 
to  the  following  classes  of  registrants: 

(a)  Persons  engaged  in  the  serving  of  food  and  drink,  or  either,  in 
public  places,  including  hotels  and  social  clubs. 

This  definition  did  not  include  managers,  clerks,  cooks,  or  other  employees 
unless  they  were  engaged  in  the  serving  of  food  and  drink,  or  either,  and  did  not 
apply  to  dining-car  waiters. 

(1}  Passenger-elevator  operators  and  attendants,  and  doormen, 
footmen,  carriage  openers,  and  other  attendants  in  clubs,  hotels, 
stores,  apartment  houses,  office  buildings,  and  bathhouses. 

The  words  "other  attendants"  included  bell  boys,  and  also  included  porters 
unless  such  porters  were  engaged  in  heavy  work. 

(c)  Persons,  including  ushers  and  other  attendants,  engaged  and 
occupied  in  and  in  connection  with  games,  sports,  and  amusements, 
excepting  owners  and  managers,  actual  performers,  including  musi- 
cians, in  legitimate  concerts,  operas,  motion  pictures,  or  theatrical 
performers  and  the  skilled  persons  who  are  necessary  to  such  pro- 
ductions, performances,  or  presentations. 

This  definition  did  not  include  public  or  private  chauffeurs  unless  they  were  pri- 
marily engaged  in  other  occupations  or  employments  defined  by  these  regulations 
as  nonproductive. 


78  CHAPTER   III.    THE   PROCESS   OF    SELECTION. 

(d)  Sales  clerks  and  other  clerks  employed  in  stores  and  other 
mercantile  establishments. 

This  definition  did  not  include  store  executives,  managers,  superintendents,  nor 
the  heads  of  such  departments  as  accounting,  financial,  advertising,  credit,  purchas- 
ing, delivery,  receiving,  shipping,  and  other  departments;  did  not  include  registered 
pharmacists,  or  registered  drug  clerks  employed  in  wholesale  and  retail  drug  stores 
or  establishments;  and  did  not  include  traveling  salesmen,  buyers,  delivery  drivers, 
electricians,  engineers,  carpet-layers,  upholsterers,  nor  any  employees  doing  heavy 
work  outside  the  usual  duties  of  clerks. 

The  words  "sales  clerks  and  other  clerks"  included  the  clerical  force  in  the  office, 
and  in  all  departments  of  stores  and  other  mercantile  establishments. 

The  words  "stores  and  other  mercantile  establishments"  included  both  wholesale 
and  retail  stores  and  mercantile  establishments  engaged  in  selling  goods  and  wares. 

Excuses. — The  local  and  district  boards  were  directed  in  the  regu- 
lations to  consider  all  cases  with  sympathy  and  common  sense,  and 
to  accept  the  following  as  reasonable  excuses  for  temporary  idleness 
or  for  nonproductive  occupation  or  employment : 

(a)  Sickness. 

(&)  Reasonable  vacation. 

(c)  Lack  of  reasonable  opportunity  for  employment  in  any  occu- 
pation outside  of  those  designated  in  the  regulations  as  nonproductive. 

(d)  Temporary    absences    (not    regular    vacations)    from    regular 
employment,  not  to  exceed  one  week,  unless  such  temporary  absences 
were  habitual  and  frequent,  were  not  to  be  considered  as  idleness. 

(e)  Where  there  were  compelling  domestic  circumstances  that  would 
not  permit  change  of  employment  by  the  registrant  without  dis- 
proportionate hardship  to  his  dependents ;  or  where  a  change  from  a 
nonproductive   to  a  productive   employment   or  occupation  would 
necessitate  the  removal  of  the  registrant  from  his  place  of  residence, 
and  such  removal  would,  in  the  judgment  of  the  board,  cause  unusual 
hardship  to  the  registrant  or  his  family;  or  when  such  change  of 
employment  would  necessitate  the  night  employment  of  women  under 
circumstances  deemed  by  the  board  unsuitable  for  such  employment 
of  women,  boards  were  authorized  to  consider  any  or  all  of  such  cir- 
cumstances as  reasonable  excuse  for  nonproductive  employment. 

(/)  In  addition  to  the  cases  where  reasonable  excuses  might  be 
accepted  for  temporary  idleness  or  for  being  engaged  in  a  nonpro- 
ductive occupation  or  employment,  local  and  district  boards  had 
authority  under  the  regulations  to  withhold  or  postpone  action  for  a 
reasonable  time  in  cases  where  it  appeared  that  the  registrant,  in  good 
faith  was,  or  had  been,  seeking  productive  employment,  and  that  such 
reasonable  postponement  would  have  enabled  him  to  secure  such  em- 
ployment. Local  boards  were  instructed  to  cooperate  with  the  State 
directors  of  the  United  States  Employment  Service,  or  local  agents 
of  such  service  when  advised  of  their  appointment  and  location,  in 
order  that  this  agency  of  the  Government  might  be  enlisted  to  assist 


THE   WORK   OE  FIGHT  OEDER. 


79 


registrants  engaged  in  nonproductive  occupations  or  employments 
to  obtain  work  of  a  productive  character  as  soon  as  possible  and  with 
the  least  hardship  or*  inconvenience.  To  this  end  local  boards  were 
to  furnish  to  such  directors  or  agents  the  names  and  addresses  of 
registrants-  to  whom  notice  to  appear  was  given;  to  furnish  such 
directors  or  agents  with  the  names  and  addresses  of  registrants  who 
might  inquire  for  ihf ormation  in  respect  of  a  change  of  employment, 
and  to  refer  all  registrants  requesting  such  information  to  the  directors 
or  agents  of  the  United  States  Employment  Service. 

4 .  Enforcement  of  the  rules.  — That  the  rules  met  with  popular  approv- 
al is  amply  proved  by  the  volume  of  editorial  commendation  with  which 
the  press  greeted  their  promulgation.  As  was  anticipated,  the  rules 
proved  in  large  measure  self-executing,  the  prompting  of  conscience 
and  the  press ure  of  public  opinion  causing  thousands  of  men  to  seek 
productive  employment  without  awaiting  notice  from  their  local 
boards.  For  this  reason  the  reports  of  the  boards,  summarized  below, 
by  no  means  show  the  full  effect  of  the  rules. 

(a)  Formal  action  by  boards. — The  figures  showing  the  action  of  local 
and  district  boards  in  enforcing  the  regulations  are  as  follows : 

TABLE  18. — Work  or  fight  order;  cases  disposed  of  . 


Work  or  fight  order;  cases  disposed  of. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
notified  to 
appear. 

Per  cent  of 
certified  to 
district 
boards. 

1 

Total  registrants  notified  by  local  boards  to  appear 

118,  541 

100.00 

0 

Registrants  changing  occupation  without  fur- 
ther action  

54  313 

45.82 

3 

Cases  pending  

50,  451 

42.56 

4 

Registrants  failing  to  change  and  certified  to 
district  boards  

13,  777 

11.62 

100.00 

5 

Held  to  be  nonproductive  or  idle  

2,695 

19.56 

6 

Held  not  to  be  nonproductive  or  idle.  .  . 

5,608 

40.71 

7 

Not  disposed  of  or  not  reported 

5,474 

39  73 

(1)  It  thus  appears  that  of  118,541  registrants  who  were  notified 
to    appear   on   account   of  idleness   or  nonproductive   occupations, 
45.82  per  cent  changed  to  productive  occupations  without  further 
action  by  the  boards,  while  11.62  per  cent  were  certified  with  the 
finding  and  recommendation  of  the  local  boards,   to   the  district 
boards  for  final  decision. 

(2)  The  large  number  of  registrants  \vhose  cases  were  reported  as 
pending  before  the  local  boards,  being  42.56  per  cent  of  the  total 
number  notified  to  appear,  is  due  in  large  measure  to  the  provision 
in  the  regulations  which   authorizes   the  boards   "to   withhold  or 
postpone  action  for  a  reasonable  time  in  cases  where  it  appears 
that  the  registrant,  in  good  faith,  is,  or  has  been,  seeking  productive 


80  CHAPTER  III.    THE   PROCESS   OF    SELECTION. 

employment,   and   that  such  reasonable  postponement  will  enable 
him  to  secure  such  employment." 

(3)  It  further  appears  that  of  the  total  number  of  cases  certified 
to  them,  the  district  boards,  on  August  25,  1918,  had  disposed  of 
60.27  per  cent. 

(4)  It  further  appears  that  of  the  registrants  disposed  of  by  the 
district  boards,  19.56  per  cent  were  held  to  be  idle  or  nonproductively 
employed  without  reasonable  excuses,  while  40.71  per  cent  were 
held  either  to  be  productively  employed  or  to  have  a  reasonable 
excuse  for  idleness  or  nonproductive  employment. 

(5)  Except  in  the  few  cases  in  which  an  appeal  to  the  President 
was  taken  and  a  stay  of  induction  pending  such  appeal  was  granted, 
the  boards  withdrew  the  deferred  classification,  if  any,  and  the  order 
number  of  the  registrants  who  were  held  to  be  idle  or  nonproductively 
employed;    and  they  became  immediately  liable  to  induction.     The 
total  number  of  appeals  to  the  President  in  this  class  of  cases  was 
only  4. 

(6)  Collateral  evidence  of  the  effect  of  the  rules. — Realizing  that  a 
large  number  of  registrants  must  have  sought  productive  employ- 
ment without  awaiting  notice  from  the  local  boards,  inquiry  was 
made,    through   the   United   States   Employment  Service   and   the 
United  States  Shipping  Board  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  as  to 
the  effect  of  the  rules  upon  the  volume  of  applications  for  productive 
employment.     Accurate    figures  were  not  obtainable;   but  reports 
from  the  Employment  Service  in  eight  cities,  viz,  Boston,  Chicago, 
Cleveland,  Columbus,  New  Orleans,  New  York,  San  Francisco,  and 
St.  Louis,  indicated  that  up  to  August  1,  1918,  about  40,000  men 
had  sought  productive  employment  as  a  result  of  the  regulations; 
and  reports  from  the  Emergency  Fleet  Corporation  showed  that  in 
a  majority  of  the  yards  and  plants  under  its  control  there  was,  at 
least  for  a  tune,  an  average  increase  of  more  than  20  per  cent  in 
applications  for  employment. 

In  view  of  these  reports,  as  well  as  of  the  reports  of  the  local  boards 
and  of  information  received  from  other  sources,  it  is  believed  to  be  a 
conservative  estimate  that  the  Work  or  Fight  Rules  have  resulted 
in  the  movement  of  at  least  137,255  men  to  productive  occupation. 

There  is  much  testimony  to  the  effect  that  the  rules  have  been  in 
large  measure  self -executing.  A  Chicago  board  says: 

We  estimate  that  the  publicity  given  the  Work  or  Fight  Order  caused  450  of  our 
men  to  change  occupations,  and  our  interviews  with  the  registrants  added  35  to  that 
number,  making  a  total  of  485  changes. 

An  Indiana  board  reports  a  similar  experience,  as  follows : 

The  Work  or  Fight  order  has  done  wonders;  in  fact,  it  is  one  of  the  bright  shining 
spots  of  the  war.  When  the  order  was  promulgated,  we  started  out  to  enforce  the  law, 
but  found  that  most*of  the  people  had  anticipated  our  action;  so  we  had  little  to  do. 


THE   WORK    OB   FIGHT  ORDER.  81 

Many  boards  appear,  indeed,  to  have  relied  on  the  moral  effect  of 
the  rules,  and  to  have  made  no  great  effort  to  enforce  them  by  board 
action.  A  Kansas  board,  for  instance,  says: 

The  Work  or  Fight  order  was  not  invoked  by  us.  The  slackers  "beat  us  to  it"  and 
went  to  work.  In  our  estimation,  that  order  was  of  great  importance,  not  so  much  on 
account  of  the  men  turned  into  the  Army  or  into  industry,  but  because  of  its  effect 
on  the  country  at  large.  It  showed  all  the  people  that  the  Government  was  driving 
with  a  "tight  rein  "  and  was  on  the  job  with  a  thoroughness  and  determination  which 
we  had  not,  till  then,  understood. 

Sometimes,  indeed,  the  Work  or  Fight  order  anomalously  came  to 
be  the  one  effective  door  of  entrance  for  the  fighting  patriot,  as  the 
following  incident  illustrates : 

A  young  man  in  a  certain  town  felt  it  his  duty  to  fight  for  his  country;  but  his  wife 
absolutely  refused  to  give  her  consent,  and  so  informed  the  local  board.  The  young 
fellow  held  a  good  position  with  a  local  concern,  so  he  just  quit  his  job,  became  a 
loafer,  and  the  local  board  was  compelled  to  send  him  to  the  Army  under  the  Work  or 
Fight  rule.  He  sure  outwitted  her. 

But  even  the  potent  Work  or  Fight  order  proved  powerless  to 
help  this  older  patriot  who  sought  to  invoke  its  aid: 

I  am  writing  you  to  inform  you  that  I  think  your  Work  or  Fight  order  is  all  right, 
only  you  have  not  put  the  age  limit  high  enough.  There  are  plenty  of  men  past  50 
who  are  better  able  to  work  than  some  who  are  younger.  Now  I  want  to  be  useful  to 
the  Government  in  this  crisis,  but  as  I  am  53  years  old  they  do  not  seem  to  want  my 
help.  I  have  tried  several  times  to  get  in  the  Army,  the  same  answer  every  time, 
"You  are  too  old."  Now  please  forget  how  old  I  said  I  was,  and  get  me  a  good  job; 
there  is  no  work  going  on  at  this  place,  but  my  hat  is  in  the  ring.  I  am  ready  to  work 
or  fight  provided  the  chance  is  given  me. 
Yours  for  Victory. 

The  variety  of  situations,  however,  that  developed  under  the  Work 
or  Fight  order  was  endless;  the  following  must  suffice  as  a  final 
illustration : 

We  had  one  registrant  who  professed  that  it  was  against  his  religion  to  work.  He 
certainly  lived  up  to  his  religion,  too.  He  was  always  loafing  around  on  the  streets 
or  in  the  pool  hall.  His  father  was  forced  to  support  him  or  turn  him  out,  and  chose 
the  former.  His  friends  and  relatives  had  tried  to  persuade  him'to  go  to  work,  but  in 
vain.  Finally  the  draft  came  along,  the  idle  one  was  registered,  and  classified.  One 
day  the  father  came  into  the  office  and  told  us  about  the  boy — which  was  quite  unnec- 
essary, as  we  were  entirely  familiar  with  the  situation.  He  asked  us  if  we  could  not 
help  him  out  and  try  to  get  the  boy  to  go  to  work.  We  told  him  that  we  would  try. 
So  the  next  day  we  served  a  notice  on  the  boy,  "You  will  either  have  to  go  to  work 

or  fight."    He  looked  at  us  quite  calmly,  and  said  "D the  work.     I'll  fight." 

Just  then  a  call  was  issued;  so  we  inducted  him  and  sent  him  to  fight.     We  later 
learned  that  he  had  developed  into  an  excellent  soldier. 

(c)  Effect  on  different  occupations. — The  several  classes  of  occupa- 
tions enumerated  in  the  rules  varied,  of  course,  both  in  their  nimiVrs 
and  in  their  relative  amenability  to  the  influence  of  the  order.  Just 
how  widely  the  effect  of  the  order  varied  as  to  the  occupations  covered 

97250°— 19 6 


82 


CHAPTER  III.    THE   PROCESS   OF   SELECTION. 


can  not  be  ascertained  with  entire  accuracy;  but  the  following  table 
compiled  from  reports  by  local  boards  gives  an  adequate  idea  of  the 
relative  effect: 

TABLE  19. — Occupational  distribution  of  work  or  fight  rulings. 


Occupational  distribution  of  work  or  fight  rulings. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
notified  to 
appear. 

Per  cent 
changing 
occupa- 
tions. 

1 

Total  registrants  notified  by  local  boards  to  ap- 
pear, by  occupations  

118,  541 

100.  00 

2 

(a)  Food  or  drink  service.  .  .  .  -.  

43,  551 

36.  74 

3 

(6)  Attendants  at  doors,  etc  

9,745 

8.22 

4 

(c)  Amusements  

8  950 

7.55 

5 

(d)  Domestic  service  

8,556 

7.22 

fi 

(e)  Clerical  service  

40,  405 

34.08 

7 

Idle  

7,334 

6.19 

8 

Total  registrants  changing  without  further  action. 

54,313 

100.00 

9 

(a)  Food  or  drink  service  

17,  889 

32.  94 

10 

(6)  Attendants  at  doors,  etc  

4,  725 

8.  70 

11 

(c)  Amusements  

3,715 

6.84 

1? 

(rf)  Domestic  service  ,  

4,429 

8.  15 

13 

(e)  Clerical  service  

17,  320 

31.89 

14 

Idle  

6,235 

11.48 

(d)  Baseball. — Following  the  promulgation  of  the  rules,  there  was 
great  popular  interest  in  the  status  of  professional  baseball  players 
and  the  effect  of  the  rules  upon  organized  baseball.  In  the  case  of 
Edward  Ainsmith,  which  was  appealed  from  the  district  board 
of  the  District  of  Columbia  to  the  President,  the  Secretary  of  War 
announced  on  July  20,  1918  (Official  Bulletin,  July  20,  1918),  that 
the  decision  of  the  district  board,  holding  baseball  to  be  a  non- 
productive occupation  within  the  purview  of  the  rules,  was  affirmed. 
The  chief  argument  of  the  appellant  was  that  the  discontinuance  of 
baseball,  which  afforded  wholesome  outdoor  relaxation  to  such  large 
numbers  of  the  American  people,  "would  work  a  social  and  industrial 
harm  far  out  of  proportion  to  the  military  loss  involved."  On  this 
the  Secretary  of  "War  commented  in  part  as  follows: 

The  stress  of  intensive  occupation  in  industry  and  commerce  in  America,  in  normal 
times,  is  such  as  to  give  the  highest  importance  and  social  value  to  outdoor  recreation. 
It  may  well  be  that  all  of  the  persons  who  attend  such  outdoor  sports  are  not  in  need  of 
them;  but  certainly  a  very  large  preponderance  of  the  audiences  in  these  great  national 
exhibitions  are  helped,  physically  and  mentally,  and  made  more  efficient,  indus- 
trially and  socially,  by  the  relaxation  that  they  there  enjoy.  But  the  times  are  not 
normal;  the  demands  of  the  Army  and  of  the  country  are  such  that  we  must  all  make 
sacrifices,  and  the  nonproductive  employment  of  able-bodied  persons,  useful  in  the 
national  defense,  either  as  military  men  or  in  the  industry  and  commerce  of  our 
country,  can  not  be  justified.  The  country  will  be  best  satisfied  if  the  great  selective 
process  by  which  our  Army  is  recruited  makes  no  discriminations  among  men,  except 
those  upon  which  depend  the  preservation  of  the  business  and  industries  of  the  country 
essential  to  the  successful  prosecution  of  the  war. 


THE   WORK   OR  FIGHT   ORDER.  83 

The  officers  of  organized  baseball  immediately  petitioned  for  an 
order  extending  to  October  15,  1918,  the  period  within  which  their 
players  should  be  required  to  seek  productive  employment,  alleging 
that  the  enforcement  of  the  rules  would  cause  the  immediate  cessa- 
tion of  baseball,  and  that  they  had  not  had  sufficient  notice  to  adapt 
themselves  to  the  conditions  resulting  from  the  order  in  the  Ainsmith 
case.  A  hearing  was  had  before  the  Provost  Marshal  General, 
who  reported  to  the  Secretary  of  War  that  it  was  not  clear  to  him 
that  the  game  would  have  to  be  discontinued  if  the  order  were  made 
immediately  applicable;  but  the  Secretary,  on  July  27,  1918,  directed 
that,  "in  order  that  justice  may  be  done  to  the  persons  involved," 
the  application  of  the  rules  to  baseball  players  be  postponed  to 
September  1.  (Official  Bulletin,  July  27,  1918.)  Subsequently, 
the  application  of  the  order  to  players  on  the  winning  teams  of  the 
National  and  American  leagues  was  further  postponed  to  September 
15,  in  order  that  the  "world's  series"  of  games  might  be  played. 

5.  Relation  of  the  "Work  or  Fight"  Order  to  the  War  Industries  Board 
Priorities  List. — An  erroneous  impression  became  current,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1918,  that  the  "nonproductive"  list  of  occupations  contained 
in  the  "work  or  fight"  regulation  corresponded  to  the  group  of  indus- 
tries omitted  from  the  "preference  list"  announced  by  the  chairman 
of  the  War  Industries  Board  on  September  9.  Because  the  former 
list  was  brief  (only  five  classes  of  occupations),  while  the  latter  group 
was  very  large  (including  all  industries  except  the  70  priority  classes 
enumerated),  and  because  the  announcement  of  September  9  stated 
that  the  "preference  list"  was  the  "basis  for  industrial  exemption 
from  the  draft,"  some  persons  formed  the  impression  that  the  small 
list  of  five  "nonproductive"  occupations  had  suddenly  been  enlarged 
by  the  Provost  Marshal  General  to  include  the  extensive  group  of 
industries  omitted  by  the  chairman  of  the  War  Industries  Board. 

This  impression  that  the  " nonproductive"  list  had  been  enlarged 
at  all,  and  particularly  that  it  was  identical  with  "nonpriority" 
industries,  was  erroneous  and  misleading.  Selective  service  boards 
had  been  expressly  directed,  until  further  notice,  to  bring  no  other 
occupation  under  the  "Work  or  Fight"  order,  except  those  expressly 
listed. 

What,  then,  was  the  distinction  between  these  two  groups  ?  The 
War  Industries  Board  was  charged  with  determining  the  principles 
upon  which  fuel,  power  transportation,  materials,  capital,  and  labor 
ought  to  be  allocated  to  the  several  industries  most  essential  to  the 
war  program.  An  industry  omitted  from  that  list  was,  therefore, 
in  the  position  of  not  being  entitled  to  a  priority  privilege.  The 
relation  of  that  list  to  the  Selective  Service  System  was  that  an 
industry  included  in  it  was  thereby  recommended  to  the  district 


84  CHAPTER  in.   THE   PROCESS  OP  SELECTION. 

boards  as  being  a  "necessary"  industry;  and  the  district  boards 
could  take  advantage  of  that  recommendation  in  determining  whether 
an  indispensable  man  in  such  an  industry  should  be  placed  in  a  de- 
ferred class  on  that  ground. 

But  there  were  of  course  many  scores,  perhaps  hundreds,  of  indus- 
tries not  positively  essential  to  the  war  program  nor  to  the  mainte- 
nance of  national  interest  during  the  emergency.  In  those  industries 
were  millions  of  registrants  deferred  on  grounds  of  dependency,  and 
many  others  in  Class  I  without  deferment.  At  this  point  the  ' '  Work 
or  Fight"  order  came  into  play,  but  for  only  very  few  classes  of 
occupations — five  in  all,  expressly  enumerated  in  that  order — and 
for  a  relatively  small  number  of  individuals.  Among  this  extensive 
and  unlisted  group  of  "nonpriority"  industries,  the  "Work  or 
Fight"  order  found  very  few  which  it  designated  as  "nonproduc- 
tive"; meaning,  in  general,  those  occupations  in  which  the  man 
power  within  draft  age  could  better,  during  the  emergency,  be 
replaced  by  woman's  work  or  by  older  men  or  boys.  The  policy 
involved  was  that  those  men  of  draft  age  would  serve  the  country 
best  by  getting  out  of  those  occupations,  either  into  the  military 
forces  or  into  some  other  occupation.  Now  this  other  occupation 
might  be  in  a  priority  industry  or  in  a  nonpriority  industry.  The 
"Work  or  Fight"  order  did  not  prescribe  any  occupation  for  them 
to  enter.  There  were  plenty  of  nonpriority  industries  to  enter; 
though  naturally  they  could  do  well  to  seek  out  a  priority  industry, 
if  one  was  available.  But  the  ' '  Work  or  Fight "  order  did  not  attempt 
to  dictate  on  that  point;  it  merely  gave  them  the  option  of  getting 
out  of  the  "nonproductive"  occupation,  or  of  losing  the  benefit  of 
then'  deferred  classification  or  their  high  order  number. 

Thus  the  War  Industries  Board  was  concerned  merely  with 
strengthening  the  priority  position  of  a  limited  number  of  industries  lo- 
cated at  the  top  of  the  scale,  so  to  speak,in  relation  to  war  needs,  while  the 
Selective  Service  Regulations  were  concerned  mainly  with  strengthen- 
ing the  Army  by  taking  the  registrants  who  chose  to  stay  in  a  small 
number  of  occupations  at  the  bottom  of  the  scale.  The  whole  range 
of  occupations  in  between  the  two  lists  remained  open  to  receive 
those  who  might  leave  the  five  occupations  named  in  the  "Work  or 
Fight"  order.  Lawyers,  for  example,  were  not  mentioned  in  the 
"preference"  list;  hence  a  lawyer  could  presumably  not  obtain  a 
priority  order  for  the  transportation  of  a  set  of  office  furniture. 
Nor  were  lawyers  mentioned  in  the  "nonproductive"  list;  hence,  a 
lawyer  deferred  on  grounds  of  dependency  did  not  have  to  give  up 
his  occupation  in  order  to  retain  his  deferment.  On  the  other  hand; 
poolrooms  were  not  on  the  "preference"  list  while  they  did  appear 
in  the  "nonproductive"  list;  hence  a  registrant  pool-room  keeper 


THE   WORK   OR  FIGHT  ORDER.  85 

not  only  could  not  obtain  a  priority  order  for  the  transportation  of  his 
pool-room  furniture,  but  he  must  either  go  into  some  other  occupation 
or  lose  his  deferment,  if  any. 

The  two  groups  ("nonpriority"  and  "nonproductive"),  therefore, 
not  only  were  directed  to  different  purposes,  but  they  were  not 
identical  and  presumably  never  would  have  become  identical. 

6.  Effect  on  compulsory  work  movement. — Meanwhile,  the  problem 
of  reaching  those  outside  of  the  draft  age  who  were  idle  in  time  of 
war  was  attracting  special  attention  in  other  quarters.     Public  and 
legislative    opinion   had    already   begun    to    consider   this   problem 
actively.     On  August  20,  1917,  became  effective  the  Maryland  "Com- 
pulsory work  law,"  making  it  the  duty  of  every  able-bodied  man 
between  the  ages  of  18  and  50  to  have  some  regular  and  continuous 
employment.     This  law  was  already  operating  with  good  results. 
New  Jersey  followed  suit  not  long  after,  and  on  May  13,  Gov.  Whit- 
man, of  New  York,  signed  an  "  anti-loafing  bill"  modeled  on  similar 
lines.     In  his  memorandum  accompanying  this  bill    the   governor 
referred  to  the  circumstance  that  "many  persons  were  coming  into 
New  York  State  from  New  Jersey  in  order  to  escape  the  operation 
of  the  law  in  the  latter  State."     This  showed  that  cooperation  of  all 
agencies,  both  State  and  Federal,  was  needed  in  order  to  effect  com- 
plete results. 

As  a  marked  effect  of  the  promulgation  of  the  "Work  or  Fight" 
order  a  nation-wide  drive  now  began.  The  one  Federal  agency  pos- 
sessing already  the  authority  of  law  to  reach  the  core  of  the  problem 
with  nation-wide  effect  was  the  Selective  Service  System.  By  this 
single  measure  it  accomplished  the  double  purpose  of  increasing  the 
military  forces  and  of  stimulating  the  replenishment  of  the  effective 
industrial  ranks  throughout  all  ages  and  all  States.  At  least  10 
other  States — Delaware,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Massachu- 
setts, New  Jersey,  New  York,  Rhode  Island,  South  Dakota,  and 
West  Virginia — have  since  enacted  legislation  of  like  character  to 
the  Maryland  law. 

7.  Industrial  conscription. — What  was  the  relation  between  the 
"work  or  fight"  order  and  industrial  conscription?     The  two  were 
certainly  not  identical,  either  in  scope  or  in  purpose,  for  the  former 
was  in  scope  and  purpose  essentially  a  military  measure  and  the 
latter  would  have  been  essentially  an  industrial  one.     Yet  there  was 
a  definite  and  obvious  relation,  in  that  the  "Work  or  Fight"  order 
was  calculated  to  supply  the  experimental  foundation  for  a  successful 
measure  of  pure  industrial  conscription  had  the  necessity  ever  arrived. 
This  larger  aspect  of  the  "Work  or  Fight"  order  has  been  already 
dwelt  upon  in  Chapter  I  of  this  Report. 


CHAPTER  IV. 
CLASSIFICATION  PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

(I)  ALIENAGE. 

Introductory — (a) — Loyalty  of  aliens. — The  problem  of  the  alien 
was  fraught  with  many  intricacies.  It  was  in  this  field  that  were 
encountered  not  only  the  subtle  efforts  of  the  Imperial  German 
Government  to  insinuate  its  intrigues  into  our  armed  forces,  but  also 
(and  this  was  the  larger  and  infinitely  the  more  complicated  side) 
the  diplomatic  situations  arising  out  of  relations  with  our  allies  and 
the  neutral  nations. 

Truly  were  we  the  melting  pot  of  the  world;  and  the  cosmopolitan 
composition  of  our  population  was  never  more  strikingly  disclosed 
than  by  the  recent  events  of  the  world  war.  Then  the  melting  pot 
stood  in  the  fierce  fires  of  the  national  emergency;  and  its  contents, 
heated  in  the  flames,  either  fused  into  the  compact  mass  or  floated 
off  as  dross. 

The  great  and  inspiring  revelation  here  has  been  that  men  of  foreign 
and  of  native  origin  alike  responded  to  the  call  to  arms  with  a  patriotic 
devotion  that  confounded  the  cynical  plans  of  our  arch  enemy  and 
surpassed  our  own  highest  expectations.  No  man  can  peruse  the 
muster  roll  of  one  of  our  camps,  or  the  casualty  list  from  a  battle  field 
in  France,  without  realizing  that  America  has  fulfilled  one  of  its 
highest,  missions  in  breeding  a  spirit  of  common  loyalty  among  all 
those  who  have  shared  the  blessings  of  life  on  its  free  soil.  No  need 
to  speculate  how  it  has  come  about;  the  great  fact  is  demonstrated 
that  America  makes  Americans.  In  the  diary  of  a  German  officer, 
found  on  the  battle  field,  the  following  sentence,  penned  by  one  of  the 
enemy  whom  these  men  went  out  to  fight,  speaks  volumes:  "Only  a 
few  of  the  troops  are  of  pure  American  origin;  the  majority  are  of 
German,  Dutch,  and  Italian  parentage.  But  these  semi-Americans — 
almost  all  of  whom  were  born  hi  America  and  never  have  been  in 
Europe — fully  feel  themselves  to  be  true-born  sons  of  their  country." 

On  the  other  hand,  not  the  least  valuable  of  the  lessons  of  the  draft 
is  its  disclosure  that  to-day  there  are  certain  portions  of  our  population 
which  either  will  not  or  can  not  unite  in  ideals  with  the  rest.  We 
have  welcomed  to  our  shores  many  who  should  be  forever  denied  the 
right  of  American  citizenship.  The  operation  of  the  draft  in  respect 
to  aliens  is  a  great  object  lesson  for  the  American  people.  While 
many  declarant  aliens  completed  their  citizenship  after  they  had  been 
86 


ALIENAGE.  87 

inducted  into  the  service,  and  fought  loyally  under  the  Stars  and 
Stripes,  yet  many  others  refused  to  do  so  and  were  discharged  under 
the  order  of  April  11,  1918.  Furthermore,  thousands  of  nondeclarant 
aliens  claimed  and  received  exemption;  and  thousands  of  others 
who  had  failed  to  claim  exemption  sought  and  obtained  their  dis- 
charge from  the  service  after  they  had  been  duly  inducted.  Many 
of  these  friendly  and  neutral  aliens,  who  refused  to  aid  their  adopted 
country  in  time  of  need,  had  made  the  United  States  their  home  for 
many  years,  had  acquired  a  comfortable  livelihood,  and  had  enjoyed 
to  the  fullest  extent  the  benefits  and  protection  of  our  country. 
But  while  millions  of  American  boys  gladly  left  their  homes,  and  all 
that  home  means,  to  fight  for  high  ideals  and  the  preservation  of  all 
that  is  near  and  dear  to  a  patriot,  these  men  deliberately  refused  to 
make  the  sacrifice. 

Confronted  as  we  are  with  these  revelations,  we  may  join  in  the 
solemn  warning,  on  the  meaning  of  the  oath  of  allegiance,  voiced  a 
few  months  ago  by  an  eminent  Federal  judge  in  a  charge  to  the  jury 
on  the  trial  under  the  espionage  act  of  a  citizen  of  German  birth 
(U.  S.  v.  Fontana,  Amidon,  J.,  U.  S.  District  Court  for  North  Dakota, 
Congressional  Record,  Oct.  3,  1918). 

If  you  were  set  down  in  Prussia  to-day,  you  would  be  in  harmony  with  your  environ- 
ment. It  would  fit  you  just  as  a  flower  fits  the  leaf  and  stem  of  the  plant  on  which 
it  grows.  You  have  influenced  others  who  have  been  under  your  ministry  to  do  the 
same  thing.  You  said  you  would  cease  to  cherish  your  German  soul.  That  meant 
that  you  would  begin  the  study  of  American  life  and  history;  that  you  would  try  to 
understand  its  ideals  and  purposes  and  love  them;  that  you  would  try  to  build  up 
inside  of  yourself  a  whole  group  of  feelings  for  the  United  States  the  same  as  you  felt 
toward  the  fatherland  when  you  left  Germany  *  *  *  I  do  not  blame  you  and 
these  men  alone.  I  blame  myself.  I  blame  my  country.  We  urged  you  to  come. 
We  welcomed  you;  we  gave  you  opportunity;  we  gave  you  land;  we  conferred  upon 
you  the  diadem  of  American  citizenship,  and  then  we  left  you.  We  paid  no  atten- 
tion to  what  you  have  been  doing.  And  now  the  world  war  has  thrown  a  searchlight 
upon  our  national  life,  and  what  have  we  discovered?  We  find  all  over  these  United 
States,  in  groups,  little  Gennanies,  little  Italies,  little  Austrias,  little  Norways,  little 
Russias.  These  foreign  people  have  thrown  a  circle  about  themselves,  and,  instead 
of  keeping  the  oath  they  took  that  they  would  try  to  grow  American  souls  inside  of 
them,  they  have  studiously  striven  to  exclude  everything  American  and  to  cherish 
everything  foreign.  A  clever  gentleman  wrote  a  romance  called  "America,  the 
Melting  Pot."  It  appealed  to  our  vanity,  and  through  all  these  years  we  have  been 
seeing  romance  instead  of  fact.  That  is  the  awful  truth.  The  figure  of  my  country 
stands  beside  you  to-day.  It  says  to  me:  "Do  not  blame  this  man  alone.  I  am 
partly  to  blame.  Teach  him,  and  the  like  of  him,  and  all  those  who  have  been  misled 
by  him  and  his  like,  that  a  change  has  come." 

There  must  be  an  interpretation  anew  of  the  oath  of  allegiance.  It  has  been  in 
the  past  nothing  but  a  formula  of  words.  From  this  time  on  it  must  be  translated 
into  living  characters  incarnate  in  the  life  of  every  foreigner  who  has  his  dwelling 
place  in  our  midst.  If  they  have  been  cherishing  foreign  history,  foreign  ideals, 
foreign  loyalty,  it  must  be  stopped,  and  they  must  begin  at  once,  all  over  again,  to 
cherish  American  thought,  American  history,  American  ideals.  That  means  some- 
thing that  is  to  be  done  in  your  daily  life.  It  does  not  mean  simply  that  you  will 


88         CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

not  take  up  arms  against  the  United  States.  It  goes  deeper  far  than  that.  It  means 
that  you  will  live  for  the  United  States,  and  that  you  will  cherish  and  grow  American 
souls  inside  of  you. 

(b)  The  legal  status  of  aliens. — Immediately  after  the  declaration, 
on  April  6,  1917,  that  a  state  of  war  existed  between  the  United 
States  and  the  Imperial  Government  of  Germany,  the  question  of 
the  alien's  liability  to  military  service  arose.     It  was  realized  that, 
from  the  point  of  view  of  international  law,  not  all  aliens  stood  on 
the  same  footing  in  this  country,     (a)  An  alien  occupying  a  diplo- 
matic post  enjoys  immunity  from  military  service,  as  well  as  from 
many  other  burdens,  for  he  is  the  representative  of  a  foreign  country 
present  by  consent  and  invitation,  and  is  protected  by  a  number  of 
privileges  not  enjoyed  by  a  private  citizen.     Diplomatic  privileges 
do  not  extend  to  consuls,  as  they  are  not  diplomatic  officers,  but 
merely  representatives  for  commercial  purposes.     (5)  A  transitory 
alien  friend  can  not  be  compelled  to  serve  other  than  mere  police 
duty,  for  otherwise  commercial  intercourse  would  be  interrupted  and 
the  person  might  be  required  to  aid  a  country  in  which  he  is  a  stranger. 
(c)  An  alien  friend  who  is  domiciled,  that  is  to  say,  who  is  a  perma- 
nent resident,  can  be  compelled  to  serve,  for  otherwise  he  would 
receive  the  benefits  of  the  Government  without  sharing  the  burdens. 
An  alien's  declaration  of  intention  to  become  a  citizen,  though  it 
does  not  make  him  a  citizen,  is  conclusive  evidence  that  he  is  prop- 
erly to  be  considered  a  permanent  resident,     (d)  An  alien  enemy 
can  not  be  forced  to  serve,  for  otherwise  he  would  be  compelled  to 
fight  against  his  own  country,     (e)  A  national  of  a  country  with 
which  the  United  States  has  a  treaty  containing  appropriate  pro- 
visions  may   enjoy  exemption  from   compulsory   military    service. 
Some  of  our  treaties  exempt  all  of  the  citizens  of  each  of  the  high 
contracting  parties.     Others  exempt  only  certain  designated  classes. 

Congress  crystallized  its  view  on  this  all-important  question  in  the 
enactment  of  the  Selective  Service  Law,  approved  May  18,  1917;  th  3 
guiding  principles  of  which  are:  (1)  The  draft  "shall  be  based  upon 
liability  to  military  service  of  all  male  citizens,  or  male  persons  not 
alien  enemies  who  have  declared  their  intention  to  become  citizens" 
between  the  designated  ages;  (2)  certain  designated  classes  of  per- 
sons shall  be  exempt  from  the  draft,  the  local  and  district  boards 
having  power  to  hear  and  determine  all  questions  of  exemption  and 
the  decisions  of  the  district  boards  to  be  final,  unless  revised  by  the 
President;  and  (3)  all  persons  registered  "shall  be  and  remain  subject 
to  draft  into  the  forces  hereby  authorized,  unless  exempted  or  excused 
therefrom  as  in  this  Act  provided". 

(c)  Numbers  of  aliens. — -Before  explaining  the  several  problems 
raised  by  alienage  under  the  selective  service  system,  it  is  necessary 
to  take  note  of  the  numbers  involved,  and  of  the  distribution  of 
those  numbers  among  the  various  groups  affected  by  the  draft. 


ALIENAGE. 


89 


(1)  The  total  number  of  aliens  registered,   and  the  relation   of 
these  totals  to  citizens  registered,  is  shown  in  the  following  Table  20: 

TABLE  20. 


Aliens  and  citizens,  registration  compared. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
aliens  and 
citizens. 

Percenter 
aliens  reg- 
istered. 

1 

Total  alieri3  and  citizens  registered,  June  5, 
1917-Sept  12   1918             

23,  908,  576 

100.  00 

9 

Aliens   

3,  877,  083 

16.22 

100.  00 

g 

Citizens  

20,  031,  493 

83.78 

4 

Registration,  June  5,  I!)i7  

9,  780,  535 

5 

Aliens       

1,  616,  812 

41.70 

n 

Citizens        .       .        

8,  163,  723 

7 

Registration  June  5—  A  u^  24,  1918  

899,  279 

8 

Aliens   

86,  194 

2.23 

q 

Citizens  

813,  085 

f) 

Registration,  Sept.  12,  1918  

13,  228,  762 

| 

Aliens       

2,  174,  077 

56.07 

? 

Citizens... 

11,  054,  685 

(2)  The  citizens  registered  were  divided,  as  to  native  born  and 
naturalized,  in  the  following  ratios  (Table  21): 

TABLE  21. 


Citizens  registered. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  citizens 
registered. 

Per  cent 
of  native 
bom. 

1 

Total  citizens  registered  .  .                           

20,  031,  493 

100.00 

9 

Native  born                                        ... 

18,  694,  526 

93  33 

100  00 

3 

Naturalized  

1,  336,  967 

6.  67 

4 

Registration  June  5,  1917  (ages  21-30).              

8,  163,  723 

100  00 

5 

Native  born  

7,  904,  253 

96.82 

42.  28 

fi 

Naturalized  

259,  470 

3.18 

7 

Registration  June  5-Aug.  24,  1918  (age  21)  

813,  085 

100.  00 

8 

Native  born  

801,  870 

98.  62 

4.29 

q 

Naturalized  .  .       .  .                   

11,  215 

1  38 

10 

Registration  Sept.  12,  1918  (ages  18-20,  32-45)... 

11,  054,  685 

100.  00 

n 

Native  born    . 

9,  988,  703 

90  35 

53  43 

12 

Naturalized.  . 

1,  065,  982 

9.65 

(3)  The  aliens  were  divided,  as  to  declarants  and  nondeclarants, 
in  the  following  ratios  (Table  22) : 

TABLE  22. 


Aliens  registered. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
alien  re<;- 
istrationv 

Per  cent 
of 
aliens 
registered. 

1 

Total  aliens  registered  

3,  877,  083 

100  00 

100.  00 

?, 

Declarants  

1,  270,  182 

32  76 

3 

4 

Nondeclarants  

Registered  June  5,  1917  (ages  21-30) 

2,  606,  901 
1,  616,  812 

41  70 

67.24 
100  00 

5 

Declarants  

518,  216 

32  05 

6 

Nondeclarants  

1,  098,  596 

67.  95 

7 

Registered  June  5-Aug.  24,  1918  (age  21) 

86,  194 

2  23 

100  00 

8 

Declarants  

20,  147 

23.  "7 

9 

Nondeclarants  

66,  047 

76  63 

10 
11 

Registered  Sept.  12,  1918  (ages  18-20,  32-45)  
Declarants  

2,  174,  077 
731,  819 

56.07 

100.  00 
33.  66 

12 

Nondeclarants  

1,  442,  258 

66.  34 

90          CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

(4)  The  war  status  of  these  aliens  was    as   follows: 

TABLE  23. 


Alien  registration  distributed  as  to  war  status. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  aliens 
registered. 

1 

Total  aliens  registered  in  all  three  registrations  

3,  877,  083 

100  00 

9 

Ages  21-31,  June  5,  1917-Sept.  11,  1918  

1,  703,  006 

3 

Ages  18-20,  32-45,  Sept.  12,  1918  

2,  174,  077 

4 

Cobelligerents  

2,  228,  980 

57.49 

5 

Ages  21-31  

1,021,063 

6 

Ages  18-20,  32-45  

1,  207,  917 

7 

Neutrals      

636,  601 

16.42 

8 

Ages  21-31  

249,  034 

9 

Ages  18-20,  32^15    

387,  567 

10 

Enemy  and  allied  enemy  

1,  Oil,  502 

26.09 

11 

Ages  21-31                              

432,  909 

^?, 

Ages  18-20,  32-45  

578,  593 

Appendix  Table  23-A  shows  the  figures  by  States,  and  adds  a 
comparison  for  "German  aliens  with  the  figures  of  the  registrations 
taken  by  the  Department  of  Justice. 

Appendix  Table  23-B  shows  the  distribution,  by  nationalities,  for 
each  of  the  three  registrations. 

(5)  Upon  proceeding  to  the  classification  of  these  aliens  of  the 
first  and  second  registration  (the  classification  under  the  third 
registration  was  stopped  by  the  armistice  of  November  11,  1918), 
the  results  showing  the  contrast  between  aliens  and  citizens  appear 
in  the  following  Table  24 ;  hi  this  table,  Class  I  is  used  as  covering  ah1 
registrants  certified  for  service,  including  those  prior  to  Dec.  15,  1917. 

TABLE  24. 


Classification  of  aliens  and  citizens  compared. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  aliens. 

Per  cent 
of  citizens. 

1 

Total  aliens  registered  June  5,  1917-Sept.  11,  1918  . 

1,  703,  006 

100.00 

? 

Placed  in  Class  I  

414,  389 

24.33 

3 

Placed  in  deferred  classes 

1,  288,  617 

75.67 

4 

Total  citizens  registered  June  5,  1917-Sept.  11, 
1918          .                                       .... 

8,  976,  808 

100.00 

5 

Placed  in  Class  I 

3,  292,  155 

36.67 

6 

Placed  in  deferred  classes   

5,  684,  653 

63.33 

ALIENAGE. 


91 


(6)  As  between  declarants  and  nondeclarants,  the  ratio  for  the 
deferred  classes  is  naturally  higher  for  the  latter,  as  shown  in  Table  25 : 


TABLE  25. 


Classification  of  aliens  in  general. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  aliens 
registered. 

Per  cent 
of  nonde- 
clarants. 

Per  cent 
of  declar- 
ants. 

1 

Total  aliens  registered  June  5,  1917- 
Sept  11   1918  

1,  703,  006 

100.  00 

2 

Declarants           

538,  363 

31.61 

100  00 

^ 

Nondeclarants  

1,  164,  643 

68.39 

100.  00 

4 

Placed  in  Class  I  

414,  389 

24.33 

f> 

Declarants      .       

160,  594 

29.  64 

6 

Nondeclarants           

253,  795 

21.79 

7 

Placed  in  deferred  classes  

1,  288,  617 

75.67 

8 

Declarants                      

377,  769 

71  36 

9 

Nondeclarants            

910,  848 

78.21 

(7)  Among  the  three  groups  of  aliens,  viz,  cobelligerent,  neutral, 
and  enemy,  the  classification  showed  the  following  contrasts: 


TABLE  26. 


Classification  of  cobelligerent  aliens. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  cobel- 
ligerents. 

1 

Total  cobelligerents  registered  June  5,  1917-Sept.  11,  1918. 

1,  021,  063 

2 

Placed  in  Class  I  

311,  895 

30  55 

g 

Declarants  

117,  842 

4 

Nondeclarants         

194,  053 

5 

Placed  in  deferred  classes  

709,  168 

69  45 

R 

Declarants  

203,  485 

7 

Nondeclarants  

505,  683 

TABLE  27. 


Classification  of  neutral  aliens. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
neutrals. 

1 

Total  neutrals  registered  June  5,  1917-Sept.  11,  1918  

249,  034 

100.  00 

9 

Placed  in  Class  I  ...         

61,  942 

24.87 

s 

Declarants         

25,  918 

4 

Nondeclarants            

36,  024 

F> 

Placed  in  deferred  classes  

187,092 

75.13 

fi 

Declarants                     ....       

51,  726 

7 

Nondeclarants                           

135,  366 

It  thus  appears  that  the  neutrals  obtained  deferred  classification  to 
a  slightly  greater  extent  than  the  cobelligerents,  viz,  6  per  cent. 
One  would  perhaps  have  assumed  that  the  difference  of  sympathies 
would  have  shown  a  greater  readiness  than  these  figures  indicate,  on 
the  part  of  cobelligerents,  to  waive  deferment  and  enter  the  combat. 


92 


CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 


That  the  difference,  such  as  it  is,  was  mainly  to  be  ascribed  to 
nondeclarants,  appears  from  Table  28. 


TABLE  28. 


Nondeclarant  cobelligerent  and  neutral  deferments, 
compared. 

Number. 

Per  c^nt  of 

cobrl,i~er- 
ents. 

Per  cent  of 
neutrals. 

1 

Total,  cobelligerent  nondeclarant  aliens  regis- 
tered June  5  1917-Sept.  11  1918      

699,  736 

100.  00 

9 

Placed  in  Class  I                                     ... 

194,  053 

27.  73 

1 

Placed  in  deferred  classes              .... 

505,  683 

72.  27 

4 

Total  neutral  nondeclarant  aliens  registered 
June  5  1917-Sept  11,  1918 

171,  390 

100.  00 

*) 

Placed  in  Class  I                                   ...... 

36,  024 

21.02 

fi 

Placed  in  deferred  classes 

135,  366 

78.  98 

(8)  Alien  enemies  and  oMen  allies  of  the  enemy  included,  of  course,  a 
large  share  of  anti-German  aliens,  belonging  to  other  race  stocks; 
these  were  usually  enemies  in  a  purely  technical  sense.  How  a 
certain  number  of  them  came  to  be  placed  in  Class  I  is  explained  in  a 
later  paragraph  of  this  chapter.  The  figures  for  deferments  in  line  8 
of  Table  29  show  the  deferments  specifically  made  on  the  ground  of 
enemy  alienage;  lines  6  and  7  include  deferments  on  other  grounds: 

TABLE  29. 


Alien  enemies  and  allied  enemies  classified. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  alien 
enemies. 

1 

Total  alien  enemies  and  allied  enemies  registered  June  5, 
1917-Sept  11  1918  

432,  909 

100.00 

9 

Placed  in  Class  I  

40,  552 

9.37 

S 

Declarants         

16,  834 

4 

Nondeclarants  

23,  718 

5 

Placed  in  deferred  classes         .         

392,  357 

90.63 

6 

Declarants                         - 

122,  558 

Y 

Nondeclarants     

269,  799 

8 

Class  V—  E  of  deferments  (alien  enemies)  

334,  949 

q 

Alien  enemies  reported  as  discharged  at  camp  

5,637 

We  are  now  in  a  position  to  understand  the  scope  and  bearing  of 
the  serious  problems  that  arose  in  connection  with  alienage,  and  the 
solutions  reached. 

Those  problems  were,  in  the  main,  three:  (1)  The  problem  of  alien 
numbers  as  affecting  the  quota  basis;  (2)  the  problem  of  neutral  and 
cobelligerent  alien  liability  to  service,  as  Involving  diplomatic 
negotiations;  and  (3)  the  problem  of  enemy  aliens  in  the  armed  forces. 

1 .  Alienage  as  disturbing  the  quota  l)asis. — The  supposed  inequity  of 
the  selective  service  act  in  requiring  quotas  to  be  based  on  population 
including  aliens,  while  payments  for  quotas  were  obliged  to  be  made 


ALIENAGE.  93 

in  natives  and  declarants  only,  led  to  great  popular  dissatisfaction. 
This  situation  existed  as  early  as  August,  1917,  and  was  described  in 
my  First  Report.  Several  remedies  were  proposed. 

(a)  Alien  nonliability  to  the  draft. — One  remedy  was  to  amend  the 
law  so  as  to  make  all  aliens  liable  to  the  draft.  This  was  the  purport 
of  several  bills  introduced  in  Congress.  Besides  its  administrative 
difficulties,  it  involved  opposition  from  diplomatic  representatives, 
particularly  of  neutral  treaty  countries.  In  August,  1917,  an  acute 
situation  was  reached.  At  the  request  of  the  Department  of  State, 
the  subject  was  temporarily  withdrawn  from  consideration  by  Con- 
gress, pending  the  development  of  a  second  remedy,  proposed  by  the 
Department  of  State,  viz: 

(&)  Reciprocal  treaties  of  conscription  with  cobelligerents. — This  sec- 
ond remedy,  then  begun  by  negotiation,  did  not  mature  for  almost  a 
year;  the  resulting  treaties  are  described  later.  The  reason  why  this 
remedy,  if  immediately  maturing,  would  have  sufficed  practically  was 
that  the  cobelligerent  countries  represented  some  700,000  of  the  non- 
declarant  aliens,  while  the  neutrals  represented  a  few  more  than 
170,000,  and  therefore  the  effect  of  the  latter  element  on  the  quota 
basis  was  relatively  not  important.  The  subjection  of  nondeclar- 
ant cobelligerent  aliens  to  mutual  conscription  would  have  furnished 
a  substantially  complete  relief  to  the  complaints  of  inequity. 

In  the  meanwhile,  however,  complete  relief  came  about  through 
a  third  remedy,  adopted  for  other  controlling  reasons,  viz : 

(c)  The  classification  system. — In  December,  1917,  the  method  of 
calling  and  examining  registrants  from  time  to  time  as  needed  to  fill 
a  requisition  was  replaced  by  the  method  of  classifying  all  regis- 
trants in  advance  once  for  all  (as  already  described  in  Chapter  III). 
Of  the  five  classes  thus  formed,  nondeclarant  aliens  formed  a  division 
in  Class  V;  and  it  was  planned  to  apportion  the  quotas  of  the  several 
States  and  subdivisions  on  the  total  numbers  in  Class  I,  respectively, 
as  forming  the  most  just  basis  for  quotas.  This  method  thus  elimi- 
nated aliens  in  the  computation  and  apportionment  of  quotas.  The 
bill  containing  the  necessary  amendment  to  the  law,  though  intro- 
duced in  January,  1918,  was  not  enacted  until  May  (as  described  in 
Chapter  VI) ;  but  from  the  time  of  the  announcement  of  the  plan  no 
further  complaint  was  heard  as  to  the  effect  of  alienage  upon  quotas. 
By  this  change  of  regulations  nondeclarant  aliens  fell  into  Class  V, 
and  the  quota  basis  was  formed  by  Class  I.  This,  therefore,  reduced 
to  an  equitable  basis  the  relative  quotas  of  communities  having  large 
alien  elements. 

General  satisfaction  is  expressed  by  the  boards  with  the  new  quota 
system,  as  disposing  finally  of  the  discontent  produced  by  the  original 
statutory  rule.  But  in  answering  the  inquiry  put  to  them  on  this 
point  many  boards  eagerly  seize  the  opportunity  to  express  in  the 


94          CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

strongest  terms  the  intense  and  widespread  popular  feeling  that  aliens, 
if  otherwise  qualified,  should  be  compelled  to  serve  in  the  Army;  or, 
if  this  were  impossible,  that  they  should  at  least  be  prevented  in 
some  way  (possibly  by  taxation)  from  turning  their  privilege  of 
exemption  to  pecuniary  profit.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the 
spectacle  of  American  boys,  the  finest  in  the  community,  going  forth 
to  fight  for  the  liberty  of  the  world  while  sturdy  aliens  -many  of 
them  born  in  the  very  countries  which  have  been  invaded  by  the 
enemy — stay  at  home  and  make  money  has  been  the  one  notable 
cause  of  dissatisfaction  with  the  scheme  of  military  service  embodied 
in  the  selective  service  act. 

2.  Treatment  of  aliens  by  the  law  and  by  the  officials  as  a  subject  of 
diplomatic  protest  by  foreign  representatives — (a)  Nondeclarant  aliens.— 
The  acceptance  of  many  nondeclarant  aliens  by  the  selective  serv- 
ice officials,  gave  rise  to  diplomatic  protest  on  the  ground  that  non- 
declarants,  though  exempt,  were  nevertheless  made  to  serve.  This 
involved  both  the  law  and  procedure  of  the  regulations,  and  the 
conduct  of  the  officials  administering  them. 

(1)  In  so  far  as  the  law  itself  was  concerned,  the  two  great  prin- 
ciples embodied  in  the  selective  service  regulations,  viz.,  first,  that 
exemption  is  an  exception,  and,  secondly,  that  an  alien  claiming  ex- 
emption must  prove  his  case,  were  subsequently  vindicated  by  the 
courts.  At  the  outset,  this  office  was  of  the  opinion  that  the  Con- 
gress intended  to  establish  and  did  establish  the  presumption  that 
every  registrant  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States;  that  this  presump- 
tion stands  until  the  contrary  is  shown;  and  that  every  registrant, 
therefore,  is  and  remains  subject  to  be  drafted  into  the  military 
forces  unless  exempted  or  excused  by  a  local  or  district  board,  or  by 
the  President  on  review.  The  selective  service  machinery,  accord- 
ingly, was  erected  by  Executive  regulations,  the  foundation  of  which, 
in  respect  of  enemy  aliens  and  nondeclarant  aliens,  rested  upon  the 
proposition  that  the  boards  must  exempt,  upon  their  own  initiative 
if  necessary,  every  alien  enemy,  and  that  nondeclarant  aliens,  after 
registration,  are  not  automatically  exempt  from  further  operation  of 
the  act  and  the  rules  and  regulations. 

The  Federal  courts  throughout  the  country  (with  one  exception 
only,  so  far  as  I  am  advised)  have  ruled  to  the  same  effect.1  The 
courts  reasoned  that  while  alien  enemies  and  nondeclarant  aliens 

1  The  leading  cases  are:  United  States  ex  rel.  Bartalini  v.  Capt.  Mitchell,  248  Fed.  997;  United  States 
ex  rel.  Joseph  Koopowitz,  alias  Jacob  Koopowitz,  v.  John  P.  Finley,  245  Fed.  871;  United  States  ex  rel. 
George  Cubyluck  v.  J.  Franklin  Bell,  248  Fed.  995;  United  States  ex  rel.  Giovanni  Troiani  v.  John  E. 
Heyburn,  sheriff,  245  Fed.  36»;  James  Summertime  v.  Local  Board,  248  Fed.  832;  Ella  H.  Tinkoff  et  al., 
petitioners,  Department  of  Justice,  Bulletin  No.  57;  Mathias  Hutflis,  petitioner,  245  Fed.  789;  United 
States  ex  rel.  Max  Pascher  v.  Eugene  Kinkead  et  al. ,  248  Fed.  141,  affirmed  on  appeal  by  the  United  States 
Circuit  Court  of  Appeals,  250  Fed.  692,  698,  citing  Arver  v.  United  States,  245  U.  S.  366;  ex  parte  Kusweski, 
251  Fed.  977;  and  ex  parte  Romano,  251  Fed.  762. 

Contra:  Ex  parte  Beck,  245  Fed.  967;  John  Napora,  petitioner,  v.  Jamas  H.  Rowe  et  al..  United  States 
District  Court  for  the  District  of  Montana,  decided  October  24, 1918,  not  yet  reported. 


ALIENAGE.  95 

are  not  subject  to  be  drafted,  it  is  clear  that  whether  a  particular 
person  belongs  to  one  or  the  other  of  these  classes  is  a  question  of 
fact,  exactly  the  same  as  whether  a  person  i?  a  duly  ordained  minister 
of  religion  or  a  student  for  the  ministry  in  a  recognized  theological 
or  divinity  school;  that  the  plain  purpose  of  the  act  was  that  the 
fact  should  be  ascertained  by  the  administrative  boards  which  the 
President  was  authorized  to  create;  that  it  must  be  assumed  that  it 
was  impossible  for  the  local  and  district  boards  or  any  other  govern- 
mental agencies  independently  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  a  regis- 
trant was  a  nondeclarent  alien,  because  such  an  inquiry  would  involve 
a  search  of  the  records  of  the  naturalization  courts,  Federal  and  State, 
throughout  the  entire  country  to  ascertain  a  negative,  viz,  whether 
a  person  had  not  declared  his  intention  ("an  obviously  impossible 
and  absurd  inquiry,"  as  one  judge  has  said);  and  that  it  was  only 
when  the  action  of  the  boards  was  without  jurisdiction,  or  when, 
having  jurisdiction,  they  failed  to  give  the  parties  complaining  a  fair 
opportunity  to  be  heard  and  present  their  evidence,  that  the  action 
of  sucb  tribunals  was  subject  to  review  by  the  civil  courts.1  The 
Federal  courts  further  held  that  there  is  no  conflict  between  the 
selective  service  law  and  the  treaty  stipulations  in  respect  to  non- 
declarent aliens,  because  the  act  and  the  rules  and  regulations 
expressly  give  such  aliens  the  right  to  claim  and  receive  exemption 
from  the  draft.2 

(2)  In  so  far  as  the  action  of  the  local  boards  was  concerned,  the 
regulations  and  instructions  required  local  and  district  boards  to  give 
every  alien,  as  well  as  every  other  registrant,  a  full  and  fair  hearing, 
or  a  full  and  fan-  opportunity  to  be  heard,  on  any  claim  of  exemption 
that  he  might  have.  While  this  office  believed  that,  when  such 
a  full  and  fan'  opportunity  was  offered  and  no  claim  was  made,  or 
when  a  claim  was  made  and  after  such  a  full  and  fair  hearing  the 
boards  disallowed  the  claim,  no  one  had  a  legal  right  to  complain, 
authority  was  given  to  the  boards  to  reopen  any  claim  upon 
proper  suggestion  at  any  time  before  induction.  Furthermore,  local 
boards  were  authorized  to  inquire  into  the  status  of  any  registrant 
where  they  had  reason  to  believe  that  the  particular  registrant  was 
a  nondeclarant  alien  and  had  failed  through  ignorance  to  claim 
exemption,  and,  if  such  were  found  to  be  the  case,  the  boards  were 
required  to  exempt  him.  • 

1  In  ex  parte  Beck  and  in  John  Napora  v.  James  H.  Rowe  et  al.,  supra  (the  Napora  case  is  pending  on 
appeal  in  the  United  States  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals,  Ninth  Circuit),  the  United  States  District  Court 
for  the  Districl^of  Montana  held  that  registrants  who  at  the  time  of  registration  stated  to  the  registrars 
that  they  were  nondeclarent  aliens  and  claimed  exemption  as  such  on  their  registration  cards  were  auto- 
matically exempt  from  further  operation  of  the  act  and  rules  and  regulations,  and  that  all  rules  and  regu- 
lations to  the  contrary  are  void  as  being  inconsistent  with  the  terms  of  the  act. 

2  Ex  parte  Dragut  in  Blazekovic,  Department  of  Justice  Bulletin  No.  67,  and  Mathias  Hutflis,  petitioner, 
supra.     Furthermore,  the  courts  hold  that  if  there  be,  in  fact,  an  irreconcilable  conflict  between  the  act 
and  any  particular  treaty  stipulation  in  respect  of  declarent  aliens,  the  act,  the  last  in  date,  must  control. 
Id.;  id. 


96         CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

In  order  further  to  obviate  the  question  which  had  arisen  as  to  the 
advisability  of  acting  upon  implied  waivers  of  aliens,  the  regulations 
promulgated  on  November  8,  1917,  provided  that  no  declarant  should 
thereafter  be  inducted,  the  fact  of  such  alienage  having  been  estab- 
lished, unless  and  until  he  had  expressly  waived  his  right  to  exemp- 
tion. At  the  same  time  legal  advisory  boards  were  established  for 
the  purpose  of  aiding  registrants,  and  this  measure  thereafter  elimi- 
nated almost  entirely  such  misunderstanding  as  had  heretofore  pre- 
vailed anywhere  among  aliens. 

There  can  be  no  doubt,  from  a  perusal  of  the  reports  from 
local  boards  (summarized  in  my  First  Report,  1917,  p.  53)  that 
throughout  the  country,  a'nd  with  only  occasional  and  local  excep- 
tions, the  practice  of  the  boards  was  in  entire  accord  with  the  law  and 
regulations.  In  the  regions  of 'large  alien  population,  the  personnel 
of  the  boards  often  included  men  of  foreign  race  stock,  fully  aware  of 
the  conditions  of  alienage  in  their  localities,  as  well  as  men  of  wide 
experience  in  social  welfare  wTork,  deeply  interested  in  the  alien  immi- 
grant; these  men  took  every  pains  to  inform  the  ignorant  and  to 
protect  the  helpless. 

Consuls  were  appealed  to  by  draft  officials  in  an  effort  to  surround 
the  alien  with  every  opportunity  to  establish  his  foreign  allegiance. 
It  is  a  matter  of  record  in  the  Naturalization  Bureau  that  53,346  cases 
were  referred  to  it  by  local  boards  in  the  effort  to  establish  in  the 
case  of  aliens  whether  a  declaration  of  intention  had  previously 
been  filed. 

Moreover,  the  mass  of  foreign-born  residents  were  themselves  per- 
meated by  the  spirit  of  readiness  to  waive  their  exemptions  and  vol- 
untarily accept  the  call  to  military  service.  Thousands  of  nonde- 
clarant  aliens  of  cobelligerent  and  even  of  neutral  origin  welcomed 
the  opportunity  to  take  up  arms  against  the  arch  enemy  of  all;  the 
records  of  correspondence  hi  this  office  contain  eloquent  testimony 
to  this  spirit.  The  figures  of  alien  classification  already  given 
(Tables  24  and  26)  indicate  this;  and  the  local  boards  report  explicitly 
that  the  number  of  nondeclarant  aliens  waiving  then:  exemption  was 
very  large  (191,491).  And  finally,  the  figures  of  naturalizations  in 
camp  since  May,  1918  (given  below  in  par.  3(&))  refute  the  notion  that 
any  appreciable  number  of  those  men  had  entered  the  service  unwil- 
lingly. That  the  boards  occasionally  allowed  themselves  the  pa- 
triot's privilege  of  pleading  with  the  man  who  had  not  fully  reflected 
on  his  duty  is  not  to  be  doubted.  An  Italian  was  about  to  claim 
exemption  on  account  of  alien  citizenship.  "Are  you  sure  you  want 
to  do  this?"  asked  the  chairman  of  the  board.  "Why  not?"  was 
the  inquiry.  "There  are  two  reasons,"  said  the  official.  ""One  is 
the  United  States,  the  other  is  Italy.  Two  flags  call  you  to  the  colors. 
There's  a  double  reason  for  you."  "I'll  go,"  he  said.  But  that  the 


ALIENAGE.  97 

boards  should  be  disparaged  for  thus  at  times  taking  on  the  attitude 
of  a  recruiting  officer  no  one  would  maintain. 

Here,  as  in  all  other  incidents  of  the  draft,  the  situation  varied 
somewhat  in  different  localities;  and  without  a  doubt  there  were 
rare  and  sporadic  local  instances  of  carelessness  and  of  bias  which 
led  to  improper  inductions.  The  zeal  of  some  local  boards,  irritated 
by  the  slacker  spirit  of  some  classes  of  population,  resulted  occa- 
sionally in  such  improprieties.  Moreover,  in  some  regions,  espe- 
cially on  the  border  States,  many  ignorant  aliens,  not  appreciating 
their  immunity,  left  the  country  for  Mexico  and  Canada  shortly 
after  the  first  registration,  without  filing  any  claim  for  the  exemp- 
tion to  which  they  were  entitled;  and  they  were  thus  carried  on 
the  books  as  delinquents  and  became  liable  to  apprehension  as 
deserters.  Boards  were  authorized  to  reclassify  them  in  proper 
cases,  even  in  the  absence  of  any  formal  claim  for  exemption;  but 
this  measure  could  not  reach  all  such  cases. 

These  various  instances  of  induction  of  nondeclarant  aliens, 
whether  properly  or  improperly  made,  led  to  a  number  of  diplo- 
matic protests  on  their  behalf  by  the  representatives  of  foreign 
Governments.  The  number  of  these  protests  reaching  this  office 
from  the  Secretary  of  State  was  some  5,852  in  all.  A  list  by  coun- 
tries is  given  with  Appendix  Table  30-A. 

(3)  To  allay  this  dissatisfaction  on  the  part  of  the  diplomatic 
representatives,  however,  certain  administrative  measures  were 
applied. 

One  of  these  consisted  in  authorizing  inquiry  into  the  propriety  of 
the  induction  of  individual  nondeclarant  aliens  on  request  of  their 
diplomatic  representatives.  This  inv.olved  an  elaborate  mechanism 
of  inquiry  on  the  part  of  the  selective  service  officials  and  the  camp 
commanders  and  the  State  adjutants  general,  and  in  the  great 
majority  of  cases  the  complaints  proved  not  to  be  well  founded. 

A  second  measure  (circular  letter  of  Apr.  27,  1918)  consisted  in 
authorizing  the  discharge  from  the  Army,  by  The  Adjutant  General 
of  the  Army,  of  individual  nondeclarant  aliens  already  inducted, 
this  discharge  being  directed  at  the  mere  request  of  the  diplomatic 
representative  and  without  regard  to  the  merits  of  the  induction. 
This  measure,  applied  under  the  President's  order  of  April  11,  quoted 
below,  was  designed  to  apply  only  to  individual  cases  that  had  been 
called  to  diplomatic  attention  spontaneously.  During  the  months 
of  December,  1917,  and  January,  1918,  only  one  or  two  cases  a  week 
had  been  presented.  But  about  that  time  the  measure  received 
an  extraordinary  extent  of  publicity  in  the  newspapers.  The  result 
was  that  ail  over  the  camps  there  arose  demands  for  discharge, 
stimulated  by  this  publicity,  on  the  part  even  of  nondeclarant 
neutral  aliens  who  had  been  voluntarily  inducted  and  who  had 
97259°— 19— 7 


98          CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

afterwards  changed  their  minds.  In  consequence,  the  months  of 
February  and  March  saw  such  claims  presented  at  the  rate  of  a 
hundred  or  more  per  week;  by  October  a  total  of  nearly  6,000  had 
been  called  to  the  attention  of  this  office. 

The  method  of  remedy  by  discharge  on  diplomatic  request  became 
permanent,  and  was  incorporated  in  certain  changes  in  the  selective 
service  regulations  as  to  classification.  (S.  S.  R.,  2d  edition,  sec. 
79,  (j).)  The  total  number  of  discharges  reported  to  this  office  from 
camp  commanders,  P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1029-D,  as  having  been  made 
by  reason  of  diplomatic  request  or  the  like,  for  aliens  of  neutral  or 
cobelligerent  nationalities,  between  February  10,  1918,  and  Novem- 
ber 22,  1918,  was  621.  The  local  boards  were  directed  by  the  regula- 
tions to  classify  such  persons  in  Class  V-J.  The  numbers  so  classi- 
fied are  reported  as  1,344.  The  discrepancy  between  these  two  fig- 
ures is,  of  course,  due  to  the  different  manner  of  keeping  the  records; 
but  the  figures  indicate  sufficiently  the  extent  of  the  action  taken, 
which  was  found  desirable  in  consequence  of  the  diplomatic  repre- 
sentations. 

(&)  Declarants. — The  selective  service  act  placed  declarants  ex- 
pressly under  liability  for  military  service.  This  provision  followed 
the  tradition  of  the  Civil  War.  But  it  led  in  two  ways  to  negotiations 
with  foreign  Governments. 

(1)  In  the  first  place,  foreign  treaty  countries,  i.  e.,  those  having 
treaties  providing  for  exemption  from  military  service,  claimed  that 
these  treaties  remained  in  force,  and  that  the  act  violated  the  treaties. 
Naturally,  this  claim  was  made  by  neutral  countries  mainly. 

Almost  at  the  very  beginning,  the  neutral  nations'  diplomatic 
representatives  approached  the  State  Department  with  numerous 
requests  to  relieve  their  nationals  from  the  operation  of  the  law,  and 
many  protests  were  filed  against  the  induction  of  individual  aliens 
into  the  military  service,  as  being  in  violation  of  international  law 
and  treaty  obligations.  Frequently  no  distinction  was  made,  in  these 
requests  of  the  diplomatic  representatives,  between  declarants  and 
nondeclarants.  Desirous  as  this  Government  was  to  find  a  solution 
which  should  relieve  the  difficulty  thus  created,  it  was  realized  that 
the  President  as  chief  executive  had  no  authority  to  go  counter 
to  the  express  terms  of  the  law  by  declaring  the  nationals  either  of 
friendly  or  of  neutral  countries  to  be  exempt  from  liability  under 
the  selective  service  law.  But  the  extent  of  his  authority  as 
commander  in  chief  of  the  armed  forces  in  respect  to  such  nationals 
after  they  had  been  inducted  into  the  service  was  a  distinct  matter. 
The  discussion  was  finally  closed  by  the  President,  as  commander  in 
chief  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  promulgating  his  order  of  April  11, 
1918,  wherein  he  directed,  in  respect  to  aliens  drafted  into  the  mili- 
tary service  of  the  United 'States,  that — 


ALIENAGE.  99 

I.  Both  declarants  and  nondeclarants  of  treaty  countries  shall  in  all  cases  be 
promptly  discharged  upon  request  of  the  accredited  diplomatic  representatives  of  the 
countries  of  which  they  are  citizens. 

II.  Nondeclarants  of  nontreaty  countries  shall    be  promptly  discharged  upon  the 
request  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  and  also  when  the  War  Department  is  satisfied  that 
a  discharge  should  be  granted  in  cases  where  a  full  and  fair  hearing  has  not  been  given 
by  fhe  local  board. 

The  first  paragraph  of  this  order,  in  its  application  to  declarants, 
was  directed  to  relieve  the  situation  caused  by  the  conflict  between 
the  selective  service  act  and  the  treaties.  The  second  paragraph,  as 
well  as  the  nondeclarant  portion  of  the  first  paragraph,  was  directed 
to  relieve  the  situation  already  described  as  to  nondeclarants. 

As  to  declarants,  relief  was  finally  given  by  Congress  to  neutrals 
(but  without  distinction  as  to  treaty  countries  or  nontreaty  countries) 
by  the  act  approved  July  9,  1918,  which  provided  that  any  citizen 
or  subject  of  any  neutral  country,  who  has  declared  his  intention  to 
become  a  citizen,  shall  be'relieved  from  liability  to  military  service 
upon  his  making  a  declaration  withdrawing  such  intention,  which 
shall  operate  and  be  held  to  cancel  his  declaration,  and  he  shall 
then  forever  be  debarred  from  becoming  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States.  This  provision  was  construed,  so  far  as  the  Selective  Service 
machinery  was  concerned,  to  apply  only  to  declarant  neutral  aliens 
who  had  not  already  been  inducted  into  the  service.  But  for  those 
already  inducted,  it  was  given  practical  effect  by  War  Department 
General  Orders  No.  92,  October  16,  1918,  which  authorized  command- 
ing officers  to  discharge  such  neutral  declarant  aliens  upon  applica- 
tion. 

(2)  The  foregoing  measures  of  relief  applied  virtually  (though  not 
literally)  to  neutral  countries.  For  cobelligerent  countries,  the  solu- 
tion was  reached  by  reciprocal  treaties  of  conscription.  The  negotia- 
tions for  these  treaties  had  their  inception  in  the  situation  already 
described  in  regard  to  the  problem  of  including  nondeclarant  aliens 
in  computing  the  quota  basis.  But  as  the  negotiations  progressed, 
the  proposed  measure  was  found  to  contribute  also  to  the  solution 
of  these  other  problems  concerning  the  liability  of  declarant  aliens 
of  cobelligerent  nationality.  So  as  early  as  July  19,  1917,  the  British 
Embassy  suggested  to  the  Department  of  State  the  conclusion  of  a 
convention  respecting  the  military  service  of  the  nationals  of  Great 
Britain  and  of  the  United  States  residing  in  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain,  respectively,  this  convention  to  authorize  the  reciprocal 
drafting  of  such  nationals  both  declarant  and  nondeclarant.  On 
August  29,  1917,  the  Secretary  of  State  submitted  to  the  Secretary 
of  War  the  draft  of  a  convention  which  it  was  proposed  to  conclude 
with  all  the  allied  nations;  and  on  September  17,  1917,  the  Secretary 
of  State  submitted  to  the  British,  French,  Italian  and  Greek  Embassies 
the  draft  of  a  convention  for  consideration  by  their  respective  govern- 


100       CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

ments,  having  for  its  purpose  the  reciprocal  drafting  of  the  nationals 
of  each  country.  The  proposed  conventions  provided  that  alien 
residents  should  be  allowed  an  opportunity  to  enlist  in  the  forces  of 
their  own  governments,  and  that,  failing  to  do  so  within  a  prescribed 
time,  they  should  become  subject  to  the  selective  draft  regulations 
of  the  country  in  which  they  were  residing.  It  was  agreed  fhat 
the  convention  with  Great  Britain  should  be  finally  concluded  before 
those  proposed  to  our  other  cobelligerents  were  proceeded  with. 
Necessary  modifications  in  the  proposed  draft  of  the  convention  with 
Great  Britain  caused  long  delay  in  its  final  ratification.  The  con- 
vention with  Great  Britain  was  signed  on  June  3,  1918;  the  Senate 
on  June  24  advised  its  ratification,  it  was  ratified  on  the  28th  of 
June;  and  the  ratifications  were  exchanged  in  Washington  and 
London  on  Juty  30,  1918.  The  convention  with  the  French  Govern- 
ment was  signed  on  September  3,  1918,  ratified  by  the  Senate  on 
September  19  and  by  the  President  on  September  26;  the  ratifications 
were  exchanged  and  the  convention  became  effective  on  November 
8,  1918.  The  Greek  convention  was  signed  on  August  30,  1918, 
ratified  by  the  Senate  on  September  19  and  by  the  President  on 
October  21  and  exchanged  on  November  12,  1918.  The  Italian 
convention  was  signed  on  August  24,  1918,  ratified  on  October  24, 
and  exchanged  on  November  12,  1918. 

A  further  diplomatic  situation,  concerning  cobelligerent  declarants, 
particularly  of  the  British  Empire,  arose  in  connection  with  those 
declarants  who  were  being  sought  for  enlistment  by  the  recruiting 
missions  authorized  by  the  act  of  May  10,  1917,  to  be  established  in 
this  country.  Declarants  who  thus  offered  themselves  for  enlistment 
under  the  cobelligerent  flag  became  a  subtraction  from  the  potential 
armed  forces  of  the  United  States,  if  they  were  in  Class  I.  This  led 
to  occasional  local  misunderstanding  between  cobelligerent  recruiting 
officers  and  some  of  the  local  boards  where  the  recruiting  missions 
were  stationed;  negotiation  between  the  State  Department,  the 
foreign  embassies,  and  the  Secretary  of  War  was  the  result.  This 
situation,  however,  was  remedied  by  the  completion,  already  referred 
to,  of  the  British  and  Canadian  treaties  of  reciprocal  conscription, 
signed  on  June  3,  1918,  which  were  given  effect  in  the  Army  appro- 
priation act,  chapter  12.  By  section  79  (k)  of  the  Selective  Service 
Regulations  (2d  edition,  October,  1918),  a  cobelligerent  declarant 
thus  enlisting  in  the  forces  of  the  cobelligerent  country  under  one  of 
these  conventions  was  placed  in  Class  V-K,  by  his  local  board,  and 
thus  was  recorded  as  exempt  from  military  service  in  the  United 
States  forces;  but  this  provision  did  not  come  into  effect  in  season  to 
apply  to  registrants  prior  to  September  12,  1918.  Nondeclarant  aliens 
who  had  claimed  exemption  from  the  draft  in  this  country,  and  whose 
claims  had  been  allowed,  could  of  course,  with  propriety,  be  enlisted 


ALIENAGE.  101 

by  the  foreign  missions.  The  hearty  approval  given  by  our  Govern- 
ment to  the  efforts  to  secure  them  for  their  own  governments,  since 
they  had  been  exempted  from  service  in  our  forces,  was  exhibited  in 
the  act  of  Congress  above  cited. 

(c)  Naturalization. — Arising  in  part  out  of  the  foregoing  last 
described  situation  and  operating  also  as  a  remedial  measure  for 
both  of  the  foregoing  situations  came  the  amendments  to  the  naturali- 
zation laws,  approved  May  9,  1918,  which  removed  many  of  the 
limitations  of  procedure  and  time  in  the  process  of  naturalization, 
and  were  especially  directed  to  facilitate  the  naturalization  of  aliens 
serving  in  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States.  The 
effect  of  this  statute  was  to  make  it  possible  for  an  alien,  whether  a 
declarant  or  nondeclarant  who  had  been  either  enlisted  or  drafted 
into  the  service  of  the  United  States  to  change  his  status  into  that  of 
a  full  citizen,  thus  enabling  him  to  enter  upon  his  military  career 
without  the  handicap  imposed  upon  him  by  his  foreign  nativity.  This 
measure  opened  the  way  for  the  camp  commanders,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army,  to  encourage  naturalization 
on  a  large  scale  and  resulted  in  the  conversion  of  the  "  Foreign  Legion" 
of  the  Army  of  the  United  States  into  a  host  of  loyal  American 
citizen-soldiers.  By  this  act  the  number  of  those  military  persons 
as  to  whom  any  question  could  henceforth  be  raised,  either  on  the 
ground  of  their  proper  induction  as  nondeclarant  aliens  or  on  the 
ground  of  their  nonliability  as  declarant  aliens  of  treaty  countries 
or  of  neutral  countries  was  substantially  diminished. 

3.  Effect  of  foregoing  measures. — As  indicating  the  effect  of  the 
foregoing  measures  in  relieving  the  several  situations,  it  is  worth 
while  to  note  the  figures  obtainable  as  to  alien  discharges  in  camps, 
alien  naturalization,  and  cobelligerent  recruiting. 

(a)  Discharges  in  camp. — On  October  5,  1918,  The  Adjutant  Gen- 
eral of  tho  Army  called  for  reports  from  the  different  camps  as  to 
the  number  and  names  of  aliens  who  desired  discharge  or  were 
suitable  for  dischgare.  The  reports  thus  far  available  cover  only 
a  single  camp,  but  the  proportions  in  the  returns  at  hand  are 
significant.  Out  of  a  total  of  1,589  aliens  in  this  camp  in  October, 
1918,  only  289  asked  for  discharge  when  the  opportunity  was  thus 
offered,  or  less  than  20  per  cent.  Of  these  aliens,  383  were  tech- 
nically enemy  aliens,  virtually  all  being  either  of  Austro-Hungarian 
or  Turkish  allegiance;  and  139,  or  a  few  more  than  36  per  cent, 
applied  for  discharge.  Of  the  cobelligerent  aliens,  1,006  in  all,  and 
composed  almost  entirely  of  British,  Italians,  and  Russian  subjects, 
only  24  applied  for  discharge,  or  a  little  more  than  2  per  cent.  Of  the 
neutral  aliens,  200  in  all,  84  applied  for  discharge,  or  42  per  cent. 
These  contrasts  between  the  several  groups  show  just  such  cleavage 
as  we  might  expect.  The  general  figures  indicate  how  slight  was  the 


102       CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 


disposition  of  these  alien  groups  to  withdraw  from,  the  opportunity 
of  taking  arms  against  the  world  foe. 

Similarly,  the  returns  from  the  local  boards  (though  only  partially 
covering  the  field)  as  to  the  neutral  declarants  who  have  availed 
themselves  of  the  right,  under  the  act  of  Congress  above  cited,  to 
obtain  exemption  by  withdrawing  their  declaration  of  intention  to 
become  citizens,  are  illuminating: 

TABLE  30. 


Neutral  declarants  withdrawing  from  service. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  neutral 
declarants. 

Per  cent 
of 
Class  I. 

1 

Total  neutral  alien  declarants  registered  June 
5,  1917-Sept  11   1918                                  

77,  644 

100  00 

2 

Placed  in  deferred  classes  

51,  726 

66.62 

3 

Placed  in  Class  I  

25,  918 

33.38 

100.00 

4 

Exempted  on  withdrawal  of  declaration  

818 

1.05 

3.16 

(6)  Naturalizations  in  1918. — One  test  of  the  spirit  of  loyalty 
among  aliens  may  be  found  in  the  number  of  naturalizations  applied 
for  and  granted  to  registrants  since  the  United  States  entered  the 
war.  Such  action  inspires  a  sentiment  of  admiration  for  their 
readiness  to  enter  the  war  in  the  service  of  their  adopted  country. 
The  Bureau  of  Naturalization  reports  that  the  total  number  of 
naturalizations  in  the  United  States  between  October  1,  1917,  and 
September  30,  1918,  was  179,816;  and  that  since  the  passage  of  the 
act  of  May  8,  1918,  above  referred  to,  the  number  of  naturalizations 
accomplished  in  camp,  up  to  November  30,  1918,  was  155,246.  As 
there  were  only  414,389  aliens  (Table  25)  placed  in  Class  I  up  to 
September  11,  1918  (including  declarants  and  nondeclarants), 
and  as  a  large  portion  of  these  must  have  gone  overseas  prior  to  June, 
1918,  it  is  plain  that  the  opportunity  for  naturalization  found  a 
hearty  response  from  the  great  majority  of  aliens  to  whom  it  was 
offered.  Unfortunately,  tune  has  not  sufficed  to  analyze  the  natural- 
ization papers  and  thus  discover  the  variances  between  the  different 
nationalities  in  this  demonstration  of  loyalty  to  their  adoptive 
country. 

(c)  Cobelligerent  recruiting. — The  results  of  the  recruiting  missions 
of   the   cobelligerents   are  full  of  significance.     Under   the  British 
flag  were  recruited  about  48,000  men.     The  Polish  Legion  raised 
about    18,000.     The  Czecho-Slovaks   also   recruited   a   considerable 
number;  and  the  Slavic  Legion  was  in  active  inception  when  the 
armistice  arrived. 

(d)  Local  boards. — In  summary  of  the  alien  attitude  toward  the 
draft,  and  as  a  main  explanation  of  the  relatively  large  percentage 
inducted  from  this  exempt  class,  attention  may  be  called  to  the  testi- 


ALIENAGE.  103 

mony  of  the  local  boards.  Apart  from  exceptions  here  and  there  for 
a  particular  region  or  a  particular  nationality,  the  general  attitude  is 
described  in  the  following  passage  from  a  local  board  report: 

I  found  patriotism  in  all  our  boys;  not  one  instance  can  I  recall  where  the  yellow 
streak  was  shown.  Many  young  men  with  German  names,  whose  parents  were 
citizens  of  the  United  States,  seemed  to  be  full  of  fight  for  their  country.  The  Italians 
were  full  of  ginger  and  wanted  to  get  into  the  fight,  many  coming  to  the  board  and 
asking  to  be  inducted  before  their  turn,  which  we,  of  course,  could  not  do.  The 
American  boys,  of  course, were  all  full  of  fight,  and  the  Negro  was  just  as  anxious  as  any. 
So,  from  observation,  I  believe  all  nationalities  registered  by  this  board  were  eager 
to  be  of  service  to  the  United  States  Government  and  help  win  the  glorious  victory 
which  finally  came. 

In  spite  of  the  indications  of  the  figures  (Table  28)  that  non- 
declarants  were  the  least  ready  to  go  into  the  war,  the  general  fact 
seems  to  be  that  the  individual's  attitude  depended  more  on  the 
nationality  than  on  the  legal  status.  A  sentiment  of  reluctance  in  a 
particular  race  stock  in  any  given  community  was  as  likely  to  be 
shared  by  the  declarants,  who  were  legally  subject  to  draft,  as  by  the 
nondeclarants,  who  were  not  subject. 

Another  important  explanatory  circumstance  for  the  number  of 
alien  inductions  is  found  in  the  gradual  change  of  popular  attitude. 
As  the  war  went  forward  and  the  sentiment  in  support  of  the  draft 
became  marked,  there  was  a  progressive  change  in  the  attitude  of 
men  of  foreign  race  stock.  They  caught  the  spirit  and  swung  loyally 
into  line.  The  following  instance  is  typical: 

That  the  feeling  of  the  public  toward  the  operation  of  the  selective  service  law 
changed  rapidly  for  the  better  as  the  months  went  by,  there  can  be  no  doubt.  Many, 
many  instances  came  to  our  attention  bearing  out  those  facts.  Probably  one  of  the 
most  significant  examples  of  the  change  from  slacker  to  patriot  was  shown  in  the  case 
of  the  father  of  our  registrant  Z. 

Z's  father  was  a  Russian  Jew;  he  had  been  in  this  country  probably  15  or  20  years. 
He  had  the  Russian  Jew's  horror  of  war,  and  when  his  son's  questionnaire  was  mailed 
he  made  haste  to  claim  exemption  for  him  on  the  ground  that  the  son  was  his  only 
support.  Investigation,  however,  showed  that  there  were  two  other  boys,  one  close 
•  to  21,  another  about  19,  and  a  sister  some  22  or  23  years  old,  all  of  whom  contributed 
toward  the  support  of  the  parents.  The  claim  for  a  deferred  classification  for  Z  was 
therefore  denied,  and  he  was  sent  to  camp.  After  being  in  the  service  some  two  or 
three  months,  he  was  discharged  for  physical  disability.  Upon  his  arrival  home,  on  the 
strength  of  his  discharge,  he  was  placed  in  Class  V-G,  and  a  card  to  that  effect  mailed 
him;  and  some  days  later  the  father  appeared,  thanked  the  board  for  being,  as  he 
termed,  "square  with  his  boy,"  but  a  few  days  later  he  appeared  again  and  stated  that 
the  boy  liked  the  service  and  wanted  to  know  if  we  couldn't  examine  him  again  and 
return  him  to  camp.  In  the  next  two  or  three  months  both  the  father  and  the  boy 
appeared  before  the  board  several  times  and  made  the  same  request;  and  finally, 
after  an  examination  had  skown  us  that  the  physical  disability  had  disappeared,  we 
again  inducted  the  boy.  He  was  sent  to  camp  and  is  now  in  the  service.  In  the 
meantime,  passing  the  home  of  Z's  father,  we  noticed,  first,  that  a  Red  Cross  appeared 
in  the  window,  indicating  that  he  had  contributed  to  that  fund.  Later,  we  noticed 
that  he  had  commenced  contributing  to  the  various  Liberty  loans.  Finally,  not  long 
prior  to  the  registration  of  September,  1918,  the  father  appeared  before  the  board  and 


104       CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

volunteered  the  use  of  his  house  for  the  September  registration.     At  that  registration, 
his  two  remaining  sons  were  registered.     They  both  filed  questionnaires  and  waived 
all  claim  for  exemption.    The  old  man  was  proud  to  have  his  boys  in  the  service. 
The  war  made  Z's  father  an  American  citizen.     It  took  the  war  to  open  his  eyes. 

4.  Alien  enemy  subjects  in  the  Army.— (a}  Alien  enemies  as  affected 
by  the  draft. — The  selective  service  act  made  only  alien  declarants 
subject  to  draft  and  by  express  statement  made  enemy  alien  declar- 
ants not  subject  to  draft.  This  left  the  selective  service  regulations 
free  to  impose  an  absolute  prohibition  upon  the  local  boards  to  accept 
for  military  service  any  enemy  alien,  declarant  or  nondeclarant,  in 
spite  of  his  waiver  of  nonliability. 

While  the  field  was  thus  cleared  of  all  obstacles  from  a  legal  stand- 
point, the  problem  of  the  enemy  alien  in  the  practical  administration 
of  the  law  was  fraught  with  many  difficulties  and  called  for  constant 
vigilance  and  great  discernment  on  the  part  of  the  local  and  district 
boards.  Out  of  the  registration  of  9,586,508  men  on  June  5,  1917, 
some  41,000  were  subjects  of  Germany.  These  were  expressly 
excluded  from  admission  into  the  draft,  but  not  from  the  operation 
of  the  act  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  fact  of  alienage.  As 
the  exclusion  from  the  service  of  alien  enemies  was  demanded  by 
international  law,  by  public  policy,  and  by  the  effective  operation 
of  our  forces,  local  boards  were  strictly  charged  with  the  duty  of 
exempting  every  one  of  them  from  the  draft. 

Four  peculiar  situations  arose,  however. 

(1)  Germany  was  our  first  enemy.    As  early  as  the  first  draft,  which 
had  sent  500,000  men  to  camp  by  December  15,  it  was  found  that 
somewhat  less  than  1,000  German  alien  nondeclarants  were  reported 
by  the  boards  as  having  been  sent  to  camp;  the  number  of  German 
declarants  sent  to  camps  was  also  doubtless  an  appreciable  one. 
It  thus  became  necessary,  through  The  Adjutant  General,  to  direct 
camp  commanders  to  make  inquiry  and  to  discharge  such  German 
aliens.     This  was  a  matter  which  did  not  come  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Provost  Marshal  General's  office,  except  so  far  as  it  raised  the 
question  how  the  local  boards  could  have  permitted  these  men  to 
have  been  inducted.     There  are  various  adequate  explanations  for 
this,  but  they  need  not  be  here  elaborated.     Suffice  it  to  say  that  the 
President's  power  to  discharge  was  so  exercised  as  to  dispose  of  all 
cases  meriting  such  action. 

(2)  The  second  situation  arose  when  Austria- Hungary  became  an 
enemy  countiy,  on  November  11,  1917;  this  brought  some  239,000 
registrants  into  the  'status  of  enemy  aliens.     Up  to  that  tune,  the 
prohibition  against  induction  of  enemy  aliens  had  not  applied  to  these 
nationals.     The  camps  were  thus  found  to  contain  thousands  of 
Austro-Hungarian  declarants,  not  deferred  on  ordinary  grounds,  and 
also  a  large  number  (probably  about  9,000)  of  Austro-Hungarian 


ALIENAGE.  105 

nondeclarants,  who  had  waived  their  alienage  exemption.  The 
problem  was  how  to  discriminate  in  the  discharge  of  these  technical 
aliens.  This  also  was  a  problem  for  The  Adjutant  General's  office 
and  not  for  the  Provost  Marshal  General's  office,  the  inductions 
presumably  having  been  completely  in  accordance  with  law.  iBy 
the  letter  of  October  5,  1918,  above  cited,  The  Adjutant  General 
called  for  a  report  on  the  numbers  of  such  aliens  in  the  various 
camps  with  a  view  to  making  discharges  therefrom,  but  the 
reports  thus  far  received  do  not  afford  any  clear  basis  for  ascertaining 
either  the  exact  numbers  of  such  persons  or  the  action  taken  thereon. 
It  is  certain,  however,  that  large  numbers,  in  fact  a  great  majority, 
of  these  men  were  of  the  oppressed  races  of  Austria-Hungary  and 
therefore  sympathetic  with  the  cause  of  the  allies  and  ready  to 
remain  in  camp.  The  camp  reports  above  cited  (par.  3  (a),  p. 
101),  and  also  the  local  board  reports  in  Table  29,  show  that  the 
majority  preferred  to  remain  in  the  military  service  of  the  United 
States. 

(3)  The  relation  of  Turkey  and  Bulgaria  to  the  war  presented  a 
third  situation.     While  our  allies  were   at  war  with  Turkey  and 
Bulgaria,  we  had  never  declared  war  upon  them.     For  all  intents  and 
purposes  the  registrant  subjects  of  these  two  countries  (some  43 , 000  in 
number)  were  alien  enemies,  although  they  were  not  in  law  enemies  of 
the  United  States.     This  office  was  requested  by  the  military  author- 
ities to  instruct  local  boards  to  treat  the  subjects  of  Turkey  and  Bul- 
garia as  enemy  aliens  and  to  classify  them  as  such,  but  whether  Turks 
and  Bulgars  could  properly  be  classified  as  enemy  aliens  was  a  matter 
of  original  determination  by  the  Department  of  State.     Until  the 
State  Department  ruled  that  the  subjects  of  Turkey  and  Bulgaria 
were  enemy  aliens,  the  agencies  of  the  draft  were  not  authorized  to 
treat  them  as  such.     The  State  Department  finally  held  on  October 
24,  1918,  that  the  subjects  of  Turkey  and  Bulgaria  for  the  purposes 
of  the  draft  were  enemy  aliens,  but  before  instructions  could  be 
published  carrying  into  effect  the  decision  of  the  department,  hos- 
tilities against  Turkey  and  Bulgaria  were  suspended  and  the  instruc- 
tions were  not  promulgated. 

(4)  A  fourth  situation,  equally  anomalous  but  tending  to  an  oppo- 
site result,  arose  in  connection  wTith  the  oppressed  races,  subjects  of 
the  Imperial  Governments  of  Germany  and  Austria-Hungary.     Jugo- 
Slavs,  Czecho-Slovaks,  and  Ruthenians,  subjects  of  Germany  and 
Austria-Hungary,  were  technically  enemy  aliens,  and  as  such  must 
be  excluded  from  the  draft.     Yet  the  known  antipathy  of  these 
peoples  to  their  sovereign  Governments,  and  their  eagerness  to  espouse 
the  cause  of  the  United  States  and  our  allies,  brought  us  squarely 
into  an  inconsistency  which  produced  the  military  ostracism  of  real 
patriots  whose  every  interest  was  our  own.     No  provision  was  made 


106      CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

for  the  removal  of  the  technical  barrier  which  prohibited  their  serving 
in  our  forces,  until  the  act  of  Congress,  approved  July  19, 1918,  author- 
ized the  formation  of  a  Slavic  Legion.  This  act  provided  that  the 
Slavic  Legion  was  to  be  recruited  by  enlistment,  which  necessitated 
the*  administration  of  an  oath,  rather  than  by  the  usual  method  of 
induction,  which  dispenses  with  the  oath.  Complete  arrangements 
had  been  consummated  whereby  local  boards  were  to  act  as  recruit- 
ing agencies  for  enlistment  into  the  Slavic  Legion,  when  the  cessation 
of  hostilities  on  the  western  front  caused  the  abandonment  of  the 
plan. 

The  case  of  Alsace-Lorraine  was  never  thus  provided  for,  by  law 
or  regulations.  And  the  case  of  its  sons  was  indeed  a  hard  one. 
Many  of  them  left  this  country  for  France  to  join  that  army.  Many 
others,  waiving  deferment,  were  reluctantly  rejected  by  the  boards. 
But  it  may  be  supposed  that  many  boards  took  the  law  into  their  own 
hands,  and  found  a  way  to  let  these  men  fight  in  the  American  ranks 
for  the  restoration  of  the  lost  provinces : 

A  bright  young  man  came  from  Alsace-Lorraine  to  Wisconsin,  where  he  registered 
on  June  5,  1917.  Being  a  subject  of  Germany,  the  local  board  classified  him  as  an 
alien  enemy.  He  remonstrated,  and  told  this  story  to  the  board:  "It  is  true  that  I 
was  born  in  Alsace-Lorraine,  but  my  parents  were  French.  When  the  order  came 
that  only  German  was  to  be  spoken  in  my  country,  my  father  sent  me  to  America, 
and  the  German  Government  confiscated  our  property  and  misused  my  father.  In 
the  face  of  all  this,  and  the  further  fact  that  I  have  taken  out  my  first  papers,  you  call 
me  an  alien  enemy  and  refuse  to  let  me  fight  for  my  adopted  country  or  help  to  right 
the  wrongs  that  have  been  heaped  upon  my  people."  He  found  his  way  into  the 
Army,  and  his  record  as  a  soldier  is  worthy  of  emulation. 

A  further  problem  was  here  presented  by  the  desire  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  oppressed  races  of  Central  Europe  to  organize 
armed  forces  under  then'  own  commanders  and  to  join  immediately 
the  allied  forces  in  the  battlefield.  So  far  as  these  organizations 
solicited  the  enlistment  of  men  without  the  draft  age,  no  obstacle 
could  arise  as  to  the  selective  service  law.  But,  so  far  as  they  solic- 
ited men  within  the  draft  age,  they  were  subtracting  from  the  poten- 
tial armed  forces  of  the  United  States.  The  group  thus  subtracted 
fell  into  three  parts,  of  varying  utility  to  the  American  armed  forces. 
One  of  these  was  the  technically  enemy  aliens,  who  could  not  be 
admitted  to  the  American  Army,  and,  therefore,  might  well  be  re- 
leased to  these  foreign  legions.  The  second  part  was  those  not 
technically  enemy  aliens  (e.  g.,  Russian  Poles),  who  were  in  deferred 
or  exempted  classes  on  some  claim  of  alienage  or  other  ground  of 
deferment;  these  were  temporarily  immune  from  the  American 
draft,  but,  if  they  were  willing  to  fight,  they  might  as  well  fight  in 
the  American  Army.  The  third  part  was  those  not  technically 
enemy  aliens  who  had  been  classified  in  Class  I;  these  men  would 
be  distinct  and  immediate  subtractions  from  the  American  armed 


ALIENAGE.  107 

forces,  though  if  they  were  permitted  to  enlist  in  the  foreign  legions, 
they  might  go  into  the  field  earlier  than  if  they  waited  for  their  order 
numbers  to  be  reached. 

The  situation  thus  presented  remained  unsettled  for  some  months. 
It  was  finally  relieved  in  part  by  two  measures.  In  the  first  place, 
the  War  Department  conceded  that  aliens  of  the  oppressed  races 
who  had  already  enlisted  in  the  Polish  foreign  legion  should  not  be 
required  to  be  discharged  and  returned  to  the  American  draft;  but 
that  in  future  no  such  enlistment  should  be  sanctioned.  In  the  sec- 
ond place,  the  Army  appropriation  act  authorized  the  organization 
of  the  Slavic  legion  above  mentioned,  into  which  could  be  enlisted 
aliens  of  the  oppressed  races — Czecho-Slovak,  Jugo-Slav,  and  Ruth- 
enian  (omitting  Polish),  who  were  otherwise  exempted  or  deferred 
under  the  draft.  War  Department  General  Orders,  No.  90,  October 
5,  1918,  gave  effect  to  this  statute.  Computations  made  in  this 
office,  as  well  as  by  the  statistician  of  the  Carnegie  Foundation,  give 
estimates  for  the  number  of  males  of  military  age  who  would  have 
been  eligible  for  enlistment  under  this  act  ranging  between  188,000 
and  330,000. 

(6)  Naturalization. — The  amendment  to  the  naturalization  law 
above  mentioned  operated  here  also  to  alleviate  the  situation  by 
permitting  alien  enemy  subjects  enrolled  in  the  military  or  naval 
service  to  obtain  speedy  naturalization,  whether  declarants  or  non- 
declarants,  under  certain  conditions.  The  result  of  this  is  notable 
in  many  of  the  reports  from  camp  commanders  received  in  response 
to  The  Adjutant  General's^  letter  of  October  5,  1918.  The  figures 
above  set  forth  indicate  that  large  numbers  of  technically  alien 
enemies  belonging  to  the  oppressed  races  of  Austria-Hungary  or 
Germany  had  accepted  the  benefits  of  naturalization. 

(c)  German  race-stock. — A  final  word  must  be  added  on  behalf  of 
those  registrants  of  German  stock  who  loyally  stood  by  the  American 
flag.  There  were  thousands  of  them.  A  natural  distrust  at  first 
attended  them  in  public  opinion;  and  the  notorious  intrigues  of  the 
German  Government  to  secure  their  support  have  perhaps  left  in 
the  public  mind  an  emphasis  on  that  feature.  It  is  therefore  worth 
while  here  to  place  on  record  the  reassuring  experience  of  the  local 
boards,  an  experience  which  should  preserve  equally  in  our  memory 
the  other  side  of  the  picture.  How  large  and  loyal  a  share  of  genuine 
support  was  given  to  the  draft  by  families  of  this  race  stock  may  be 
illustrated  by  the  following  typical  letters  from  local  boards: 

But  24  hours  were  given  us  to  fill  a  call  for  six  men  to  go  to  one  of  the  large  univer- 
sities, for  preliminary  mechanical  training.  The  chief  clerk  set  out  with  an  automobile 
in  search  of  six  registrants  who  could  leave  on  short  notice.  At  one  house  his  ring 
was  answered  by  one  of  those  comfortably  stout  matrons  whom  we  always  associate 
with  splendid  culinary  talents.  She  absent-mindedly  greeted  the  clerk  with  "Guten 
morgen."  He  asked  if  Fred  X  was  home,  and  was  told  he  was  out  for  the  day. 


108      CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

He  then  stated  his  errand,  and  the  mother  went  on  to  tell  him  how  four  others  of  her 
eons  were  already  in  the  war.  Drafted?  Oh,  no.  Two  of  them  had  enlisted  in  the 
Canadian  Army,  another  was  in  the  Regulars,  and  only  one  had  gone  with  a  selective 
contingent.  "Well,  as  long  as  your  boy  isn't  here  this  morning,  perhaps  I  had  better 
hunt  up  some  one  else."  "Ach,  nein,  nein;  he  want  to  go.  What  time  the  train 
leave?  I  tell  him.  He  been  there  already. "  And  he  was. 

In  this  county  we  have  had  for  our  prosecuting  attorney  a  young  lawyer  who  wa.s  of 
German  descent.  In  1916  he  was  opposed  for  that  office  by  another  lawyer  here  who 
had  two  sons.  The  former  candidate  had  a  very  narrow  margin  when  the  votes  were 
counted,  so  his  opponent  thought  it  would  be  a  good  plan  probably  to  try  to  stir  up  a 
little  feeling  against  Germany  and  thus  help  his  case  in  the  next  campaign,  i.  e.  in 
1918.  He  sat  around  the  barber  shops,  hotel  lobbies,  and  pool  rooms,  and  bellowed 
for  war  with  Germany.  This  he  did  all  the  winter  of  1916-17.  He  said  that  we 
should  go  to  war  with  Germany,  and  that  the  German  in  this  country  was  all  dabbed 
with  the  same  stick  as  the  German  across  the  ocean.  In  due  time  war  was  declared 
against  Germany.  The  American's  two  sons  registered.  One  of  them  he  knew  could 
not  pass  the  physical  examination,  so  that  did  not  concern  him  any.  The  other  was  a 
young  man  who  was  a  very  good  sand-lot  baseball  player;  in  fact  that  was  about  all  he 
was  good  for;  but  all  in  a  night  he  became  the  best  farmer  who  ever  lived  in  this  county. 
The  father  transferred  to  him  all  his  property,  which  consisted  of  a  set  of  abstracts 
and  a  farm  which  never  raised  a  crop  and  was  not  big  enough  to  turn  around  on.  A 
claim  was  filed  and  denied  by  the  district  board.  The  case  was  appealed  to  the 
President  and  denied,  and  afterwards  the  son  was  inducted  into  the  service.  In  the 
drives  which  followed  in  the  way  of  Liberty  loan,  Y.  M.  C.  A. ,  K.  of  C. ,  thrift  stamps, 
etc.,  the  county  war  board  wanted  all  the  help  they  could  get,  naturally,  and  in  those 
campaigns  this  man  never  bought  a  Liberty  bond,  a  thrift  stamp,  nor  even  made  a 
speech  for  the  board.  On  the  other  hand,  the  prosecuting  attorney  of  German  descent 
never  missed  a  Liberty  loan  drive;  he  bought  thrift  stamps;  he  was  chairman  of  the 
Four-Minute  Men  of  the  county,  was  chairman  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  committee  in  their 
drives,  was  chairman  of  the  county  committee  in  the  drive  in  November,  1918,  and  his 
speeches  rang  throughout  the  county  in  any  way  he  could  see  it  would  help  beat  the 
Kaiser.  In  1918  he  was  elected  over  his  opponent  by  2  votes  to  1. 

(H)  DEPENDENCY. 

1.  Early  rulings  under  the  method  of  calling  and  discharging. — 
Under  the  original  Presidential  Rules  and  Regulations  of  June  30, 
1917,  every  registrant  was  either  accepted  for  military  service  or 
excused  from  liability  thereto.  Accordingly,  a  claim  for  discharge 
on  the  ground  of  dependency  was  either  entirely  rejected  and  the 
claimant  held  for  service,  or  it  was  granted  and  the  claimant  dis- 
charged. The  object  of  the  selective  service  agencies  in  the  early 
period  of  the  draft  was  the  expeditious  creation  of  an  army.  By 
reason  of  the  urgency  of  their  task,  some  boards  overlooked  meri- 
torious dependency  claims  and  held  all  married  men  for  service 
unless  there  appeared  a  condition  of  total  dependency;  while  other 
boards,  less  impressed  by  the  seriousness  of  the  emergency,  were  very 
liberal  in  discharging  married  registrants,  releasing  all  such  regis- 
trants in  whose  cases  there  was  any  degree  of  dependency.  How  variant 
was  local  sentiment  may  be  seen  from  Appendix  Table  22  in  my  report 
for  1917;  for,  although  the  national  ratio  of  married  persons  accepted 


DEPENDENCY.  109 

to  married  persons  discharged  for  dependency  was  18  per  cent  of  the 
total,  yet  in  the  several  States  it  ranged  between  6  per  cent  and  38 
per  cent. 

Moreover,  this  variance  of  attitude  led  to  requests  for  more  de- 
tailed instructions  to  cover  specific  classes  of  cases  commonly  pre- 
sented. The  case  of  a  wife  able  to  obtain  support  either  from  her 
own  labor  or  from  the  assistance  of  relatives  of  herself  or  her  hus- 
band was  a  common  one.  As  early  as  the  end  of  July,  1917,  this 
office  ruled  provisionally  (Compiled  Killings,  P.  M.  G.  O.,  No.  6, 
par.  (B),  Aug.  8)  that  no  dependency  should  be  deemed  to  exist  in 
the  following  cases : 

1.  Where  the  parents  or  other  relatives  of  the  wife  or  the  husband  are  able,  ready, 
and  willing  to  provide  adequate  support  for  her  (and  children,  if  any)  during  the 
absence  of  the  husband. 

2.  Where  the  wife  owns  land  which  has  produced  income  by  the  husband's  labor, 
but  which  could  with  reasonable  certainty  be  rented  during  his  absence  to  other  per- 
sons so  as  to  produce  an  adequate  support. 

3.  Where  there  exists  some  arrangement  by  which  the  salary  or  wage  of  the  hus- 
band is  continued,  in  whole  or  in  part,  by  third  persons,  being  employers  or  insurers 
or  others,  and  such  portion  of  the  salary  or  wage,  either  alone  or  with  an  allotment 
of  his  soldier's  pay  or  with  other  definite  income,  will  furnish  a  reasonably  adequate 
support. 

The  matter  having  been  presented  to  the  President,  the  following 
were  his  orders  thereon:. 

We  ought  as  far  as  practicable  to  raise  this  new  National  Army  without  creating 
the  hardships  necessarily  entailed  when  the  head  of  a  family  is  taken  and  I  hope  that 
for  the  most  part  those  accepted  in  the  first  call  would  be  found  to  be  men  who  had 
not  yet  assumed  such  relations.  The  selective  service  law  makes  the  fact  of  depen- 
dents, rather  than  the  fact  of  marriage,  the  basis  for  exemption,  and  there  are  un- 
doubtedly, many  cases  within  the  age  limits  fixed  by  law,  of  men  who  are  married 
and  yet  whose  accumulations  or  other  economic  surroundings  are  such  that  no  de- 
pendency of  the  wife  exists  in  fact.  Plainly,  the  law  does  not  contemplate  exemp- 
tion for  this  class  of  men.  The  regulations  promulgated  on  June  20,  1917,  should  be 
regarded  as  controlling  in  these  cases,  and  the  orders  issued  under  that  regulation 
directing  exemption  boards  to  establish  the  fact  of  dependents  in  addition  to  the  fact 
of  marriage  ought  not  to  be  abrogated. 

Accordingly,  the  following  ruling  was  announced  (Compiled  Rul- 
ings, P.  M.  G.  O.,  No.  10,  par.  i,  Aug.  27): 

Dependency — Other  sources  of  support. — Paragraph  B,  Compiled  Rulings  of  this 
Office,  No.  6,  addressed  a  state  of  affairs  where  the  parents  or  other  relatives  of  the 
wife  or  husband  are  able,  ready,  and  willing  adequately  to  support  the  wife  and 
children,  if  any,  during  the  absence  of  the  husband.  This  ruling  was  responsive  to 
a  class  of  cases  that  had  been  brought  to  the  attention  of  this  office  where  claims  of 
discharge  had  been  made  on  the  ground  of  dependency  on  a  husband,  who,  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  was  not  dependent  upon  himself.  The  ruling  directed  the  attention  of  local 
boards  to  the  fact  that  scrutiny  of  cases  of  this  kind  might  disclose  that  no  discharge 
was  advisable. 

It  was  not  intended  that  paragraph  B,  Compiled  Rulings  No.  6,  should  apply  to 
the  case  of  the  head  of  a  family  whose  family,  at  the  time  of  his  summons  and  prior 
thereto,  were  and  had  been  mainly  dependent  upon  his  labor  for  support. 


110       CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

At  the  same  time,  for  the  specific  case  of  a  wife  able  to  earn  a 
livelihood  by  her  own  skill,  it  was  announced  that  "where  the  wife 
and  children  were  actually  dependent  on  the  applicant's  labor  for 
support,  and  where  there  are  no  other  means  of  support,  the  wife 
should  not  be  put  to  the  necessity  of  going  to  work  to  support  her- 
self"; and  that  such  claims  should  therefore  be  recognized  "where 
in  his  absence  they  will  be  left  without  reasonably  adequate  support, 
after  duly  taking  into  consideration  the  soldier's  wage,  and  support 
from  relatives  partially  or  totally  previously  extended  to  the  appli- 
cant himself." 

It  was  thus  apparent  that  though  the  principle  of  dependency,  as 
distinguished  from  marriage  alone,  was  the  fundamental  character- 
istic of  the  law  and  the  regulations,  yet  its  application  developed  a 
number  of  well-defined  intermediary  cases  of  varying  degrees  of 
equity,  upon  which  the  local  -boards  could  not  be  expected  to  deal 
with  uniformity  to  general  satisfaction.  The  first  system  of  selec- 
tion, therefore,  while  well  adapted  to  cases  where  the  presence  or 
the  absence  of  dependency  was  unmistakable,  was  found  to  lack 
sufficient  flexibility  to  cover  satisfactorily  the  great  mass  of  inter- 
mediary cases. 

2.  Tlie  classification  system. — The  experience  of  the  first  months 
of  the  draft  had  naturally  suggested  various  modifications  which 
would  strengthen  the  system.  The  adoption  of  the  classification 
system  has  been  already  described  in  Chapter  III. 

It  was  decided  to  create  five  general  classes,  in  which  all  regis- 
trants would  be  placed  for  call  to  military  service  in  the  inverse 
order  of  their  importance  to  the  social  and  economic  interests  of  the 
Nation.  In  three -of  these  five  classes  (S.  S.  R.,  2d  ed.,  sees.  72-76), 
subdivisions  were  established  for  the  listing  of  married  registrants  ac- 
cording to  the  degree  of  dependency  (Classes  I,  II,  and  IV).  Class 
I  included  those  married  registrants,  without  children,  whose  families 
were  not  dependent  on  their  labor  for  support;  as  well  as  those  whose 
presence  with  their  families  did  not  promote  the  domestic  interests 
of  the  Nation,  i.  e.,  the  married  man  who  habitually  failed  to  sup- 
port his  family,  or  who  was  dependent  upon  his  wife  for  support,  or 
whose  family  was  not  dependent  upon  his  labor  for  support,  provided 
the  registrant  was  not  usefully  engaged.  Class  IV,  the-class  of  great- 
est deferment  by  reason  of  dependency,  included  those  registrants 
with  wives,  or  wives  and  children,  or  fathers  of  motherless  children, 
mainly  dependent  upon  them  for  support.  The  necessary  finding  of 
a  board  in  this  class  of  cases  was  that  a  registrant's  claimed  depend- 
ents were  mainly  dependent  upon  his  labor  for  support;  i.  e.,  that  his 
removal  deprived  them  of  reasonably  adequate  support. 

Between  these  groups  of  married  men — those  in  whose  cases  there 
was  a  total  absence  of  dependency  and  those  whose  removal  would 


DEPENDENCY.  Ill 

deprive  dependents  of  adequate  support — there  was  a  very  large 
class  of  registrants,  having  wives,  or  wives  and  children,  or  mother- 
less children,  not  mainly  but  in  some  aspect  dependent  upon  them 
for  support.  This  intermediary  group  was  placed  in  Class  II  under 
divisions  A  and-  B. 

3.  Class    II- A. —  Married    registrants    with    children. — Class    II-A 
was  provided  for  the  married  registrant  with  both  wife  and  chil- 
dren, or  a  father  of  motherless  children,  where  such  persons  were 
not  mainly  dependent  upon  his  labor  for  support  for  the  reason 
that  there  were  other  reasonably  certain  sources  of  support  avail- 
able, such  that  the  removal  of  the  registrant  would  not  deprive 
such   dependents   of  reasonably   adequate   support.     The   question 
early  arose  as  to  the  proper  classification  of  the  man,  usefully  em- 
ployed, whose  wife  and  children  or  motherless  children  were  in  no 
degree   dependent  upon  him  for  material  support.     Obviously  he 
could  not  be  classified  with  those  registrants  having  persons  mainly 
dependent  upon  them  for  support  (Class  IV,  above);  on  the  other 
hand,  it  was  not  thought  that  the  head  of  a  family  of  children, 
although  his  responsibility  in   providing  for   their  livelihood  was 
negligible,  should  be  classified  in  Class  I,  so  as  to  be  liable  for  mili- 
tary service  at  the  same  time  as  was  the  man  with  no  domestic  obli- 
gations.    Clearly  he  belonged  in  an  intermediary  class;  the  phrase 
"not  mainly  dependent"  including  the  case  of  a  married  man  with 
a  wife  and  child  or  children  or  with  motherless  children  where  there 
was  in  fact  no  dependency  whatever  other  than  the  natural  respon- 
sibility which  attaches  to  the  status  of  the  normal  husband  and 
father. 

4.  Class  II-B. —  Married  registrants  without  children. — The  fore- 
going Class  II-A  did  not  include  married  registrants  without  chil- 
dren; and  it  has  been  seen  that  married  men  without  children  whose 
wives  were  mainly  dependent  upon  their  labor  for  support  were 
properly  placed  in  Class  IV.     The  question  arose  what  sort  of  defer- 
ment, if  any,  should  be  given  married  registrants,  without  children, 
where  the  induction  of  such  registrants  would  not  deprive  their 
wives  of  reasonably  adequate  support. 

In  view  of  the  demands  of  the  Military  Establishment,  it  was 
considered  that  the  case  presented  sufficient  distinction  to  justify 
a  lower  degree  of  classification  than  Class  IV,  the  distinction  thus 
drawn  being  based  upon  the  added  responsibility  in  the  latter  case 
attaching  to  the  care  and  protection  of  children  (S.  S.  H.,  2d  ed., 
sec.  74).  Accordingly,  it  was  ruled  (Tel.  A-1923,  Dec.  29,  1917) 
that  where  a  registrant  had  a  wife,  but  110  children,  and  there  were 
such  other  sources  of  support  available  that  the  removal  of  the 
registrant  would  not  deprive  the  wife  of  reasonably  adequate  support, 
he  should  be  placed,  not  in  Class  II,  but  in  Class  I. 


112      CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

But,  in  determining  whether  or  not  there  were  "other  sources 
of  support  available,"  could  the  wife's  own  labor  be  considered  as 
an  available  source  of  support?  This  case  did  not  seem  to  stand 
in  the  same  degree  with  that  of  a  wife  (Class  I,  above)  for  whom 
other  sources  of  support  than  her  own  labor  were  available.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  was  recognized  that  the  wives  of  many  registrants 
virtually  supported  themselves  or  were  qualified  by  special  skill  so 
to  do;  and  that  in  such  a  situation  a  wife  without  children  could 
obviously  spare  her  husband  for  military  service  with  less  hardship 
than  could  the  wife  with  children  who  had  been  dependent  upon 
her  husband  for  support  (Class  IV).  The  argument  for  this  view 
was  forcibly  stated  hi  the  following  letter  received  from  a  Massa- 
chusetts mill  town : 

Perhaps  I  have  no  right  to  speak  to  you  about  this  matter,  and  I  realize  I  have 
nothing  to  say  really  about  making  laws  concerning  the  Army.  But  did  you  ever 
stop  and  think  of  the  poor,  aged  mothers  that  are  giving  up  their  boys,  while  next 
door  are  young  married  couples  enjoying  life  to  the  fullest  extent?  That  poor  mother 
had  to  save  and  many  times  do  without  the  necessaries  of  life  to  bring  her  boys  to  the 
age  of  manhood.  Now,  when  she  is  old  and  slow  and  broken  down  in  health,  do  you 
think  it  just  right  to  take  all  her  boys?  There  are  in  Class  II  right  here  men  working 
every  day  demanding  large  salaries.  Their  wives  also  work  in  most  cases,  and  the 
mills  are  paying  well  now.  They  go  to  the  pictures,  beaches,  and  enjoy  life,  while 
it  really  seems  to  me  they  could  serve  their  country  as  well  as  young  men  in  Class  I. 
These  mothers  that  I  refer  to,  some  of  them  have  had  to  go  to  work;  really  it  seems 
some  laws  are  unjust.  One  young  wife  says  "I  won't  work  now;  if  I  did  they  would 
take  my  husband  in  the  Army. ' '  Surely  she  can  work  far  more  easily  than  those  poor 
mothers.  Now  do  you  think  it  is  a  just  law  that  allows  these  men  and  their  lazy 
wives  to  stay  at  home  while  the  poor  old  mother  gives  her  three  or  four  sons? 

The  object  of  the  classification  system  being  to  establish  degrees 
of  dependency  corresponding  to  well-defined  differences,  it  was  deter- 
mined that  this  case  should  form  a  subdivision  B  of  Class  II,  i.  e., 
where  the  wife  who  was  not  mainly  dependent  upon  the  husband's 
labor  for  support  for  the  reason  that  she  was  skilled  in  some  class  of 
work  which  she  was  physically  able  to  perform  and  in  which  she  was 
actually  employed,  or  in  which  there  was  an  immediate  opening  for 
her  under  conditions  which  would  enable  her  to  support  herself 
decently  and  without  suffering  or  hardship. 

In  no  case  were  boards  required  to  exercise  sounder  judgment  than 
hi  the  application  of  this  rule;  but  it  is  believed  to  have  received  the 
substantial  support  of  public  sentiment.  Judged  by  that  standard 
it  erred  if  at  all  on  the  side  of  liberality. 

In  applying  it,  boards  were  confronted  with  the  questions:  What 
constitutes  skill  in  some  special  class  of  work  ?  What  shall  be  con- 
sidered as  an  immediate  opening  for  a  married  woman  under  favorable 
circumstances  ?  Generally,  what  wife  should  be  expected  to  assume 
employment  outside  her  home  duties,  and  what  wife  should  be  allowed 


DEPENDENCY.  113 

to  remain  at  home  through,  the  deferment  of  her  husband  on  depend- 
ency grounds  ?  The  answer  to  these  questions  was  left  solely  to  the 
good  sense  and  sympathy  of  the  local  and  district  boards;  this  office 
cautioning  them  that  such  cases  could  not  be  determined  by  a  rule  of 
thumb,  but  that  each  case  must  be  determined  upon  its  own  merits, 
consideration  on  the  one  hand  being  given  to  the  interests  of  the 
Government  and  on  the  other  hand  to  the  interests  of  the  claimed 
dependents,  and  that  the  wife  must  have  some  actual  and  specific 
skill  in  some  class  of  work  before  a  board  would  be  justified  in  causing 
her  to  seek  employment.  With  the  realization  of  the  purpose  of  Divi- 
sion B  of  Class  II,  boards  had  no  substantial  difficulty  in  determining 
the  cases  meant  to  be  therein  comprehended. 

5.  Class  I-I>,  C. — As  to  the  remaining  group  of  married  men,  viz, 
those  who  failed  to  support  their  families,  or  who  were  even  supported 
by  their  wives  or  families,  no  doubt 'ever  arose  over  their  proper 
disposal  in  the  classification,  and  naturally  enough.  The  following 
incidents  illustrate  how  they  were  often  handled: 

The  humdrum  of  the  everyday  duties  of  the  board  members  was  broken  by  a  woman 
appearing  at  headquarters  leading  a  man.  She  asked  for  the  chairman,  and  then  to 
see  the  questionnaire.  Turning  to  the  "Waiver,"  she  directed  Jim  to  "sign  here" 
and  then  attached  her  name  below  his  signature.  She  then  demanded  physical 
examination  blanks  and  the  way  to  the  examining  room.  The  chairman  at  this  junc- 
ture ventured  to  ask  the  reason;  for  Jim  had  a  wife  and  two  children.  The  answer 
came  immediately:  "My  man  sits  around  all  day  while  I  take  in  washing  to  support 
him  and  the  kids.  I'm  getting  tired  of  it,  and  he's  going  to  war,  where  he  will  support 
himself."  In  30  minutes  she  returned  with  the  examination  papers  and  Jim.  His 
examination  was  "O.  K."  She  then  inquired  when  the  next  contingent  left  for  camp. 
Upon  being  informed  that  it  was  the  next  day  at  3  o'clock  p.  m.,  she  departed,  saying: 
"V.V11  be  here."  She  and  Jim  were  duly  on  hand;  and  Jirn  didn't  get  out  of  her 
sight  until  the  train  disappeared  from  view  at  the  station.  Her  parting  remark  was: 
"Jim,  don't  you  dare  come  back  until  the  war  is  over!"  Jim  didn't. 

An  old  negro  mammy  of  "befo'  de  war"  type  overheard  her  son-in-law,  who  had 
deserted  his  wife,  trying  to  get  her  to  come  in  and  make  the  oath  as  to  dependency. 
The  old  mammy  took  charge  of  him  and  brought  him  up  the  next  morning,  and,  with 
fire  in  her  eyes,  told  the  board:  "Dis  nigger  is  a  liar,  and  I  says  it  to  his  face,  and  I 
foich  him  here  to  tell  you.  He  haint  gin  my  darter  de  rappin  of  your  finger  in  two 
years,  and  las  nite  he  come  dar  axin  her  to  hep  him,  and  I  locked  him  up  and  fetched 
him  here."  He  was  asked  what  he  had  to  say.  He  looked  at  his  mother-in-law, 
and  then  thought  of  the  German  bullets;  and  with  beads  of  perspiration  on  his  face 
said  that  he  would  join  the  Army. 

One  feature  of  this  class  and  division,  however,  was  its  frequent 
use  by  wives  as  a  mode  of  remedying  the  domestic  situation.  There" 
were  innumerable  instances  of  fluctuation  in  the  classification  of 
I-B;  a  man's  wife  would  swear  to  his  nonsupport,  and  he  would  go 
into  Class  I,  then  she  would  recant,  and  prove  that  he  was  resumiti" 
support,  then  he  would  backslide,  and  she  would  apply  for  a  reversal 
of  the  ruling.  In  short,  as  a  remedy  for  domestic  delinquencies, 
97250°— 19 8 


114       CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

Class  I-B  proved  an  effective  measure.     The  following  is  a  typical 
instance: 

Mrs.  X  came  to  the  local  board  to  get  some  advice  as  to  how  she  could  get  support 
from  her  husband.  The  first  question  asked  her  was,  "How  old  is  your  husband?" 
"Thirty-five,"  she  answered.  "How  long  has  he  failed  to  contribute  to  your  sup- 
port?" "Two  months."  "Where  is  he  at  this  time?"  "He  has  gone  to  the  city." 
"Do  you  hear  from  him?"  "I  heard  one  time."  "What  did  he  say?"  "He  said, 
he  did  not  love  me,  as  he  had  found  so  many  good-looking  women  in  the  city." 
"Madam,  I  feel  very  sorry  for  you,  and  I  will  advise  you  to  wait  a  short  time;  we  are 
going  to  have  a  new  registration;  your  husband  will  have  to  register  somewhere;  if 
he  should  come  home  to  register,  would  you  sign  his  supporting  affidavit?"  "No, 
sir;  I  would  not."  "Do  you  want  us  to  send  him  to  the  Army  so  the  Government 
will  make  him  contribute  to  your  support?"  "I  do."  Mr.  X  came  home  to  register. 
A  questionnaire  was  sent  to  him.  The  poor  woman  forgot  all  she  had  said  to  the 
local  board  and  now  swore  that  he  was  supporting  her.  She  was  ordered  to  appear 
before  the  board.  "Madam,  I  see  that  you  have  changed  your  mind  about  your 
husband;  explain  to  us  why  you  did  so."  "Well,  he  seems  so  good  to  me  I  don't 
want  him  sent  to  the  Army."  By  unanimous  vote  of  the  board,  the  "good  "  husband 
drew  Class  I-B. 

Sometimes,  however,  even  the  selective  draft  was  not  able  to  reach 
these  shiftless  husbands,  where  they  were  not  physically  fit,  and  the 
grim  tragedy  of  domestic  life  went  on  without  remedy.  The  following 
appealing  letter  reveals  the  pathos  of  these  cases : 

I  ask  you  in  the  name  of  God  see  that  my  husband  is  sent  to  the  front  to  fight  the 
Germans  and  not  a  defendless  woman.  I  am  writing  this  letter  to  you  with  the  worst 
black  eye  that  a  woman  could  carry,  one  side  of  my  face  is  as  it  always  was  but  the 
other  is  a  sight  to  look.  This  is  the  second  beating  in  six  months,  the  7th  of  January, 
1918,  he  beat  me  so  that  the  judge  gave  him  5  hours  to  get  out  of  New  York.  Since 
then  he  is  living  in  Brooklyn  but  will  not  work  but  sends  to  me  to  come  over  and 
give  him  his  bed  money  and  his  eat  money  which  I  can't  not  stand  any  longer.  If  I 
ant  got  it  he  calls  me  the  worst  names  and  tells  me  to  get  out  amd  make  it  with  men 
on  the  street  wich  I  will  not  do.  Well,  sir;  I  went  to  his  board  and  the  girl  told  me 
she  done  everythink  to  help  me  but  the  doctor"  says  his  back  teeth  are  bad,  but  every 
other  way  he  is  healty,  eat  well,  and  sleeps  well,  but  has  no  desire  for  work,  only  the 
desire  he  has  is  for  rum  and  beating  me.  I  dont  want  to  have  him  arresseted  as  it  ia 
no  use  he  is  hardened  to  that;  what  I  want  is  let  him  fight  men  not  woman.  He 
laughs  at  me  when  I  tell  him  to  enlist  and  says  he  will  go  when  all  the  generals  are 
sent  a  head  of  him-  Now  for  God  sake  pleas  help  me  in  some  way  to  send  him  over 
there. 

6.  Board  opinion  as  to  the  classification. — With  a  view  to  obtaining 
the  benefit  of  local  board  judgment  on  the  wisest  adjustment  of 
these  groups,  the  following  inquiries  were  put: 

In  your  opinion,  what  should  be  done  with  Class  II-A  and  B  registrants  in  view  of 
the  expected  need  in  camp  for  all  of  Class  I  new  registration  before  the  summer  of  1919? 
(1)  Should  they  be  included  in  Class  I?  (2)  Or,  should  they  be  called  first  after 
Class  I,  or  before  Classes  II-C  and  D?  (3)  Or,  should  the  whole  of  Class  II,  if  finally 
reached,  be  called  without  discrimination?  (4)  And,  in  case  you  favor  (1)  or  (2)  above, 
should  Class  II-A  and  B  of  the  old  registration  be  given  priority  of  call  over  Class  II-A 
and  B  of  the  new  registration? 


DEPENDENCY.  115 

The  Boards'  answers  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

(1)  A  decisive  majority  of  the  boards — the  ratio  is  nearly  4  to 
1 — were  opposed  to  the  inclusion  of  Class  II-A  and  B  registrants 
in  Class  I.     Doubtless  this  view  springs  chiefly  from  a  belief  in  the 
wisdom  and  fairness  of  the  regulation  in  force. 

(2)  There  was  a  substantially  even  division  of  opinion  as  to  whether 
Class  II-A  and  B  registrants  should  be  called  first  after  Class  I  or 
indiscriminately  with  the  other  division  of  Class  II — possibly  there  is 
a  slight  preponderance  in  favor  of  the  former  method.     It  should  be 
noted  in   this   connection   that  a  number  of  boards  believed   that 
Class  II-C  and  D  should  be  called  before  Class  II-A  and  B.     As  a 
New  York  City  board  put  it,  "All  American  life  is  built  around  the 
marriage  status,  and  great  effort  should  be  made  not  to  dissolve  the 
home  ties."     It  should  also  be  noted  that  there  was  distinctly  less 
sympathy  for  Class  II-B  than  for  Class  II-A,  some  boards  believing 
that  Class  II-B  registrants  should  be  placed  in  Class  I;  others  that 
they  should  be  called  first  after  Class  I.     The  opinion  was  not  infre- 
quently expressed  that  upon  the  exhaustion  of  Class  I,  as  at  present 
constituted,  Class  II  should  not  be  called,  but  there  should  be  a  re- 
combing  of  Classes  II,  III,  and  IV,  with  the  view  of  placing  an  addi- 
tional number  of  men  in  Class  I. 

A  very  large  majority  of  the  boards — the  ratio  was  5  to  1  — 
were  in  favor  of  calling  Class  II-A  and  B  of  the  old  registration  in 
advance  of  Class  II-A  and  B  of  the  new  registration. 

7.  Third  persons'  claim. — It  appears  plainly  from  the  chronicles  of 
the  local  boards  that  the  dependency  claims  were  by  no  means  merely 
a  matter  of  the  registrant's  own  choice.  Under  the  Regulations,  the 
consent  of  the  wife  or  other  dependent  was  necessary  for  validating 
a  waiver  of  such  a  claim;  and  this  regulation  was  thoroughly  availed 
of,  both  by  the  families  and  by  the  boards.  So  that  the  determina- 
tion of  a  dependency  claim  became,  in  a  real  sense,  just  what  the 
Regulations  intended  it  .to  be,  namely,  a  determination  as  to  the  best 
interests  of  the  nation  in  the  domestic  relations.  This  much  is  said 
to  dismiss  the  impression,  if  such  should  anywhere  obtain,  that  the 
granting  of  a  dependency  claim  signified  the  registrant's  unwilling- 
ness to  serve.  It  was  often  far  otherwise;  and  the  records  are  full  of 
instances  where  the  registrant  was  placed  in  the  position  of  being 
held  back  by  a  legal  obstacle  which  he  could  not  overcome: 

A  young  man,  a  registrant  of  this  local  board,  was  one  of  a  family  of  three  boys, 
two  of  whom  were  in  the  military  service  of  the  United  States.  Their  father  was 
dead,  but  he  had  served  in  the  Union  Army  during  the  Civil  War.  The  mother  was 
very  old,  and  lived  on  a  large  farm,  and  the  only  help  she  had  at  home  was  this  son. 
This  local  board  passed  his  order  number  under  P.  M.  G.  O.  Telegram  B-80,  at  tlio 
request  of  the  supervisor  of  the  township.  One  day,  shortly  after  this,  the  registrant 
appeared  at  the  office  of  this  local  board  and  asked  why  he  was  not  called  for  entrain- 
ment  when  his  order  number  was  reached.  He  was  informed  that  many  people  had 


116      CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PEINCIPLES   AND   RESULTS. 


requested  that  he  be  allowed  to  stay  on  his  mother's  farm  as  long  as  possible,  and 
that  it  was  our  desire  that  he  raise  and  care  for  his  mother's  crop.  He  thereupon  stated 
that  his  two  brothers  who  were  in  the  service  were  making  his  mother  an  allotment; 
that  she  was  drawing  a  pension;  and  that  it  seemed  peculiar  to  him  why  other  people 
had  their  nose  in  his  affairs.  He  said  that,  all  there  was  to  it,  he  was  going  to  get 
into  the  service,  and  if  Uncle  Sam  did  not  want  him  he  would  go  to  Canada,  for  they 
wanted  men  there.  The  registrant  was  inducted  under  the  next  call,  and  is  now 
"doing  his  bit"  in  France. 

A  colored  man  who  had  been  placed  in  a  deferred  class  asked  to  be  placed  in  Class  I 
and  sent  to  camp.  He  was  told  that  his  wife  would  have  to  agree.  He  went  to  see 
her,  came  back,  and  said  she  would  not  assent.  A  few  days  later  he  came  again, 
and  said  he  had  succeeded  in  getting  her  to  allow  him  to  answer  the  call,  asked  that 
a  release  be  drawn,  which  was  done,  and  she  signed  it.  A  board  member  asked  him 
why  he  wanted  to  go.  His  reply  was  that  he  wanted  to  go  because  his  country  needed 
him;  that  he  was  going  into  the  war  to  kill  Germans,  and  help  win  the  fight  or  be 
killed. 

8.  Results  of  the  classification. — We  may  now,  in  the  light  of  the 
foregoing  explanation  of  the  development  of  these  definitions  for  the 
several  classes  of  dependency,  observe  the  results  of  the  boards' 
action  in  applying  these  distinctions. 

(a)  Married  men. — The  total  deferments  of  married  registrants  on 
the  ground  of  dependency  of  wife  or  children  were  as  follows : 

TABLE  31. 


Marriage  dependency  as  ground  for  deferment. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
married 
registrants. 

Per  cent  of 
deferred  on 
all  grounds. 

1 

Total  married  registrants  June  5,  1917,  to  Sept. 
11,  1918  

4,  883,  213 

100.  00- 

2 
3 

Total  married  deferred  on  all  grounds  
Deferred  on  ground  of  dependency  of 
wife  or  children  

4,  394,  676 
3,  619,  466 

90.00 
74.12 

100.  00 
82.36 

How  a  respectable  percentage  of  married  men  came  to  figure  in 
Class  I  may  be  easily  understood  from  the  following  typical  inci- 
dents : 

Mr.  H.,  a  married  man,  had  waived  all  claim  for  deferred  classification  in  September, 
1918.  A  member  of  the  local  board  knew  H.  and  his  circumstances,  and  sending  for 
him,  he  said:  "  If  it. is  right  that  you  should  go  into  Class  I,  we'll  put  you  there;  but 
what  is  to  become  of  your  wife?  You  know,  it  is  our  business  to  look  out  for  the 
needs  of  the  individual  just  as  well  as  for  the  needs  of  the  Army."  It,  thereupon, 
leaked  out  that  the  man's  son  had  been  killed  in  action  at  Chateau  Thierry  on  May 
29,  and  that  the  wife  was  entitled  to  a  small  insurance ;  wherefore  he  felt  he  had  no 
right  to  ask  for  deferment.  Further  inquiry  developed  the  fact  that  there  was  abso- 
lutely no  other  means  of  support  for  the  wife;  whereupon  the  board  put  H.  in  Clasa 
II.  No  shirker  was  H . 

Mr.  F.,  a  registrant,  who  made  no  claim  whatsoever,  was  certified  and  received 
164B.  He  came  to  the  board  after  receiving  same  and  gave  change  of  address.  Form 
164C  for  October  entrainment,  1917,  was  sent  to  the  new  address,  but  the  card  came 
back  "not  found."  So  we  surmised  that  he  would  not  answer  the  call.  But  when 


DEPENDENCY. 


117 


the  roll  was  called  Mr.  F.  answered  and  stepped  in  line  and  was  entrained.  That 
evening  his  wife,  with  her  two  children,  came  to  the  board  to  see  the  chairman  and 
stated  she  understood  her  husband  was  sent  away  that  morning.  She  was  informed 
by  the  chairman  that  he  had  gone  to  camp.  She  stated  he  had  received  a  colored 
card  about  a  week  ago,  but  he  informed  her  it  was  simply  a  regular  notice.  We 
immediately  proceeded  to  have  husband  recalled,  which  caused  us  considerable 
trouble.  This  registrant  had  in  fact  changed  his  address,  so  that  the  notice  would 
not  be  seec  by  his  wife,  so  as  he  could  leave  her,  he  not  caring  for  his  wife  and 
children.  Mr.  F.  was  returned  to  his  wife  in  two  weeks. 

Appendix  Table  31-A  and  Chart  A  show  the  details  by  States. 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  this  ratio  of  the  boards'  action  in 
1918,  under  the  classification  system,  with  that  of  their  action  in 
1917,  under  the  earlier  system: 

TABLE  32. 


Marriage  dependency,  1917  and  1918,  compared. 


Ratio  of  married  men  deferred  to  total  married  registrants,  June  5, 

1917-Sept.  11,  1918 

Ratio  June  5,  1917,  to  Nov.  12,  1917 

Ratio  of  married  men  deferred  for  dependency  to  married  men  deferred 

on  all  grounds,  June  5,  1917,  to  Sept.  11,  1918 

Ratio  June  5,  1917,  to  Nov.  12,  1917 

Ratio  of  married  men  deferred  for  dependency  to  total  married  regis- 
trants, June  5,  1917,  to  Sept.  11,  1918 

Ratio  June  5,  1917,  to  Nov.  12,  1917 


Per  cent. 


90.00 
89.13 

82.36 
56.00 

74.12 
49.92 


It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  the  ratio  (line  5)  of  married  men 
deferred  for  dependency  to  total  married  registrants  is  perhaps 
hardly  comparable  as  between  1917  and  1918,  because  the  claims 
for  dependency  were  disposed  of  prior  to  physical  examination  in 
1918,  instead  of  after  it,  as  in  1917,  and  thus  the  claims  for  depend- 
ency in  1918  were  relatively  more  numerous. 

(fo)  Classes  II-A ,  II-B,  IV-A . — Taking  up  now  the  several  divisions 
of  the  dependency  classes  above  described  (II-A,  II-B,  IV-A),  the 
registrants  thus  classified  were  distributed  as  follows: 

TABLE  33. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 

Divisions  of  marriage  dependency. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
deferred. 

Per  cent  of 
Class  II. 

Total  deferred  for  dependency  of  wife  or  chil- 
dren, June  5,  1917-Sept.  11,  1918  

3,  619,  466 
686,  991 
183,  770 
503,  221 
2,  932,  475 

100.  00 
18.98 

Class  II  r. 

100.  00 

26.  75 
73.  25 

Division  A  

Division  R  

Class  IV,  Division  A  

8L02 

No  figures  are  obtainable  to  reveal  the  number  classified  into  Clu.-s 
I  whose  wives  were  not  dependent  because  of  available  sources  of 
support  other  than  their  own  work;  such  cases  being  merged  into 
the  general  Class  I  without  subdivision. 


118      CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 


(c)  Single  men. — The  contrast  between  single  and  married  men, 
in  respect  to  the  dependency  deferment  being  generally  available  for 
the  latter  but  not  for  the  former,  is  brought  out  hi  the  following 

table: 

TABLE  34. 


Married  and  single  registrants  compared  as  to  classification. 

Number. 

Per  cent  3i 
regis- 
trants. 

Per  cent  of 
married 
or  single. 

1 

Total  registrants  June  5,  1917-Sept.  11,1918  

10,  679,  814 

100.00 

9 

Ages  21-30,  June  5,  1917  . 

9  780  535 

91  58 

3 

Married  

4,  712,  622 

44.13 

100  00 

4' 

Class  I  

442,  592 

4.14 

9.39 

6 

Deferred  classes  

4,  270,  030 

39.98 

90  61 

6 

Single  

5,  067,  913 

47.45 

100  00 

7 

Class  I  

2,  741,  914 

25.67 

54  10 

8 

Deferred  classes  

2,  325,  999 

21.78 

45  90 

q 

Age  21,  June  5-Sept.  11,  1918  

899,  279 

8.42 

10 

Married    .        

170,  591 

1.60 

100  00 

11 

Class  I     .      .            

45,  945 

.43 

26  93 

12 

Deferred  classes  

124,  646 

1.17 

73.07 

13 

Single  

728,  688 

6.82 

100.00 

14 

Class  I  

476,  093 

4.46 

65.34 

15 

Deferred  classes  

252,  595 

23.65 

34.66 

16 

Total  married                       .... 

4  883  213 

45  72 

100  00 

17 

Total  deferred  

4,  394,  676 

•41.15 

90  00 

18 

Total  single  

5,  796,  601 

54.28 

100  00 

1°) 

Total  deferred  

2,  578,  594 

24.14 

44.48 

These  figures  indicate  the  degree  of  correctness  of  the  general 
assumption  that  single  men  form  the  group  most  available  for  seeking 
military  effectives.  It  would  have  been  useful,  had  the  figures  been 
available,  to  contrast  this  result  with  the  record  for  organizations 
formed  solely  by  voluntary  enlistment. 

So  far  as  single  men  were  entitled  to  any  claim  on  the  ground  of 
dependency,  the  results  were  as  follows: 

TABLE  35. 


Single  men  deferred  for  dependency. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  single 
regis- 
trants. 

Per  cent  of 
depen- 
dency de- 
ferments. 

Per  cent 
of  single 
deferred. 

1 

Total  single  men  registered  

5,  796,  601 

100.00 

2 

Total  deferments  for  dependency,  June 
5,  1917-Sept.  11,  1918  

3,  903,  733 

67.35 

100.  00 

3 

4 

Single  men  deferred  for  dependency.  . 
Class  III,  Division  A  (adopted  chil- 
dren")            

284.  267 
14,  816 

4.90 
.26 

7.28 
.39 

100.00 
5.21 

fi 

Ratio  June  5  1917-Nov  12   1917 

6 
7 

Class  III,  Division  B  (parents)  
Ratio  June  5,  1917-Nov.  12,  1917, 
per  cent  

236,  553 

4.08 

6.05 
12.26 

83.22 

8 

Class  III,  Division  C  (brothers  or 
sisters1)  

32,  898 

.57 

.84 

11.57 

9 

Ratio  June  5,  1917-Nov.  12,  1917, 
per  cent     

.  58 

DEPENDENCY.  119 

Three-fourths  of  the  boards  declared  upon  inquiry  that  nothing 
should  be  done  in  the  way  of  transferring  to  less  deferred  classes  any 
portion  of  the  registrants  in  Classes  III  and  IV  on  dependency  grounds. 
But  a  few  boards  expressed  the  opinion  that  registrants  with  depen- 
dent aged  or  infirm  parents  or  dependent  helpless  brothers  or  sisters, 
now  in  Class  III,  might  well  have  been  advanced  into  the  same  class 
as  registrants  with  dependent  wife  or  children.  On  the  other  hand, 
a  number  of  boards  declared  that  Class  III,  Divisions  A,  B,  and  C, 
is  a  "slackers'  paradise;"  "Many  a  young  man,"  says  one  board, 
"supported  his  parents  after  June  5,  1917,  who  never  did  before." 
It  would,  however,  do  an  injustice  to  allow  that  impression  to  attach 
to  this  class  in  any  important  degree.  The  conflict  between  national 
and  parental  duty  was  for  many  a  severe  one;  and  the  sacrifice  was 
often  made  in  favor  of  the  former: 

Material  being  short  for  the  July  call,  we  gave  a  careful  reclassification  of  men  in 
Class  III  on  ground  of  dependent  father  or  mother,  and  immediately  ordered  them 
for  physical  examination.  In  one  of  these  cases  the  registrant,  living  at  a  distance 
from  local  board  headquarters,  drove  down,  bringing  his  father  and  mother.  Had  he 
passed  the  examination  without  question,  we  would  never  have  known  the  difference; 
but  the  local  examiner,  having  some  question  about  his  physical  qualifications,  sent 
him  up  to  local  board  headquarters  to  have  his  papers  indorsed  to  the  medical  advisory 
board,  and  when  the  three  stopped  in  front  of  the  office  we  saw  them.  The  young 
man  came  in  and  presented  the  papers  for  indorsement.  We  asked  him  who  the 
people  were  with  him,  and  he  said  they  were  his  father  and  mother.  We  asked  him 
to  bring  them  in.  The  mother,  somewhat  crippled  with  rheumatism,  led  the  totally 
blind  father  into  the  office,  and  then  we  began  questioning  the  boy  about  the  depend- 
ency, supposing  that  he  would  anxiously  seize  upon  the  opportunity.  But  he  seemed 
to  skillfully  avoid  the  issue,  while  the  old  people  maintained  silence.  So  we  asked 
the  old  gentleman  if  he  would  be  able  to  get  along  without  this  only  child.  And  he 
replied  that  he  didn't  know  how  they  would  be  able  to  get  along,  but  everyone  must 
make  a  sacrifice  and  they  would  get  along  somehow.  We  persistently  endeavored  to 
have  either  party  make  a  request  for  him  to  be  put  back  in  Class  III,  but  without 
avail.  Then  we  asked  the  old  gentleman  if  he  had  any  objection  to  the  young  man 
staying  at  home.  lie  manifested  genuine  surprise.  "Objection?  Why,  no;  the 
Lord  knows  we  need  him  badly  enough,  but  if  the  country  needs  him  more,  we  will 
find  some  way  to  get  along."  So  we  reclassified  him  in  Class  1 1 1-13. 

9.  Recent  marriages. — In  the  whole  field  of  the  draft  no  subject  has 
occasioned  more  general  interest  than  the  classification  of  recently 
married  registrants.  The  rulings  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General 
during  the  first  draft  and  the  pertinent  section  of  the  selective  service 
regulations  (Rule  V,  sec.  72),  promulgated  December  15,  1917,  were 
designed  to  prevent  the  institution  of  marriage  from  becoming  an  aid 
to  draft  evaders.  Local  and  district  boards  were  cautioned  to 
scrutinize  carefully  all  claims  based  upon  marriage  entered  into  since 
May  18,  1917,  bearing  in  mind  the  probability  that  many  were  con- 
tracted with  the  primary  view  of  evading  military  service,  and,  in 
the  event  of  an  affirmative  finding  to  that  effect,  to  disregard  the 
dependency  resultant  upon  such  marriage  as  a  ground  for  deferment 


120       CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PRINCIPLES  AND   RESULTS. 

It  early  became  apparent  that  in  so  far  as  a  deferred  classification 
was  granted  to  registrants  on  the  ground  of  dependency  arising  from, 
marriages  entered  into  subsequent  to  the  enactment  of  the  selective 
service  law,  and  even  though  some  such  marriages  were  not  believed 
to  have  been  contracted  with  a  view  to  evading  military  service,  the 
deferment  thus  obtained  was  extremely  unpopular  with  the  great  ma- 
jority of  local  and  district  boards  as  well  as  with  the  people  at  large. 
This  condition  was  evidenced  by  an  immense  volume  of  complaint  from 
individuals  and  from  the  various  State  headquarters.  Undoubtedly 
more  correspondence  resulted  from  this  rule  than  from  any  other 
single  selective  service  regulation.  Many  boards  were  not  disposed 
to  release  any  man  who  had  married  since  the  enactment  of  the  law 
and  claimed  deferment  by  reason  of  the  resultant  dependency. 
Obviously,  there  was  difficulty  in  procuring  evidence  of  a  sufficiently 
definite  character  to  establish  the  fact  that  a  marriage  was  entered 
into  with  an  intent  to  evade  military  service;  in  the  majority  of 
instances,  conclusions  were  necessarily  based  largely  upon  inference. 
The  natural  consequence  of  this  situation  was  an  absence  of  uniformity 
in  the  disposition  of  this  great  class  of  cases. 

This  lack  of  uniformity  existed  not  only  between  different  States 
and  sections  of  the  country,  but  also  between  the  boards  of  neigh- 
boring towns  and  cities.  For  instance,  at  one  period  of  the  admin- 
istration, inquiry  established  that  in  Texas  11,000  out  of  18,000 
claimants,  or  2.7  per  cent  of  the  entire  registration  of  the  State, 
were  granted  deferred  classification  because  of  dependency  result- 
ing from  marriage  entered  into  since  May  18,  1917,  while  in  Ten- 
nessee only  0.7  per  cent  of  the  registration  were  deferred  on  that 
ground.  Again,  hi  one  of  the  largest  cities  of  Tennessee,  out  of 
approximately  300  claims  based  on  recent  marriage,  none  was 
allowed,  while  in  a  neighboring  county,  every  one  of  the  150  claims 
filed  were  granted. 

During  the  spring  of  1918,  it  became  evident  that  Class  I  would 
be  substantially  smaller  than  had  been  estimated.  Of  the  many 
causes  responsible  for  this  condition,  one  of  the  most  conspicuous 
was  the  shelter  from  military  service  afforded  by  marriage  con- 
tracted for  the  purpose.  On  May  1,  1918,  an  effort  was  made  to 
ascertain  as  accurately  as  possible  the  number  of  registrants  who 
had  been  lost  to  Class  I  because  of  marriage  since  May  18,  1917.  A 
number  of  States,  representative  of  the  entire  country  from  indus- 
trial and  agricultural  viewpoints,  were  requested  to  furnish  data 
on  the  subject;  figures  were  secured  from  1,114  local  boards.  It 
appeared  that  an  average  of  69  registrants  per  local  board  had 
married  since  May  18,  1917;  this  average,  carried  throughout  the 
country  would  have  totaled  320,367  registrants,  or  3.34  per  cent  of 
the  entire  registration  of  June  5,  1917.  It  further  appeared  that 


DEPENDENCY.  121 

of  registrants  who  had  married  subsequent  to  May  18,  1917,  an 
average  of  66  per  local  board  claimed  deferred  classification  because 
of  dependency  resulting  from  their  marriages,  making  a  total  of 
360,348  for  the  entire  country,  or  3.19  per  cent  of  the  total  registra- 
tion. Finally,  it  appeared  that  of  those  who  so  claimed  deferment, 
an  average  of  36  per  board  were  successful  in  being  relieved  from 
military  service,  making  a  total  of  167,148  for  the  entire  registra- 
tion for  the  Nation:  in  other  words  1.74  per  cent  of  all  registrants 
were  granted  deferred  classification  because  of  dependency  result- 
ing from  marriage  entered  into  since  May  18, 1917.  In  order,  there- 
fore, to  realize  an  approximation  of  Class  I  as  it  had  originally  been 
estimated,  it  was  apparent  that  many  dependency  claims  which 
had  been  granted  must  be  reconsidered.  Consequently  it  was  felt 
that  those  registrants  whose  dependency  status  had  been  least 
definitely  established,  and  in  whose  cases  hardship  would  in  the 
normal  situation  be  most  remote,  should  be  the  first  to  be  taken 
from  the  great  class  of  registrants  having  persons  dependent  upon 
them  for  support.. 

(a)  Change  of  rule. — To  correct  as  far  as  possible  the  irregularities 
resulting  from  Rule  V,  section  72  (above  cited),  and  to  render  avail- 
able for  military  service  as  many  as  possible  of  the  approximately 
175,000  registrants  to  whom  deferment  had  been  granted  because  of 
marriage  contracted  since  May  18,  1917,  the  situation  was,  on  June  7, 
1918,  laid  before  the  Secretary  of  War,  with  the  suggestion  that  the 
regulation  be  amended  so  as  to  provide  that  dependency  resulting  from 
a  marriage  contracted  since  May  18,  1917,  should  be  disregarded  as  a 
ground  for  deferred  classification,  unless  the  dependent  were  a  child 
of  such  marriage,  born  or  unborn  on  or  before  a  date  to  be  designated. 
This  suggestion  was  approved  by  the  Secretary  and  confirmed  by  the 
President,  and  on  June  13,  the  amendment  in  question  was  promul- 
gated to  all  selective  service  officials.  Inasmuch  as  in  the  meantime 
the  registration  of  June  5,  1918,  had  been  accomplished,  provisions 
similar  to  the  above  and  covering  those  registrants  were  included  in 
the  amendment. 

The  amendment  provided  in  brief  as  follows:  (1)  In  the  case  of 
registrants  of  the  class  of  June  5,  1918,  which  included  the  registrshi;  s 
of  August  24,  1918,  dependency  arising. from  marriage  contracted 
since  January  15,  1918  (the  date  of  the  introduction  of  the  public 
resolution  authorizing  the  registration  of  the  above  class),  should  be 
entirely  disregarded  as  a  ground  for  deferment;  and  dependency 
arising  from  marriage  entered  into  since  May  18,  1917,  but  prior 
to  January  15,  1918,  should  also  be  disregarded,  unless  there  was  of 
such  a  marriage  a  child  born  or  unborn  on  or  before  June  9,  1918, 
in  which  event,  unless  it  had  been  found  that  a  registrant  had  been 
placed  in  Class  I  with  a  finding  that  he  had  married  with  the  primary 


122       CHAPTER,  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND   RESULTS. 


view  of  evading  military  service,  he  was  entitled  to  be  placed  in 
Class  II.  (2)  In  the  case  of  registrants  of  the  class  of  June  5,  1917, 
dependency  arising  from  marriage  entered  into  subsequent  to  that 
date  should  be  disregarded  as  a  ground  for  deferred  classification, 
unless  the  dependent  were  a  child  of  the  marriage,  born  or  unborn  on 
or  before  June  9,  1918,  when  the  registrant  might  be  placed  in  Class  II 
upon  the  same  condition  as  stated  for  the  foregoing  class  of  cases. 

This  amendment  to  Rule  V,  section  72,  of  the  regulations,  was 
carried  over  into  the  second  edition  of  the  selective  service  regula- 
tions. A  paragraph  was  added  to  govern  particularly  the  classifi- 
cation of  registrants  of  the  new  class  of  September,  1918,  providing 
that  the  fact  of  dependency  resulting  from  a  marriage  contracted 
subsequent  to  August  5,  1918,  should  not  be  considered  as  a  ground 
for  deferred  classification. 

This  disposition  of  the  cases  met  with  general  favor,  and  is  regarded 
as  having  been  a  prudent  measure,  not  only  in  that  it  substantially 
augmented  Class  I,  but  also  that  it  produced  a  greater  uniformity 
and  equality  of  classification. 

(6)  Results  of  change  of  rule. — Reports  from  the  local  boards  show 
that  action  was  taken,  pursuant  to  the  foregoing  change  of  rules, 
with  the  following  results: 

TABLE  36. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 

Recent  marriages. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
recent 
marriages. 

Total  recent  marriages  

344,  872 
217,  398 
91,  299 
36,  630 
16,  324 
90,844 
14,  940 
122,  563 

100.00 

In  1917  class  since  May  18,  1917  

Reclassified  into  Class  I  

In  1918  class  since  Jan.  15,  1918  

Reclassified  into  Class  I  

In  1918  class  before  Jan.  15,  1918  

Reclassified  into  Class  I  

Recent  marriages  reclassified  into  Class  I  

35.54 

But  the  complex  nature  of  the  recent  marriage  cases,  and  the 
injustice  of  regarding  them  as  invariably  evidence  of  evasion,  is 
shown  in  the  following  typical  incidents : 

A  young  man,  in  the  initial  stages  of  the  draft,  waived  all  claim.  The  next  day  his 
mother  appeared  and  said  that  he  had  been  the  main  support  of  his  brothers  and  sisters 
and  herself,  as  the  father  was  incapacitated  for  work.  Later  the  boy  stated  that  he 
had  been  taking  care  of  the  family  for  five  years,  was  tired,  and  that  he  looked  upon 
this  draft  law  as  an  opportunity  to  relieve  himself  of  his  responsibilities.  He  was  dis- 
charged. Later,  when  questionnaires  were  sent  to  all  registrants,  it  developed  that 
this  registrant  had  since  married;  but  he  continued  the  claim  of  dependent  parents. 
An  anonymous  communication  was  received,  stating  that  he  had  married  to  evade  the 
draft,  that  his  wife  was  employed,  etc.  It  was  a  late  marriage.  Investigation  devel- 
oped that  the  change  in  labor  conditions  brought  about  by  the  war  had  made  if  possible 


MILITARY   OR   NAVAL  SERVICE.  123 

for  the  family  to  get  along  without  his  aid.  The  pathetic  figure  was  the  brave  little 
wife,  who  came  before  the  board  and  stated  she  was  of  the  opinion  that  her  husband 
should  do  his  part  in  the  world  war,  and  that  she  was  willing  to  give  him  up  and  under- 
take to  care  for  herself.  She  had  been  an  inmate  of  an  orphan  asylum,  and  had  never 
had  a  home  until  the  one  they  were  building  since  their  marriage.  The  board  obtained 
employment  for  her,  and  sent  him  to  camp. 

A  registrant  in  Class  I,  limited  service,  did  not  lease  a  farm  for  this  year,  as  he 
expected  to  be  called  for  service  at  any  time.  He  used  to  call  at  the  office  frequently, 
asking  for  information  as  to  when  he  might  expect  his  call.  But  as  month  after  month 
clasped,  and  no  call  came,  he  began  to  think  he  would  not  be  needed,  so  he  leased  a 
residence  in  town,  bought  all  his  household  furniture,  and  made  all  arrangements 
for  his  wedding.  But  just  the  day  prior  to  the  wedding  a  call  did  come,  which  included 
his  order  number,  and  he  received  notice  to  report  for  service.  This  was  quite  a  sur- 
prise to  him,  and  he  immediately  came  to  the  office  and  asked  for  further  time.  The 
board  granted  him  a  delay  of  48  hours,  so  the  marriage  was  celebrated:  but  he  took  all 
his  furniture  back  to  the  store  and  sent  his  wife  back  to  her  parents  until  his  expected 
return.  Happily  he  returned  a  few  days  ago. 

(HI)  MILITARY  OB  NAVAL  SERVICE. 

The  figures  reported  by  the  local  boards  for  Class  V,  Division  D, 
are  619,727.  What  does  this  signify? 

1.  Significance  of  this  classification. — -The  act  of  May  18,  1917, 
exempted  from  the  duty  of  registration  all  male  persons  who  were  on 
that  date  already  in  the  military  or  naval  service.  This  group  of 
men  therefore  remained  unrecorded.  Again,  when  the  new  age  21 
group  registered  on  June  5,  1918,  and  August  24,  1918,  and  when 
finally  the  groups  of  ages  18-20,  32-45,  registered  on  September  12, 
1918,  the  same  provision  applied.  So  that  the  aggregate  of  men  of 
these  three  groups  who  on  those  four  dates  had  already  entered 
service  by  enlistment  in  Army  or  Navy  never  entered  into  the  classi- 
fication. How  large  that  aggregate  was  is  indicated  in  Chapter  V, 
in  dealing  with  age  groups. 

Moreover,  among  the  registrants  of  June  5,  1917,  all  those  who  by 
December  15,  1917,  had  already  been  inducted  by  selective  draft 
(some  500,000  in  all,  as  noted  in  Chapter  VI,  dealing  with  induction), 
were,  of  course,  left  out  of  the  classification  plan,  which  went  into 
effect  after  that  date ;  their  names  being  struck  out  of  the  classifica- 
tion list  by  a  red-ink  line. 

When,  therefore,  the  boards  came  to  classify  the  registrants  after 
December  15,  1917,  the  men  due  to  be  entered  in  Class  V,  Division  D 
("person  in  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States"), 
the  names  of  none  of  the  two  foregoing  descriptions  of  persons  would 
be  due  for  entry  in  that  class.  In  other  words,  the  number  of  entries 
in  Class  V-D  would  not  include  unregistered  soldiers  and  sailors 
enlisted  or  commissioned  before  any  of  the  registration  dates,  IUT 
registered  soldiers  inducted  by  draft  before  December  15,  1917. 
This  much  explanation  is  needful  to  avoid  misinterpretation  of  the 
meaning  of  the  figures  of  Class  V-D. 


124       CHAPTER    IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PRINCIPLES   AND    RESULTS. 

In  one  further  respect,  also,  they  fall  short  of  telling  the  whole 
story.  The  act  of  May  18,  1917,  provided  that  "all  persons  in  the 
military  and  naval  service  of  the  United  States  shall  be  exempt 
from  the  selective  draft;"  hence,  the  boards  could  not  place  a  reg- 
istrant in  the  exempt  Class  V-D  on  this  ground  unless  they  were 
satisfied  of  the  facts  in  the  usual  manner.  But  the  youths  who 
thus  precipitated  themselves  into  service  without  waiting  for  the 
sequence  of  their  order  number  in  the  draft  were  not  always  par- 
ticular to  report  the  fact  to  their  local  boards  and  to  send  home  a 
proper  certificate.  They  were  in  the  service;  that  satisfied  them; 
and  the  formality  of  a  report  to  the  boards  either  was  forgotten  or 
was  neglected  as  a  needless  piece  of  red  tape.  The  boards,  of  course, 
were  able  from  local  repute  to  establish  the  fact  in  many  cases,  and 
felt  justified  in  making  the  entry.  But  in  thousands  of  other  cases 
the  entry  could  not  be  made.  The  anomaly,  was  thus  presented  of 
registrants  who  were  actually  with  the  colors  but  were  nominally 
recorded  as  deserters  in  the  books  of  the  local  board.  This  anomaly 
is  further  considered  in  dealing  with  the  figures  of  desertion  (Chapter 
V).  Finally,  it  appears  that  the  Class  V-D  entries,  conversely,  were 
unduly  increased  by  including  men  inducted,  not  enlisted;  this  mis- 
application of  the  regulations  is  revealed  by  the  boards'  reports. 

The  number  recorded  by  the  local  boards  in  Class  Y-D  signified 
nothing  therefore  as  to  the  number  of  men  actually  in  military  or 
naval  service,  nor  does  it  represent  actual  enlistments.  It  signifies 
only  the  number  of  registrants  recorded  by  the  boards  as  being 
known,  by  formal  finding,  to  have  been  enlisted  or  commissioned 
after  registering  and  before  being  called  in  the  draft,  together  with 
a  certain  number  who  were  inducted. 

2.  Number  classified  in  V-D. — The  figures  representing  the  fore- 
going-described men  in  compared  groups  are  as  shown  in  Table  37, 
line  4;  the  excess  of  entries  over  estimated  enlistments  may  be  ac- 
counted for  by  the  frequent  error  of  entry  above  mentioned,  viz,  of 
men  inducted,  not  enlisted. 

TABLE  37. 


Persons  in  military  or  naval  service. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
in  sen-ice. 

1 

•' 

Total  ases,  21-30  in  military  or  naval  service  (estimated)  . 
Enlisted  before  repdstration  (Table  2,  line  4)  

3,  579,  805 
364,  298 

100.  00 
10.  18 

3 

Enlisted  after  r  castration  (estimated)    

548,  C40 

15.33 

4 

Placed  in  Class  V-D  .          .    .    .  '                     ... 

619,  727 

5 

Inducted                                    .               .    . 

2,  666,  867 

74.49 

(IV)  SUNDRY  SPECIFIED  VOCATIONS. 

1.  Exemptions  and  deferments  in  specified  vocations. — The  selective 
service  act  directed  that  exemptions  be  granted  to  persons  in  certain 
vocations  specifically  named,  as  follows:  Officers,  legislative,  judicial, 


SUNDRY    SPECIFIED  VOCATIONS.  125 

and  executive,  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several  States ;  minis- 
ters of  religion,  and  divinity  students  (as  of  May  18,  1917).  The  act 
further  authorized  the  President  to  discharge  from  military  service 
persons  in  certain  other  vocations  specifically  named,  as  follows: 
County  or  municipal  officials,  customhouse  clerks,  United  States  em- 
ployees transmitting  the  mails,  workmen  in  United  States  armories, 
arsenals,  and  navy  yards;  pilots,  and  mariners.  By  this  authority 
the  President  might  also  designate  any  other  persons  employed  in  the 
service  of  the  United  States.  The  first-mentioned  group  above,  being 
expressly  entitled  to  an  exemption  by  the  terms  of  the  act,  were 
allotted  to  Class  V  in  the  classification  system,  as  were  also  the  pilots 
named  in  the  second  group.  All  the  remainder  of  the  second  group 
were  allotted  between  Classes  III  and  IV  in  the  classification  system; 
that  is,  they  occupied  as  a  group  the  last  place,  or  the  next  to  the 
last  place,  in  order  of  time  for  liability  for  military  service.  The 
clause  giving  authority  to  designate  individuals  in  any  other  part 
of  the  Federal  service  was  a  flexible  provision  designed  to  protect 
indispensable  positions  of  public  service  not  covered  by  the  group 
descriptions  above  mentioned. 

All  pei-sons  in  the  three  described  vocations  entitled  to  exemption 
(Class  V),  viz,  Federal  and  State  officers,  ministers,  and  divinity 
students,  were,  of  course,  entitled  to  obtain  such  exemption  without 
any  qualification ;  and  the  President's  authority  under  the  regulations 
gave  an  unqualified  deferment  to  all  pilots  (S.  S.  R.,  sec.  79),  to  all 
county  or  municipal  officials  (sec.  77)  and  to  all  mariners  actually 
employed  in  sea  service  (including  the  Great  Lakes)  of  any  citizen  or 
merchant  within  the  United  States  (sec.  78).  But,  exercising  the 
same  authority,  the  regulation  qualified  the  discharge  to  be  granted 
to  persons  in  the  remaining  occupations,  viz.  customhouse  clerks, 
United  States  employees  transmitting  mails,  and  United  States 
workmen  in  armories,  arsenals,  and  navy  yards,  by  requiring  that  the 
individuals  to  be  granted  such  discharges  should  be  necessary 
employees,  and  should  not  be  entitled  to  discharge  by  the  mere  fact 
of  belonging  to  the  described  group.  The  same  general  qualification 
was,  of  course,  applied  also  to  the  remaining  described  groups,  viz, 
persons  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United  States;  the  restriction 
of  these  discharges  to  necessary  individuals  only  was  effected  by 
requiring,  the  filing  of  affidavits  of  necessity  issued  by  the  chief  of 
the  Government  department  in  which  the  employee  belonged  (S. 
S.  R.  Part  XIV). 

Apart  from  the  mere  numbers  of  deferments  and  exemptions  thus 
granted,  it  is  interesting  to  observe  the  extent  to  which  this  group  '>f 
deferments  and  exemptions  were  utilized  to  protect  the  necessary 
vocations,  official  and  unofficial,  specially  recognized  in  the  act. 
For  this  purpose  is  set  forth  in  Table  38,  first  the  estimated  number 


126       CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 


of  all  persons  within  each  vocation,  and  then  the  number  of  deferments 
or  exemptions  reported  by  the  local  boards  to  have  been  granted 
on  the  ground  of  such  vocation.  The  estimates  of  the  former  num- 
bers were  made  independently  of  the  local  board  reports,  and  some 
of  the  resulting  ratios  are  incongruous.  Nevertheless,  this  approxi- 
mation to  the  facts  deserves  study. 

TABLE  38. 


Vocations  specifically  recognized. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  ex- 
empted or 
deferred 
to  total 
persons. 

Per  cent 
of  exemp- 
tions, etc., 
to  total 
exemp- 
tions. 

1 

Total  engaged  in  vocations  specifically  recognized, 
ages  21-30  

129,  337 

100.00 

2 

Total  exempted  and  deferred  on  vocational 
grounds  

76,  497 

59.  15 

100  00 

3 

Federal  and  State  officers  (V-A)  

6,700 

100.  00 

4 

Federal  officers  

4,000 

5 

State  officers  

2,700 

6 

Exempted                                

6,695 

99  93 

8  75 

7 

Ministers  (V-B)                                   .    .    . 

17,  761 

100  00 

8 

Exempted  

18,  067 

101.  72 

23  62 

9 

Divinity  and  medical  students  (V-C)  .  .  . 

19,600 

100.  00 

10 

Exempted  

16,  673 

85.07 

21  80 

11 

Pilots  (V-I)  

1,900 

100.  00 

12 

Exempted  

1,705 

89.74 

2  23 

13 

Mariners  (IV-B)  

41,  698 

100.  00 

14 

Deferred  •  

16,  128 

38.68 

21.08 

15 

County  or  municipal  officers  (III-D)  

3,480 

100.  00 

16 

Deferred                  .           .... 

2,767 

79  51 

3  62 

17 

Firemen  and  policemen  (III-E)  

19,  273 

100.  00 

18 

Deferred                        ....       .   . 

2,885 

14  97 

3  77 

19 

Customhouse  clerks  (III—  F)  .    . 

(') 

?0 

Deferred                     .   . 

577 

75 

21 

Mailmen  (III-G) 

18,  925 

100  00 

??, 

Deferred 

6,381 

33  72 

8  34 

?3 

Artificers  in  arsenals  etc   (III—  H) 

(i) 

?4 

Deferred  

4,619 

6.04 

25 

Other  Federal  employees  subject  to  des- 
ignation by  the  President  (III-I)  

(2.) 

i  Not  aseertainable. 


2  See  Table  39. 


2.  Federal  employees  designated  by  the  President. — The  clause  above 
mentioned,  viz,  authorizing  the  discharge  of  "such  other  persons 
employed  in  the  service  of  the  United  States  as  the  President  may 
designate,"  was  of  course  vital  for  the  maintenance  of  the  Federal 
civil  establishment.  The  Government  could  not  have  been  con- 
ducted during  the  emergency  if  it  had  been  subject  to  disruption  by 
large  depletion  of  civil  servants  all  along  the  line. 

Nevertheless,  it  was  equally  obvious  that  there  must  be,  among 
the  several  hundred  thousand  Government  employees,  large  numbers 
of  registrants  whose  posts  could  be  as  well  filled  by  other  men  not 
subject  to  military  service  or  by  women;  and  it  was  fair  to  assume 


SUNDRY  SPECIFIED  VOCATIONS. 

that  the  chiefs  of  Government  departments  might  well  expect  to  exer- 
cise the  same  efforts  at  replacement  that  were  obliged  to  be  exercised 
by  the  managers  of  industry  at  large.  As  early  as  July,  1917  (Execu- 
tive Order  of  July  25,  1917),  the  President's  direction  established  a 
method  for  enabling  the  chiefs  of  all  departments  to  exercise  the  most 
careful  scrutiny  before  approving  claims  for  discharge  based  upon 
this  ground;  and  in  all  departments  the  selective  service  adminis- 
tration received  the  most  cordial  and  effective  support  by  way  of 
a  strict  limitation  of  these  approvals  for  claims  for  discharge  or  defer- 
ment. However,  with  such  an  enormous  number  of  employees, 
scattered  throughout  the  country  and  filling  positions  of  such  variety 
of  necessity,  it  was  natural  that  a  wide  variance  of  judgment  would 
develop  in  the  recommendations  made  by  officials  for  the  discharge 
or  deferment  of  employees  within  their  jurisdiction.  Occasional  in- 
stances of  what  appeared  to  be  an  exaggerated  sense  of  the  importance 
of  a  particular  employee  led  to  some  public  discussion. 

As  the  heavy  calls  to  camp  matured  in  the  spring  of  1918,  and  it 
seemed  probable  that  the  entire  strength  of  Class  I  would  be  needed 
for  the  Army,  the  attention  of  Congress  was  directed  to  this  supposed 
excessive  use  of  the  above  clause  by  Government  officials  as  a  ground 
for  deferment  of  their  employees.  On  June  3,  1918,  Congressman 
Madden  submitted  to  the  House  a  series  of  resolutions  requesting 
that  various  governmental  departments  report  to  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives the  number  of  men  in  the  service  of  such  departments 
who  were  on  June  5,  1917,  between  the  ages  of  21  and  31  years,  for 
whom  requests  for  exemption  from  military  duty  or  deferred  classi- 
fication had  been  asked  and  allowed. 

Before  the  introduction  of  Mr.  Madden's  resolutions  the  possibility 
that  deferred  classification  had  been  given  Government  employees 
who  might  readily  be  spared  for  military  service  had  been  discussed 
hi  this  Office,  and  a  subsequent  telegram  to  the  draft  executives  of 
all  States,  while  not  specifically  designating  Class  III-I  (necessary 
employees  hi  service  of  United  States),  clearly  contemplated  that 
all  cases  hi  which  deferred  classification  had  been  granted  should 
be  reopened  and  the  registrants  reclassified,  if  there  appeared  to 
be  any  question  as  to  the  propriety  of  the  original  classification. 

Upon  the  publication  in  the  Congressional  Record  of  the  reports 
called  for  by  Mr.  Madden's  resolutions,  this  Office  immediately  com- 
municated to  the  local  boards  concerned  the  names  of  certain  of 
the  registrants  listed  and  requested  prompt  investigation  and  report 
of  any  action  which  might  result  therefrom.  Reports  from  local 
boards  on  cases  to  which  attention  had  been  called  indicated  that 
there  had  been  no  excessive  use  of  certificates  of  necessity  issued  by 
the  executives  of  Governmental  departments,  and  it  was  considered 
therefore  that  no  further  action  on  the  part  of  this  ^Office  was  neces- 


128       CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PRINCIPLES   AND   RESULTS. 


sary.  It  is  interesting  to  note  from  the  report  submitted  to  the 
House  of  Representatives  that  deferment  had  been  asked  for  only 
14  employees  of  the  Post  Office  Department  at  Washington;  that 
the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  had  already  voluntarily  withdrawn  requests 
for  the  exemption  of  clerical  employees,  and  that  in  many  of  the 
bureaus  of  governmental  departments  no  civilians  within  the  draft 
ages  were  employed.  The  fact  was  also  brought  out  that  registrants 
employed  in  a  civil  capacity  hi  various  branches  of  the  War  De- 
partment were  constantly  being  released  for  military  service,  and  that 
many  branches  of  the  civil  Government  had  already  been  hampered 
by  the  loss  of  men  who,  at  the  call  of  war,  had  voluntarily  abandoned 
their  civil  posts  and  enlisted  in  the  Army. 

The  following  Table  39  shows  the  deferments  granted  under  this 
clause  for  the  principal  departments  of  the  Federal  Government: 

TABLE  39. 


Federal  employees  designated  by  President. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  defer- 
ments to 
total  male 
employ- 
ees, ages 
21-30. 

Per  cent 
of  defer- 
ments to 
total  de- 
ferments. 

1 

Total  male  Federal  employees  ages  21-30  in 
principal  departments  

32,  380 

100.00 

9 

Deferred  under  Class  III—  I  

3,478 

10.74 

100  00 

3 

State  Department  

390 

100.  00 

4 

Deferred                 .           

176 

45.13 

5  06 

5 

Treasury  Department      .               

3,043 

100  00 

ft 

Deferred                 .           

607 

19  95 

17  45 

7 

Department  of  Justice  

245 

100  00 

8 

Deferred          .                  

71 

28.98 

2  04 

q 

War  Department.         

12,  825 

100.  00 

10 

Deferred                            

642 

5.01 

18  46 

11 

Post  Office  Department      

243 

100.00 

12 

Deferred                         

20 

8.23 

58 

IS 

Navy  Department                              

523 

100.  00 

14 

Deferred                                      .   . 

345 

65.97 

9  92 

15 

Interior  Department  

2,757 

100.  00 

Ifi 

Deferred  

309 

11.21 

8.88 

17 

Department  of  Agriculture  

5,634 

100.  00 

IK 

Deferred  

828 

14.70 

23.81 

10 

Commerce  Department  

1,639 

100.  00 

90 

Deferred  

446 

27.21 

12.82 

91 

Labor  Department  

1,080 

100.  00 

99 

Deferred 

(i) 

93 

Food  Commission  

1,737 

100.  00 

94 

Deferred     . 

27 

1.  55 

.78 

?5 

Fuel  Commission                                    ... 

2,177 

100.00 

9fi 

Deferred  

6 

.28 

.17 

97 

War  Industries  Board                             .       .    . 

87 

100.00 

98 

Deferred 

1 

1.15 

.03 

1  No  report. 

3.  Divinity  and  medical  students. — Under  the  terms  of  the  original 
act  of  May  18,  1917,  an  exemption  was  accorded  to  students  "who 
at  the  time  of  the  approval  of  this  act  are  preparing  for  the  ministry 


SUNDEY   SPECIFIED  VOCATIONS.  129 

in  a  recognized  theological  or  divinity  school."  But  by  the  original 
act  no  exemption  or  discharge  was  accorded  to  medical  students; 
the  necessity  of  protection  to  the  training  of  medical  students  for 
military  purposes  was  recognized  late  in  the  summer  of  1917,  by  pro- 
viding for  their  enlistment  in  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps  of  the  Medi- 
cal Department.  One  year  after  the  passage  of  the  original  act  the 
act  of  May  20,  1918,  provided  that  an  exemption  should  be  granted 
to  "students  who  are  preparing  for  the  ministry  in  recognized 
theological  or  divinity  schools  and  students  who  are  preparing  for 
the  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery  in  recognized  medical  schools 
at  the  time  of  the  approval  of  this  act."  Therefore,  under  the  classi- 
fication system  as  it  proceeded  during  the  spring  of  1918  the  exemp- 
tion in  force  up  to  May  20,  1918,  was  applicable  only  to  divinity  stu- 
dents of  May  18,  1917;  but  after  May  20,  1918,  it  was  applicable  to  the 
following  larger  group  thus  defined  in  Selective  Service  Regulations: 

SEC.  79.— A  student  who  on  May  18,  1917,  or  on  May  20,  1918.  was  preparing  for  the 
ministry  in  a  recognized  theological  or  divinity  school,  -or  who  on  May  20,  1918,  was 
preparing  for  the  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery  in  a  recognized  medical  school. 

The  ascertainment  of  the  ratio  of  medical  and  divinity  students 
thus  availing  themselves  of  exemption  becomes  a  difficult  matter  in 
view  of  these  legislative  changes  in  the  composition  of  the  group. 
The  reports  from  the  local  boards,  compared  with  the  figures  of  total 
medical  students  (furnished  by  the  Surgeon  General's  Office)  and 
with  the  figures  of  total  divinity  students  (obtained  from  the  Bureau 
of  Education  and  Industrial  Index  of  this  office), -are  as  shown  in 
Table  40;  but  some  of  the  figures  necessarily  rest  upon  estimate  only: 

TABLE  40. 


Divinity  and  medical  students. 


Number. 


12 


Total  divinity  and  medical  students,  ages  21-30,  May  18,  1917,  and 
May  20,  1918  (estimated) 


Exempted  (divinity  and  medical). 
Reserved  (medical). 


Total  divinity  students,  ages  21-30  (estimated) . 


On  May  18,  1917,  ages  21-30. 
On  May  20,  1918,  all  ages. 


Exempted 


Total  medical  students,  ages  21-30  (estimated) 


On  May  18,  1917,  ages  21-30... 

On  May  20,  1918,  all  ages 

Enlisted  in  Reserve  Corps 


Exempted  as  medical  students. 


19,600 
16,  673 
6,194 
9,900 
5,387 
8,618 
5,161 
9,700 
4,714 
7,984 
6,194 
535 


4.  Firemen  and  policemen. — By  the  terms  of  the  selective  service 
act,  no  specific  exemption  was  granted  to  firemen  and  policemen  as  a 
group.  But  under  the  clause  of  the  act,  authorizing  the  President  to 
discharge  comity  and  municipal  officials,  authority  existed  to  include 
this  group  specifically,  and  with  limitations,  in  the  Selective  Service 

97250°— 19 9 


130      CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND   RESULTS. 


Regulations  providing  for  discharge  or  deferment.  During  the  latter 
part  of  the  summer  of  1917,  the  matter  was  urgently  called  to  the 
attention  of  this  office  by  the  mayors  of  New  York  City  and  other 
cities;  and  in  the  new  regulations,  promulgated  by  the  President  on 
November  8,  1917,  section  77,  paragraph  (e),  provision  was  made  for 
placing  in  Class  III,  Division  E,  "A  fireman  or  policeman  who  is 
highly  trained  as  such  and  has  been  continuously  employed  and 
compensated  by  the  municipality  which  he  is  now  serving  for  a  period 
of  at  least  three  years,  and  who  can  not  be  replaced  without  substan- 
tial and  material  detriment  to  the  public  safety  in  the  municipality 
in  which  he  is  serving." 

In  the  spring  of  1918,  however,  as  the  prospects  increased  for 
heavier  calls  to  camp  and  for  the  utilization  of  the  entire  Class  I  effect- 
ives, renewed  requests  for  a  modification  of  the  regulations  were  re- 
ceived from  several  municipalities.  The  prudence  of  acceding  to  this 
request  depended,  to  some  extent,  upon  the  probable  numbers 
that  would  thus  be  lost  to  military  service  on  the  one  hand,  or  to  the 
fire  and  police  protection  on  the  other  hand,  by  establishing  or 
refusing  the  deferment  per  se  of  all  firemen  and  policemen.  The 
figures  were  found  to  be  as  follows,  as  shown  by  the  Industrial  Index 
of  this  Office  (based  on  data  of  January-March,  1918) : 

TABLE  40a. 


Firemen  and  policemen  deferred. 

All  ages. 

Ages  21-30 
classified 
fci  1918. 

Deferred 
on  other 
grounds. 

Class  I. 

1 

Firemen                    

40,  946 

8,544 

6,982 

1  562 

9 

Policemen  and  constables  

81,  713 

10,  729 

8,736 

1  993 

It  was  obvious  from  these  figures  that  while  blanket  deferment  of 
all  firemen  and  policemen  would  not  result  in  the  loss  of  a  serious 
number  of  Class  I  men,  additional  to  those  already  lost  by  deferments 
on  other  grounds,  nevertheless,  the  number  that  would  be  saved  to  the 
fire  and  police  systems  by  such  a  deferment  would  be  only  a  trifling 
percentage  of  their  total  force;  and  that  this  saving  was  not  sufficient 
to  justify  a  departure  from  the  fixed  policy  of  the  selective  service 
system  to  add  no  more  blanket  deferments  by  entire  occupations 
than  were  already  specifically  designated  in  the  act  of  Congress. 

Nevertheless,  as  the  exhaustion  of  Class  I  drew  nearer  and  proposals 
were  made  in  Congress  to  extend  the  draft  ages  upward  and  down- 
ward to  include  all  men  of  18  to  45  years,  the  demands  from  munici- 
palities for  protection  of  the  fire  and  police  system  were  renewed 
in  the  summer  of  1918. 

From  New  York  City  particularly  the  demand  in  this  respect  was 
especially  strong,  and  representations  for  the  exemption  of  the  entire 


SUNDRY   SPECIFIED  VOCATIONS.  131 

police  and  fire  forces  of  that  city  were  made  by  the  mayor  of  the  city, 
the  police  commissioner,  representatives  of  the  city  and  State  in 
Congress,  and  members  of  the  chamber  of  commerce  and  board  of 
trade.  It  was  contended  that,  when  the  military  age  was  extended 
to  45  years,  virtually  every  able-bodied  policeman  and  fireman, 
sooner  or  later,  would  be  taken  into  the  Army,  not  only  because  of 
their  desirability  from  the  standpoint  of  physical  fitness,  but  because 
it  would  be  impossible  for  them  to  claim  deferment  on  dependency 
grounds  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  under  the  law  of  New  York 
State  the  city  would  pay  the  difference  between  their  salaries  as 
municipal  employees  and  their  pay  as  soldiers.  With  respect  to 
policemen,  it  was  set  forth  also  that  should  there  be  a  further  depletion 
of  their  ranks  the  city  would  face  the  possibility  of  grave  conse- 
quences from  internal  disorder,  due  to  labor  unrest,  the  fomenting 
of  disturbance  by  enemy  alien  elements,  and  a  possible  uprising 
against  authority  due  to  dissatisfaction  with  the  war  or  the  Govern- 
ment by  reason  of  insufficient,  improper  or  unacceptable  food,  or 
due  to  the  high  cost  of  food  and  clothing  or  increased  burdens. 
Arguments  of  like  nature,  on  behalf  of  firemen,  dwelt  upon  the  danger 
of  disaster  and  loss  from  conflagrations  should  the  fire -fighting 
forces  be  reduced  by  the  induction  of  firemen  into  the  military 
service.  The  mayor  of  New  York,  in  a  letter  to  the  congressional 
representatives  of  that  city  and  State,  pointed  out  that  at  that  time 
(Aug.  9,  1918)  more  than  700  policemen  had  been  drafted,  that 
before  the  end  of  the  year  at  least  1,000  would  be  drafted,  and  that 
ultimately  3,000  or  28  per  cent  of  the  entire  police  force  would  be 
called  into  the  military  service. 

In  view  of  this  circumstance,  and  of  the  special  effect,  to  be  ex- 
pected under  the  new  law  extending  draft  ages,  upon  the  body  of 
municipal  firemen  and  policemen,  it  was  deemed  prudent  to  extend 
a  measure  of  relief  by  amending  the  existing  regulations  so  as  to 
omit  the  limitation  to  men  who  had  served  for  throe  years.  Selective 
Service  Regulations,  section  77,  Rule  X,  paragraph  (e)  was,  therefore, 
amended  by  omitting  that  clause,  and  by  substituting  the  require- 
ment that  such  fireman  or  policeman  must  have  been  a  "com- 
pensated member  of  a  regularly  organized,  permanent,  compensated 
fire  department  or  police  department,  which  existed  as  such  prior 
to  May  18,  1917." 

By  this  measure  it  was  considered  that  adequate  protection 
would  be  given  to  municipal  interests,  especially  in  view  of  the 
provisions  of  note  2,  Rule  I,  section  72,  Selective  Service  Regulations 
(second  edition) : 

In  considering  claims  for  deferred  classification  on  dependency  grounds,  local 
and  district  boards  will  disregard  income  provided  by  a  State  or  municipality  for 
the  maintenance  of  dependent  while  the  registrants  upon  whose  labor  these  persons 
are  dependent  for  support  are  in  the  military  service  of  the  United  States. 


132       CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PRINCIPLES   AND   RESULTS. 

The  results  of  the  reclassification  of  men  of  the  first  and  second 
registrations,  to  September  11,  1918,  made  in  view  of  the  above 
amendment,  were  to  place  in  Class  III-E  2,885  firemen  and  police- 
men (Table  38). 

5.  County  and  municipal  officials. — Considerable  doubt  as  to 
whether  certain  registrants  should  properly  be  included  in  the  term 
"a  county  or  municipal  official"  resulted  from  Rule  X,  paragraph 
(d),  section  77,  as  it  appeared  in  the  first  edition  of  the  Selective 
Service  Regulations.  Among  the  offices  involved  were  those  of 
justice  of  the  peace  and  others  of  similar  grade.  The  difficulty  ex- 
perienced by  local  and  district  boards  in  classifying  these  officials 
centered  about  that  clause  of  the  regulation  which  required  that  a 
county  or  municipal  official,  in  order  to  merit  classification  in  Class 
III-D,  must  be  found:  (1)  ''To  have  been  elected  to  such  office  by 
popular  vote,"  and  also  (2)  ''where  the  office  may  not  be  filled  by 
appointment  for  an  unexpired  term." 

The  purpose  of  this  regulation  was  to  limit  deferment  in  Class  III-D 
to  elected  officials — not  to  grant  deferment  to  a  municipal  or  county 
official,  as  such,  but  to  avoid  the  creation  of  a  vacancy  which  could 
not  be  filled  without  the  delay  and  expense  of  a  special  election.  It 
was  meant  to  apply  in  cases  where  the  call  to  the  colors  of  a  county 
or  municipal  official  would  leave  the  office  vacant  and  thereby  prevent 
its  function  being  exercised  for  a  substantial  period  of  time.  The 
question  whether  such  an  office  could  be  filled  by  appointment  had 
to  be  determined,  of  course,  by  the  constitutions  and  statutes  of  the 
respective  States.  A  less  restrictive  interpretation  than  that  adopted 
would  have  resulted  in  withdrawing  from  liability  to  military  service 
a  substantial  number  of  registrants  who  could  not  be  deemed  abso- 
lutely necessary  to  the  adequate  administration  of  the  cities,  counties, 
or  the  municipalities.  This  was  especially  apparent  in  the  cases  of 
notaries  public  and  other  offices  of  similar  grade. 

There  was  likewise  the  necessity  in  some  States  of  differentiating 
between  State  officers  and  county  and  municipal  officials.  For 
example,  in  a  certain  middle-western  State  the  judges  and  prosecuting 
attorneys  of  the  circuit  courts  have  a  jurisdiction  in  certain  cases 
inclusive  of  several  counties.  Taking  into  consideration  the  theory 
upon  which  State  officers  are  granted  greater  deferment  than  county 
and  municipal  officials — namely,  that  the  duties  of  the  former 
presumably  involve  matters  of  greater  importance  to  the  people 
generally  than  do  the  duties  of  the  latter,  the  rule  was  followed  that 
the  selective  service  boards,  within  States  having  political  subdi- 
visions of  such  character  that  the  officials  do  not,  under  the  court 
decisions  of  the  respective  States,  clearly  fall  within  any  one  of  the 
three  classes  above  mentioned,  must  determine  which  of  the  said 
classes  should  properly  embrace  those  officers  for  the  purposes  of 
classification 


SUNDRY   SPECIFIED  VOCATIONS.  133 

With  respect  to  county  and  municipal  officials  specifically,  a  case 
in  point  was  that  of  the  classification  of  justices  of  the  peace  in  the 
State  of  Illinois.  The  attorney  general  of  that  State  expressed  the 
opinion  that  "the  office  of  justice  of  the  peace  under  the  provisions 
of  the  constitution  and  statutes  of  this  State,  is  a  municipal  office 
and  a  vacancy  in  said  office  can  not  be  filled  by  an  appointment, 
where  the  unexpired  term  is  for  a  period  exceeding  one  year."  From 
this  it  appeared  that,  under  certain  conditions,  a  vacancy  in  the  office 
of  a  justice  of  the  peace  in  the  State  of  Illinois  may  be  filled  by 
appointment.  Likewise,  in  the  case  of  New  York  State,  it  was 
ascertained  from  the  attorney  general  of  that  State  that  a  vacancy  in 
the  office  of  a  justice  of  the  peace  in  New  York  may  be  filled  by 
appointment. 

However,  the  evident  doubt  in  the  minds  of  draft  executives  in 
several  of  the  States  seemed  to  warrant  a  more  explicit  regulation, 
and  paragraph  (d),  Rule  X,  section  77,  in  the  second  edition  of 
Selective  Service  Regulations  (October,  1918),  was  amended  to  read: 
"In  Class  III  shall  be  placed  any  registrant  found  to  be  (d)  A  county 
or  municipal  official  who  has  been  elected  to  such  office  by  popular 
vote  where  the  vacancy  may  not  be  filled  by  appointment,"  the 
word  "vacancy"  having  been  substituted  for  the  word  "office,"  and 
the  words  "for  an  unexpired  term"  having  been  eliminated.  Thus, 
the  test  then  became:  May  the  vacancy  in  a  county  or  municipal 
office,  where  such  official  has  been  elected  by  popular  vote,  be  filled 
by  appointment  ? 

The  application  of  the  rules  governing  the  classification  of  such 
officers  is  indicated  in  the  figures  of  Table  38. 

6.  Federal  and  State  officers. — Section  4  of  the  selective  service  act 
provides  "that  *  *  *  the  officers,  legislative,  executive,  or 
judicial,  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several  States  *  *  * 
shall  be  exempt  from  the  selective  draft  herein  prescribed." 

Under  this  provision  (applied  in  Selective  Service  Regulations, 
second  edition,  section  79,  Rule  XII  (a))  a  specific  list  of  Federal 
offices  was  prepared  (first  published  in  Bulletin  No.  1,  Compiled 
Rulings,  and  republished  in  subsequent  editions  of  the  Selective 
Service  Regulations  as  Part  XIII,  with  additions  to  include  a  few 
indispensable  offices  designated  by  the  heads  of  the  governmental 
departments  as  having  an  analogous  status).  The  list  was  based 
on  a  simple  canon,  viz,  all  Federal  offices  which  were  elective  or  the 
appointment  to  which  required  confirmation  by  the  Senate.  This 
canon  was  formulated  after  an  exhaustive  study  of  the  use  of  the 
term  "office"  in  Federal  legislation.  The  obvious  purpose  of  Con- 
gress appeared  to  discriminate  between  the  supreme  and  superior 
offices  and  the  inferior  offices,  and  to  grant  absolute  exemption  to 
the  former  only.  This  construction  was  corroborated  by  the  cir- 


134       CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES   AND  RESULTS. 

cumstance  that  any  broader  definition  would  have  granted  absolute 
exemption  to  some  hundreds  of  thousands  of  employees  of  all  grades. 
For  State  offices  the  same  simple  test  could  not  serve,  as  the  State 
constitutional  provisions  and  administrative  organization  varied 
widely  in  the  different  Commonwealths.  Nevertheless  the  dis- 
tinction intended  by  Congress,  i.  e.,  between  the  supreme  and  superior 
offices  and  the  inferior  ones,  applied  with  equal  positiveness  to  State 
offices;  for  Congress  certainly  had  no  intention  to  be  more  liberal 
to  State  than  to  Federal  officers.  Moreover,  the  act  of  Congress  also 
obviously  emphasized  the  distinction  between  the  State-wide  officers 
and  the  local,  i.  e.,  county  or  municipal  officials;  the  former  being 
given  an  absolute  exemption,  and  the  latter  only  a  discretionary 
discharge  under  authority  of  the  President.  A  construction  was 
therefore  adopted  which  would  incorporate  these  two  important 
distinctions  intended  by  Congress.  A  supreme  or  superior  State 
office,  to  entitle  the  holder  to  exemption  under  the  provisions  of 
section  79,  Rule  XII  (a),  should  fulfill  the  following  requirements: 

(a)  If  elective,  it  should  be  filled  by  electoral  vote  of  a  political  subdivision. 
(6)  If  appointive  there  should  be  no  intermediate  superior  between  it  and  the 
appointing  power,  i.  e.,  the  governor,  the  legislature,  and  the  supreme  court. 

(c)  The  function  or  jurisdiction  of  the  office  in  question  must  be  coextensive  with 
the  boundaries  of  the  State. 

(d)  Its  duties  must  represent  the  principal  occupation  of  the  incumbent,  requiring 
the  substance  of  his  daily  work  and  time. 

Action  of  this  Office  has  been  confined  to  the  statement  of  general 
principles  of  interpretation  and  has  rarely  extended  to  the  decision 
of  particular  cases.  Obviously,  it  was  necessary  to  refer  to  the  laws 
of  the  particular  State  in  order  to  find  whether  a  particular  State 
officer  held  his  office  on  such  conditions,  subject  to  the  general 
principles  outlined  above.  In  the  case  of  certain  States  where  the 
jurisdiction  of  an  officer  was  inclusive  of  several  counties,  but  not 
coextensive  with  the  boundaries  of  the  State,  it  was  held  by  this 
Office  that  for  purposes  of  classification,  the  question  whether  such 
an  officer  is  a  State  officer  or  a  county  or  municipal  official,  should 
be  determined  by  the  State  Selective  Service  authorities,  in  the  light 
of  the  relative  importance  of  the  office  in  question  to  the  community. 

It  was  estimated  in  1917  that  there  were  some  350,000  persons  in 
Federal  public  service  and  in  State  public  service  about  450,000 
persons;  and  that  of  the  gross  amount  some  250,000  and  upward 
were  males  of  draft  age.  But  it  was  also  estimated  that  under  the 
above  construction  of  the  term  "officers,"  the  Federal  incumbents 
would  amount  to  not  more  than  11,000  in  all  (9,000  of  which  were 
postmasters),  and  the  State  incumbents  to  not  more  than  25,000  in 
all,  or  a  total  of  not  more  than  36,000.  The  returns  received  from 
the  local  boards,  showing  exemptions  claimed  and  granted  on  this 


NECESSARY   AGRICULTURAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL   WORKERS.        135 

ground,  have  been  given  above  in  Table  38.  But  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  many  thousand  additional  deferments  of  officials  of 
various  grades  have  also  been  granted  on  grounds  of  dependency  or 
physical  disqualifications;  as  to  these,  no  returns  are  obtainable. 

(V)  NECESSARY  AGRICULTURAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  WORKERS. 

1.  Purpose  of  the  deferment. — Under  the  selective  service  act,  the 
district  boards  were  entrusted  with  a  vital  problem  of  the  war — 
namely,  the  duty  of  selecting  the  individuals  whose  engagements  in 
industry,  including  agriculture,  were  such  as  to  require  their  con- 
tinued service  in  civil  life  rather  than  in  the  Army.  The  original 
presidential  regulations,  promulgated  on  June  30,  1917,  provided  for 
the  issuance  of  a  certificate  of  discharge  by  the  district  board,  which 
certificate  could  be  modified  or  withdrawn  at  any  time  the  district 
board  should  determine  a  change  of  status  had  been  effected. 

On  December  15,  1917,  became  effective  the  new  classification 
system,  under  regulations  promulgated  by  the  President  on  Novem- 
ber 8,  1917  (Chapter  III,  above).  The  new  regulations  were  in- 
tended to  accomplish  two  principal  tilings.  The  first  was  to  make  a 
scientific  and  most  complete  inventory  of  our  man-power,  with  a 
searching  inquiry  into  the  qualifications  and  the  industrial  and 
domestic  circumstances  of  each  man  registered;  with  this  at  hand, 
the  second  was  to  make  a  scientific  classification  of  their  relative 
availability  for  military  service  and  for  all  the  war-time  activities  of 
the  Nation.  It  was  to  this  capital  purpose  that  the  new  system  was 
addressed.  It  provided  for  an  immediate  classification  of  all  regis- 
trants into  five  classes,  arranged  in  the  inverse  order  of  their  availa- 
bility for  military  service. 

Registrants  were  classified  in  Classes  I,  II,  III,  or  IV,  according  to 
the  degree  of  their  skill  and  the  relative  necessity  and  importance  of 
such  an  individual  to  a  particular  enterprise.  In  Class  II  was  placed 
a  registrant  found  by  his  district  board  to  be  a  necessary  skilled  farm 
laborer  in  a  necessary  agricultural  enterprise  or  a  necessary  skilled 
industrial  laborer  in  a  necessary  industrial  enterprise.  In  Class  III 
was  placed  a  registrant  found  by  his  district  board  to  be  a  necessary 
assistant,  associate,  or  hired  manager  of  a  necessary  agricultural  or 
industrial  enterprise;  also  a  registrant  found  to  be  a  necessary  highly 
specialized  technical  or  mechanical  expert  of  a  necessary  industrial 
enterprise.  In  Class  IV  was  placed  a  registrant  found  by  his  district 
board  to  be  a  necessary  sole  managing,  controlling,  or  directing  head 
of  a  necessary  agricultural  or  industrial  enterprise. 

Examining  the  system  more  closely,  we  find  that  it  was  designed 
to  list  in  Class  I,  the  names  of  those  whose  immediate  induction  into 
military  service  would  least  interfere  with  the  industrial,  economic) 
and  agricultural  life  of  the  Nation.  It  excluded  from  that  class  the 
key  and  pivotal  men,  whether  they  were  managers  or  assistant  man- 


136       CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES   AND   RESULTS. 


agers  of  farms  or  mechanical  or  administrative  experts  in  factories. 
The  latter,  it  deferred  into  Classes  III  and  IV,  and  in  Class  II  it  ex- 
cluded from  immediate  liability  to  draft  skilled  labor  in  both  indus- 
try and  agriculture.  Furthermore,  by  the  dependency  deferments 
and  by  the  fact  that  fully  90  per  cent  of  workers  in  any  particular 
industry,  necessary  or  non-necessary,  were  removed  entirely  from 
the  operation  of  the  draft  (being  either  women  or  men  under  or  over 
draf table  age  or  deferred  on  account  of  dependency) ,  the  protection 
to  non-necessary  industry,  while  not  nearly  so  effective  as  that  offered 
to  necessary  industry,  was  sufficient  to  prevent  destruction. 

2.  Numerical  results  of  the  deferment  system  on  industry  and  agri- 
culture.— (a)  A  noticeable  feature  must  first  be  emphasized,  viz,  that 
the  total  inroad  made  by  the  draft  upon  agriculture  and  industry  in 
191 8  up  to  June  (as  shown  by  the  Industrial  Index)  was  slightly  over 
6  per  cent,  as  appears  in  Table  41. 

TABLE  41. — Effects  of  draft  on  industries  and  occupations  for  1917  registrants,  since  Dec. 

15,  1917. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

All  Occupations—  Census  Key  Nos.  000-999. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
all  ages. 

Per  cent  of 
ages  21-30. 

Workers  of  all  a?es  

43,  206,  912 
8,  577,  719 

5,  897,  722 
2,  679,  997 

100.  00 
19.85 

13.65 
6.20 

Ages  21-30  within  selective  service  law  as  classi- 
fied in  1918  to  June. 
Deferred  classes  within  selective  service  law. 
Class  I  within  selective  service  law.. 

100.  00 

68.75 
31.25 

To  this  should  be  added,  for  determining  the  grand  total,  something 
like  1.5  per  cent  for  the  inroad  of  1917,  and  a  little  less  (estimated) 
than  that  percentage  for  the  inroad  made  by  the  age-21  group  in 
June-August,  1918.  But,  on  the  other  hand,  in  explanation  of  these, 
as  well  as  of  the  following  figures,  it  should  be  said  that  the  final 
ratios  of  deferments  in  1918  were  actually  somewhat  larger  than 
as  shown  here — probably  10  per  cent  larger,  in  round  numbers;  be- 
cause the  Industrial  Index,  from  which  the  above  figures  are  taken, 
was  compiled  during  the  spring  of  1918,  when  the  physical  examina- 
tions were  not  completed;  hence  a  small  percentage  of  the  men  here 
shown  for  Class  I  were  afterwards  placed  in  Class  V. 

(6)  In  the  next  place,  it  is  to  be  noted  the  deferments  on  other 
grounds  (dependency,  alienage,  etc.)  gave  an  ample  protection  to 
industry  and  agriculture,  amounting  to  more  than  65  per  cent  of  the 
total  registrants;  so  that  the  relatively  small  3.5  per  cent  of  regis- 
trants granted  deferments  solely  on  agricultural  and  industrial 
grounds  was  merely  an  addition  to  this  protection.  The  relative 
figures,  by  classes  and  divisions  (since  Dec.  15,  1917,  as  computed 
from  the  Industrial  Index,  Interim  Ledger,  on  Aug.  9,  1918),  are 
shown  in  Table  42. 


NECESSARY   AGRICULTURAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL   WORKERS.        137 


TABLE   42. — National  occupational  summary,    by  classes,  for  1917  registrants,   since 

Dec.  15,  1917. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

12 
13 

Class  and  division. 

Nondefer- 

uients. 

Agricultural 
and 
industrial 
deferments. 

Other  defer- 
ments, etc. 

Totals  by 
classes. 

Per  cent 
to  total 
classified. 

Class  I  

2,  679,  997 

2,  679,  997 
}     466,  938 

}    395,961 

J3,  628,  980 
1,  405,  843 

31.24 
5.44 

4.61 

42.31 
16.40 

Class  II: 
Cand  D  

194,  972 

Except  C  and  D. 

271,  966 

Class  III: 
J   K  ,  and  L  

65,  213 

Except  J,  K,and  L. 
Class  IV: 
Cand  D  

330,  748 

39,  238 

Except  C  and  D.. 
Class  V  

3,  589,  742 
1,  405,  843 

Total  classified  . 
Per  cent  to  total  classi- 
fied   

2,  679,  997 
31.24 

299,  423 
3.49 

5,  598,  299 
65.27 

8,  577,  719 
100.  00 

100.00 

(c)  Comparing  the  two  grand  groups  recognized  in  the  Regula- 
tions, we  ask,  What  proportion  of  agricultural  and  industrial  workers 
were  deferred  under  the  system  as  applied  to  the  first  registration? 

For  agriculture,  the  deferments  are  shown  in  Table  43. 

TABLE  43.- — Agricultural  workers  deferred '. 


Per  cent 

of  total 

Per  cent 

Agricultural  workers  deferred,  for  1917  registrants,  since 

Number. 

engaged 

of  classi- 

Dec. 15,  1917. 

in  agri- 

fied. 

culture. 

1 

Total  of  all  ages  engaged  in  agriculture  

13,  777,  454 

100.00 

2 

Males  ages  21-30  classified  in  first  registration  . 

2,  509,  698 

18.  22 

100.00 

3 

Deferments  as  necessary  workers  (II-C, 

III-J,  IV-C)  

180,363 

7.19 

4 

Deferments  on  other  grounds  

1,  575,  937 

62.79 

5 

Class  1,  1918     .  . 

753  398 

30  02 

For  industries  (other  than  agriculture)  the  deferments  are  shown 

in  Table  44. 

TABLE  44. — Industrial  workers  deferred. 


Per  cent 

Industrial  workers  deferred,  for  1917  registrants,  since 

Number. 

of  total 
engaged 

Per  cent 
of  classi- 

in indus- 

fied. 

tries. 

1 

Total  of  all  ages  engaged  in  industries  other  than 

agriculture  

29  429  458 

100  00 

2 
3 

Males  ages  21-30  classified  in  first  registration  . 
Deferments  as  necessary  workers  (II-D, 

6,  068,  021 

20.62 

lOO.f'O 

III-K,  L,  I  V-D)  

119  060 

1.96 

4 

Deferments  on  other  grounds  

4  022  362 

G(i.  2!) 

5 

Class  I,  1918  

1  926,599 

31.75 

138      CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES   AND  RESULTS. 


It  appears,  therefore,  that  while  the  total  protection  given  by  all 
deferments  to  each  group  was  substantially  the  same,  the  protec- 
tion given  by  the  specific  deferment  of  necessary  workers  was  nearly 
four  times  as  great  for  agriculture  as  for  other  industries  averaged 
(Table  43,  line  3,  and  Table  44,  line  3). 

(d)  Furthermore,  it  will  be  seen,  the  protection  given,  by  defer- 
ments on  all  grounds,  to  the  several  industries  varied  considerably; 
partly  because  the  ratio  of  men  of  ages  21-30  to  the  total  workers 
of  all  ages  in  each  industry  varied  considerably,  and  also  because 
the  number  of  married  men  deferred  for  dependency  was  greater  in 
those  occupations  which  required  greater  experience  and  therefore 
were  made  up  chiefly  of  men  of  the  higher  ages  within  the  age 
group  21-30.  A  good  illustration  of  this  is  seen  in  the  railroad 
industry  (Table  46),  where  the  deferments  for  conductors  and  engi- 
neers reached  80  per  cent  (df  all  registrants),  while  the  deferments 
for  signalmen  and  mechanics  reached  only  63  per  cent  (of  all 
registrants) . 

TABLE  46. — Effects  of  draft  on  11  skilled  railroad  employments  to  June,  1918. 


Ages  21-30,  first 

I 

registration, 

Cen- 

Total 

within  selec- 
tive service 
law.  as  classi- 
fied to  June, 

Deferred  classes  with- 
in selective  service 
law. 

Class  I  within  selec- 
tive service  law. 

sus 
key 

Occupation. 

males  of 
all 

1918. 

No. 

ages. 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Num- 

cent 

Num- 

cent 

nf 

cent 

Num- 

cent of 

cent 

ber. 

of  all 

ber. 

\ji 

of  all 

ber. 

ages 

of  all 

ages. 

ages 
21-30. 

ages. 

21-30. 

ages. 

2119 

Railroad  blacksmiths  

12,000 

2,581 

21 

2,285 

88 

19 

296 

12 

2 

2137-8 

Railroad  boiler  makers  

17,500 

3,856 

22 

3,567 

92 

20 

289 

8 

2 

372 

Car  and  railroad  shop  me- 

chanics   

54,500 

16,  412 

33 

10,359 

63 

19 

6,053 

36 

11 

»  527 

Engine  hostlers  and  boiler 
washers  

12,000 

1,966 

16 

1,293 

65 

10 

673 

33 

6 

529 

Brakemen             

105,000 

42,361 

40 

29,853 

68 

28 

12,508 

29 

11 

530 

Conductors  

75,400 

7,480 

9 

6,010 

80 

7 

1,470 

19 

2 

539 

Engineers                     

110  700 

11  356 

10 

8,876 

78 

8 

2  480 

21 

2 

540 
544 

Firemen  .  .   .           

86,800 

42,299 

48 

30,233 

71 

34 

12,066 

28 

13 

Officials  and  superintend- 

ents,    including    train 

dispatchers  

22,800 

1,480 

6 

1,218 

82 

5 

262 

17 

1 

547 

Signalmen,      switchmen, 

and  flagmen  

84  400 

15  018 

17 

9,542 

63 

11 

5,476 

36 

6 

549 

Yardmasters,  yardmen  

11,000 

1,527 

13 

1,281 

83 

11 

246 

16 

2 

Total  

592,  100 

146,336 

24 

104,  517 

71 

17 

41,  819 

28 

7 

Inductions  before  Dec.  15. 

1917  

6  910 

6,910 

Grand  total  .  . 

153,246 

25 

104,  517 

67 

17 

48,729 

31.8 

8.2 

The  Industrial  Index  (Appendix  Table  42-A)  compiled  by  this 
office  throws  a  full  light  on  the  condition  of  each  occupation  and 
industry  as  affected  by  the  draft  since  December  15,  1917,  up  to 
June,  1918,  and  a  study  of  it  will  be  of  the  greatest  value  in  analyzing 
the  effect  of  the  war  upon  industry 


NECESSARY   AGRICULTURAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL   WORKERS.        139 

3.  Blanket  deferments  of  entire  occupations. — It  is  obvious  that  the 
classification  system  of  the  Selective  Service  Regulations  based  its 
deferments  solely  on  the  ground  of  the  necessity  of  the  individual 
within  his  necessary  occupation  and  did  not  purport  to  grant  any 
deferments  in  mass.  The  whole  method  of  district  board  operations 
rested  on  this  idea  of  discovering  and  deferring  key  or  "pivotal'' 
individuals.  The  only  exception  to  the  principle  was  found  in  the 
Emergency  Fleet  deferments,  and  even  these  were  not  in  name 
deferments,  but  merely  conditional  suspensions  of  a  call  to  military 
service.  In  my  report  for  1917  (Dec.  20,  1917,  p.  35)  were  em- 
phasized the  risks  involved,  to  the  imperative  needs  of  the  Army, 
in  establishing  any  mass  deferments  of  entire  occupations,  and  it 
was  pointed  out  that  whatever  concessions  might  later  become  neces- 
sary, "  the  time  has  not  yet  come  for  this." 

But  as  the  war  proceeded  into  the  year  1918,  and  more  and  more 
men  were  required  for  the  battle  line,  it  became  evident  that  certain 
industries  vital  to  the  war  were  no  longer  adequately  manned  in 
labor  power.  There  was  more  than  one  cause  to.  account  for  this, 
and  more  than  one  remedy  might  be  the  most  appropriate  and  effec- 
tive one.  But  a  number  of  industries  and  governmental  agencies, 
such  as  the  Railroad  Administration,  the  Food  Administration,  and 
especially  the  Fuel  Administration  and  the  coal  producers,  looked 
to  the  draft  as  the  source  of  the  depletion,  and  urged  such  action  as 
would  amount  to  a  blanket  deferment  of  their  employees.  It  was 
foreseen  in  this  office  that  mass  deferments  would  cause  serious 
complexities  and  embarrassment;  would  afford  a  convenient  retreat 
for  many  who  should  be  in  the  military  service,  and  would  result 
in  taking  the  statutory  power  and  authority  from  the  district  boards 
under  the  President  and  in  placing  it  into  the  hands  of  various  civil 
governmental  agencies  and  representatives  of  the  various  industries 
throughout  the  United  States. 

Moreover,  it  was  indubitable  that  the  draft  was  not  the  sole,  nor 
even  the  major  cause  of  the  depletion  (as  appears  for  the  railway 
industry  from  the  figures  above  given).  Many  industries  had  lost 
the  services  of  a  considerable  number  of  their  employees  through 
voluntary  enlistment  in  the  Army  and  Navy  during  the  early  period 
of  the  war,  while  thousands  of  others  had  been  attracted  by  higher 
wages  offered  in  certain  fields  of  employment,  such  as  shipyards 
and  munition  plants.  The  operation  of  the  selective  service  law, 
therefore,  was  not  alone  responsible — in  fact,  it  was  responsible  to 
a  very  minor  degree  for  the  loss  of  employees  to  the  railroads  and 
the  coal-mining  industry. 

(a)  Deferments:  United  States  railway  service. — In  the  early  part 
of  August,  1918,  the  United  States  Railroad  Administration,  main- 
taining that  certain  cases  of  its  employees  were  not  being  prop- 


140       CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PRINCIPLES  AND   RESULTS. 

erly  disposed  of  by  district  boards,  presented  a  number  of  instances 
in  which  registrants  whom  it  considered  necessary  and  entitled  to 
deferred  classification  had  been  placed  in  Class  I.  Further  complaint 
was  made  that  district  boards  did  not  consider  the  ever-changing  and 
restricted  conditions  which  were  constantly  enlarging  the  class  of 
skilled  labor;  that  certain  classes  of  labor,  regarded  as  unskilled  a 
few  years  ago,  were  now  well  within  the  skilled  class  when  regarded 
in  the  light  of  the  difficulty  of  operating  railroads  in  the  present 
emergency;  and  that  many  district  boards  in  dealing  with  the  cases 
of  railroad  .operators  and  workmen  were  far  from  liberal,  and,  in 
fact,  were  extremely  severe  in  their  interpretations,  constructions, 
and  findings.  Inquiry  showed  that  some  of  the  claims  presented 
were  meritorious.  The  importance  of  efficiently  operating  the  rail- 
roads was,  of  course,  not  questioned,  and  prompt  measures  were 
taken  to  afford  relief.  A  general  telegram  to  all  local  and  district 
boards  recommended  that  every  Class  I  case  of  a  railroad  employee, 
not  then  inducted  into  the  military  service,  be  carefully  reconsidered 
in  the  light  of  the  statements  submitted  by  the  Railroad  Admin- 
istration. Local  and  district  boards  were  advised  as  follows: 

Applications  for  reconsideration  of  cases  of  railroad  employees  on  industrial  grounds, 
when  presented  to  local  boards,  should  be  received  up  to  the  day  and  hour  of  induc- 
tion into  the  military  service,  and  promptly  forwarded,  together  with  the  local  board's 
recommendation,  to  the  district  board  having  jurisdiction;  district  boards  may 
directly  receive  applications  for  reconsideration  in  cases  over  which  they  have  original 
jurisdiction,  and  immediately  request  from  the  proper  local  board  the  entire  record 
of  the  case,  and  these  applications  may  be  received  up  to  the  day  and  hour  of  induction 
into  the  military  service;  even  though  a  registrant  employed  in  railroad  work  has  not 
claimed  deferment  on  industrial  grounds,  his  employers  may  make  that  claim  either 
through  the  local  board  or  directly  to  the  district  board  at  any  time  up  to  the  day  and 
hour  of  induction,  and  the  district  board  may  grant  the  deferred  classification. 

After  this  instruction,  few  complaints  were  made  by  the  Railroad 
Administration;  and  in  the  majority  of  cases  to  which  the  attention 
of  this  Office  was  invited,  it  was  found,  upon  investigation,  that  the 
registrants  in  question  had  been  inducted  into  military  service  because 
claims  for  their  deferred  classification  had  not  been  properly  filed  with 
the  local  and  district  boards. 

(6)  Deferments:  United  States  Fuel  Administration. — In  the  spring 
of  1918  attention  was  frequently  called  to  what  appeared  to  be 
an  alarming  curtailment  of  coal  production,  which  was  attributed 
largely  to  the  withdrawal  of  mine  workers  for  military  service  through 
the  operation  of  the  selective  service  law.  It  was  represented  that 
the  exemption  of  mine  workers  as  an  entire  group  would  afford  the 
only  adequate  relief  in  this  situation.  FoUowing  several  conferences, 
an  officer  was  detailed  to  make  a  thorough  investigation,  particularly 
in  the  anthracite  regions  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  bituminous  fields 
of  West  Virginia.  Careful  inquiry  developed  every  evidence  of 


NECESSARY    AGRICULTURAL   AND  INDUSTRIAL   WORKERS.        141 


cooperation  on  the  part  of  both  operators  and  miners.  The  former 
had,  in  many  instances,  refrained  from  filing  claims  on  behalf  of 
their  employees;  the  workers  themselves  were  loath  to  claim  defer- 
ment because  of  the  patriotic  sentiment  that  was  found  to  prevail 
in  their  communities.  In  many  cases  miners  were  known  to  waive 
deferment  and  even  to  abandon  their  work  in  order  to  be  inducted 
into  the  military  service.  As  above  stated,  it  was  conclusively 
shown  that  the  draft  was  a  relatively  small  factor  in  the  shortage  of 
man-power  at  the  mines.  Table  47  gives  the  figures  from  the  Indus- 
trial Index: 

TABLE  47. — Effect  of  draft  on  coal-mining  industry. 


Ages  21-30,  first  regis- 

tration, within  selec- 
tive service  law   as 
classified    to    June, 

Deferred  classes 
within     selective 
service  law. 

Class  I  within  selec- 
tive service  law. 

Cen- 

1918. 

sus 

key 

Occupation. 

No. 

Total 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

persons 

Num- 

cent 

Num- 

cent 

cent 

Num- 

cent 

cent 

of  all 

ber. 

of  all 

ber. 

of  ages 

of  all 

ber. 

of  ages 

of  all 

ages. 

ages. 

21-30. 

ages. 

21-30. 

ages. 

122A 

Coal-mine   operatives   in 

United  States  

706,  012 

177,502 

25.0 

130,  749 

73.0 

18.0 

46,253 

26.0 

6.5 

Coal-mine   operatives   in 

Pennsylvania    

328,  081 

77,120 

23.8 

46,597 

60.4 

14.2 

30,523 

39.5 

9.3 

Anthracite  operatives  in 

* 

Pennsylvania  

159,869 

37,  789 

23.6 

22,832 

60.4 

14.2 

14,  956 

39.5 

9.2 

In  order  to  cooperate  with  the  production  program  of  the  Fuel 
Administration,  prompt  action  was  taken.  Local  and  district  boards 
in  some  cases  had,  in  their  zeal  to  achieve  a  scrupulous  administration 
of  the  law  and  regulations,  been  too  strict  in  their  interpretation  of 
the  letter  and  spirit  of  the  selective  service  law.  Frequently  local 
boards  had  failed  to  give  the  benefit  of  their  recommendations  to 
district  boards.  In  some  localities  district  boards  had  failed  to  take 
advantage  of  the  discretion  vested  in  them,  and  in  some  instances, 
drew  too  inflexible  a  line  between  skilled  and  unskilled  labor.  Con- 
ferences of  local  and  district  boards  were  called,  at  which  the  elasticity 
of  the  regulations  was  pointed  out.  The  privileges  of  dependents 
to  make  claims  on  dependency  grounds  and  the  right  of  employers 
to  claim  deferred  classification  for  their  workers  on  industrial  grounds 
were  emphasized.  District  boards  were  advised  that  cases  within 
their  original  jurisdiction  might  be  reopened  and  reconsidered  up  to 
the  day  and  hour  of  induction  into  the  military  service.  Local 
boards  were  likewise  enjoined  to  aid  the  district  boards  by  recom- 
mendations in  every  case  and  by  a  full  presentation  of  the  facts 
within  their  knowledge  with  respect  to  every  claim.  The  employers 
were  urged  to  exercise  great  care  in  filing  claims  for  deferred  classi- 
fication for  their  employees;  to  keep  themselves  fully  informed  as 
to  their  employees  who  had  been  deferred,  and  to  inform  local  and 


142       CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

district  boards  of  those  employees  whose  claims  for  deferment  were 
without  merit.  As  a  result  of  the  action  taken  when  the  situation 
of  the  Railroad  Administration  and  the  Fuel  Administration  was 
first  presented,  the  two  Governmental  agencies  are  reported  to  hare 
experienced  slight  difficulty  in  the  cases  of  railroad  employees  and 
mine  workers  whose  labor  was  necessary  to  these  vital  industries. 

Although  no  instructions  were  issued  by  this  Office  applying  to 
specific  industries,  the  general  principles  governing  classification  with 
respect  to  engagement  in  industries  (sees.  80-89,  Selective  Service 
Regulations,  second  edition),  a  gratifying  uniformity  of  district  boards' 
decisions  obtained.  It  is  interesting  to  note  in  Table  94  how  closely 
the  decisions  of  district  boards  as  to  the  "necessity"  of  various 
industries  agreed  with  the  War  Industries  Board's  priorities  list, 
which  included  a  large  number  of  industries  designated  as  "essential." 

4.  Industrial  advisers. — The  experience  of  the  first  year  of  the  draft 
in  these  and  other  fields  involving  large  industrial  establishments, 
revealed  the  necessity  of  more  systematic  attention  by  the  large 
employers  to  the  deferment  of  necessary  employees,  and  of  more 
direct  cooperation  between  them  and  the  district  boards.  It  was 
found  that  many  employers,  in  their  desire  to  conserve  the  interests 
of  their  own  work,  had  treated  these  claims  merely  as  individual 
cases  of  individual  necessity,  and  had  given  little  or  no  thought 
to  the  larger  aspects  of  their  establishment  as  an  entirety,  in  its  rela- 
tion to  the  industry  as  a  whole,  to  other  industries,  and  to  military 
necessities. 

This  Office  found  itself  obliged  to  put  certain  material  inquiries 
calculated  to  stimulate  reflection  on  the  part  of  representatives  of 
industry:  How  many  employers  had  hitherto  taken  pains  to  inform 
themselves  systematically  which  of  their  employees  are  registrants 
and  which  are  not?  How  many  had  studied  carefully  the  required 
conditions  for  occupational  deferment,  as  laid  down  in  the  President's 
regulations  pursuant  to  the  statute  ?  How  many  had  made  it  a  point 
to  survey  their  entire  plant  so  as  to  single  out  the  really  indispensable 
individuals?  With  the  oncoming  of  a  more  extensive  registration, 
an  even  larger  outlook  was  necessary.  The  general  industrial  con- 
ditions, the  supply  of  skilled  men  in  the  industry  at  large,  the  possi- 
bilities of  training  substitutes,  the  availability  of  women  workers — 
these  were  some  of  the  considerations  which  bore  directly  on  the  need 
of  occupational  deferment  as  related  to  the  need  of  the  Army. 
Moreover,  it  was  often  forgotten  that  the  selective  draft  was  only  one 
element  in  the  depletion  of  a  particular  industry's  man-power.  A 
second  and  a  large  element  was  found  in  the  voluntary  withdrawals 
for  enlistment;  how  large  this  was  may  be  seen  from  the  circum- 
stance that  the  total  inductions  by  draft  reached  some  2,800,000, 
while  the  total  enlistments  in  the  Army  and  the  Navy  amounted  to 


NECESSARY   AGRICULTURAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL   WORKERS.        143 

more  than  1,300,000 — nearly  one-half  as  many.  A  third  element, 
very  large,  but  unknown  as  to  its  precise  extent,  had  been  the  transfer 
of  labor  power  from  one  industry  to  another,  i.  e.,  into  the  dis- 
tinctively war  industries  offering  the  inducement  of  higher  wages. 

These  other  influences  were,  therefore,  to  be  kept  in  mind  by  em- 
ployers and  others  in  weighing  the  question  whether  the  best  solu- 
tion in  the  national  interest  was  to  ask  for  the  deferment  of  individuals 
or  groups  of  men.  Such  deferments  would  assist  the  immediate  situa- 
tion in  the  particular  establishment,  but  they  merely  forced  the 
Army  and  the  Navy  to  seek  elsewhere  for  the  same  number  of  men 
thus  deferred.  The  quantitative  needs  of  the  military  forces  were 
known  and  imperative,  and  any  given  quantity  of  deferments  would 
ultimately  have  to  be  made  up  by  the  depletion  of  some  other  occu- 
pation. Thus,  it  became  the  employer's  duty  to  consider  those 
largest  aspects  of  deferment  in  seeking  that  solution  of  his  own 
problems  which  would  best  comport  with  the  national  interests. 

With  a  view,  therefore,  to  handling  the  industrial  situation  with 
maximum  intelligence  and  efficiency  and  in  view  of  the  new  registra- 
tion of  13,000,000  more  men  on  September  12,  provision  was  made, 
in  a  new  regulation  (sec.  80,  Selective  Service  Regulations,  second 
edition)  published  early  in  September,  for  assisting  boards  in  rulings 
upon  industrial  claims  for  deferment.  There  were  appointed  by  each 
district  board  three  persons  known  as  industrial  advisers  to  the  dis- 
trict board.  These  industrial  advisers  were  to  acquire  full  informa- 
tion as  to  the  necessities  of  individual  establishments;  to  keep 
informed  as  to  the  priority  lists  of  industries  and  products  as  deter- 
mined by  the  War  Industries  Board;  to  observe  the  general  condi- 
tions of  labor  and  industry;  and  to  give  to  the  district  boards  the 
benefit  of  their  knowledge  and  judgment  on  these  matters.  One  of 
the  advisers  was  nominated  by  the  Department  of  Labor,  represent- 
ing both  employer  and  employee ;  one  was  nominated  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  with  similar  relations  representing  agricultural 
employments;  and  one  selected  by  the  district  board,  whose  function 
was  to  consider  the  remaining  employments  or  occupations,  such 
as  education,  newspapers,  insurance,  banking,  etc. 

Upon  employers  was  urged  the  duty  and  responsibility  of  becoming 
well  advised  in  all  these  matters;  of  equipping  themselves  with  full 
information  as  to  the  extent  to  which  their  particular  establishment 
was  affected  by  the  liability  of  registrants  to  military  service;  of 
observing  the  extent  to  which  other  influences  of  depletion  had 
affected  it  and  the  degree  in  which  other  methods  of  supply  could 
relieve  that  depletion;  and  of  laying  these  facts  and  other  pertinent 
ones  before  the  industrial  advisers  now  to  be  placed  at  each  district 
board,  to  the  end  that  those  individuals  or  groups  who  were  indis- 
pensable and  irreplaceable  would  receive  deferment,  whether  or  not 


144       CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PRINCIPLES   AND   RESULTS. 

they  had  mado  claim  for  it,  and  that  the  Army  and  the  Navy  should 
not  be  deprived  of  its  proper  supply  of  man  power  by  ill-considered 
deferments  not  absolutely  demanded  by  the  national  interest. 

The  keynote  of  purpose  was  meant  to  be  that  wise  and  profoundly 
significant  phrase  in  the  act  of  Congress  of  May  18,  1917,  "the  main- 
tenance of  the  Military  Establishment,  or  the  effective  operation  of 
the  military  forces,  or  the  maintenance  of  national  interest  during 
the  emergency." 

A  thorough  test  of  the  newly  devised  machinery  was  prevented  by 
the  suspension  of  the  work  of  classification  by  district  boards  shortly 
after  the  signing  of  the  armistice  on  November  1 1 . 

5.  Industrial  and  agricultural  furloughs. — Notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  the  classification  regulations  were  drawn  up  with  scrupulous 
regard  to  the  necessity  of  raising  an  army  with  as  little  as  possible 
interference  with  industry  and  agriculture,  it  was  found  in  a  few 
instances  that  registrants  were  selected  for  the  Army  when  their 
services  were  in  greater  need,  from  a  national  standpoint,  in  industry 
or  on  the  farm.  Such  cases  arose  principally  in  two  ways:  First, 
by  the  failure  of  the  registrant  or  his  employer  to  present  the  merits 
of  his  claim  and  to  show  the  importance  of  his  connection  with  some 
industrial  or  agricultural  enterprise;  second,  by  the  overzealousness 
on  the  part  of  district  boards  to  select  an  army  with  the  utmost 
speed.  Such  boards  permitted  themselves  to  apply  a  too  strict  con- 
struction to  the  term  "necessary  enterprise,"  or  were  overcareful 
in  finding  a  registrant  not  "necessary"  to  a  "necessary  enterprise," 
as  these  terms  are  used  in  the  regulations.  As  a  safeguard  against 
such  a  practice  on  the  part  of  district  boards,  if  in  fact  such  a  prac- 
tice existed  to  an  appreciable  degree,  Congress  passed  what  is  popu- 
larly called  "the  furlough  act."  (Public,  No.  105,  65th-  Cong.) 
This  act  reads  as  follows : 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America 
in  Congress  assembled,  That  whenever  during  the  continuance  of  the  present  war  in 
the  opinion  of  the  Secretary  of  War  the  interests  of  the  service  or  the  national  security 
and  defense  render  it  necessary  or  desirable,  the  Secretary  of  War  be,  and  he  hereby 
is,  authorized  to  grant  furloughs  to  enlisted  men  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States, 
•vith  or  without  pay  and  allowances  or  with  partial  pay  and  allowances  ,  and,  for  such 
periods  as  he  may  designate,  to  permit  such  enlisted  men  to  engage  in  civil  occupa- 
tions and  pursuits:  Provided,  That  such  furloughs  shall  be  granted  only  upon  the  vol- 
untary application  of  such  enlisted  men  under  regulations  to  be  prescribed  by  the 
Secretary  of  War. 

The  agricultural  aspect  of  this  law  was  immediately  taken  advan- 
tage of,  and  War  Department  General  Orders,  No.  31^"Was  issued. 
This  order  recited  that  its  purpose  was  to  provide  for  furloughs  of 
short  duration  "for  the  purpose  of  augmenting  the  agricultural  pro- 
duction." Of  course,  restrictions  had  to  be  placed  upon  the  grant- 
ing of  these  furloughs,  and  consequently  camp  commanders  who 


NECESSARY   AGRICULTURAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL   WORKERS.        145 

were  authorized  to  grant  the  furloughs  were  directed  to  observe  the 
following  limitations: 

(1)  The  interference  to  be  caused  in  the  program  of  military  training  and  prepara- 
tion must  be  reduced  to  a  minimum;  "therefore  whenever  the  furloughing  of  an 
enlisted  man  substantially  interferes  with  the  training  or  preparation  of  the  organi- 
zation of  which  he  is  a  member  the  application  will  be  denied." 

(2)  "Furloughs  granted  under  this  order  will  be  for  short  periods,  largely  for  seed- 
ing and  harvesting  time." 

(3)  "Such  furloughs  will  not  be  granted  to  enlisted  incn  of  or  above  the  grade  of 
first  sergeant." 

(4)  «  *    *    *    nor  wjji  they  be  granted  in  an  organization  which  has  been  ordered 
or  is  in  transit  from  points  of  mobilization  or  training  to  a  port  of  embarkation." 

(5)  "Furloughs  granted  under  this  order  will  be  without  pay  and  allowances, 
except  that  enough  pay  will  be  retained  in  each  case  to  meet  allotments  in  force  on 
the  date  of  this  order,  war  risk  insurance,  and  pledges  on  Liberty  bonds." 

The  order  provided  for  the  granting  of  furloughs  to  individual  sol- 
diers whose  applications  showed  that  they  were  needed  on  some  farm; 
to  ''specially  qualified  experts  in  agriculture  needed  in  the  service  of 
the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture;"  to  experts  "in  the 
service  of  agricultural  colleges  established  under  Federal  law  and 
regularly  receiving  Federal  funds  *  *  *  ";  and  they  were  granted 
en  bloc  upon  requests  of  farmers,  when  the  time  to  be  consumed  in 
traveling  from  the  post  to  the  places  of  labor  did  not  exceed  24 
hours. 

Applications  for  furloughs  were  made  upon  a  prescribed  form 
(P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1035),  which  contained  a  series  of  questions 
directed  to  identify  the  soldier  and  the  person  who  desired  the  serv- 
ices of  the  soldier,  and  to  show  the  acreage  of  the  farm,  the  crops 
grown,  the  number  of  horses,  cattle,  etc.,  thereon,  the  market  value 
of  the  last  year's  production  and  the  current  year's  anticipated  pro- 
duction, the  soldier's  experience  in  farming,  and  the  inability  of  the 
person  operating  the  farm  to  obtain  otherwise  the  necessary  labor 
and  assistance.  The  application  was  made  to  his  local  board,  and  if 
it  was  approved  by  the  local  board  it  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  a 
county  agricultural  agent  for  his  concurrence  or  nonconcurrence  in 
the  recommendation  of  the  local  board.  The  application  was  then 
sent  to  the  soldier's  camp  cpmrnander,  who  would  finally  pass  upon  it. 

It  is  known  that  a  great  number  of  these  agricultural  furloughs 
were  granted  and  that  they  served  substantially  to  relieve  the  agri- 
cultural situation,  especially  during  the  different  harvesting  seasons. 

A  somewhat  similar  scheme  for  the  protection  of  industry  was 
recently  adopted,  late  in  the  summer  ot  1918.  There  was  established 
in  the  office  of  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army  a  section  known 
as  the  Industrial  Furlough  Section.  The  primary  purpose  of  this 
section  was  to  return  indispensable  employees  to  plants,  factories, 
and  concerns  that  were  operating  under  Government  contracts  for 
war  supplies,  and  materials  of  all  sorts. 
97250°— 19 10 


146      CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND   RESULTS. 

When  it  appeared  that  either  through  enlistment  or  through  the 
operation  of  the  draft,  skilled  workmen  had  been  taken  from  such 
industrial  enterprises,  the  procedure  by  which  it  was  possible  for 
such  men  to  be  returned  to  their  former  employment  was  as  follows: 
The  plant  or  industrial  enterprise  would  make  its  application  through 
the  Government  department  with  which  it  had  contracts;  the  appli- 
cation would  show  the  skill  and  training  of  the  soldier  for  whom 
application  was  being  made,  and  the  length  of  time  he  was  employed 
by  the  plant  prior  to  his  entering  the  Army.  Each  Government 
department  maintained  a  certifying  officer,  who,  through  his  various 
district  officers,  would  determine  the  merits  of  the  application  and 
if  he  approved  the  application,  it  would  be  transmitted  to  the 
Industrial  Furlough  Section.  That  section,  in  order  to  harmonize 
its  action  with  that  of  local  and  district  boards,  and  in  order  to  make 
its  investigation  as  searching  and  thorough  as  practicable,  required 
in  every  application  the  production  of  the  minute  of  the  district 
board,  entered  in  the  questionnaire,  which  showed  the  board's 
reason  for  not  granting  deferred  classification  to  the  soldier.  Having 
before  it  the  evidence  collected  by  the  certifying  officer  and  his 
recommendation  thereon,  and  the  minute  of  the  district  board,  the 
furlough  section  would  investigate  the  case,  and  would  either  approve 
or  disapprove  the  application.  If  it  was  approved,  and  if  the  soldier 
was  willing  to  accept  it  and  if  he  was  not  a  member  of  a  military 
organization  under  orders  for  service  overseas,  The  Adjutant  General 
of  the  Army  ordered  the  furlough.  In  this  way,  between  16,000  and 
17,000  men  were  furloughed  back  to  their  former  occupations. 

6.  Statutory  enlargement  of  "Industries"  to  include  "Occupations 
and  Employments" — The  selective  service  act  of  May  18,  1917, 
intrusted  to  district  boards  the  exclusive  original  jurisdiction  of 
claims  for  exclusion  or  discharge  from  the  selective  draft  of  persons 
engaged  in  industries,  including  agriculture,  found  to  be  necessary 
to  the  maintenance  of  the  Military  Establishment,  or  the  effective 
operation  of  the  military  forces,  or  the  maintenance  of  national 
interest  during  the  emergency.  Until  September,  1918,  the  boards 
had  almost  invariably  disclaimed  authority  to  consider  certain  impor- 
tant occupations  as  " necessary"  under  this  provision.  The  necessity 
to  the  national  interest  in  many  instances  could  not  be  questioned; 
but  the  occupations  could  not  be  termed  "industries."  Thus  bank- 
ing was  held  not  to  be  an  industry;  claims  of  teachers,  physicians, 
and  individuals  engaged  in  hospital  work  or  care  of  the  public  health, 
and  of  those  engaged  in  Red  Cross  or  other  welfare  work,  even  though 
directly  related  to  the  Army,  were  barred  because  these  registrants 
were  held  to  be  not  engaged  in  industry ;  and  commercial  enterprises 
were  distinguished  from  productive  undertakings.  Under  the  terms 
of  the  original  act  these  rulings  were  manifestly  proper  and  were 
generally  approved. 


MORAL  DISQUALIFICATION.  147 

The  limitation  thus  imposed  on  industrial  classifications  was  not 
so  serious  a  matter  while  the  draft  ages  remained  at  21  to  30  years, 
inclusive.  With  the  proposal  to  increase  the  age  limit,  however, 
came  the  realization  that  a  recognition  of  other  activities  as  neces- 
sary to  the  national  welfare  during  the  war  was  imperative.  Congress 
therefore  provided,  in  the  act  of  August  31,  1918,  which  extended  the 
age  limits  to  18  and  45,  that  the  words  "industries,  including  agri- 
culture," wherever  occurring  in  the  original  law,  should  read  "indus- 
tries, occupations,  or  employments,  including  agriculture."  Under 
this  amendment  the  district  boards'  jurisdiction  and  authority  to 
consider  claims  for  deferment  based  upon  a  registrant's  occupation 
were  very  materially  enlarged.  Consequently,  upon  the  approval 
of  the  act  of  August  31,  1918,  district  boards  had  full  authority  to 
determine  in  the  broadest  sense,  whether  or  not  any  industry,  occu- 
pation, or  employment,  including  agriculture,  was  necessary  in  the 
national  emergency,  and,  of  course,  whether  or  not  any  registrant 
connected  therewith  was  necessary  to  it. 

Local  and  district  boards  were  promptly  informed,  by  special 
bulletins,  of  the  changes  involved  by  the  amendment,  and  simulta- 
neously the  presidential  regulations  were  altered  to  enable  the 
selective  service  agencies  to  classify  all  of  the  13,000,000  registrants 
now  becoming  liable  to  military  service,  in  accordance  with  the  new 
provisions  of  the  law.  Sections  80  to  89  of  the  Selective  Service 
Regulations  were  redrafted  and  a  new  provision  incorporated  therein 
providing  for  the  appointment  of  three  or  more  advisers  to  district 
boards,  one  of  whom  should  have  special  charge  of  questions  arising 
in  this  part  of  the  field. 

The  relief  given  by  this  amended  phrasing  of  the  act  was  appre- 
ciated in  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  served  materially  to  strengthen 
the  welcome  given  to  this  supreme  legislative  measure  for  the  enlarge- 
ment of  military  man  power. 

(VI)  MORAL  DISQUALIFICATION. 

1.  Definition  of  moral  disqualification. — The  act  of  May  18,  1917, 
authorized  the  President  to  "exclude  or  discharge  from  the  selective 
draft  those  found  to  be  physically  or  morally  deficient." 

Moral  deficiency  was  never  attempted  to  be  completely  defined  in 
the  President's  regulations.  The  boards  no  doubt  exercised  their 
own  judgment,  in  a  few  cases,  by  excluding  registrants  not  covered 
by  the  definition  given.  But  the  only  definition  given  in  the  regula- 
tions was  restricted  to  persons  convicted  of  serious  crime.  This 
followed  the  analogy  of  the  general  law  forbidding  the  enlistment 
of  such  persons  (U.  S.  Rev.  Stat.,  sec.  1118). 

The  original  regulation  of  June  30,  1917  (sec.  21)  excluded  "persons 
convicted  and  sentenced  for  felony  in  any  court  of  record."  But  the 


148       CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PRINCIPLES  AXD   RESULTS. 

scope  of  the  term  "felony"'  varies  widely  in  the  several  States;  nor 
was  it  possible  to  devise  any  term  which  would  set  any  uniform  moral 
standard.  However,  to  remove  in  some  degree  the  doubts  of  inter- 
pretation and  to  assist  in  reaching  uniformity,  the  revised  regulation 
(S.  S.  R.,  2d  ed.,  sec.  79  (h))  was  thus  phrased:  "  A  person  shown  to 
have  been  convicted  of  any  crime  which  under  the  law  of  the  juris- 
diction of  its  commission  is  treason,  felony,  or  an  infamous  crime." 

The  traditions  of  the  Regular  Army  look  upon  certain  civil  offenses 
as  particularly  intolerable  in  soldiers,  and  it  was  desirable  to  conform 
to  these  traditions.  Moreover,  it  was  unquestionable  that,  for  the 
honor  of  the  American  Army,  a  firm  stand  must  be  taken  to  repudiate 
in  the  public  mind  the  unhealthy  view  (not  infrequently  found  among 
judges  of  criminal  courts)  that  a  civil  offender  might  sometimes  be 
released  without  punishment  if  he  would  enter  the  Army  to  expiate 
his  offense.  The  Army  was  not  to  become  a  repository  of  scapegoats, 
and  especially  in  a  war  inspired  by  the  highest  principles  of  honor 
and  righteousness;  this  was  an  honorable  cause  to  be  fought  by 
honorable  men  only.  On  the  other  hand  the  strictest  Army  tra- 
ditions as  to  unforgiveable  offenses  had  already  begun  to  undergo 
reconsideration,  in  some  respects,  among  division  commanders  and 
officers  dealing  with  court-martial  records  in  the  Judge  Advocate 
General's  Department;  for  it  was  recognized  that  the  problem  of 
accepting  and  rapidly  training  for  military  service  a  large  mass  of 
men,  selected  indiscriminately  from  all  walks  of  life,  presented  novel 
conditions,  in  which  the  educative  force  of  military  life  might  be 
trusted  to  inculcate  and  preserve  the  best  Army  traditions,  and  to 
permit  the  probative  toleration  of  men  whose  offenses  might  under 
original  conditions  have  been  a  ground  for  instant  elimination. 
Moreover,  local  board  sentiment  (as  set  forth  in  my  First  Report, 
p.  59)  could  not  be  made  to  understand  with  accuracy  the  strict 
Army  tradition;  and  the  anomaly  might  be  presented  of  admitting 
men  in  the  draft  who  were  known  to  have  been  guilty  of  offenses 
which  would  be  sufficient  ground  for  discharge  if  committed  after 
entrance  to  the  Army. 

The  foregoing  definition,  therefore,  seemed  most  likely  to  harmonize 
the  general  public  attitude  represented  by  the  local  boards,  on  the 
one  hand,  and  by  the  best  Army  traditions,  on  the  other  hand. 

In  the  calls  of  1917  the  number  discharged  from  draft  by  local 
boards  for  conviction  of  felony  was  2,001.  In  the  classification  of 
1918  the  number  placed  in  Class  V-H  under  the  revised  regulation 
was  18,620;  this,  of  course,  included  the  former  number,  as  every 
registrant  discharged  in  1917  was  classified  in  1918. 

2.  Convicted  and  indicted  persons  entering  the  Army. — How  many 
registrants  having  a  penitentiary  record  or  a  status  virtually  equiva- 
lent, nevertheless  entered  the  Army  by  draft,  for  lack  of  any  claim 


MORAL  DISQUALIFICATION. 


149 


by  them  for  exemption  and  of  any  knowledge  by  the  boards  of  their 
disqualification?  This  question  can,  of  course,  be  answered  only  by 
estimate.  A  careful  computation  was  made  for  this  purpose  by  the 
National  Association  for  Prison  Labor;  the  computation  being  based 
on  the  total  numbers  of  persons  of  ages  21-30  discharged  from  State 
and  Federal  penitentiaries  during  the  last  10  years,  with  due  allow- 
ance for  deductions  of  various  sorts .  To  this  number  should  be  added 
the  number  of  registrants  charged  with  serious  "offenses  and  released 
by  courts  on  condition  of  being  inducted  (as  reported  by  the  local 
boards).  Table  48  shows  the  results. 

TABLE  48. — Morally  unfit. 


Morally  unfit,  first  and  second  registrations. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
convicts. 

1 

Total  convicts  and  ex-convicts,  age  21-30  

26,  520 

100.00 

9 

Exempted  (V-1I)                      

18,  620 

70.21 

3 

Presumably  inducted  or  enlisted       .    . 

7,900 

29.  79 

4 

Releases  bv  courts  for  induction  or  enlistment.  .  . 

5,969 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  approximately  7,900  men  who  had  been 
convicted  or  probably  charged  with  serious  offenses  were  inducted 
by  the  draft  or  enlisted  and  are  serving  in  the  ranks  alongside  of 
others  whose  civil  record  contained  no  such  blot.  Had  it  been  pos- 
sible to  identify  these  men,  a  comparison  of  their  Army  records 
would  have  thrown  interesting  light  on  the  problem  of  the  reform  of 
the  convict. 

The  following  instance  will  serve  to  illustrate  one  aspect  of  the 
problem,  from  the  local  boards'  point  of  view: 

He  was  a  month  out  of  State's  prison,  where  he  had  served  three  years  for  one  of 
a  series  of  many  burglaries.  He  had  other  black  marks  against  him  for  forgery  and 
other  crimes.  He  came  out  of  prison  with  a  well-formed  notion  of  changing  his  life, 
and  he  married  a  good  girl  and  got  a  good  job.  But  crimes  continued  to  be  committed 
in  his  city;  and  it  was  not  long  before  he  was  being  called  into  the  office  of  the  chief 
of  police  and  questioned,  in  the  old  third-degree  way.  about  every  depredation  that 
A\as  committed.  Tie  knew  that  suspicion  was  pointing  his  way,  and  he  knew  that  he 
wa-^  innocent. 

He  came  with  his  story  to  our  chief  clerk.  He  said  that  he  had  tried  to  do  his  best, 
that  he  had  been  steadily  employed  at  good  wages,  and  that  he  and  his  wife  were 
getting  along  "fine.  "  He  went  on  to  say  that  he  was  being  called  away  from  his  work 
PO  much  by  the  busy  police  official  that  his  employers  were  dissatisfied,  and  that  he 
was  going  to  lose  his  job.  He  wanted  to  get  into  the  Army.  He  was  known  to  be  a 
good  machinist  and  also  a  skilled  printer  and  pressman.  He  belonged,  of  course. 
in  Class  V-II.  A  letter  was  sent  to  headquarters  fully  explaining  the  situation  and  the 
man's  mechanical  qualifications.  An  answer  was  returned  that  the  regulations  could 
not  be  waived,  but  that  it  was  possible  that  the  future  might  work  a  change  in  the 
rules. 

A  month  later,  after  he  had  lost  his  job  and  was  on  the  blacklist,  he  committed 
another  burglary.  Writing  from  prison,  he  was  inclined  to  reproach  the  draft  officials 


150       CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

for  keeping  him  out  of  the  Army,  for,  as  he  said,  "This  never  would  have  happened, 
but  we  had  to  have  things  to  eat  and  to  wear.  " 

We  are  wondering,  if  another  war  should  come  with  more  selective  sendee,  whether 
V-H  would  still  be  one  of  the  classifications. 

(vn)  PHYSICAL  QUALIFICATIONS: 

1.  Physical  examination  system. — (a)  There  was  organized  in 
the  office  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General  a  Medical  Division,  whose 
functions  were  to  coordinate  the  medical  activities  associated  with 
the  selective  service,  and  to  render  •  authoritative  decisions  upon 
technical  points  related  to  physical  standards  and  medical  examina- 
tions. 

(6)  To  the  staff  of  the  governor  of  each  State,  an  Army  medical 
officer  was  assigned  as  medical  aide.  His  duties  consisted  in  the 
establishment  of  close  relations  with  all  examining  physicians  of 
his  State;  in  meeting  examiners  for  the  purpose  of  discussing  the 
medical  problems  of  the  draft  and  for  the  clearing  up  of  doubtful 
points;  in  visiting  local  and  medical  advisory  boards,  to  observe 
their  work  and  to  advise  their  members;  in  recommending  the  re- 
placement of  weak  examining  physicians,  arranging  for  additional 
examiners,  and  hastening  the  operations  of  physical  examinations 
where  such  were  delayed;  in  studying  causes  of  rejections  at  camps 
with  a  view  to  the  detection  of  inefficiency  in  examiners;  in  the 
performance  of  such  other  duties  in  connection  with  the  physical 
examinations  of  drafted  men,  as  might  be  required  of  him. 

(c)  Each  local  board  had  an  examining  physician.     As  originally 
constituted,  this  physician  was  a  member  of  the  board,  and  such 
continued  to  be  the  case  with  a  majority  of  the  boards,     Frequently, 
the  medical  member  did  not  take  part  in  the  classification  of  regis- 
trants, although  he  was  competent  so  to  do.     His  prime  function 
was  to  perform  the  physical  examinations  of  registrants,   and  to 
advise  the  board  thereupon.     If  not  a  member,  the  report  of  the 
examining  physician  was  advisory  only. 

To  assist  in  the  physical  examinations  of  registrants,  additional 
examining  physicians  were  appointed  as  needed.  The  services 
of  volunteer  physicians  were  also  utilized. 

(d)  Since  doubt  arose  in  many  cases  in  which  examining  physicians 
for  local  boards  would  find  it  difficult  to  decide,  medical  advisory 
boards,  consisting  of  a  number  of  specialists  were  formed.     These 
boards  were  carefully  districted  with  due  regard  to  ease  of  com- 
munication and  to  hospital  facilities.     Local  boards  or  Government 
appeal  agents  referred  doubtful  cases  to  such  boards  (or  to  a  member 
or  members  thereof)  for  opinions. 

(e)  Each  district  board  numbered  a  physician  among  its  members. 
This  physician  member  did  not  make  physical  examinations,  but 


PHYSICAL   QUALIFICATIONS.  151 

acted  as  expert  adviser  upon  the  medical  evidence  presented  with 
appeals  to  the  board. 

(/')  On  arrival  at  Army  camps  or  other  points  of  mobilization, 
registrants  were  reexamined  by  a  team  of  Army  medical  officers. 
Each  team  was  made  up  of  specialists,  so  that  every  part  of  the  body 
was  gone  over  by  one  who  had  given  special  study  to  the  physical 
abnormalities  of  such  part. 

2.  Physical   standards    of  qualification. — The   physical   standards 
adopted  at  first  for  the  selective  service  were  based  on  those  used 
by  the  Army  under  the  volunteer  system,  though  differing  therefrom 
in  some  particulars.     It  was  soon  found  that  these  standards  were 
too  severe.     In  time  of  peace,  when  the  supply  of  volunteers  ordinarily 
exceeds  the  demand,   a  high  physical  standard  may  be  exacted. 
When  a  necessity  exists  for  great  numbers,  many  minor  physical 
defects  must  perforce  be  waived,  in  order  to  secure  the  requisite 
man-power. 

On  request  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General,  a  committee  was 
therefore  appointed  by  the  Surgeon  General  of  the  Army  to  formulate 
a  new  set  of  physical  standards.  This  was  completed  and  promul- 
gated to  draft  boards  in  June,  1918.  Unfortunately,  it  was  not 
published  to  those  making  physical  examinations  at  Army  camps 
until  considerably  later.  As  a  result,  two  standards  prevailed, 
and  much  confusion  resulted. 

The  demand  for  men  for  limited  or  special  service,  which  at  first 
was  negligible,  began  to  increase  rapidly.  Secondly,  it  was  found 
that  registrants  in  the  deferred  remediable  group  were  practically 
as  exempt  from  induction  as  though  they  were  totally  disqualified. 
Thirdly,  the  Selective  Service  was  called  upon  to  furnish  men  for  the 
Navy  and  the  Marine  Corps,  whose  physical  requirements  differed 
in  some  particulars  from  those  of  the  Army.  It  thus  became  neces- 
sary, in  order  to  meet  these  conditions,  again  to  revise  the  standards 
of  physical  examination.  In  this  second  edition,  which  constitutes 
the  present  P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  75  (published  Sept.  27,  1918)  the  greater 
number  of  conditions  under  Group  B  (remediable  defects)  were 
transferred  to  Group  C  (special  or  limited  service),  while  the  needs 
of  the  Navy  were  met  by  provisions  relative  thereto.  In  order  to 
insure  consistency,  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army  promulgated 
these  physical  standards  to  the  Army  as  Special  Regulations  No.  65. 

3.  The  Four  Physical  Groups.— The  method  of  physical  examina- 
tions,  since   December   15,    1917,   was   changed   in   two   important 
respects. 

In  the  first  place,  the  physical  examination  followed  the  decision 
upon  claims  for  deferment,  i.  e.,  only  those  who  were  placed  pro- 
visionally in  Class  I  because  of  making  no  claim  for  deferment  or 
because  their  claim  was  denied,  were  subjected  to  physical  examina- 


152       CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AXD  RESULTS. 

tion,  whereas  by  the  earlier  method  all  registrants  were  physically 
examined  when  called  in  their  order  number  sequence  and  the  claims 
for  deferment  were  then  made  by  those  who  had  been  physically 
accepted.  Thus,  by  the  new  plan,  the  number  of  physical  examina- 
tions was  relatively  much  reduced  per  1 ,000  inducted  men,  as  already 
pointed  out  more  particularly  in  Chapter  III,  section  (IV). 

In  the  second  place,  greater  utilization  of  man-power  was  attained 
by  establishing  grades  of  physical  qualifications.  By  the  original 
plan,  the  registrant  was  either  accepted  or  rejected  for  military 
service  on  the  physical  examination.  But  by  the  new  plan  four 
physical  groups  were  provided;  the  registrants  placed  in  any  one  of 
the  first  three  of  these  groups  were  deemed  to  be  accepted  for  military 
service  in  some  capacity  or  other,  while  only  those  registrants  placed 
in  the  fourth  group  were  deemed  to  be  unconditionally  rejected  for 
any  form  of  military  service.  These  four  groups  were  defined  for 
the  local  boards  as  follows  (S.  S.  R.  2d  ed.,  sec.  128|;  Standards  of 
Physical  Examination,  2d  ed.,  sec.  4) : 

(a)  Registrants  who  on  examination  are  found  to  present  conditions  which  fall 
within  the  proper  standards  shall  be  unconditionally  accepted  for  general  military 
service  (Group  A). 

(6)  Registrants  who  on  examination  are  found  to  suffer  from  remediable  defects 
which  fall  within  the  proper  standards  may  be  accepted  for  general  military  service 
in  the  deferred  remediable  group  (Group  B). 

(c)  Registrants  who  on  examination  are  found  to  present  defects  which  fall  within 
the  proper  standards  may  be  accepted  for  special  or  limited  military  service  (Group  C). 

(d)  Registrants  who  on  examination  are  found  to  present  defects  which  fall  within  the 
proper  standards  shall  be  unconditionally  rejected  for  all  military  service  (Group  D). 

Group  A  was  composed  of  men  who  are  vigorous  and  without  any 
physical  defect  which  might  interfere  with  the  full  performance  of 
military  duties.  These  men  conformed  to  the  requirements  implied 
by  the  following  words,  quoted  from  the  Standards  of  Physical 
Examination: 

*  *  *  to  make  a  good  soldier,  the  registrant  must  be  able  to  see  well;  have 
comparatively  good  hearing;  his  heart  must  be  able  to  stand  the  stress,  of  physical 
exertion;  he  must  be  intelligent  enough  to  understand  and  to  execute  military  maneu- 
vers, obey  commands,  and  protect  himself;  and  must  be  able  to  transport  himself  by 
walking  as  the  exigencies  of  military  life  may  demand. 

Group  B  was  made  up  of  individuals  who  possessed  certain  physi- 
cal defects,  diseases,  or  abnormalities  which  rendered  them  unfit  for 
service,  but  which  conditions  were  capable  of  cure  by  treatment, 
surgical  or  otherwise,  whereby  the  registrants  might  be  fitted  for 
general  military  service.  Group  B  is  therefore  known  as  the  "deferred 
remediable"  group. 

Group  C  contained  those  men  who  were  physically  substandard  for 
full  military  duties,  but  who  were  capable  of  rendering  services  of  value 
to  the  military  establishment  in  vocations  which  did  not  impose  too 
great  strain. 


PHYSICAL   QUALIFICATIONS. 


153 


Finally,  Group  D  contained  those  who  were  found  to  have  conditions 
which  unfitted  them  for  military  service. 

The  results  of  the  physical  examinations  up  to  December  15,  1917, 
were  set  forth  in  my  First  Report.  The  results  of  the  physical  exam- 
inations since  that  date  are  as  follows,  by  groups : 

TABLE  49. — Physical  groups  compared. 


Physical  groups  compared. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  regis- 
trants. 

Per  cent 
of  exam- 
ined. 

1 

Total  registrants  Dec.  15,  1917  to  Sept,  11,  1918. 
due  to  be  classified  

9,  952,  735 

100.00 

9 

Not  physically  examined  

6,  744,  289 

67.76 

3 

Examined  physically  Dec.  15.  1917-Sept.  11, 
1918            

3,  208,  446 

32.  24 

100.00 

4 

Fully  qualified  (Group  A)      .   

2,  259,  027 

70.41 

5 

Disqualified  partly  or  totally     .       ... 

949,  419 

29  59 

g 

Placed  in  Group  B  

88,  436 

2.76 

7 

s 

Placed  in  Group  C  
Placed  in  Group  D  (Class  V-G)  

339,  377 
521  '606 

10.58 
16.25 

4.  Group  A;  Qualified  for  general  military  service. — The  total  num- 
ber of  registrants  examined  was  3,208,446;  the  number  placed  by 
local  boards  in  Group  A,  as  physically  fit  for  general  military  service, 
was  2,259,027,  being  70.41  per  cent  of  the  total  number  examined. 

Appendix  Table  49-A  shows  the  variances  between  the  different 
States.  It  will  be  noticed  the  States  occupying  the  two  highest 
places  in  their  ratio  of  men  placed  in  Group  A  were  Oklahoma  and 
Arkansas,  and  the  States  occupying  the  two  lowest  places  were 
Rhode  Island  and  Arizona. 

It  is  necessary  to  note  that  owing  to  the  frequent  placing  of  a 
registrant  in  Group  D  by  inspection  only,  without  physical  examina- 
tion (i.  e.,  where  the  defects  were  obvious,  such  as  the  lack  of  a  limb), 
the  records  of  the  boards  for  Group  D  do  not  always  signify  a  phys- 
ical examination,  and  hence  the  base  used  for  the  above  percentage 
is  to  a  certain  extent  approximate  only. 

5.  Group  B;  Remediahles. — The  remediable  group  at  first  included, 
among  others,   those  having  bone  and  joint   deformities,   hernias, 
benign    tumors,    large    hemorrhoids,    varicoceles,    hydroceles,    and 
strictures.     Although  arrangements  were  made  by  hospital  authori- 
ties and  medical  men  in  many  States  for  having  such  defects  corrected 
without  expense  to  the  registrant,  comparatively  few  offered  them- 
selves.    The  group  thus  sheltered  many  who  were  capable  of  render- 
ing immediate  military  service  in  a  limited  capacity,  and  general 
military  service  after  the  correction  of  their  defects.     It  was  proposed 
to  induct  these  registrants,  and  to  have  their  defects  corrected  at 
Army  hospitals,   but  the  Army  hospitals  lacked  capacity  for  the 
purpose.     Since   the  group   constituted   an  important  reservoir  of 


154       CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PRINCIPLES   AXD   RESULTS. 

man-power,  and  since  the  presence  of  such  individuals  in  communities 
proved  to  be  local  sources  of  discontent,  the  great  majority  of  those 
in  the  group  were  made  available,  by  the  "  Standards  of  Physical 
Examination"  already  referred  to  (P.  M.  G.  O.,  Form  75,  dated 
September  27,  1918),  which  directed  tliat  they  be  transferred  to 
Group  C.  Thereafter,  Group  B  was  restricted  to  drug  addicts,  to 
those  having  deformities  which  might  interfere  with  the  wearing  of 
a  uniform,  and  to  a  few  other  special  conditions. 

Under  the  standards  in  force  to  the  above  date,  this  group  com- 
prised 88,436,  being  2.76  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  registrants 
examined.  As  finally  constituted,  the  group  was  small,  and  but  few 
of  its  members  could  have  been  expected  to  become  fit  for  military 
service  of  any  kind. 

6.  Group  C;  Qualified  for  special  or  limited  service. — Out  of  3,208,446 
registrants  examined,  339,377  or  10.58  per  cent  were  reported  by 
local  boards  as  placed  in  Group  C,  unfit  for  general  military  service, 
but  suitable  'for  special  or  limited  service.  Some  of  the  types  of 
disabilities  which  rendered  registrants  acceptable  for  this  group  were : 
Defects  of  eye,  ear,  nose,  throat,  teeth  or  skin,  of  somewhat  greater 
degree  than  were  permitted  by  the  standards  for  unconditional  accept- 
ance; abnormalities  of  the  extremities,  such  as  loss  of  certain  minor 
members  or  impairment  of  motion;  operable  hernias;  small  benign 
tumors;  urethral  strictures;  nocturnal  enuresis;  stammering;  tem- 
porary anemias  and  debilities. 

(a)  Number  called. — By  the  summer  of  1918,  plans  were  perfected 
by  the  General  Staff  for  making  use  of  this  group.  The  first  calls 
issued  during  the  month  of  June,  1918,  and  calls  for  such  men  pro- 
ceeded until  the  President's  order  of  November  11,  discontinuing 
all  inductions  into  the  Army.  During  this  period  the  total  number 
of  such  men  called  was  108,355.  In  addition  to  this  number,  there 
were  approximately  20,000  who  entered  the  military  service  through 
the  process  of  individual  induction.  The  numbers  called  and  ac- 
cepted at  camp  are  shown  in  the  following  Table  50: 

TABLE  50. — Military  status  of  Group  C  men. 


Military  status  of  Group  C  men. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  Group 
.C  placed. 

Per  cent 
of  Group 
C  called. 

1 

Total  Group  Cinen  Dec.  15,  1917  to  Sept  11,1918 

339,  377 

100.00 

9 

Number  not  yet  called  bv  Sept   11,  1918 

211,  022 

62.  18 

3 

Number  individually  inducted                    .    . 

20,000 

5.89 

4 

Number  called  to  Sept   11   1918 

108,  355 

31.93 

100.00 

5 

Accepted  at  camp 

91,867 

84.  78 

f; 

Rejected  at  camp 

16,  488 

15.22 

It  will  be  observed  that  nearly  two-thirds  of  this  group  were  never 
inducted. 


PHYSICAL  QUALIFICATIONS.  155 

The  limited  service  men,  and  indeed  also  the  other  groups  of  re- 
jected men,  often  felt  keen  chagrin  on  learning  of  their  incapacity. 
Many  of  them  would  besiege  the  offices  of  the  boards,  pleading  for 
an  opportunity  to  be  used.  There  were  places  in  the  Army,  they 
thought,  where  they  could  help,  and  thus  set  free  a  fighting  man; 
and  it  was  difficult  to  make  them  understand  the  necessity  for  having 
able-bodied  men,  of  full  physical  qualifications,  for  noncombatant 
positions  in  the  theater  of  war.  The  persistence  of  some  of  them  in 
searching  for  an  opening  was  a  testimony  to  their  spirit  of  loyalty; 
whether  the  man  who  wrote  the  following  letter  (and  his  name  re- 
vealed a  foreign  nativity  or  ancestry)  ever  succeeded  in  his  ambition 
does  not  appear: 

DEAR  SIR:  I  am  in  the  draft,  and  am  very  anxious  to  go,  and  my  board  won't  send 
me  because  I  have  a  very  slight  hernia.  I  went  down  there  nearly  every  day,  and 
they  asked  me  to  write  you  a  letter,  and  if  you  say  yes,  they  will  send  me.  Please 
when  you  answer  my  letter,  please  put  in  a  piece  of  paper  for  my  board,  and  tell 
them  to  send  me.  \Yhen  I  was  examined  by  my  board  they  didn't  know  I  had 
hernia  until  I  told  them,  because  it  is  very  slight;  you  can  hardly  notice  it;  I  am 
going  around  that  way  for  the  last  14  years.  If  you  want  to  do  me  a  favor,  please 
have  the  board  send  me  to  the  camp,  as  I  am  very  anxious  to  go.  Please  answer  my 
letter;  by  doing  so  you  will  oblige  a  good  American  citizen. 

The  local  boards  found  this  type  of  registrant  a  frequent  one,  and 
they  chronicle  with  intense  sympathy  the  ceaseless  efforts  made  to 
secure  their  indulgence: 

He  was  slightly  underweight,  following  an  illness,  and  a  trifle  deaf;  and  if  he  had 
been  half  an  inch  shorter  he  would  have  been  entirely  without  the  regulations.  He 
had  been  rejected  by  every  branch  of  the  service,  military  and  naval,  but  when 
required  to  register  in  June,  1918,  he  was  yet  in  hope.  The  examining  physicians 
were  reluctant  to  make  a  Class  A  man  of  him;  but  he  was  importunate,  and  they 
yielded.  He  went  to  a  general  service  camp,  and  was  promptly  rejected.  He  re- 
turned home,  and  asked  to  be  reclassified  as  a  limited  service  man.  This  was  done, 
and  he  was  entrained  and  accepted  at  camp.  Then  came  this  letter:  "I  have  been 
'shot'  three  times  for  inoculation  in  the  arm,  and  I  have  got  my  uniform.  I  thank 
you  very  much."  Inside  of  two  weeks  he  was  dead  from  influenza  and  pneumonia. 

(6)  Uses  made. — What  specific  uses  were  made  in  the  Army  of 
those  inducted?  They  were  of  especial  value  in  filling  places  in 
headquarters  offices,  at  camps  of  mobilization,  at  supply  bases,  on 
lines  of  communication,  etc.,  where  they  were  enabled  to  replace 
able-bodied  soldiers  for  service  at  the  front.  Many  were  technical 
experts,  in  occupations  valuable  to  the  Army.  The  corps  assign- 
ments (omitting  the  20,000  individual  inductions,  as  to  which  no 
data  are  available)  are  shown  in  the  following  Table  51 : 


156       CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 


TABLE  51. — Army  disposition  of  Group  C  men  accepted. 


Army  disposition  of  Group  C  men  accepted. 

Number. 

Number 
assigned 
on  orig- 
inal call. 

Bv  trans- 
fer. 

I 

Total   Group  C   men   called   and   inducted   to 
Sept.  11,  1918  

108,  355 

2 

Rejected,  not  yet  reported  or  otherwise  dis- 
posed of..               

32,  733 

3 

Assignments  reported    

75,  622 

4 

Aircraft  production  . 

804 

460 

5 

Chemical  warfare  

4,068 

G 

Coast  Artillery  

2,804 

7 

Construction  

1,355 

8 

Divisions  

900 

9 

En°ineers      

1,521 

10 

Field  Artillery  

11 

Industrial  furlough 

931 

T> 

Medical  Corps 

314 

6,704 

IS 

Military  Aeronautics 

333 

1  940 

14 

Military  Intelligence  

20 

15 

Miscellaneous  

7,158 

lf> 

Motor  Transport    

1,822 

17 

Ordnance                       .             .  . 

200 

4.871 

18 

Provost  Marshal  General  

5,  913 

19 

Quartermaster  General                   * 

650 

13  869 

?n 

Schools         

1,448 

?i 

Spruce  Production  

13,800 

99 

Signal  Corps 

676 

?3 

Stenographers  (general  assignment^  

2,000 

?4 

Tank  

1 

?,f> 

Navy  

1,000 

7.  Group  D;  Disqualified  for  any  military  service. — The  registrants 
who  possessed  physical  defects  of  such  degree  as  to  prevent  them  from 
rendering  military  service  of  any  kind  numbered  521,606  individuals, 
and  constituted  16.25  per  cent  of  the  whole  number  examined. 
Such  defects  were,  broadly,  organic  diseases  of  the  internal  organs; 
marked  visual  or  aural  defects;  mental  diseases  and  deficiencies; 
muscular  paralyses;  disfiguring  or  disabling  deformities;  physical 
underdevelopment. 

At  the  time  of  our  entrance  into  the  world  war,  and  for  a  consid- 
erable period  before,  the  standard  as  to  minimum  of  height  for  the 
United  States  Army  had  been  5  feet  4  inches.  In  order  to  include 
many  thousands  of  vigorous  individuals  who  were  physically  compe- 
tent for  military  duty,  this  minimum  was  from  time  to  time  lowared, 
after  April,  1917,  until  it  reached  5  feet. 

For  the  requirement  as  to  weight,  a  minimum  of  110  pounds  was, 
after  some  changes,  finally  fixed  upon,  and  registrants  of  less  weight 
were  rejected.  The  American  soldier  must  carry  a  load  of  about  50 
pounds,  and  a  man  of  less  weight  than  the  minimum  cited  can  not 
be  expected  to  bear  up  under  such  a  burden. 


PHYSICAL   QUALIFICATIONS.  157 

That  the  examinations  by  local  board  physicians  were  too  liberal — 
i.  e.,  that  many  more  men  should  have  been  rejected  into  Group 
D — might  seem  to  be  the  inference  from  the  percentage  of  subsequent 
rejections  at  camp  of  men  accepted  by  the  boards.  The  data  on 
this  point  are  more  fully  examined  in  paragraph  13.  On  the  other 
hand,  it  is  certain  that  in  some  respects  and  in  some  places  the  local 
board  examinations  were  too  strict — i.  e.,  that  considerable  numbers 
of  individuals  were  erroneously  placed  in  Group  D  (Class  V-G) 
by  local  boards.  A  careful  review  of  the  reports  of  physical  exam- 
inations in  8,166  such  cases,  by  the  medical  aide  of  one  State,  indi- 
cated that  13.4  per  cent  were  physically  competent  to  perform  military 
service.  The  medical  aide  of  another  State  recalled  and  reexamined 
645  Class  V-G  registrants.  Among  this  number  8.18  per  cent  were 
found  fit  for  general  military  service,  and  26.8  per  cent  for  limited 
service.  Individuals  having  such  defects  as  operable  hernias,  loss 
of  teeth,  moderate  flat  feet,  etc.,  were  largely  suitable  for  limited 
military  service  and  the  regulations  so  provided.  Nevertheless,  very 
large  numbers  of  such  men  were  unconditionally  rejected  into  Group 
D.  These  observations  clearly  indicate  that,  in  case  of  need,  a  care- 
ful reexamination  of  all  registrants  placed  in  Group  D  would  yield  a 
very  large  number  of  men  for  military  service. 

An  overwhelming  majority  of  the  boards — the  ratio  is  seven  to 
one — declare  (in  answer  to  specific  inquiry)  that  the  medical  ex- 
aminations, as  of  late  conducted,  reduced  to  a  minimum  the  subse- 
quent rejections  at  camp.  The  minority  boards  give  various  reasons 
for  their  dissent,  among  which  are  the  following:  Suitable  quarters 
or  adequate  equipment  for  making  physical  examinations  were  lack- 
ing; medical  members  had  not  sufficient  time  to  make  thorough 
examinations  and  found  it  difficult  to  obtain  assistance;  the  rules 
were  differently  interpreted  at  the  boards  and  at  camp.  Medical 
advisory  boards  did  not  function  as  efficiently  as  they  should.  A 
constructive  suggestion  was  that  board  physicians  should  be  sent  to 
camp  for  instruction  and  conference  with  the  camp  examiners. 

It  is  possible  that  a  considerable  number  of  rejections  at  camp 
have  been  the  result  of  a  policy  which  is  stated  by  a  Pennsylvania 
board  as  follows: 

Our  rejections  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  amounted  to  7  per  cent  rejected  at 
camp.  This  percentage  would  have  been  smaller  had  it  not  seemed  expedient  in 
many  cases  to  send  certain  men,  even  though  we  felt  satisfied  that  they  would  bo 
rejected.  This  was  done  in  a  number  of  instances  in  order  to  satisfy  a  critical  public, 
on  the  one  hand,  and  in  other  instances  in  order  to  secure  the  men  from  any  stigma; 
in  other  words,  to  give'them  a  better  discharge  than  a  local  board  discharge  would 
amount  to  in  the  eyes  of  the  general  public.  . 

8.  Malingerers. — Not  every  man  to  whom  the  privilege  comes  is 
desirous  of  discharging  his  debt  to  his  country  by  rendering  military 


158       CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 

service.  Some  magnify  existing  physical  defects:  others  feign  non- 
existent disabilities;  still  others  purposely  cause  conditions  which 
they  hope  may  disqualify  them. 

Malingerers  may  be  divided  into  three  general  groups  : 

(a)  Real  malingerers  with  nothing  the  matter  with  them,  who 
injure  themselves,  or  make  allegations  respecting  diseases  or  such 
conditions  as  drug  taking,  or  who  counterfeit  disease  with  full 
consciousness  and  responsibility;  all  for  the  purpose  of  evading 
military  service.  Many  of  these  have  been  coached. 

(6)  Psychoneurotics,  who  are  natural  complainers  and  try  to  get 
out  of  every  disagreeable  thing  in  life.  Perhaps  only  partially 
conscious  of  the  nature  or  the  seriousness  of  what  they  do  and  only 
partly  responsible.  In  many  the  motives  are  not  persistent  and 
many  can  be  made  into  good  soldiers. 

(c)  Confirmed  psychoneurotics  with  long  history  of  nervous 
breakdowns  and  illnesses  who  behave  like  class  (a),  but  more  per- 
sistently, and  from  whom  not  much  can  be  expected  in  the  way  of 
reconstruction. 

Men  shoot  or  cut  off  their  fingers  or  toes,  practically  always  on  the 
right  side,  to  disqualify  themselves  for  service.  Sometimes  they 
put  their  hands  under  cars  for  this  purpose.  Many  men  have  their 
teeth  pulled  out.  Retention  of  urine  is  simulated.  Egg  albumen  is 
injected  into  the  bladder  or  put  in  urine.  Glucose  is  added  to  urine. 
Digitalis,  thyroid  gland  preparations,  and  strophanthus  are  taken 
to  cause  disturbance  of  the  heart  and  cantharides  to  cause  albu- 
minuria.  The  skin  is  irritated  by  various  substances,  which  are 
also  injected  under  it  to  create  abscesses.  Various  substances  are 
taken  to  bring  about  purging.  An  appearance  of  hemoptysis  may  be 
produced  by  adding  blood,  either  human  or  that  of  animals,  to  the 
sputa.  Sometimes  merely  coloring  matter  is  added.  Those  who 
can  vomit  voluntarily  what  they  swallow  use  the  same  means  to 
create  the  appearance  of  hematemesis.  Similarly,  coloring  matters 
may  be  added  to  the  stools.  Mechanical  and  chemical  irritants  are 
made  use  of  to  cause  inflammation  about  practically  all  the  body 
orifices.  Jaundice  may  be  simulated  by  taking  picric  acid.  Crutches, 
spectacles,  trusses,  strappings-,  etc.,  are  made  use  of  to  create  the 
appearance  of  disability. 

The  surest  means  of  detecting  malingering  is  a  thorough  under- 
standing by  the  examiner  of  the  types  of  people  who  actually  do  it — 
and  the  way  they  behave.  It  is  only  in  the  feigned  diseases  of  the 
eye  and  ear  that  special  tests  are  required.  Observation  in  hospital 
is  necessary  in  difficult  cases.  The  vast  bulk  of  malingerers  are  those 
who  exaggerate  some  actual  defect,  and  the  problem  for  the  medical 
examiner  is  to  decide  whether  the  defect  complained  of  is  sufficient 
cause  for  rejection  for  service. 


PHYSICAL   QUALIFICATIONS. 


159 


It  was  found  often  necessary  to  accept  individuals  having  certain 
defects  which  are  ordinarily  objectionable,  for  the  reason  that  many 
purposely  contracted  diseases  or  habits  or  created  defects  in  order 
to  escape  service.  In  such  cases  the  registrants  were  inducted  if  not 
incapacitated;  if  rendered  unfit  for  any  military  service,  their  cases 
were  referred  to  the  Department  of  Justice  for  legal  action. 

9.  Urban  and  rural  physical  rejections  compared. — Table  52  con- 
trasts rejections  in  certain  urban  and  rural  communities.  Urban 
communities  were  selected  from  boards  in  the  cities  of  New  York, 
Chicago,  Philadelphia,  Cleveland,  Milwaukee,  Seattle,  St.  Louis, 
Cincinnati,  and  New  Orleans.  Rural  communities  were  taken  from 
all  States,  using  only  boards  having  less  than  1,200  registrants  in 
the  June  5,  1917,  registration.  The  results  are  as  follows: 

TABLE  52. — Rural  and  urban  physical  rejections  compared. 


Rural  and  urban  physical  rejections  compared. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  ex- 
amined. 

1 

Total  examined  in  100  selected  urban  and  rural  regions.  .  . 

200,  000 

2 

s 

Rejected  in  100  selected  urban  and  rural  regions.  . 
Examined  in  urban  regions  

38,  569 
100,  000 

19.28 

4 

Rejected  in  urban  regions  

21,  675 

21  68 

g 

Examined  in  rural  regions  ... 

100,  000 

fi 

Rejected  in  rural  regions 

16,894 

16  89 

For  further  study,  Appendix  Table  52-A  gives  a  percentage  com- 
parison of  rejections,  by  disqualifying  defects,  for  eight  urban  and 
eight  rural  districts.  In  this  table  45,000  rejects  were  studied, 
nearly  equally  divided  between  city  and  country. 

The  figures  of  both  of  these  studies  indicate  that  a  considerable 
physical  advantage  accrues  to  the  boy  reared  in  the  country. 

10.  Colored  and  white  physical  rejections  compared. — In  the  three 
groups  representing  partial  or  total  disqualification,  a  further  feature 
revealed  by  the  local  boards'  records  is  to  be  found  in  the  comparison 
of  rejections  of  colored  and  white  registrants.  It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  the  Report  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General  for  the  Civil 
War  contains  an  elaborate  study  on  this  subject.  In  the  present 
war  the  records  for  rejections  in  the  selective  draft  prior  to  Decem- 
ber 15,  1917,  are  not  yet  available;  but  for  the  period  between  Decem- 
ber 15,  1917,  and  September  11,  1918,  the  figures  are  as  follows: 


160       CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PRINCIPLES  AND   RESULTS. 
TABLE  53. — Colored  and  white  physical  rejections  compared. 


Colored  and  white  physical  rejections  compared.                  Number. 

Per  cent  of 
examined. 

Per  cent  of 
partial 
disquali- 
fications. 

I 

Total,  colored  and  white  examined  Dec.  15,  1917,  j 
to  Sept.  11,  1918  '    3,  208,  446 

100.  00 

2 

Group  A  2,  259,  027 

70.41 

3 

Disqualified  partly  or  totally  949,  419 

100.00 

4 

Group  B  ".  j          88,436 

2.76 

9  31 

5 

Group  C                  339  377 

10  58 

35  75 

6 

Group  D  521,  606 

16.25 

54.94 

7 

Total  colored  examined                                                    458  838 

100  00 

8 

Group  A  342,  277 

74.60 



q 

Disqualified  partly  or  totally                                    116  561 

100  00 

in 

Group  B  9,  605 

2.09 

8  24 

11 

Group  C  27,  474 

5.99 

23.57 

i? 

Group  D  79,  482 

17.32 

68.  19 

is 

Total  white  examined         2,  749,  608 

100  00 

14 

Group  A                         1,916  750 

69  71 

15 

Disqualified  partly  or  totally  832,858 

100  00 

lf> 

Group  B                        .   .                                    78  831 

2  87 

9  47 

17 

Group  C  311,  903 

11.34 

37.45 

18 

Group  D  442,  124 

16.08 

53.  08 

11.  Alien  and  native  physical  rejections  compared. — For  the  purpose 
of  comparing  the  physical  qualifications  of  natives  and  aliens  a  com- 
parison was  made  of  the  rejections  in  local  boards  composed  domi- 
nantly  of  natives  and  aliens,  respectively.  Some  85,000  examina- 
tions were  assembled  from  local  boards  in  dominant  alien  wards  of 
the  cities  of  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Chicago,  Cleveland.  Milwaukee, 
and  Cincinnati,  representing  a  registration  of  300,000.  Then  some 
100,000  examinations  were  similarly  assembled  from  other  than  city 
boards  in  the  States  of  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  and  Ohio, 
representing  also  a  registration  of  300,000.  The  results  were  as 
f  ollows : 

TABLE  54. — Physical  rejections  in  alien  and  native  communities  compared. 


Alien  and  native  physical  rejections  compared. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of 
examined. 

1 

Total  number  of  records  of   examination  compared  in 
dominant  alien  and  native  communities 

184,  854 

2 

Rejected  (group  D). 

28,  184 

15  25 

3 

Total  <,om  pared,  alien  communities 

84,723 

4 

Rejected  (group  D) 

14.  525 

17  14 

5 

Total  compared,  native  communities 

100.  131 

6 

Rejected  (group  D). 

13!  t!59 

13  64 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that,  as  might  be  expected,  this  comparison 
is  greatly  to  the  advantage  of  the  native  Americans.  In  every 
100,000  men  the  native  born  would  yield  3,500  more  (an  additional 
regiment  at  war  strength)  for  military  service  than  would  a  like  num- 
ber of  foreign  born. 


PHYSICAL   QUALIFICATIONS. 


161 


An  additional  light  on  this  subject  is  thrown  by  a  report  from  local 
board  for  division  No.  129,  New  York  City.  This  board,  realizing  a 
great  opportunity,  made  careful  anthropometric  studies  of  about  600 
registrants.  The  work  was  performed  at  the  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  in  whose  building  the  board  had  its  quarters.  The 
anthropometric  examination,  supplementary  to  the  physical,  com- 
prised observations  under  the  following  six  heads:  (1)  Ancestry  and 
nationality;  (2)  measurements  and  observation  of  the  head  and  body; 
(3)  examination  of  teeth  and  measurement  of  jaws;  (4)  foot  imprint; 
(5)  nervous  history  and  condition;  and  (6)  photographs.  Twenty- 
eight  measurements  of  the  body  were  taken,  including  12  of  the  head 
and  face.  A  human  figure  plotted  according  to  the  average  from 
these  measurements  would  give  the  main  outline  type  of  a  registrant. 
A  special  blank  was  employed,  and  by  following  the  order  given  in 
the  blank  all  measurements  could  be  made  in  about  four  minutes  per 
man. 

Time  has  been  lacking  for  a  final  study  of  the  observed  data.  How- 
ever, the  figures  seem  to  indicate  that  the  foreign  born  registrants 
were  markedly  less  fit  for  service  than  the  native  born,  but  that  there 
.is  no  marked  difference  between  the  native  born  of  foreign  parents 
and  those  of  native  American  stock. 

12.  Age-21  physical  rejections. — Had  the.  armistice  of  November 
11,  1918,  not  resulted  in  a  cessation  of  the  physical  examinations 
(partly  completed)  for  the  September  12  registrants  of  ages  18-45, 
it  would  have  been  possible  to  present  an  exact  account  of  the 
differences  between  the  several  ages  as  to  physical  qualifications. 
Such  an  account  of  this  important  phase  will  now  only  be  possible 
when  the  local  board  records  shall  have  been  assembled  and  analyzed 
by  the  Surgeon  General's  Office. 

Meanwhile,  an  important  clue  to  the  possible  difference  can  be 
found  by  comparing  the  physical  examinations  of  the  age-21  group 
registering  June  5-August  24,  1918,  with  the  average  for  ages  21-30 
registering  June  5,  1917.  The  comparison  results  as  follows: 

TABLE  55. — Age-21  physical  rejections,  compared  mth  ages  21-30. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

Age-21  physical  rejections. 

Ages  21-30,  examined  Dec. 
15,  1917-June  5,  1918. 

Age-21,  examined  Juno 
5-Sept.  11,  1918. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Total  registrants  physically  examined  . 
Fully  qualified  (Group  A)  

2,  693,  448 
1,  863,  047 
830,  401 
75,  120 
284,  824 
470,  457 

100.00 
69.17 
30.83 
2.79 
10.57 
17.47 

514,  998 
395,  980 
119,  018 
13,  316 
54,  553 
51,  149 

100.00 
76.89 
23.  11 
2.59 
10.59 
9.93 

Disqualified  partly  or  totally.  .  .  . 
Group  B  

Group  C  

Group  D  .  .  .   . 

13.  Camp  surgeons'  revision  of  local  board  physical  examinations. — . 
An  appreciable  proportion  of  inducted  men  found  by  local  boards 

97250°— 19—— 11 


162       CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND   RESULTS. 

to  be  acceptable  for  military  service  were  rejected  for  physical  or 
mental  defects  by  Army  medical  examiners  at  mobilization  points. 
Several  factors  contributed  to  this  result,  namely,  lack  of  uniformity 
between  local  board  and  Army  standards  (as  already  mentioned); 
inexperience  or  insufficient  care  on  the  part  of  examining  physicians 
of  local  and  medical  advisory  boards;  errors  and  undue  length  of 
time  elapsing  between  examination  by  local  board  and  examination 
at  camp,  during  which  period  changes  occurred  in  physical  conditions 
of  registrants;  particularity  of  Army  examiners;  and  the  varying 
human  equation  "when  doctors  disagree."  Oddly  enough,  the  camp 
rejections  were  largely  for  obvious  defects,  many  of  which,  it  would 
seem,  might  have  been  readily  apparent  to  the  examiners  of  local 
boards.  Obvious  defects  accounted  for  over  50  per  cent  of  camp 
rejections.  Among  these  were  deformities,  flat  feet,  discharging 
ears,  poor  physique,  defective  mentality,  hernias,  loss  of  teeth,  and 
varicose  veins. 

(a)  The  national  figures  and  percentages  are  shown  below  in  Table 
56  for  the  period  February  10,  1918,  to  October  31,  1918.  This 
period  is  determined  by  the  fact  that  the  present  system  of  reporting 
rejections  only  became  effective  as  of  the  earlier  date  cited. 

TABLE  56. — Camp  surgeons'  revision  of  local  board  physical  examinations. 


Camp  surgeons'  physical  rejections. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  camp 
examina- 
tions. 

1 

Total  selectives  placed  in  groups  A  and  C  by  local  boards 
and  sent  to  camp  Dec.  15,  1917-Oct.  15,  1918  

2,  124,  293 

100.00 

? 

Total  rejected  at  camps  

172,000 

8.10 

3 

Total  accepted  at  camps  

1,  952,  293 

91.90 

It  thus  appears  that  the  national  percentage  of  inducted  men  of 
Groups  A  and  C  afterwards  rejected  at  camp  was  8.10.  The  variances 
for  the  several  States  are  shown  in  Appendix  Table  56-A.  The  graphic 
representation  for  Appendix  Table  56-A  shows  the  comparison  in 
another  manner  (Chart  D) . 

(6)  At  this  point,  comparison  must  be  made  with  the  results  in 
1917,  under  the  earlier  plan  of  physical  examination.  The  percent- 
ages of  original  rejections  by  local  boards,  and  of  subsequent  rejec- 
tions by  camp  surgeons  of  local  board  accepted  men,  were  as  follows: 

TABLE  57. — Comparison  of  1917  and  1918  rejections. 


Rejetions,  1917  and  1918,  compared.  Per  cent. 


Percentage  of  rejections  by  local  boards  in  1917 29. 11 

Percentage  in  1918,  groups  B,  C,  D  (Table  49) 29.  59 

Percentage  of  camp  rejections  of  local  board  acceptances,  1917 ,         5.  80 


Percentage  in  1918  (Table  56) 


8.10 


PHYSICAL   QUALIFICATIONS. 


163 


It  will  be  noted  that  the  effect  of  the  new  physical  group  method 
was  not  to  increase  the  ratio  of  rejections,  but  only  to  subdivide  the 
old  ratio  into  suitable  grades. 

(c)  The  possible  explanations  for  this  percentage  of  rejections  at 
camp,  and  for  the  variances  in  different  places,  are  numerous,  as 
above  stated.  But  they  obviously  fall  under  three  general  heads, 
viz,  variances  due  to  physical  fitness  of  registrants  in  different  locali- 
ties, or  variances  due  to  different  action  by  different  local  boards,  or 
variances  due  to  different  action  by  different  camp  surgeons.  It  is 
highly  desirable  to  determine,  as  closely  as  possible,  which  of  these 
three  influences  was  the  most  responsible.  State  pride  is  involved 
in  discovering  whether  physical  manhood  is  better  developed  in  one 
region  than  another;  and  military  administration  is  concerned  with 
ascertaining  whether  local  board  physicians  or  camp  surgeons  came 
nearer  the  truth  on  the  whole. 

For  this  purpose,  it  is  necessary  to  examine  the  rejections  separately 
by  States,  then  separately  by  principal  camps,  and  then  by  a  com- 
bination of  camps  and  States  covering  an  identical  group  of  regis- 
trants. 

The  first  of  these  analyses  can  be  found  in  Appendix  Table  56-A, 
already  referred  to,  showing  the  percentage  of  camp  rejections  by 
States. 

The  second  of  these  analyses  is  given  in  the  following  Table  58, 
showing  the  percentage  of  rejections  for  the  principal  camps: 

TABLE  58. — Physical  rejections  by  camps  compared. 


Rejections  by  camps  compared. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  ex- 
amined. 

Per  cent 
of  ex- 
amined. 

1 

Total    selectives    received    and    examined    at 
specified  camps,  Feb.  10,  1918,  to  Oct.  1,  1918.  . 

326,  784 

100.00 

9 

Rejected 

25,  731 

7.87 

1 

Accepted 

301,  053 

92.13 

4 

Examined  at  Camp  Ouster 

53,  828 

100.00 

5 

Rejected                       .. 

6,398 

11.88 

fi 

Accepted 

47,  430 

88.  12 

7 

Examined  at  Camp  Dodi:re 

53,  150 

100.00 

s 

Rejected 

2,207 

4.15 

9 

Accepted                                                      . 

50,  943 

95.85 

10 

Examined  at  Camp  Grant                

71,  266 

100.00 

11 

Reiected 

6,880 

9.65 

12 

Accepted                .                           

64,386 

90.35 

^'^ 

Examined  at  Camp  Lewis                         ..... 

59,  233 

100.00 

14 

Rejected                                           

5,175 

8.74 

TS 

Accepted                                              .... 

54,058 

91.26 

ir> 

Examined  at  Camp  Riley                           .... 

14,  665 

100.00 

17 

Rejected                                                 .... 

1,151 

7.85 

IS 

Accepted                                            

13,  514 



92.15 

19 

Examined  at  Camp  Taylor                        .... 

74,  642 

100.  00 

?0 

Rejected                                        .       .... 

3,920 

5.25 

?1 

Accepted 

70,  722 

94.75 

164      CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AN.D   RESULTS. 


The  third  of  these  analyses  takes  an  identical  group  of  242,642 
inducted  men  rejected  and  compares  them  by  States  of  origin  and  by 
camps  of  rejection;  this  reveals  whether  or  not  men  from  the  same 
States  and  boards  were  differently  treated  at  different  camps,  and 
whether  or  not  the  same  camp  surgeons  varied  in  their  rejections  of 
men  from  different  States  and  boards.  The  table  is  as  follows: 

TABLE  59. — Physical  rejections  by  camp  surgeons,  by  selected  coterminous  camps  and 

States,  compared. 


Total. 

At  Camp 
Custer. 

At  Camp 
Dodge. 

At  Camp 
Grant. 

At  Camp 
Taylor. 

1 

2 

From  eight  States: 
Examined     

242,  642 

50,725 

52,419 

70,  056 

69  442 

3 

Rejected 

18,  524 

6,061 

2,114 

6,674 

3  675 

4 

Percentage  

7.63 

11.95 

4.03 

9.53 

5.29 

5 
6 

From  Illinois: 
Examined 

47,  564 

2,000 

4  522 

30  690 

10  352 

7 

Rejected  

3,726 

225 

371 

2,637 

493 

8 

Percentage  

7.83 

11.25 

8.20 

8.59 

4.76 

9 
10 

From  Indiana: 
Examined  

31,  166 

3,309 

3,436 

1,000 

23,  421 

11 

Rejected  

1,929 

451 

341 

149 

988 

1? 

Percentage  

6.19 

13.63 

9.92 

14.90 

4  22 

13 
14 

From  Iowa: 
Examined  

25,  801 

25,801 

15 

Rejected              .... 

885 

885 

16 

Percentage   

3.43 

3.43 

17 

18 

From  Kentucky: 
Examined            -  .  . 

35,  669 

35  669 

19 

Rejected              .  .  . 

2,194 

2  194 

90 

Percentage     

6.15 

6  15 

21 
99, 

From  Michigan: 
Examined 

42,204 

42,  204 

?3 

Rejected 

5,021 

5,021 

?4 

Percentage  

11.90 

11.90 

25 
?6 

From  Minnesota: 
Examined  

28,  151 

12,  796 

15,355 

9,7 

Rejected  

1,764 

280 

1,484 

?8 

Percentage 

6.27 

2.19 

9.66 

29 
30 

From  North  Dakota: 
Examined 

5,864 

5,864 

31 

Rejected 

237 

237 

39 

Percentage 

4.04 

4.04 

33 

84 

From  Wisconsin: 
Examined 

26,  223 

3,212 

23,  Oil 

Sft 

Rejected 

2,768 

364 

2,404 

36 

Percentage 

10.56 

11.33 

10.45 

It  will  be  noticed  by  comparing  each  State  for  the  several  camps  to 
which  it  contributed,  and  then  comparing  each  camp  for  the  con- 
tributing States,  that  some  inferences  can  be  drawn  as  to  the  correct 
explanation  of  a  particular  percentage  of  rejections,  i.  e.,  whether 
it  was  due  to  the  peculiar  standards  of  a  specific  camp,  or  whether 
it  was  in  keeping  with  the  general  standard  of  physical  condition 
contributed  from  that  State. 

14.  Specific  causes  of  rejection. — A  most  important  revelation 
developing  from  the  records  of  rejection  is,  of  course,  found  in  specific 


PHYSICAL   QUALIFICATIONS. 


165 


causes  forming  the  defects  on  which  the  rejections  were  based.  A 
complete  study  of  the  records  will,  of  course,  not  be  feasible  for  some 
time  to  come.  But  the  available  records  are  on  a  large  enough  scale 
to  justify  generalization.  Their  value  in  all  aspects  of  medical 
administration,  and  not  least  in  that  of  the  Army,  can  not  be  exag- 
gerated. Not  only  do  they  represent  the  broadest  basis  ever  avail- 
able for  such  an  inquiry,  but  they  were  made  under  such  conditions 
of  fair  unformity,  both  as  to  time,  as  to  area,  and  as  to  physical 
standards  employed,. that  their  scientific  worth  is  unequaled  by  any 
statistics  hitherto  accessible. 

Three  series  of  examinations  were  here  studied.  The  first  series 
(Series  X)  covered  some  255,000  records  of  rejection  by  local  boards 
(P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1010);  these  were  forwarded  by  the  boards  to  the 
Surgeon  General's  Office,  and  represent  all  of  the  records  (arriving  at 
random)  that  could  be  examined  in  the  time  available.  The  second 
ceries  (Series  Y)  covered  172,000  records  of  rejection  by  camp  sur- 
geons of  men  accepted  by  local  board  physicians;  these  represent  all 
of  the  records  (P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1029-B)  forwarded  from  camps  to 
this  office  between  February  10  and  October  31,  1918;  they  cover 
registrants  of  both  Group  A  and  Group  C;  but  the  former  were 
greatly  in  the  majority.  The  third  series  (Series  Z)  comprised  dis- 
charges from  the  Army,  after  acceptance,  of  recently  inducted 
registrants;  the  records  of  some  40,000  such  individuals  were  avail- 
able. These  three  series  are  shown,  separately  and  in  total,  for  each 
of  the  20  physical  causes  of  rejection,  in  the  following  Table  60: 

TABLE  GO. --Varieties  of  defects  disqualifying  for  military  service,  from  Feb.  JO,  1918,  to 

Oct.  15,  1918. 


1 

2 

:? 
4 

5 
6 

7 
8 

9 

10 

Cause  for  rejection. 

Total  rejections 
by  local  boards 
and  camp 
surgeons. 

Rejected  by 
local  boards 
and  placed  in 
Group  D 

(Series  X). 

Accepted  by 
local  boards  for 
Groups  A  or  C, 
but  rejected  by 
camp  surgeons 
(Series  Y). 

Discharged 
from  Army 
after  acceptance 
by  local  boards 
and  camp 
surgeons 
(Series  Z). 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Total  for  all  causes  
Alcohol  and  drugs  . 
Bones  and  joints  .  . 
Developmental 
defects    (height 
weight,    chest 
measurements, 
muscles) 

467,  694 
2,007 
57,  744 

39,  166 
2,476 
20,  465 
49,  801 

18,  087 
6,235 
6,309 

100.  00 
.43 
12.35 

8.37 
.53 
4.38 
10.  65 

3.87 
1.33 
1.35 

255,312 
231 
33,  283 

27,  293 
1,586 
12,100 
32,  775 

3,342 
2,042 
3,054 

100.  00 
.09 
13.04 

10.69 
.62 
4.74 
12.83 

1.31 
.81 
1.21 

172,  000 
1,238 
19,  623 

11,  538 
448 
6,455 
15,  367 

13,  234 
2,744 
2,226 

100.00 
.72 
11.41 

6.71 
.26 
3.75 
8.93 

7.69 
1.60 
1.30 

40,  382 
538 
4,838 

335 

442 
1,910 
1,659 

1,511 
1,449 
1,029 

100.  00 
1.33 
11.98 

.83 
1.09 
4.73 
4.11 

3.74 
3.59 
2.55 

Digestive  system.. 
Ears  

Eyes  

Flat  foot  (patholog- 
ical)   

Genito-urinary 
(venereal  ) 

Genito-urinary 
(non-  venereal)  .  . 

166       CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION    PRINCIPLES  AND   RESULTS. 

TABLE  60. —  Varieties  of  defects  disqualifying  for  military  service,  from  Feb.  10,  1918,  to 

Oct.  15,  1918— Continued. 


11 

12 
13 
14 

15 
16 

17 

18 
19 
20 

21 
22 

Cause  for  r  »  ection. 

Total  rejections 
by  local  boards 
and  camp 
surgeons. 

Rejected  by 
local  boards 
and  placed  in 
Group  D 

(Series  X). 

Accepted  by 
local  boards  for 
Groups  A  or  C, 
but  rejected  by 
camo  surgeons 
(Series  Y). 

Discharged 
from  Army 
after  acceptance 
by  local  boards 
ana  camp 
surgeons. 
(Series  Z). 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Num- 
ber. 

Per 
cent. 

Heart   and    blood 
vessels  

61,  142 
28,  268 
24,  514 

23,  728 
40,  533 

7,823 
12,  519 
14,  793 
8,215 

4,136 
14,  314 
25,  419 

13.07 
6.04 
5.24 

5.07 
8.67 

1.67 
2.68 
3.10 
1.76 

.88 
3.06 
5.44 

36,470 
8,473 
14,  417 

"  10,  945 

27,  559 

3,081 
12,  207 
i    4,314 
1  3,151 

3,853 
12,  671 
2,465 

14.28 
3.32 
5.65 

4.29 
10.77 

1.21 
4.78 
1.69 
1.23 

1.51 

4.96 
.97 

19,  268 
18,  353 
6,293 

7,319 
10,  792 

3,483 
213 
9,952 
3,697 

159 
1,373 
18,  225 

11.20 
10.67 
3.66 

4.26 
6.27 

2.02 
.12 
5.79 
2.15 

.09 
.80 
10.60 

5,404 
1,442 
3,804 

5,464 
2,182 

1,259 
99 
527 
1,367 

124 
270 
4,729 

13.38 

3.57 
9.42 

13.53 
5.40 

3.12 
.  25 
1.31 
3.38 

.31 
.67 
11.71 

Hernia  

Mental  deficiency. 
Nervous  and  men- 
tal disorders  .  .  . 

Respiratory      (tu- 
berculous) . 

Respiratory  (non- 
tuberciilous)  
Skin  

Teeth  

Thvroid  

Tuberculosis    of 
parts  other  than 
respiratorv  

All  other  defects  .  . 
Cause  not  given  — 

The  variances  by  States  are  shown  in  Appendix  Table  60-A  which 
takes  the  consolidated  total  for  the  three  series,  covering  nearly  half 
a  million  individuals. 

In  order  to  afford  opportunity  for  a  more  careful  study  of  the 
variance  between  localities  in  the  recurrence  of  these  several  physical 
conditions,  the  first  two  series  (X  and  Y)  are  set  forth  separately,  by 
States  and  causes  of  rejection,  in  Appendix  Table  60-B  (local  boards, 
P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1010)  and  Appendix  Table  60-C  (camp  surgeons, 
P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1029-B).  A  more  extended  table  for  Series  Y, 
showing  the  anatomical  and  pathological  defects  in  greater  detail,  is 
given  in  Appendix  Table  60-D. 

Graphic  representations,  showing  comparisons  of  causes  of  rejec- 
tions for  eight  selected  States,  may  be  found  in  Charts  E  to 
L,  inclusive.  States  were  selected  to  contrast  localities;  Xew 
England,  the  Middle  Atlantic,  the  South,  the  Central,  the  Mid- West, 
the  Mexican  border,  and  the  Pacific  sections  each  having  a  repre- 
sentative; Maryland  is  included  as  the  State  with  the  best  record. 
The  interesting  fact  is  apparent  that  States  differed  widely  in  the 
principal  defects  for  which  inducted  men  were  returned  to  them  as 
rejected  at  camps.  Thus,  Texas  and  New  York  had  highest  rejec- 
tion ratios  for  visual  defects,  Maryland  for  deformities,  Massachusetts 
for  dental  abnormalties,  Alabama  for  mental  and  nervous  disorders, 
California  and  Colorado  for  tuberculosis,  Illinois  for  hernia.  These 


PHYSICAL   QUALIFICATIONS.  167 

observations  indicate  either  that  the  conditions  cited  were  notably 
prevalent  in  the  States  named,  or  that  an  unusual  number  of  failures 
in  diagnosis  occurred  with  respect  to  those  conditions. 

15.  Alcohol  and  drug  addiction. — In  order  to  determine  the  degree 
to  which  these  disabilities  figured  in  physical  examinations  during 
the  processes  of  the  draft  and  in  early  Army  service,  a  study  was 
made  of  figures  from  three  sources,  namely,  the  above-mentioned 
rejections  by  local  boards  and  rejections  at  camps  and  also  discharges 
of  recently  inducted  men  from  the  Army  (P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  1029-D). 
A  total  of  467,694  cases  of  such  rejections  and  discharges  were  listed. 
In  that  number,  only  2,007  rejections  or  discharges  for  the  above- 
named  conditions  cited  were  found.     As  was  to  be  expected,  the 
largest  percentage  of  these  was  found  among  those  discharged  from 
the  Army.     This,  of  course,  resulted  from  the  fact  that  better  oppor- 
tunity was  afforded  in  the  Army  for  observation  for  the  detection  of 
drunkards  and  addicts. 

Since  the  physical  standards  in  force*  for  the  local  boards  required 
that  drug  addicts  be  placed  in  Group  B,  as  having  defects  to  be  re- 
garded as  remediable,  and  since  few  Group  B  men  were  sent  to  camp, 
it  is  probable  that  most  of  the  registrants  recognized  by  the  local 
board  physicians  as  such  were  so  placed.  However,  only  88,436 
individuals  were  placed  in  Group  B  for  all  causes,  and  but  a  moderate 
part  of  these  could  have  been  so  included  on  account  of  drug  addic- 
tion. Thus  it  is  evident  either  that  such  cases  went  unrecognized, 
or  that  the  condition  is  not  so  prevalent  as  some  have  thought. 

A  study  of  a  selected  group  of  556  drug  addicts  by  occupations 
gives  the  following  data:  Teamsters,  drivers,  and  chauffeurs  consti- 
tuted 12.8  per  cent  of  the  whole  number;  men  who  called  themselves 
laborers  yielded  11.7  per  cent;  waiters  and  hotel  servants  were  8  per 
cent;  bookkeepers  and  office  assistants  gave  7  per  cent.  Thus  40 
per  cent  of  the  whole  number  were  included  within  the  occupations 
named.  From  this  group  of  556  addicts,  311  admitted  that  they 
were  addicted  to  morphine;  118  cited  heroin;  54  used  two  or  more 
of  the  usual  drugs;  72  did  not  state  the  drug;  only  one  individual 
alleged  cocaine  addiction. 

16.  Thyroid  disease. — As  shown  in  the  various  tables  pertaining  to 
physical  defeats,  diseases  of  the  thyroid  gland  gave  remarkably  high 
figures  in  some  States.     This  class  of  affections  was  responsible  for 
2.15   per  cent  of  rejections  in    Series   Y.     The  3,697   cases  were 
classified    as  follows:  Simple   goiter,    680;  hyperthyroidism,    2,599; 
goiter  with  hyperthyroidism,  418. 

The  national  average  was  high  and  the  distribution  of  the  condi- 
tion peculiar.  The  District  of  Columbia  led  the  country  in  its 
percentage  of  rejections  for  thyroid  disease,  which  was  responsible 
for  6.2  per  cent  of  its  total  rejections.  Wisconsin,  which  is  known 
to  have  a  high  prevalence  of  thyroid  abnormalities,  was  next  with 


168      CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND   RESULTS. 


6.1  per  cent.  Missouri  had  5.3  per  cent;  West  Virginia  4.8,  per 
cent;  Kansas,  4.3  per  cent;  and  Virginia,  4  per  cent. 

17.  Mental  deficiency  and  disorders, — Analysis  of  the  figures  and 
percentages  of  men  rejected  on  account  of  deficient  mentality  and 
because  of  mental  and  nervous  disorders  affords  some  interesting 
data.  The  figures  in  Appendix  Table  60-E  are  derived  from  the 
three  sources  heretofore  described,  namely,  rejections  by  local  boards, 
rejections  at  camps,  and  discharges  from  the  Army. 

The  first  thing  which  is  apparent  is  that  most  of  the  Southern 
States  show  high  figures  for  the  mentally  deficient.  This  is  perhaps 
explainable  by  reason  of  their  large  negro  populations.  Vermont, 
which  stands  nine  on  the  list,  is  the  only  Northern  State  which  appears 
among  the  first  ten. 

The  next  point  is  that,  among  the  first  ten,  the  Northern  States 
mainly  exhibit  the  higher  figures  for  mental  and  nervous  disorders. 
Alabama  leads  for  the  first-named  condition,  the  District  of  Columbia 
for  the  other.  Maryland  stands  high  in  both.  The  District  of 
Columbia  has  the  highest  combined  percentages,  with  Maryland  a 
close  second. 

This  table  very  strikingly  exhibits  the  fact  that,  while  compara- 
tively few  such  cases  were  recognized  in  the  hurried  examinations 
made  by  local  boards  and  camps,  the  opportunities  for  observation 
under  service  conditions  promptly  disclosed  these  types  of  disabilities. 
They  formed  nearly  23  per  cent  of  the  entire  number  of  discharges 
from  the  Army  of  recently  inducted  registrants  whose  cases  were 
available  for  study. 

(VHI)  DEFERMENTS  AND  EXEMPTIONS  IN  GENERAL. 

1.  Ratio  of  different  grounds  for  exemption  and  discharge. — The  fore- 
going several  grounds  of  deferment  and  exemption,  grouped  together 
under  their  principal  heads,  show  the  relative  extent  to  which  each 
ground  of  exemption  or  deferment  contributed  to  remove  registrants 
from  immediate  liability  to  military  service. 

TABLE  61. — Comparison  of  grounds  of  deferment. 


Comparison  of  grounds  of  deferment. 

Number. 

pfce.nt     ofdeTr- 

°f«*f       raent, 
trants.          191g_' 

-1 

Total  registrants  June  5,  1917-Sept.  11,  1918. 

10,  679,  814 

100  00 

?, 

Total  deferments  on  all  grounds 

6,  973,  270 

65  29        100  00 

3 

Physically  disqualified 

521,  606 

7.48 

4 

Deferred  on  other  grounds 

6,  451,  664 

92.52 

6 

Alienage 

1,  033,  406 

14.  82 

6 

Specific  vocations 

76,  497 

1.10 

7 

Necessary   agricultural   aud    industrial 
vocations  .... 

364,  876 

5.23 

8 

Dependency 

3,  903,  733 

55.98 

9 

Military  and  naval  service. 

619,  727 

8.89 

10 

Morally  unfit 

18,  620 

.27 

11 

Undistributed  in  reports 

434,  815 

.  .     .  .         6.  23 

DEFERMENTS  AND  EXEMPTIONS  IN   GENERAL.  169 

These  figures,  however,  can  be  regarded  as  only  approximate. 
Under  the  classification  system,  multiple  claims  on  different  grounds 
might  be  made  by  the  same  registrant,  and  only  the  most  deferred 
ground  became  the  effective  one  to  place  him  in  the  class  which 
operated  to  defer  him.  The  scrutiny  of  the  records,  to  disentangle 
with  accuracy  the  effective  claims  granted  from  the  noneffective 
claims  granted,  has  not  been  feasible  for  the  boards  within  the  time 
limited  for  their  reports.  Nor  must  it  be  forgotten  that  the  ground  of 
a  claim  granted  is  not  the  most  significant  element  in  judging  of  the 
effects  of  the  draft;  e.  g.,  an  alien  might  be  deferred  on  the  ground 
of  dependency,  and  a  married  man  might  be  deferred  on  the  ground 
of  industrial  necessity;  and  thus  alienage  or  the  married  status  were 
protected  incidentally  but  effectually. 

The  above  figures,  therefore,  represent  only  an  approximate  sum- 
mary of  the  relative  importance  of  the  chief  grounds  for  deferment. 
The  result  is  useful  merely  as  showing  the  relative  effect  of  legis- 
latively sanctioning  one  or  another  ground  of  deferment. 

It  would  be  natural  to  compare  the  results  in  1918  with  the  results 
in  1917,  for  the  specific  grounds  recognized  in  the  law.  Theoretically 
this  might  signify  something  of  the  difference  between  the  classifi- 
cation system  and  the  original  method  of  calling  and  discharging  or 
accepting.  But  in  fact  it  has  no  significance,  because  of  the  reverse 
order,  in  1917  and  1918,  of  the  physical  examinations  and  the  filing 
of  claims  for  deferment  or  exemption,  already  referred  to  in  Chapter 
III.  In  1918,  claims  for  exemption  or  discharge  were  first  granted 
or  denied,  and  then  physical  examination  followed  for  those  not 
discharged  or  exempted;  thus  the  ruling  upon  claims  for  exemption 
or  discharge  applied  to  a  group  of  persons  consisting  of  every  regis- 
trant called  up  to  a  given  date.  But  in  1917  the  physical  examina- 
tion came  first,  and  then  those  found  qualified  physically  were  given 
an  opportunity  to  file  claims  for  deferment  or  exemption;  thus  the 
rulings  upon  such  claims  covered  a  group  of  men  consisting  only  of 
those  physically  qualified;  so  that  in  1917  the  ratio  of  physical  dis- 
qualification to  all  grounds  of  discharge  or  exemption  was  36.08 
per  cent,  while  in  1918  it  was  only  7.48  per  cent.  The  comparison 
therefore  has  no  significance. 

2.  Ratio  of  different  classes. — Under  the  original  plan  practiced  in 
1917  there  were  but  two  classes  of  registrants;  the  first  was  those 
discharged  or  exempted,  and  the  second  was  those  accepted.  But  an 
important  object  of  the  classification  system  adopted  for  1918  (as 
already  pointed  out  in  Chapter  III)  was  to  meet  the  equities  of  the 
situation  by  establishing  as  many  as  five  classes,  graded  in  the  order 
of  their  equitable  liability  to  immediate  military  service.  It  is, 
therefore,  interesting  to  observe  what  was  the  total  yield  of  each  of 
these  five  classes,  in  their  relation  to  the  whole  number  of  registrants. 


170       CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND  RESULTS. 


One  of  the  important  questions  arising  in  July,  1918,  when  the 
proposal  for  extending  the  draft  ages  to  18-45  was  in  contemplation, 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  an  additional  2,000,000  men  or  more, 
was  whether  this  proposed  course  was  preferable  to  that  of  going 
further  into  the  original  10,000,000  registrants  of  ages  21-30,  by 
taking  in  due  sequence  the  higher  deferred  Classes  II,  III,  and  IV; 
and  this  question  in  turn  depended  somewhat  on  the  probable  yield 
of  each  of  these  higher  classes;  for,  assuming  that  Class  IV,  containing 
chiefly  registrants  with  dependent  families,  was  not  to  be  taken 
until  a  last  resort,  it  might  prove  that  Classes  II  and  III,  even  if 
taken  completely,  would  not  furnish  the  necessary  number  required 
for  the  enlarged  military  program.  The  f ollowing  table  now  supplies 
the  answer  to  this,  as  well  as  a  number  of  other  interesting  questions: 

TABLE  62. — Deferments  and  exemptions  in  general. 


Deferments  and  exemptions  in  general. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
regis- 
trants. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
exemp- 
tions. 

1 

Total  registrants  June  5,   1917-Sept.   11,  1913, 
classified  since  Dec.  15,  1917            

9,  952,  735 

100  00 

2 

Total  deferments  and  exemptions   on   all 
grounds 

6,  973,  270 

70.07 

100  CO 

fl 

Class  II 

989,  568 

14  18 

4 

Class  III  

407,  125 

5  84 

5 

Class  IV  

3,  026,  178 

43  40 

6 

Class  V  

2,  123,  825 

30  46 

7 

Undistributed  in  reports  

426,  574 

6  12 

8 

Placed  in  Class  I  

2,  979,  465 

29.93 

One  interesting  feature  of  the  above  table  is  the  revelation  that 
Class  IV  was  by  far  the  largest  of  the  deferred  classes,  and  this,  of 
course,  by  reason  of  its  large  element  of  dependency  deferments. 
Class  V's  size  was  due  chiefly  to  physical  disqualifications,  alienage, 
and  military  service.  Another  important  feature,  not  obvious  from 
the  mere  figures,  but  patent  in  the  administration  of  the  system,  was 
that  Classes  II  and  III  served  precisely  the  purpose,  already  men- 
tioned, in  establishing  the  system,  viz,  that  of  affording  more  elas- 
ticity and  greater  opportunity  to  recognize  the  several  equitable 
grades  in  the  order  of  liability  for  military  service.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  administration  of  the  system  by  the  boards  was  made 
far  more  satisfactory  in  public  opinion  by  the  recognition  of  these 
different  grades;  Classes  II  and  III  afforded  an  opportunity  for 
recognizing  the  border-line  groups  of  cases,  which  under  the  original 
system  would  have  been  disposed  of  either  by  an  out-and-out  accep- 
tance or  by  an  out-and-out  discharge  or  exemption. 

3.  Divisions  within  Classes. — The  several  divisions  within  the 
classes,  denoted  on  the  first  page  of  the  questionnaire  by  letters  and 


DEFERMENTS  AND  EXEMPTIONS   IN   GENERAL.  171 

brief  description,  represent  the  more  specific  grounds  for  deferment 
within  each  class.  Appendix  Table  62-A  and  Chart  M  show  the  figures 
in  detail.  Owing  to  the  difficulty  of  compiling  the  tables  from  the 
records  of  the  boards  without  expenditure  of  inordinate  time  and 
labor,  these  figures  must  be  regarded  as  only  approximate;  they 
represent  the  records  as  footed  up  in  November,  1918,  although  there 
were,  of  course,  constant  changes  during  the  year  due  to  reclassifi- 
cations.  Another  approximate  estimate,  as  of  date  February  to 
April,  1918,  is  shown  in  the  figures  from  the  Industrial  Index  interim 
ledger  given  in  Chapter  IV,  Table  42. 

4.  Fluctuation  of  dej'erred  classifications. — It  has  been  pointed  out 
in  Chapter  III  that  multiple  claims  might  be  and  were  often  made 
by  or  on  behalf  of  a  single  registrant,  and  that  more  than  one  claim 
might  thus  be  granted  for  the  same  registrant.     So,  too,  a  registrant 
might  be  reclassified  from  one  class  into  another  as  circumstances 
changed  and  thousands  were  at  various  times  thus  reclassified,  this 
process  going  on  throughout  the  year  and  all  over  the  country. 

These  two  features  of  the  classification  system  have  made  it  diffi- 
cult to  ascertain  the  statistics  of  classification  with  exact  accuracy 
as  of  a  specific  date.  The  boards'  records  themselves  will  show 
decisively  the  status  of  an  individual  registrant  at  a  given  time;  but 
the  process  of  tracing  each  case  through  the  records  for  the  purpose 
of  ascertaining  the  total  results  for  the  year  is  a  complex  and  tedious 
one,  and  any  form  of  report  necessarily  increases  in  complexity  and 
difficulty  as  it  gains  in  accuracy  and  completeness.  For  these 
reasons  it  must  be  noted  that  the  totals  here  shown  for  the  various 
branches  of  the  classification  have  not  always  been  brought  into 
consistency  by  the  boards. 

5.  Ratio  of  exemptions  and  deferments  under  the  British  system. — 
By  the  British  system  of  conscription  (Appendix  K)  all  men  regis- 
tered but  not  immediately  called  were  "deemed  to  be  enlisted" 
and  were  "  posted  to  the  Army  Reserve."     The  selection  of  tliese 
men  for  the  reserve  was  made  by  passing  upon  individual  cases, 
much  as  in  our  system.     The  several  grounds  for  such  deferment, 
or  "posting  to  the  reserve,"  are  summarized  in  Appendix  K.     The 
registration  included  all  ages  between  15  and  60;  but  the  successive 
conscription  acts  extended,  from  time  to  time,  the  ages  for  imme- 
diate liability  to  military  service,  beginning  at   18   to  40,   thence 
going  to  45,  and  upward,  with  varying  qualifications. 

The  registration  which  took  place  August-September,  1915,  covered 
some  5,000,000  men  of  ages  18  to  40,  but  did  not  include  some 
3,000,000  (estimated)  who  had  already  enlisted.  The  total  men  of 
military  ages  18  to  45  numbered  something  more  than  9,500,000, 
but  the  only  available  figures  showing  the  deferments  ("posting  to 
the  reserve")  cover  ages  18  to  43.  Table  62a  shows  the  result: 


172      CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND   RESULTS. 

•  TABLE  62a. — Deferments  in  British  system. 


British  deferments,  ages  18  to  43. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

1 

Total  males,  ages  18  to  43,  Aug.  1914-May  1918. 

9,  452,  000 

100.00 

o 

Posted  to  the  Army  Reserve,  Class  B,  since 
Aug.  15,  1915  

3,  586,  000 

37.94 

100  00 

3 

(1)  Men,    mainly   of   low   categories,    ex- 
empted on   personal   and   domestic 
grounds              

250,000 

6  97 

4 

(2)  Men  exempted  on  grounds  of  industrial 
necessity 

2  028  000 

56  55 

5 

(a)  Fit  men   engaged   on   work   of 
national  importance   

670,000 

6 

(b)  Fit  men  engaged  on  war  work 
for  Army  or  Navy             .    .        .    . 

840,000 

7 

(c)  Men  engaged  on  war  work  for 
allies'  armies  or  navies 

119  000 

8 

(d)  Fit  men  en^a^ed  in  agriculture 

279  000 

0 

(  e)  Men  engaged  in  mercantil  e  marine 

120  000 

10 

(3)  Men  of  lowest  categories  distributed 
amon01  (b),  (c),  and  (d) 

1,  003,  000 

27.97 

11 

(4)  Specific  deferment  not  given 

305,  000 

8.51 

(1)  It  will  be  seen  that  the  ratio  of  total  deferments  was  virtually 
a  little  more  than  one-half  of  the  American  ratio.     This  is  partly 
accounted  for  (just  one-half)  by  our  large  alienage  exemption.     The 
remainder  may  perhaps  be  accounted  for  by  our  liberal  method  of 
grading  the  deferments  into  four  classes. 

(2)  It  will  further  be  noted  that  among  the  deferments  the  ratio 
shown  for  dependency  is  relatively  small  (even  including  items  (1) 
and    (3)   together,   which  seems   proper).     This  indicates   that  the 
primary  consideration  was  given,  in  the  British  system,  to  the  de- 
termination of  deferments  on  the  grounds  of  war  work  and  industrial 
necessity,  while  in  the  American  system  primary  consideration  was 
given  to  the  dependency  claims.     The  protection  to  war  work  and 
industrial  necessity  also  resulted  as  an  incident  of  the  American 
system;  but  it  was  not  attempted  to  be  directly  controlled  to   the 
same  extent  as  in  the  British  system;  the  adjustment  being  left  in 
part  to  the  general  industrial  trends  and  to  the  measures  adopted 
by  the  War  Industries  Board  and  other  agencies. 

(IX)  CLASS  I. 

1.  Nominal  Class  I. — The  selective  service  regulations,  section  70, 
read:  "Every  registrant  is  to  be  considered  as  belonging  in  Class  I 
until  his  status  giving  him  the  right  of  deferred  classification  is 
fully  established."  In  other  words,  Class  I  represents  those  regis- 
trants that  remain  after  all  deferments  or  exemptions  have  been 
granted.  "The  effect  of  classification  in  Class  I,"  says  the  regula- 
tion, "  is  to  render  every  man  so  classified  presently  liable  to  military 
service  in  the  order  determined  by  the  drawing." 


CLASS   I. 


173 


The  number  of  men  classified  into  Class  I  fluctuated,  of  course, 
from  time  to  time,  not  only  because  of  additions  from  tardy  regis- 
tration, but  mainly  because  of  the  reclassifications  which  took  place 
constantly,  because  of  change  of  status,  or,  in  some  instances,  be- 
cause of  a  change  of  law  or  regulation,  or  of  a  change  of  policy  as  to 
a  specific  ground  of  deferment.  The  numbers  given  in  the  ensuing 
tables  represent  the  records  as  they  stood  in  November,  1918,  with 
such  corrections  as  are  necessary  to  account  for  known  elements  of 
change. 

It  will  be  noted  that  in  a  general  sense  Class  I,  speaking  retro- 
actively, included  that  body  of  men  who  were  accepted  and  inducted 
into  military  service  prior  to  December  15,  1917 — i.  e.,  some  500,000 
men.  But,  technically,  Class  I  included  only  those  who  were  placed 
under  that  head  after  December  15,  1917,  when  the  classification 
system  came  into  effect.  The  registrants  thus  left  out  of  the  classi- 
fication system  included,  first,  all  those  who  had  already  been  in- 
ducted by  December  15,  1917,  and,  secondly,  all  those  who  had 
already  been  reported  as  deserters  and  were  thus  obviously  not  safe 
to  rely  upon  in  future  calculations  of  effectives,  and,  thirdly,  a  few 
small  additional  descriptions  of  persons,  for  example,  those  whose 
names  had  been  canceled  for  death,  for  erroneous  registration,  or  the 
like.  In  proceeding  to  the  classification  after  December  15,  1917, 
therefore,  all  the  foregoing  body  of  registrants  was  eliminated.  The 
remainder  formed  the  registrants  due  to  be  classified,  and  out  of 
this  remainder  were  formed  the  several  Classes  I,  II,  III,  IV,  and  V. 
Classes  II  to  V,  inclusive,  comprehended,  therefore,  not  only  persons 
not  called  before  December  15,  1917,  but  also  every  person  who  had 
been  formally  discharged  or  exempted  up  to  December  15,  1917, 
for  these  persons  came  up  again  for  classification  and  might  be  placed 
in  any  one  of  the  five  classes. 

The  total  number  thus  placed  in  Class  I  between  December  15, 
1917,  and  November  1,  1918,  is  shown  in  Table  63. 

TABLE  63. — Nominal  Class  I. 


Per  cent 

Per  cent 

Nominal  Class  I,  since  Dec.  15,  1917. 

Number. 

of  total 
regis- 

of due  to 
be  classi- 

trants. 

fied. 

\ 

Total  registrants  June  5,  1917  Sept,  11,  1918  

10,  679,  814 

100.00 

•) 

Inductions,    cancellations,    and    desertions 

prior  to  Dec.  15,  1  917  

727  079 

6  81 

3 

Net  due  to  be  classified  after  Dec.  15,  1917.  . 

9,  952,  735 

93.19 

100.  00 

4 

Placed  in  Class  I,  as  of  records  Nov.  1, 

1918  

2  979  465 

27  90 

99  93 

5 

Deferments  and  exemptions      .    . 

6  973  270 

65  29 

70  07 

Thus  the  nominal  Class  I  obtained  since  December  15,  1917,  was 
29.93  per  cent  of  those  remaining  to  be  classified.     But  on  adding 


174      CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND   RESULTS. 


the  number  already  disposed  of  in  1917,  it  appears  that  the  entire 
nominal  Class  I  yielded  by  these  two  registrations  was  34.71  per 
cent  of  the  total  registrants. 

2.  Effective  Class  I. — Class  I,  as  thus  nominally  constituted,  viz, 
"those  presently  liable  to  military  service,"  included  of  course  a 
number  of  noneffective  elements,  i.  e.,  registrants  who  could  not  be 
depended  upon  for  immediate  use  in  ordinary  general  calls  designed 
to  deliver  any  specified  numbers  of  men  called  for  by  requisitions 
from  the  General  Staff.  These  elements  of  noneffectives  were  as 
follows : 

(a)  Delinquents  and, deserters. — The  significance  and  extent  of  this 
body  of  registrants  is  fully  explained  in  Chapter  V. 

(&)  Medical  Groups  B  and  C. — These  men  were  available  either  for 
limited  service  in  certain  capacities,  or  after  defects  had  been  reme- 
died, and  therefore  not  immediately  nor  generally;  the  extent  of  these 
groups  has  already  been  set  forth  in  this  chapter,  section  (VII). 

(c)  Emergency  fleet  entries. — These  registrants  were  provisionally 
withdrawn  from  liability  for  immediate  call,  so  long  as  they  were 
carried  on  the  books  of  the  Government  shipbuilding  agencies;  the 
conditions  of  this  arrangement,  and  the  extent  of  this  body  of  men, 
have  been  fully  set  forth  in  Chapter  III. 

For  the  purposes,  therefore,  of  filling  the  ordinary  general  calls, 
from  time  to  time,  the  net  effective  Class  I  consisted  of  the  nominal 
Class  I  with  estimated  deductions  for  the  above  three  groups.  On 
account  of  these  fluctuations  of  Class  I,  from  time  to  time,  due  to  the 
causes  above  mentioned  (and  to  other  minor  ones  later  described 
in  Chapter  VI),  it  is  not  possible  to  furnish  exact  figures  of  the  net 
effective  Class  I  at  all  times.  The  following  Table  64  shows  the  net 
effective  Class  I  for  the  first  and  second  registration,  as  constituted 
on  September  11,  1918,  with  the  total  deductions  during  the  year  for 
the  various  elements  of  noneffectives  above  mentioned: 

TABLE  64.— Effective  Class  I  in  19 IS. 


1 

2 
3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Effective  Class  I  in  1918. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
nominal 
Class  I. 

Per  cent  oi 
noneflec- 
tives. 

Total  nominally  recorded  in  Class  I,  since  Dec.  15, 
1917,  of  registrants  June  5,  1917-Sept.  11,  1918. 
Deductions  for  noneffectives             4  -    

2,  979,  465 
839,  315 
324,  137 

339,  377 

88,  436 
38,  991 
48,  374 
2,  140,  150 

100.00 
28.17 

100.00 
38.62 

40.43 

10.54 
4.65 
5.76 

Reported  delinquent             ... 

Qualified  physically  for  limited  service 
only  (Group  C) 

Qualified   only  after  physical 
remedied  (Group  B) 

defects 



Noncoml~>atant  creeds 

Suspended  in  emergency  fleet 

Net  effectives  Class  I 

71.83 



CLASS  I.  175 

Thus  it  appears  that  the  effective  Class  I,  compared  with  the 
nominal  Class  I,  yielded  a  ratio  of  72  in  100.  Otherwise  stated,  a 
nominal  Class  I  could  be  depended  upon  for  a  yield  of  about  three 
quarters  in  effectives  available  immediately  for  full  military  service. 

It  will  be  noted  that  this  effective  Class  I  of  1918  represented 
20.04  per  cent  of  the  total  registration  shown  in  Table  63;  and  that 
if  there  be  added  the  516,212  who  went  to  camp  in  1917,  the  combined 
effectives  of  the  two  groups  represent  24.87  per  cent  of  the  total 
registrants  in  the  first  two  registrations. 

3.  Elements  of  complication  in  using  Class  I  effectives. — Even  when 
the  computation  of  Class  I  was  thus  reduced  to  its  net  effectives, 
there  were  at  different  times  serious  complications  in  relying  upon 
the  computations  as  a  basis  for  placing  the  numbers  called  for  on 
requisition  from  the  General  Staff.  Among  these  elements  of  com- 
plications may  be  mentioned  the  following: 

(a)  Enlistments  in  the  Army  and  Navy  continued  to  be  permitted 
for  registrants  within  the  selective  draft  through  the  year  1918,  until 
August.  But  the  numbers  of  enlistments  fluctuated  constantly, 
ranging  in  different  months  between  25,000  and  170,000,  of  whom  a 
large  and  unknowable  portion  were  registrants;  moreover,  these 
enlistments  were  often  localized  for  one  reason  or  another.  It  was 
impracticable  to  obtain  prompt  notice  sufficient  to  identify  either 
the  amount  or  the  locality  of  these  enlistments ;  and  thus  they  formed 
an  ever  uncertain  element  of  depletion  for  Class  I ;  so  that  the  com- 
putation of  Class  I  effectives,  apparently  valid  for  a  given  month 
might  prove  to  be  unreliable,  and  thus  readjustments  of  the  calls 
would  become  necessary.  In  Chapter  VII,  the  changes  of  regulation, 
finally  made  necessary  by  this  feature,  are  described. 

.(&)  For  the  same  reason,  the  entries  in  the  Emergency  Fleet  proved 
an  element  of  depletion  from  time  to  time,  and  introduced  another 
complication,  varying  as  they  did  by  localities. 

(c)  Colored  and  white  registrants  were  alike  effectives  for  the  pur- 
pose of  the  selective  draft;  but,  for  the  purpose  of  completing  specific 
organizations  of  the  Army,  colored  registrants  might  not  be  service- 
able at  particular  times;  therefore,  the  computations  of  effectives  in 
Class  I  had  always  to  take  account  of  distribution  between  colored 
and  white,  so  that  a  general  call  which  could  not  be  filled  by  colored 
registrants  had  to  be  so  levied  as  to  include  only  white  registrants. 
The  complications  from  this  cause  were  numerous  and  taxed  the 
resourcefulness  of  the  mobilization  division. 

(d)  In  the  act  of  Congress  of  May  20, 1918  (already  cited  in  Chapter 
II),  it  was  provided  that  regis trants  becoming  of  age  21  since  June  5, 
1917,  "shall  be  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  list  of  those  liable 
for  military  service  in  the  several  classes  to  which  they  are  assigned." 
Thus  the  computation  of  effectives  of  Class  I  after  June  5,  1918, 


176      CHAPTER   IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND   RESULTS. 

was  obliged  to  keep  separate  for  each  State  the  Class  I  registrants 
of  the  new  age  21,  so  that  in  no  State  should  a  call  include  registrants 
of  this  new  class  until  all  other  registrants  of  Class  I  available  for 
general  service  in  that  State  had  been  exhausted. 

These,  as  well  as  other  complications,  required  constant  watchful- 
ness in  the  computation  of  the  effectives  of  Class  I.  That  which  was 
simple  in  theory  became  far  from  simple  in  practice. 

4.  Exhaustion  of  Class  I. — At  the  outset  of  the  year  1918,  when  the 
announced  military  program  looked  only  to  the  completion  of  the 
first  call  of  the  President  for  687,000  men,  and  when  Class  I  promised 
to  hold  about  two  and  a  half  million  nominal  numbers  and  some 
two  million  effectives,  the  prospect  of  the  exhaustion  of  Class  I  seemed 
too  remote  for  practical  contemplation  at  the  time.     But  as  the  for- 
tunes of  the  battlefield  progressed  and  the  military  program  was 
enlarged,  and  especially  when  the  large  shipments  overseas  marked 
the  months  of  May  and  June  and  correspondingly  increased  requi- 
sitions were  made  upon  the  selective  draft  for  deliveries  to  camp,  it 
became  apparent  that  Class  I  under  the  first  registration  was  certain 
to  be  exhausted  before  long.     Congress,  by  the  act  of  May  20,  1918, 
had  authorized  the  President  to  include  for  registration  the  new  age- 
21  men — and  the  President  had  authorized  their  registration  on  June  5, 
1918;   but  even  this  accession  did  not  suffice  to  fill  the  camp  needs 
then  announced  in  the  plans  of  the  General  Staff.     It  therefore 
became  necessary  either  to  consider  the  organization  of  ah  additional 
Class  I  or  to  call  upon  the  deferred  Classes  II,  III,  or  IV  in  the 
sequence  of  their  liability.     The  result  of  this  situation,  viz,  the  con- 
gressional legislation  enlarging  the  ages  for  registration,  and  thus 
enabling  a  new  Class  I,  estimated  at  nearly  two  and  a  half  million 
effectives,    to   be   made   available,    has   already   been   set   forth   in 
Chapter  II. 

5.  Class  I  in  the  registration  of  September  12,  1918. — The  date  of 
the  passage  of  the  enabling  act  of  August  31,  1918,  extending  the 
draft  ages,  left  scanty  time  for  the  processes  necessary  to  the  replen- 
ishment of  the  almost  exhausted  Class  I.     Yet  the  enlarged  military 
program  made  it  absolutely  necessary  that  a  substantial  portion  of 
the  new  Class  I  should  be  ready  at  the  earliest  feasible  date.     There 
never  had  been  a  moment  when  the  requisitions  from  the  General 
Staff  were  not  able  to  be  filled  by  the  selective  service  administra- 
tion, and  such  a  moment  must  not  be  allowed  to  arrive,  or  even  to 
impend. 

The  responsibility  for  carrying  the  heavy  labors  now  necessary 
would  fall  largely  upon  the  local  and  district  boards,  the  State  execu- 
tives, and  the  other  field  forces  of  the  system.  A  letter  was  there- 
fore addressed  to  the  governors  of  all  States  on  September  10,  point- 


CLASS  I.  177 

ing  out  that  the  situation  imposed  an  inevitable  condition  of  prompt- 
ness and  celerity  in  disposing  of  the  huge  new  task,  and  announcing 
that  the  entirety  of  the  operation  must  be  compressed  into  the  space 
of  100  days. 

Immediately  after  the  registration  day,  September  12,  the  boards 
began  the  first  stages  of  the  operation  of  classification.  By  direction 
of  the  President  on  September  10,  the  new  registrants  were  to  be 
taken  in  two  scries,  the  first  series  including  registrants  between  19 
and  36  years  of  age,  inclusive,  and  the  second  series  including  the 
remainder;  and  the  boards  were  directed  to  proceed  first  with  the 
classification  of  the  first  group.  In  order  to  ei}able  the  several  States 
and  boards  to  proceed  at  a  pace  consistent  with  then*  powers,  a  system 
of  telegraphic  and  mail  communication  was  installed,  by  which  each 
State  and  board  together  with  this  office  were  informed  by  daily 
bulletins  of  the  progress  of  the  classification  work  in  all  other  States 
and  boards.  The  loyal  and  devoted  spirit  of  all  of  the  officials  without 
exception  was  exhibited  in  the  zealous  manner  in  which  they  pro- 
ceeded to  the  dispatch  of  their  task.  By  the  first  10  days  in  Novem- 
ber 6  States  had  reported  the  completion  of  the  classification  and 
physical  examination  of  the  first  series  of  new  registrants,  viz,  Utah, 
Nevada,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Arkansas,  and  Oklahoma,  in  the  order 
named.  Of  the  remainder,  all  except  3  had  completed  the  classifica- 
tion of  the  registrants  (excluding  the  determination  of  district  board 
cases) ;  while  among  this  remainder  16  had  completed  one- third  of  the 
physical  examinations,  and  of  these  9  had  completed  two-thirds  of 
the  physical  examinations  (Appendix  Table  64-A).  It  is  therefore 
apparent  that,  adding  to  the  foregoing  entire  States  the  large  numbers 
of  individual  boards  which  in  other  States  had  completed  their 
classification  and  a  part  or  a  whole  of  their  physical  examinations,  the 
selective  service  administration  was  in  a  position,  by  the  first  10  days 
in  November,  to  deliver  on  requisition  approximately  270,000  effec- 
tives. Had  not  the  wide  prevalence  of  the  influenza  epidemic  during 
October  compelled  a  suspension  of  the  physical  examinations  in 
many  States,  it  is  undoubted  that  the  number  of  effectives  ready  for 
delivery  on  the  1st  of  November  would  have  been  twice  as  great. 

Meanwhile  the  prevalence  of  the  epidemic  had  likewise  made  it 
necessary  to  suspend  calls  to  camp.  When  this  obstacle  had  passed 
away,  the  date  fixed  for  delivery  to  camp  by  eiitrainment  of  the  men 
called  under  the  first  substantial  requisition  applicable  to  the  new 
registrants  was  Monday,  November  11,  1918.  On  that  day  were 
ready  for  entrainment  at  their  local  boards  the  total  of  140,000  men 
of  the  new  registration,  as  well  as  130,000  more  men  not  yet  requisi- 
tioned, together  with  some  110,000  or  more  of  those  still  available 
from  the  first  and  second  registrations.  It  was  on  that  very  day 
that  the  armistice  was  signed,  taking  effect  at  11  o'clock  in  the 
97250°— 19 12 


178      CHAPTER  IV.    CLASSIFICATION   PRINCIPLES  AND   RESULTS. 

morning;  and  by  direction  of  the  President  the  calls  were  canceled 
and  the  en  trainmen  t  was  abandoned. 

The  selective  service  administration,  therefore,  would  have 
continued  its  unbroken  record  of  providing  an  ample  Class  I  to  fill  all 
requisitions  called  for  by  the  general  military  program. 

6.  Ratio  of  Class  I  in  New  Registration. — What  was  the  ratio  of 
Class  I,  nominal  and  effective,  that  would  have  been  developed  from 
the  newly  registered  13,000,000  men?  This  question  can  never  be 
answered  with  anything  like  accuracy.  One  reason  is  that  the 
second  series  of  registrants,  viz,  ages  18  and  37-45,  had  been  brought 
into  classification  in  only  a  minority  of  States  at  the  time  of  the 
armistice  and  of  the  subsequent  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War  direct- 
ing the  suspension  of  further  classification  of  this  series  (with  the 
exception  of  the  18-year  group).  Another  reason  is  that  the  physical 
examination  of  the  first  series,  viz,  ages  19-36,  had  not  been  completed 
in  all  the  boards  on  those  ages.  A  further  reason  is  that  an  accurate 
ascertainment  of  the  several  elements  that  contribute  to  reduce  a 
nominal  Class  I  to  an  effective  Class  I  was  impracticable. 

Nevertheless,  it  is  possible  to  make  a  f  air  estimate  of  the  coefficient 
for  the  Nation,  on  the  basis  of  such  returns  as  have  been  available. 
It  appears  that  the  nominal  strength  of  Class  I  was  running  to  29.7 
per  cent;  while  the  effective  strength  of  Class  I  was  running  to  17.4 
per  cent.  Appendix  Table  64-A  shows  the  figures  for  the  several 
States  so  far  as  reporting  up  to  December  9,  1918.  In  Chapter  VII 
(Induction),  Table  81  shows  an  estimate  of  the  total  number  of  effec- 
tives to  have  been  expected  from  the  third  registration. 


CHAPTER  V. 
SPECIAL  GROUPS  OF  REGISTRANTS. 

(I)  AGE  GROUPS. 

The  classification  of  registrants  was  not  directly  affected  by  the 
registrant's  age;  that  is,  neither  the  registrant's  place  in  one  or  the 
other  class,  nor  the  sequence  of  his  call  for  military  service  within 
a  class,  was  dependent  on  his  age.  In  this  respect  the  selective 
service  system,  as  it  was  established  and  operated  between  May  18, 
1917,  and  September  12,  1918,  differed  fundamentally  from  the 
universal  compulsory  military  service  systems  of  the  Continent, 
which  are  based  essentially  on  the  annual  call  of  each  arriving  age 
group  of  18  or  19  years,  in  time  of  peace,  and  a  special  call,  in  tune  of 
war,  of  groups  of  reserves  formed  by  uniting  several  age  groups. 

To  the  foregoing  statement  as  to  the  selective  service  system  there 
were,  however,  two  exceptions;  one  of  which  affected  the  system  in 
operation  in  July,  1918,  and  the  other  of  which  was  just  going  into 
effect  at  the  time  of  the  armistice  of  November  11,  1918.  The  first 
exception  was  that  registrants  arriving  at  age  21  on  June  5  and 
August  24,  1918,  were  placed  "at  the  bottom  of  the  list  of  those  liable 
for  military  service,  in  the  several  classes  to  which  they  are  assigned" ; 
this  was  the  explicit  provision  of  the  joint  resolution  approved  May 
20,  1918,  already  cited  in  Chapter  II.  The  second  exception  was  that, 
by  direction  of  the  President,  a  distinction  of  age  groups  was  author- 
ized for  the  new  13,000,000  registered  on  September  12,  1918. 
There  had  been  considerable  public  discussion,  both  in  and  out  of 
Congress,  upon  the  propriety  of  postponing  to  the  very  last,  in  the 
call  for  military  service,  the  youths  of  18  who  were  then  to  be  regis- 
tered; and  the  same  discussion  also  looked  forward  to  a  similar 
discrimination  postponing  the  call  of  men  of  the  oldest  ages  then  to 
be  registered.  Without  making  at  the  outset  a  decision  as  to  the 
relative  order  of  call  for  the  youngest  and  the  oldest  of  these  ages, 
the  President's  direction,  made  early  in  September,  1918,  designated 
ages  19-20  and  32-36  as  the  groups  subject  to  earliest  call  among  the 
new  registrants.  The  boards  were,  therefore,  instructed- to  proceed 
first  with  the  classification  of  these  ages  19-20  and  32-36;  the  arrival 
of  the  armistice  of  November  11  cut  short  the  process  of  classifying 
the  remaining  age  groups;  and  the  occasion  never  arose  for  deciding 
finally  the  order  of  liability  of  the  highest  and  lowest  ages. 

The  numbers  of  registrants,  however,  in  the  several  age  groups 
have  several  important  practical  aspects.  In  the  first  place,  the 

179 


180  CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL   GROUPS   OF    REGISTRANTS. 

total  numbers  that  might  be  expected  in  each  age  group  to  respond 
for  registration  go  to  determine  the  ultimate  reservoir  from  which 
availables  were  to  be  drawn.  Again,  the  number  of  effectives  that 
could  be  counted  upon  as  obtainable  from  each  of  these  age  groups  is 
material  in  determining  beforehand  which  of  the  age  groups  should 
be  called,  in  view  of  the  known  military  needs  of  the  time.  Further, 
the  extent  to  which  specific  causes  of  deferment  or  exemption  would 
affect  particular  age  groups  is  important.  And  finally  (though  this 
was  not  a  directly  military  aspect),  it  is  desirable  to  test  the  reliability 
of  the  usual  sources  of  information  for  estimating  the  numbers  of 
male  population  within  particular  age  groups. 

1.  Estimates  of  size  of  age  groups  of  males  liable  for  military 
service — (a)  Total  for  age  groups  18-20,  32-45. — At  the  time  (July, 
1918)  of  preparing  for  the  enlargement,  by  legislation,  of  the  draft 
ages  to  18  and  45,  it  was  necessary  to  make  an  estimate  of  the  number 
of  availables  by  the  inclusion  of  various  age  groups.  The  estimate 
of  July  27  furnished  by  this  office  (mentioned  already  in  Chapter  II; 
and  printed  in  Appendix  B  of  this  report)  indicated  that  the  requisite 
number  of  at  least  2,000,000  men  for  the  period  October,  1918,  to 
June,  1919,  could  not  be  obtained  without  including  the  extreme 
ages  18  and  45  in  the  new  registration.  This  estimate  was  based  on 
the  compared  figures  of  insurance  actuaries  and  the  Census  Bureau. 
The  actual  registration,  upon  September  12,  now  makes  it  possible 
to  compare  these  estimates  with  the  facts  as  developed  on  that  regis- 
tration. 

The  total  number  estimated  for  ages  18-20  and  32-45  was  approxi- 
mately 13,200,000;  but,  deducting  the  estimated  number  of  more 
than  400,000  already  in  military  or  naval  service,  and  therefore 
not  due  to  register,  there  remained  some  12,800,000  due  to  register. 
The  actual  registration,  however  (excluding  the  Territories,  later 
registered),  totaled  more  than  13,200,000.  It  is  possible  that  this. 
number  is  substantially  less  than  the  actual  number  of  male  popula- 
tion of  those  ages  not  already  in  military  service ;  but  it  is  not  probable ; 
because  the  publicity  drive  was  so  thorough  that  the  number  who 
failed  to  register,  through  ignorance  or  evasive  intent,  must  hare 
been  trifling,  certainly  less  than  50,000,  and  probably  even  smaller. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  is  certain  that  at  least  that  number  of  registrants, 
viz,  more  than  13,200,000,  did  exist  alive  outside  of  military  or  naval 
service.  Hence,  the  shortage  found  by  the  difference  between  this 
number  and  the  highest  actuarial  or  census  estimate  must  represent 
an  error  of  underestimation.  It  is  interesting  to  note,  therefore, 
that  the  total  number  of  registered  males  of  military  age  18-20  and 
32-45,  i.  e.,  13,228,762  plus  upwards  of  400,000  estimated  to  be 
in  military  or  naval  service,  or  some  13,628,000  in  all,  amounts  to 
between  300,000  and  400,000  more  than  even  the  highest  actuarial 


AGE  GROUPS. 


181 


or  census  estimate.  How  to  explain  this  excess  must  be  left  to  further 
study  by  the  experts  of  the  Census  Bureau  and  the  actuarial  depart- 
ments. 

The  following  Table   65  shows  the  summary  of  different  com- 
binations of  ages. 

TABLE  65. — Registration,  by  aye  groups,  compared  with  census  and  actuarial  estimates. 


Registration,  by  age 

groups,  compared  with  cen- 

Estimates of  male  population. 

sus  and  actuarialestimates. 

Year. 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

Prudential 

Age 

Registration 

Prudential 

Insurance, 

Aetna    Life 

Census 

group. 

for  continental 

Insurance 

used  by  Provost 

Insurance 

Bureau 

United  States. 

(observed). 

Marshal  General 

(graduated). 

(graduated). 

(graduated). 

1 

1918  .  .  . 

18-20 

2,  458,  673 

3,  129,  430 

3,  171,  671 

2,  817,  326 

3,  131,  552 

2 

1918... 

21 

958,  739 

1,  071,  261 

1,  046,  598 

951,  029 

1,  056,  656 

3 

1917-18 

/  21-30 
{  22-31 

|  9,  856,  647 

9,  783,  681 

9,  718,  981 

9,  799,  797 

9,  731,  062 

4 

1918... 

32-36 

3,966,584 

4,  056.  533 

4,  018,  205 

4,  130,  427 

4,  039,  891 

5 

1918  .  .  . 

32-45 

10,  349,  650 

10,  095,  239 

10,  028,  973 

10,  507,  763 

10,  062,  856 

6 

1918... 

37-45 

6,  383,  066 

6,  038,  706 

6,  010,  768 

6,  377,  336 

6,  022,  965 

7 

1917-18 

18-36 

17,  240,  643 

18,  040,  905 

17,955,455 

17,  698,  597 

17,  959,  161 

8 

1917-18 

18-40 

20,  314,  407 

21,  134,  034 

20,  897,  782 

20,  749,  483 

20,  909,  406 

9 

1917-18 

1  18-45 

23,  908,  576 

24,  079,  611 

23,  966,  223 

24,  075,  915 

23,  982,  126 

{-\  0     OA 

10 

1918  ... 

lo—  ZU 

32-36 

6,  425,  257 

7,  185,  963 

7,  189,  876 

6,  947,  753 

7,  171,  443 

11 

1918  ... 

J1  18-20 
V  32-45 

J13,  093,  190 

13,  224,  669 

13,  200,  644 

13,  325,  089 

13,  194,  408 

i  Includes  excess  of  Form  101  (284,867):  see  par.  (&). 

(Z>)  Total  for  ages  21-30.— The  total  for  this  age  group,  9,856,647, 
is  over  50,000  higher  than  any  of  the  estimates;  this  is  remarkable, 
inasmuch  as  probably  200,000  more  should  be  added  to  the  living 
males  for  men  enlisted  on  June  5,  1917,  and  therefore  not  registered. 

In  explanation  of  the  figures  for  the  age  group  21-30,  it  must 
further  be  pointed  out  that  the  returns  from  the  local  boards  for  the 
individual  ages  were  furnished  by  separate  tallying  of  the  registration 
cards  by  each  age,  and  that  this  computation  was  made  during  the 
month  of  September,  1918,  while  tardy  registrations  were  still  proceed- 
ing, but  that  the  total  registration  figures  already  given  in  Table  1 
were  derived  from  the  official  registration  lists  (Form  101)  arriving 
as  late  as  the  middle  of  November,  and  composed  of  lists  of  regis- 
trants by  name  but  without  the  indication  of  age;  and  that  the  total 
of  these  later  lists,  accumulated  through  September  and  October, 
thus  included  some  300,000  tardy  accessions  to  the  registration  list. 
So  that  the  entire  registration  for  September  12  included  some  300.- 
000  of  whose  particular  ages  we  have  no  report;  we  know  only  that 
they  were  somewhere  between  18  and  45.  Hence,  the  total  actual 
registration  of  ages  18-45,  up  to  November,  1918,  exceeds  by  some 


182  CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL   GROUPS   OP    REGISTRANTS. 

300,000  the  total  formed  by  the  addition  of  the  above  individual 
age  groups  in  the  reports  of  September,  1918.  A  small  portion  of 
these  300,000  belong  presumably  in  the  age  21-30  group. 

Moreover,  it  must  be  noted  (Table  66a)  that,  in  the  registration  of 
September  12,  1918,  although  theoretically  it  included  only  ages  18-20 
and  32-45  (ages  21-30  of  1917,  or  ages  22-32  of  1918,  having  been 
already  registered  on  June  5,  1917),  nevertheless  as  many  as  67,000 
persons  representing  themselves  as  of  ages  21—30  came  forward 
and  were  therefore  explicitly  included  in  the  returns  made  by 
the  boards  for  that  registration;  and  that  a  similar  addition,  num- 
bering 9,000,  came  forward  on  June  5-Sept.  11,  1918.  These  num- 
bers have,  therefore,  been  added  into  the  figures  for  those  ages  (given 
in  Tables  65  and  66). 

(c)  Total  for  ages  18-20, — The  registration  for  the  age  group  18-20 
fell  short  of  the  estimate  used  for  male  population  by  more  than 
700,000.     Of  this  shortage  272,000  had  already  been  foreseen  and 
reckoned  upon  (Appendix  B)  as  a  deduction  for  prior  enlistments. 
The  remaining  shortage  of  over  400,000  can  in  large  part  be  attributed 
to  enlistments,  because  between  January  and  July,  1918,  more  than 
200,000  enlisted  in  the  Navy,  and  a  considerable  number  of  these 
were  under  21.     Nevertheless,   of  the   total    1,314,000    enlistments 
(Table  79),  nothing  like  700,000  can  have  been  under  21.     Hence, 
the  population  estimates  relied  upon  seem  to  have  been  overliberal ; 
but  one  of  the  three  estimates  here  given  corresponds  substantially 
with  the  actual  registration  minus  the  estimated  enlistments. 

(d)  Total  for  age  group  32-45. — For  the  age  group  32-45  the  actual 
registration  was  more  than  300,000  in  excess  of  the  actuarial  estimate 
used.     It  was,  however,  158,000  less  than  the  other  actuarial  estimate 
given.     The  estimated  prior  enlistments  for  these  ages  were  170,000 
(Appendix  B).     Making  all  allowances,  therefore,  it  is  plain  that  the 
estimate  used  was  as  much  too  low  for  this  age  group  as  it  was  too 
high  for  the  18-20  age  group. 

(e)  Total  for  age  group  18-45. — The  total  for  this  entire  age  group, 
23,908,576,  is  within  58,000  of  the  estimate  used,  which  was  the  near- 
est of  the  three.     But  it  must  be  remembered  that  a  large  number  of 
men  had  already  enlisted  before  the  dates  due  for  the  registration  of 
their  age  groups,  and  that  all  enlistments  fell  between  ages  18-45  (except 
a  small  number,  down  to  age  16,  for  the  Navy) ;  so  that  all  such  en- 
listments must  be  added  to  determine  the  actual  number  of  living 
males  of  those  ages.     What  that  number  is  can  only  be  calculated  by 
a  combination  of  estimates,  as  the  enlistment  records  in  The  Adju- 
tant General's  Office  can  not  at  present  be  sorted  by  ages  and  enlist- 
ment dates  so   as  to  reveal  the  answer.     This  estimated  number 
(already  given  in  Table  2)  is  1,438,901;  added  to  the  registered  men, 


AGE   GROUPS. 


183 


this  would  give  25,347,477  as  the  total  actual  males  of  those  ages. 
This  figure,  however,  is  1,250,000  in  excess  of  the  highest  estimate, 
which  seems  disconcerting.  The  above  given  estimate  of  unregis- 
tered enlistments  is  therefore,  doubtless,  somewhat  too  high.  Never- 
theless it  was  based  on  the  best  available  data.  The  dilemma  there- 
fore awaits  a  more  convincing  solution. 

(f)  Individual  ages  18,  19,  and  20. — In  Table  66.  are  shown  the 
figures  for  the  individual  ages: 

TABLE  66. — Registration  by  individual  ages. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 

• 
Year. 

Registration  by  indi- 
vidual ages. 

Estimates  of  male  population. 

Age. 

(i) 
Total  for 

first,  second, 
and  third 
registrations. 

(2) 
Prudential 
Insurance 
(observed). 

(3) 
Prudential 
Insurance 
(graduated).1 

(4) 
^Elna  Life 
Insurance 
(graduated). 

(5) 
Census 
Bureau 
(graduated). 

Total  

23,  908,  576 

24,  079,  611 

23,  966,  223 

24;  075,  915 

23,  982,  126 

1918    

18 
19 
20 
21 
21-22 
22-23 
23-24 
24-25 
25-26 
26-27 
27-28 
28-29 
29-30 
30-31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 

939,  875 
761,  007 
757,  791 
958,  739 
1,  018,  407 
978,  975 
1,  010,  287 
997,  544 
967,  576 
956,  494 
960,  460 
974,  555 
948,  857 
1,  043,  492 
499,  902 
927,  968 
920,  355 
804,  778 
813,  581 
823,150 
836,  280 
725,  416 
688,  918 
648  599 
693;  657 
654,  915 
624,  129 
688,  002 

284,  867 

1,  085,  625 
1,015,896 
1,  027,  909 
1,  071,  261 
1,057,420 
1,  035,  483 
1,  042,  273 
1,049,846 
993,  176 
935,  721 
1,  030,  782 
840,  661 
1,  112,  524 
685,  795 
852,  151 
758,  658 
769,  626 
929,  454 
746,  644 
682,  922 
816,  112 
672,  737 
921,  358 
508,  993 
677,  699 
553,  128 
523,  095 
682,  662 

1,  065.  285 
1,  056,  291 
1,  050,  095 
1,  046,  598 
1,  040,  202 
1,  031,  708 
1,  021,  315 
1,  007,  924 
990,  236 
970,  849 
949,  763 
927,  278 
902,  994 
876,  712 
851,  229 
816,  452 
802,  662 
779,  577 
768,  285 
756,  093 
743,  102 
729,  Oil 
714,  121 
679,  544 
645,  667 
612,  789 
580,  810 
549,  631 

939,  301 
939,  737 
938,  288 
951,  029 
983,  350 
1,011,166 
1,  025,  536 
1,  028.  934 
1,  024;  289 
1,  005,  533 
976,  507 
945,  465 
916,  220 
882,  797 
854,  168 
834,  507 
823,  500 
813,  151 
805,  101 
794,  004 
776,  512 
752,  435 
727,  953 
702,  637 
680,  824 
663,  167 
648,  070 
631,  734 

1,  036,  959 
1,  044,  177 
1,  050,  416 
1,  056,  656 
1,  056,  688 
1,047,175 
1,  030,  761 
1,  014,  438 
998,  014 
976,  771 
949,  451 
918,  569 
886,  821 
852,  374 
825,  900 
812,  573 
807,  147 
800,  051 
794,  220 
781,  019 
755,  516 
722,  416 
691.  294 
660,  160 
632,  501 
610,  997 
593,  754 
575,  308 

1918   .   .     .. 

1918 

1918 

1917-18  

1917-18.  ... 

1917-18].... 

1917-18  

1917-18  

1917-18  

1917-18  

1917-18  
1917-18  
1917-18  
1918   .  .  . 

1918 

1918  

1918  

1918   .  .  . 

1918   .      . 

1918 

1918 

1918  

1918  

1918   

1918   .... 

1918 

1918   . 

Age  not  re- 
ported   

Used  bv  Provost  Marshal  General's  Office. 


For  age  18,  one  of  the  estimates  comes  within  600  of  the  registration. 

But  it  will  be  noted  that  the  registering  number  for  age  18  is  largely 
in  excess  of  both  age  19  and  age  20,  although  in  all  of  the  three  esti- 
mates these  three  ages  grade  very  close  together.  This  peculiarity  of 


184  CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL   GROUPS   OF    REGISTRANTS. 

the  actual  age  19  number  must  be  ascribed  in  part  to  the  circum- 
stance that  the  War  Department  announcement  of  early  September, 
restricting  the  first  classification  group  to  19-36  and  leaving  the  ages 
18  and  36-45  for  later  classification  and  later  call,  presumably  had  the 
effect  of.  inducing  an  appreciable  number  of  less  patriotic  young  men 
to  postpone  their  calls,  by  representing  themselves  as  of  age  18  instead 
of  age  19,  their  true  age.  In  part,  however,  the  excess  in  age  18  is 
due  also  to  the  effort  of  impetuous  youngsters  of  17  to  get  into  the 
combat;  for  they  were  not  eligible  to  enlistment  in  the  Army,  and  the 
strict  precautions  required  of  recruiting  officers  made  it  less  difficult 
to  misrepresent  successfully  one's  age  to  a  registrar  than  to  a  recruit- 
ing officer. 

On  the  whole,  therefore,  the  patriots  and  the  nonpatriots  probably 
contributed  equally  to  this  excess.  Moreover,  as  regards  the  patriot- 
ism of  these  age  groups,  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  enlistments 
for  all  of  these  ages  were  (as  already  pointed -out)  probably  many 
thousands  more  than  had  been  expected.  The  following  incidents 
are  typical: 

In  a  Connecticut  town  a  colored  citizen  approached  the  chairman  and  said:  "I'd 
like  to  get  my  nephew's  name  on  that  honor  list,"  meaning  the  list  of  all  the  men  gone 
into  service  from  that  board.  The  chairman  replied,  "Why,  I  didn't  know  F.  was 
in  the  service.  I  thought  he  was  too  young.  "Well,"  replied  the  other,  "you  see 
it  is  this  way:  He  is  only  16,  and  everybody  here  knows  it,  so  he  went  to  S.,  in  Massa- 
chusetts, and  swore  that  he  was  18.  He  has  been  in  France  now  for  six  months.'' 
F.'s  name  was  posted. 

One  was  17  and  the  other  18,  when  in  the  autumn  of  1017  they  heard  the  call  of  the 
Marines.  Not  being  twins,  they  had  to  increase  their  ages  at  the  recruiting  office, 
in  order  that  the  younger  might  be  accepted.  They  trained  at  Paris  Island  and  they 
came  home  for  Christmas  as  fine  soldiers  as  we  ever  saw.  They  honored  their 
uniforms  and  they  were  in  love  with  the  service  and  anxious  for  action.  They  went 
to  France  with  the  first  contingent  of  Marines,  and  in  our  attack  at  Belleau  Wood 
their  platoon  was  all  but  wiped  out,  for  the  Germans  got.  their  range.  The  older  was 
killed  instantly  by  a  direct  shell  hit,  and  the  other  is  back  in  a  Hoboken  hospital  in 
a  pitiable  condition.  The  day  after  the  elder  one  was  reported  dead,  the  father,  only 
42  years  old,  sought  the  recruiting  station  of  the  Marines.  He  interviewed,  by  lucky 
chance,  the  same  officer  who  had  enlisted  the  sons.  He  was  accepted,  and  followed 
his  sons  to  Paris  Island.  Although  he  is  twice  as  old  as  any  other  man  in  the  camp, 
he  has  qualified  as  a  marksman  and  has  made  good  in  every  way.  He  is  the  only  man 
of  our  4,000  in  the  class  of  September,  1918,  who  is  marked  for  Class  5  D. 

(g)  Individual  ages  32,  33,  etc.,  to  36. — All  these  upper  ages,  indi- 
vidually, ran  higher  in  actual  registration  than  the  estimates  used, 
and  this  excess  was  notable  up  to  age  38. 

But  the  most  interesting  circumstance  is  that,  in  comparing  the 
registered  age  numbers  with  the  observed  numbers,  Table  66,  the 
ages  35  and  40  do  not  show  the  expected  artificial  excesses.  A  well- 
known  feature  of  census  experience  (1913  Census  Report,  Vol.  I, 
Chap.  IV,  p.  291)  is  that  an  excessive  number  of  persons,  knowing 


AGE   GROUPS.  185 

their  age  only  approximately,  give  it  in  figures  ending  in  5  or  0  ("con- 
centration on  multiples  of  5") ;  hence,  the  actuarial  custom  is  to  seek 
accuracy  by  "smoothing"  or  "graduating"  the  observed  figure,  i.  e., 
by  distributing  the  excess  over  the  nearest  ages.  This  is  illustrated 
in  column  2  as  contrasted  with  column  3  of  Table  66;  columns  3,  4, 
and  5  have  been  "graduated."  But  in  the  registration  of  September 
12,  1918,  this  peculiar  popular  habit  failed  to  exhibit  itself,  for  the 
ages  35  and  40  proceeded  downward  in  natural  gradation  with  the 
adjacent  ages.  This  singular  result  remains  to  be  explained. 

(h)  Age  J^5. — The  special  upward  turn  at  age  45,  in  the  registered 
numbers,  is  apparently  an  exception  to  what  has  just  been  pointed 
out,  and  a  reversion  to  the  usual  census  experience.  Yet  it  can  more 
fairly  be  explained,  as  not  an  exception,  but  rather  an  indication  of 
the  desire  of  the  older  men  to  get  into  the  fighting  ranks.  Beyond 
a  doubt,  many  men  over  45  misrepresented  their  age  in  a  patriotic 
attempt  to  register  for  service  in  the  draft. 

X  registered  on  September  12,  1918,  and  gave  his  age  as  35  years.  He  was  mailed 
a  questionnaire  and  took  it  before  the  legal  advisory  board,  intending  to  fill  it  out, 
but  it  appearing  to  the  attorney  before  whom  he  went  for  assistance,  that  he  was  far 
beyond  the  draft  age,  he  was  refused  assistance  in  filling  out  his  questionnaire,  and  was 
told  to  report  to  his  board.  He  did  report  to  the  board  and  admitted  that  he  was  58 
years  old.  On  being  questioned  why  he  registered,  he  stated  that  he  had  made  three 
attempts  to  get  into  the  service  and  had  been  turned  down.  He  hoped  that  this  reg- 
istration would  open  a  way  for  him  to  get  into  the  service.  He  begged  the  board 
member,  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  to  put  him  down  at  not  over  45.  He  offered,  as  proof 
of  his  physical  fitness,  to  whip  anyone  in  the  house.  Nevertheless,  his  registration 
was  canceled. 

(i)  Age  32. — The  noticeably  low  figure  for  age  32 — in  round  num- 
bers 500,000  instead  of  the  940,000  to  be  expected — calls  for  special 
attention.  A  portion  of  this  440,000  shortage  is  obviously  due  to 
the  three  months'  difference  between  the  registration  dates  of  1917 
and  1918,  i.  e.,  June  5  and  September  12;  for  the  men  who  became 
32  after  June  5,  1918,  and  before  September  13,  1918,  had  already 
registered  in  1917,  being  then  30  years  old;  thus,  the  total  for  age 
32  as  registered  on  September  12,  1918,  suffered  a  deduction  which 
may  be  estimated  at  one-fourth  of  the  actual  number,  i.  e.,  one- 
fourth  of  about  940,000,  or  235,000. 

But  this  still  leaves  a  shortage  of  some  200,000  to  be  accounted  for. 
The  high  number  for  age  31  (age  30  in  1917),  i.  e.,  1,040,000,  might 
suggest  that  the  same  motive  of  patriotic  misrepresentation  of  age 
had  here  operated  to  reduce  age  32  (age  31  in  1917)  and  to  raise 
age  31  (age  30  in  1917) — the  same  motive  that  undoubtedly  affected 
the  high  numbers  for  ages  18  and  45.  But  this  motive  here  fails.  It 
could  operate  on  September  12,  1918,  for  ages  18  and  45,  because  the 
avenue  of  enlistment  was  not  open  to  men  below  or  above  those 
ages,  and  the  avenue  of  the  draft  registration  offered  the  opportunity; 


186 


CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL   GROUPS   OF    REGISTRANTS. 


but  it  could  hardly  have  operated  on  June  5,  1917,  when  age  30  was 
registered,  for  enlistment  was  then  free  to  all  men  of  age  31;  more- 
over, the  patriotic  readiness  to  enter  by  the  draft — a  readiness 
obvious  enough  in  1918 — had  hardly  become  noticeable  as  early  as 
June  5,  1917.  No  explanation  of  this  sort,  therefore,  suffices. 

It  seems'  probable  that  the  phenomenon  of  "concentration  on 
multiples  of  5  or  0,"  above  mentioned,  is  here  the  explanation  for 
the  missing  200,000;  for -the  age  immediately  following  a  multiple 
of  5  or  0  is  usually  found  to  be  correspondingly  below  its  normal 
figure ;  and  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  actuarial  figures  for  "  observed" 
(not  "graduated")  age  31  (age  32  in  1918),  given  in  column  2  of 
Table  66,  show  a  shortage  more  than  enough  to  account  for  the 
shortage  here  in  question. 

Nevertheless,  after  all  hypotheses  have  been  tried,  the  registration 
figures  for  age  32  remain  an  interesting  field  for  speculation.  As 
possibly  bearing  on  the  solution,  it  may  be  added  that  approximately 
the  same  ratio  of  shortage  appears  not  only  in  every  State  but  also 
in  each  local  board  area. 

2.  Slackers  and  nonregistrants  on  June  5,  1917,  and  June  5,  1918.— 
The  foregoing  figures  give  an  opportunity  for  some  hypotheses  as 
to  the  possible  extent  of  failures  to  register  in  the  earlier  two  regis- 
trations. 

(a)  June  5,  1917.— -It  is  evident  that  the  76,112  of  ages  22-31, 
who  came  forward  on  June  5,  August  24,  and  September  12,  1918, 
were  overdue  to  register  on  June  5,  1917.  Table  66a  shows  the  dis- 
tribution by  ages. 

TABLE  66a. — Overdue  registrants  of  ages  21-30,  1917,  brought  out  by  later  registrations. 


Age  in  1918. 

Total. 

Arriving  on 
June  5-  Sept. 
11,  1918. 

Arriving  on 
Sept.  12/191S. 

1 

22-31  

76,  112 

9,098 

67,  014 

2 

22  

12,  533 

4,644 

7,889 

3 

23  

7,862 

870 

6,  992 

4 

24  

7,227 

629 

6,598 

ft 

25..    ..               ... 

7,539 

628 

6,911 

6 

26  

7,069 

531 

6,538 

7 

27  

6,212 

489 

5,723 

8 

28  ... 

6,706 

465 

6,241 

9 

29  

5,571 

392 

5,179 

10 

30  

6,967 

450 

6,517 

11 

31  

8  426 

8,426 

The  local  boards  were  asked  this  question  in  November,  1918: 

How  do  you  account  for  the  fact  that  some  50,000  or  more  persons  of  those  who 
registered  on  September  12  gave  their  ages  aa  between  21  and  30,  and,  therefore,  were 
apparently  men  who  ought  to  have  registered  on  June  5,  1917,  and  have  gone  un- 
.  registered  ever  since? 


AGE   GROUPS.  187 

The  answers  to  this  question  indicate  that  substantially  all  of  the 
persons  who,  on  September  12,  1918,  gave  their  ages  as  between  21 
and  30,  fall  within  the  following  categories:  (1)  Persons  who  reached 
the  age  of  21  between  August  24,  1918,  the  day  of  the  last  previous 
registration,  and  September  12,  1918;  (2)  persons  who,  on  June  5, 
1917,  were  either  ignorant  or  neglectful  of  the  requirements  of  the 
law,  but  who,  largely  as  a  result  of  the  campaign  of  publicity  which 
preceded  the  registration  of  September  12,  1918,  were  brought  to  a 
clear  realization  of  the  duty  to  register  and  of  the  consequences  of 
default:  (3)  persons  who  were  absent  from  the  country  on  June  5, 
1917,  and  who,  because  of  ignorance  or  neglect,  failed  to  register  on 
their  return;  (4)  persons  who  were  in  the  military  or  naval  service 
on  June  5,  1917,  and  were  subsequently  discharged,  but  because  of 
ignorance  or  neglect  failed  to  register  before  September  12,  1918; 
(5)  persons  who  evaded  registration  on  June  5,  1917,  on  the  pretense 
that  they  were  over  30  years  of  age,  but  when  the  age  limit  was 
raised,  realized  that  evasion  was  no  longer  possible  and  so  registered 
on  September  12,  1918,  stating  their  age  correctly;  (6)  aliens  who 
immigrated  to  this  country  between  June  5,  1917,  and  September 
12,  1918;  (7)  persons  who,  on  June  5,  1917,  were  inmates  of  prisons, 
asylums,  and  other  institutions,  but  were  not  registered  at  that  time 
because  of  the  ignorance  or  neglect  of  the  superintendent  or  other 
officer  in  charge. 

The  further  inquiry  remains,  whether  there  is  any  reason  to  suppose 
that  a  still  larger  number,  due  to  have  registered  on  June  5,  1917, 
never  did  register,  and  exist  still  as  an  undiscovered  residue.  It 
will  be  noted  that  the  highest  advance  estimate  (Table  65)  for  all 
those 'age  groups  21-30  was  approximately  9,800,000  and  that  the 
lowest  was  9,719,000;  whereas  the  total  registration  returned  from 
the  boards  in  November,  1917,  was  9,580,000;  or  a  shortage  of 
145,000-214,000;  while  the  final  figures  for  the  first  registration  (up 
to  the  last  moment  of  September  11,  1918),  were  9,780,535  (Table 
2)  or  a  shortage  of  20,000  from  the  highest  estimate  and  an  excess  of 
60,000  over  the  lowest  estimate.  To  this  figure  must  be  added,  how- 
ever, those  who  were  not  due  to  register,  viz,  those  of  ages  21-30 
already  hi  military  service;  the  exact  military  and  naval  strength 
on  April  1,  1917,  was  378,619  (Table  80).  Therefore,  if  as  many  as 
one-half  of  these  were  within  ages  21-30,  there  was  not  a  great 
shortage  due  to  slackers  hi  the  first  registration.  But  no  figures 
are  available  to  show  exactly  how  many  men  of  ages  21-30  were  then 
in  the  military  or  naval  forces.  Hence,  the  answer  to  this  question 
must  remain  for  the  present  unsolved.  We  know  only  that  at  least 
some  part  of  76,000  men  evaded  registration  at  that  time,  but  did 
come  forward  later.  But  the  universal  watchfulness  for  slackers  in 
every  community,  and  the  practice  of  neighbors  informing  on  each 


188  CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL   GROUPS  OF   REGISTRANTS. 

other  (as  noted  in  Chapter  X),  makes  it  certain  that  the  actual  loss 
was  small.  ''The  astounding  thing  about  the  registration"  says  one 
board,  "was  its  unanimity.  A  few  men  tried  to  dodge  the  first  one; 
but  when  the  names  of  the  registrants  were  published  in  the  daily 
papers  they  were  smoked  out,  and  on  one  excuse  or  another  came  in 
to  register." 

(&)  June  5,  1918. — Similarly,  a  question  arises  whether  there  was 
an  extensive  number  of  slackers  in  the  registration  of  June  5,  1918, 
for  men  just  arriving  at  age  21.  The  actual  registration  on  June 
5,  1918,  was  735,834  (Chap.  II),  or  some  300,000  short  of  the  highest 
advance  estimate,  and  200,000  short  of  the  lowest  estimate.  What 
was  the  explanation  of  this  shortage?  The  war  had  then  been 
going  on  more  than  a  year,  and  the  young  men  of  age  21  had  been 
among  the  first  to  enlist;  so  that  this  age  group  was  undoubtedly 
depleted  by  a  large  number  already  in  military  service,  and  there- 
fore not  due  to  register.  It  is,  however,  impossible  that  this  num- 
ber amounted  to  200,000  or  300,000;  the  grounds  for  this  opinion 
are  set  forth  hi  a  note  to  the  compilation  of  figures  in  Appendix  B. 
It  must  be  inferred  therefore  that  there  was  a  large  shortage  in  that 
registration.  This  shortage  can  be  attributed  to  the  circumstance 
that  the  registration  affected  such  a  relatively  small  part  of  the 
population,  and  came  amid  such  other  absorbing  matters,  that 
the  ordinary  means  of  publicity  for  announcing  the  duty  to  register 
could  not  have  been  completely  effective. 

It  was  for  this  reason  that,  when  the  registration  of  September  12, 
1918,  approached,  it  was  deemed  indispensable  (as  described  in  Chap. 
II)  to  use  a  maximum  effort  to  obtain  a  100  per  cent  registration,  and 
to  place  it  beyond  doubt  that  the  Nation  had  obtained  from'  this 
registration  the  maximum  possible  number  of  registrants  that  were 
humanly  obtainable.  In  view  of  the  fact,  therefore,  that  the  regis- 
tration of  June  5,  1917,  fell  nominally  somewhat  short  of  the  advance 
estimates  of  male  population,  and  that  the  registration  of  June  5, 
1918,  fell  substantially  short  of  the  advance  estimates,  while  the  reg- 
istration of  September  12,  1918,  reached  some  400,000  in  excess  of 
the  advance  estimates,  it  must  be  concluded  that  the  measures  of 
publicity  to  secure  this  result  were  well  advised. 

It  may  be  pointed  out,  finally,  that  inasmuch  as  registration  is  a 
voluntary  act,  in  the  sense  that  its  complete  success  depends  on  the 
voluntary  coming  forward  of  the  men  who  are  due  to  register,  any 
measures  of  the  future,  based  fundamentally  on  an  estimated  number 
of  expected  registrants,  must  involve  as  a  part  of  the  problem  the 
measures  necessary  to  insure  100  per  cent  of  the  registration. 

3.  Distribution  of  ages  by  States. — The  distribution  of  age  groups 
by  States  (Appendix  Table  65 -A)  has  no  particular  significance  in  the 


AGE   GROUPS. 


189 


arrangements  for  military  service,  but  will  be  of  some  value  for  vari- 
ous civic  purposes. 

4.  Effectives  in  the  several  age  groups. — One  of  the  .most  elusive  fea- 
tures to  estimate,  but  at  the  same  time  one"  of  the  most  important  for 
military  service,  was  the  probable  yield  of  effectives  in  each  age  group. 

(a)  Ages  21-30. — For  ages  21-30  the  first  and  second  registrations 
supply  illuminating  data.  Table  67  shows  the  results  in  Class  I 
effectives  for  the  10  age  groups  thus  classified.  It  will  be  noted  that 
the  youngest  of  the  eleven  ages  yielded  effectives  in  a  ratio  nearly 
three  times  as  great  as  the  oldest;  and  that  the  ratios  descend  in 
regular  gradation. 

TABLE  67. — Ratio  of  effectives,  by  ages. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

Ages. 

Total  regis- 
trants June  5, 
1917-Sept.  11, 
1918. 

Placed  in  Class  I. 

Placed  in  deferred  classes. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

1918. 
21                    

10,  679,  814 

3,  706,  544 

34.71 

6,  973,  270 

65.29 

890,  181 

1,010,518 
971,  983 
1,  003,  689 
990.  633 
961,  038- 
950,  771 
954,  219 
969,  376 
942,  340 
1,  035,  066 

517,  787 

468,  294 
424,  391 
392,  377 
350,  835 
308,  258 
280i  700 
258,015 
256,  489 
220,  369 
229,  029 

58.17 

46.34 
43.66 
39.09 
35.42 
32.08 
29.  52 
27.  04 
26.46 
23.39 
22.12 

372,  394 

542,  224 
547,  592 
611,  312 
639,  798 
652,  780 
670,  071 
696,  204 
712,  887 
721,  971 
806,  037 

41.83 

53.66 
56.34 
60.91 
64.58 
67.92 
70.48 
72.96 
73.54 
76.61 
77.88 

1917. 
21          

22             

23  

24  

25  

26         

27 

28                        

29  

30  

(&)  Ages  18-20,  32-36. — In  the  estimates  submitted  by  this  office 
on  July  27,  1918  (Appendix  B),  it  will  be  noted  that  the  estimate  of 
effectives  for  the  entire  14  age  groups  above  31  amounted  to  less 
than  the  estimate  of  effectives  for  the  3  age  groups  18-20.  Had  the 
classification  which  the  boards  began  in  September  been  completed, 
we  should  have  had  an  authentic  basis  for  verifying  these  estimates 
for  the  different  ages.  But  the  armistice  of  November  11  and  the 
consequent  abandonment  of  the  classification  for  ages  37-45  have 
made  it  impossible  to  obtain  the  expected  data  for  those  ages. 

For  the  ages  18-20  and  32-36,  which  were  under  classification  at 
the  time  of  the  armistice,  November  11,  no  detailed  report  could  be 
completed  by  the  boards  at  the  time  of  the  preparation  of  this  report. 
But  it  proved  possible  to  obtain  by  telegram  from  State  headquarters 
an  estimate  of  the  results  of  this  classification  based  on  results  in  90 
per  cent  of  the  boards;  and  these  results  (Table  68)  offer  a  usable 
supplement  to  the  more  exact  results  already  on  record  for  ages  21-30. 


190  CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL  GROUPS   OF    REGISTRANTS. 

TABLE  G8.—E/ecticcs  in  age  groups  18-20,  3?-36. 


I 

2 
3 

4 
5 
6 

Ages. 

Registrants, 
Sept.  12,  1918. 

Reported  gross 
Class  I. 

Effective  Class  I  (71.83. 
per  cent,  as  in  Table  64). 

Effectives  as 
estimated 
July  28,  1918. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  regis- 
trants. 

18-20                

2,  458,  673 
939,  875 
761,  007 
757,  791 
3,  966,  584 
6,  425,  257 

1,  897,  677 
828,  770 
'  547,  658 
521,  249 
799,  979 
2,  697,  656 

1,  363,  101 
595.  305 
393,  383 
374,  413 
574,  625 
1,  937,  726 

55.44 
63.34 
51.69 
49.41 
14.49 
30.16 

1,797,609 

18                      

19                            

20 

32-36 

240,  494 
2,038,103 

Total,  18-20,  32-36. 

This  table  is  of  the  greatest  value,  because  it  offers  a  tangible 
clue  to  the  man-power  possibilities  of  the  upper  and  the  lower  ages 
(i.  e.,  outside  the  ages  21-30  of  the  first  two  registrations). 

(1)  The  first  notable  feature  is  that  the  estimates  for  the  effectives 
of  the  lower  ages  proved  to  be  too  high  by  about  25  per  cent.     This, 
of  course,  was  chiefly  due  to  the  fact  that  the  total  registering  number 
was  itself  lower  than  expected  (Table  65) ;  that  variance  has  already 
been  commented  on  in  paragraph  1. 

(2)  The  second  notable  feature  is  that  the  estimates  for  the  effec- 
tives of  the  higher  ages  proved  to  be  too  low  by  nearly  140  per  cent. 
In  this  case,  however,  the  total  registering  number  was  virtually 
identical  with  the  expected  number — only  52,000  short  (Table  65). 
Hence  the  excessive  yield  of  effectives  over  estimate  was  due  mainly 
to  the  unexpectedly  low  deductions  for  claims  of  deferment.     Evi- 
dently the  men  of  the  upper  ages  do  not  need  as  large  an  allowance 
as  expected  for  this  item. 

(3)  The  third  notable  feature  is  that  these  two  variances  from  the 
estimate  nearly  counteracted  each  other  for  the  combined  ages;  so 
that  the  result  was  a  number  of  effectives  only  100,000  short  of  the 
estimate.     This  result  must,  however,  usually  be  expected  in  dealing 
with  large  masses;  the  errors  of  estimate  on  details  tend  to  counteract 
each  other. 

(4)  The   wide    difference    between    the    percentage    of    effectives 
yielded  for  the  upper  and  the  lower  ages  (14.49  per  cent  for  ages  32-36 
and  55.44  per  cent  for  ages  18-20)  merely  confirms  the  general  assump- 
tion that  the  lower  ages  must  always  be  deemed  the  most  available 
as  a  reservoir  of  military  man  power. 

(5)  Finally,  it  must  be  pointed  out  that  the  28  per  cent  discount 
from  the  reported  gross  Class  I,  here  used  from  Table  64  (based  on 
ages  21-30)  to  find  the  effective  Class  I,  is  perhaps  not  large  enough 
for  the  ages  18-20,  32-36;  the  conditions  attending  the  completion  of 


RACE   AND  COLOR  GROUPS. 


191 


the  process  of  classification  after  November  11  were  peculiar.  A 
footnote  to  Appendix  Table  64-A  explains  the  qualifications  which 
should  be  considered. 

(H)  RACE  AND  COLOR  GROUPS. 

Color  and  race  were,  of  course,  not  material  under  the  law  and 
the  regulations  for  the  purpose  of  the  classification  (except  so  far 
as  noncitizen  Indians  were  exempt  from  draft).  But  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Army  placed  colored  soldiers  in  separate  units;  and  the 
several  calls  for  mobilization  were,  therefore,  affected  by  this  cir- 
cumstance, in  that  no  calls  could  be  issued  for  colored  registrants 
until  the  organizations  were  ready  for  them.  In  this  and  in  some 
other  aspects,  therefore,  it  is  worth  while  to  note  certain  differences 
as  to  race  and  color  groups. 

1 .  Colored  and  white  registration  compared. — -The  colored  and  white 
registrants,  for  all  three  registrations,  numbered  as  shown  in  Table 
71  following: 

TABLE  71. — Colored  and  white  registration  compared. 


Colored  and  white  registration  compared. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
total  colored 
and  white 
registration. 

Per  cent  in 
each  regis- 
tration. 

1 

Total  colored  and  white  registrants: 
June  5  1917-Sept  12,1918        

23,  779,  997 

100.00 

a 

Colored                  

2,  290,  527 

9.  63 

s 

White               

21,  489,  470 

90.37 

4 

June  5,  1917-Sept.  11,  1918  

10,  640,  846 

100.  00 

f> 

Colored 

1,  078,  331 

10.13 

6 

White 

9  562,  515 

89.87 

7 

Sept  12  1918 

13  139  151 

100  00 

S 

Colored           

1,212,196 

9.23 

<) 

White              

11,926,955 

90.77 

In  Appendix  Table  71-A  is  shown  the  distribution  by  States.  It 
need  only  be  noted  here  that  the  total  registration  above  given  is 
not  equal  to  the  total  registration  set  forth  in  Table  2,  for  the  reason 
already  mentioned  elsewhere,  viz,  that  the  total  in  Table  2,  taken 
from  the  final  registration  lists  of  September  12,  1918,  arriving  in 
November,  1918,  did  not  show  colored  and  white  registrations  sepa- 
rately and  did  include  some  300,000  additional  registrants  during 
September  and  October,  1918,  while  the  present  figures  are  taken 
from  earlier  board  reports  of  September,  1918,  which  showed  colored 
and  white  registrants  separately. 


192 


CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL   GROUPS   OF    REGISTRANTS. 


2.  Colored  and  white  classification  compared. — The  results  of  the 
classification  of  December  15,  1917,  to  September  11,  1918,  in  respect 
to  colored  and  white  registrants  are  shown  in  the  following  Table  72: 

TABLE  72. — Colored  and  white  classification  compared. 


Colored  and  white  classification  compared. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
classified. 

Per  cent 
of 
classified. 

1 

2 

Total  colored  and  white  registered  : 
June  5,  1917,  to  Sept.  11,  1918  

10,  640,  846 

100.  00 

3 

Total  colored  registered  

1,  078,  331 

10.  13 

100  00 

4 

Class  I 

556  917 

51  65 

5 

Deferred  classes  

521,  414 

6 

Total  white  registered  

9,  562,  515 

89  87 

100  00 

7 

Class  I  

3,  110,  659 

32  53 

8 

Deferred  classes  

6,451,856 

9 

Percentage  accepted  for  service  on  calls  J  Colored 

36  23 

10 

before  Dec.  15,  1917  (report  for  1917).  \White  . 

24  75 

In  explanation  of'  the  higher  figures  for  colored  registrants  in 
Class  I,  three  general  considerations  may  here  be  pointed  out. 

In  the  first  place,  enlistments  depleted  the  white  Class  I  in  the 
South  of  a  large  proportion  of  its  eligibles,  enlistment  not  being  avail- 
able for  colored  registrants  except  to  a  negligible  degree  (only  1.5 
per  cent  of  enlistments  were  of  colored  men) ;  hence  the  colored  Class  I 
in  the  southern  States,  was  certain  to  be  large  in  relation  to  the 
white  Class  I,  remaining  for  draft  after  enlistments.  It  is  estimated 
that  the  white  enlistments  of  ages  21-30  numbered  650,000,  while 
the  colored  numbered  4,000;  thus  the  former  quantity  represented  a 
depletion  of  the  white  Class  I. 

In  the  second  place,  the  ratio  of  colored  delinquents  in  the  South 
was  ratably  higher  than  that  of  white  delinquents,  and  this  served  to 
increase  the  nominal  Class  I  of  colored  registrants  (delinquents  being 
placed  in  Class  I  under  the  regulations).  Labor  conditions  and  other 
circumstances  more  fully  mentioned  in  this  chapter  in  the  section  on 
delinquency  account  for  this  higher  ratio. 

In  the  third  place,  social,  agricultural,  and  industrial  conditions, 
of  course,  lead  to  variant  results  of  classification  in  different  States 
and  different  groups  of  States.  For  example,  the  records  of  appeals 
from  rulings  on  dependency  show  that  in  the  South,  as  a  whole,  the 
average  annual  income  of  those  making  dependency  claims  is  sur- 
prisingly low,  and  the  average  for  the  colored  race  is  undoubtedly 
lower  than  for  the  whites.  The  result  has  been  that  many  registrants 
both  white  and  colored,  have  been  put  in  Class  I  on  the  ground  that 
their  allotment  and  allowances  while  in  the  Army  would  furnish  an 
equivalent  support  to  their  dependents. 

The  net  result  of  the  first  two  foregoing  considerations  would  be 
to  readjust  the  ratios  of  the  colored  and  the  white  Class  I,  respec- 
tively, to  approximately  42  and  35  per  cent. 


EACE  AND  COLOR  GROUPS.  193 

As  a  further  indication  of  the  closeness  to  which  the  two  ratios 
approximate,  after  making  all  these  special  allowances,  it  should  be 
noted  that  the  numbers  selected  for  full  military  service  (Group  A, 
as  shown  in  Table  53)  were  respectively:  Colored,  342,277;  white, 
1,916,750,  and  that  these  figures  represent  respectively  31.74  and 
26.84  per  cent  of  the  total  colored  and  the  total  white  registrants  (of 
the  first  two  registrations),  thus  leaving  them  only  5  per  cent  apart. 
Now  the  same  Ttfble  53  shows  that,  for  every  100  men  examined 
physically,  the  ratio  of  colored  men  found  qualified  physically  for 
general  military  service  was  substantially  higher  than  the  ratio  for 
white  men,  by  just  5  per  cent,  viz,  74.60  per  cent  as  against  69.71 
per  cent;  this  difference  in  physical  qualifications  therefore  accounts 
for  this  remaining  excess  (5  per  cent)  of  colored  registrants  over 
white  registrants  accepted  for  full  military  service. 

Only  a  careful  scrutiny  of  these  and  other  considerations,  applica- 
ble under  the  law  and  regulations,  will  suffice  in  analyzing  the  final 
significance  of  these  figures  for  the  colored  and  white  Class  I  ratio. 

3.  Colored  and  white  inductions  compared. — The  numbers  for  col- 
ored and  white  registrants,  respectively,  depended  of  course  upon  the 
requisitions  received  at  this  office  from  the  War  Department  for  men 
composing  the  different  units.  And  this  was  dependent  more  or 
less  on  the  availability  of  colored  men  for  the  different  units  under 
organization.  The  following  Table  73  shows  the  result  of  these  calls ; 
Appendix  Table  73-A  shows  the  distribution  by  States. 

TABLE  73. — Colored  and  white  inductions  compared. 


• 
C«l«r*d  and  white  inductions  compared. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  induc- 
tions. 

1 

9 

Total  colored  and  white  inductions,  June  5,  1917-Nov.  11,  1918. 
Colored  

2,  810,  296 
367,  710 

100.00 
13.08 

^ 

White  

2,  442,  586 

86.92 

4 

From  registration  of  June  5,  1917-Sept.  11,  1918  

2,  299,  157 

5 

From  registration  of  Sept.  12,  1918  

143,  429 

4.  The  negro  in  relation  to  the  draft. — The  part  that  has  been 
played  by  the  negro  in  the  great  world  drama  upon  which  the  curtain 
is  now  about  to  fall  is  but  another  proof  of  the  complete  unity  of  the 
various  elements  that  go  to  make  up  this  great  Nation.  Passing 
through  the  sad  and  rigorous  experience  of  slavery;  ushered  into  a 
sphere  of  civil  and  political  activity  where  he  was  to  match  his  en- 
deavors with  those  of  his  former  masters  still  embittered  by  defeat; 
gradually  working  his  way  toward  the  achievement  of  success  that 
would  enable  both  him  and  the  world  to  justify  his  new  life  of  free- 
dom ;  surrounded  for  over  hah*  a  century  of  his  new  life  by  the  specter 
of  that  slavedom  through  which  he  had  for  centuries  past  laboriously 
97250°— 19 13 


194  CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL   GBOUPS   OF   REGISTRANTS. 

toiled;  met  continuously  by  the  prejudices  born  of  tradition;  still  the 
slave,  to  a  large  extent,  of  superstition  fed  by  ignorance — in  the 
light  of  this  history,  some  doubt  was  felt  and  expressed,  by  the  best 
friends  of  the  negro,  when  the  call  came  for  a  draft  upon  the  man- 
power of  the  Nation,  whether  he  would  possess  sufficient  stamina  to 
measure  up  to  the  full  duty  of  citizenship,  and  would  give  to  the  Stars 
and  Stripes,  that  had  guaranteed  for  him  the  same  liberty  now  sought 
for  all  nations  and  all  races,  the  response  that  was  its  due.  And,  on  the 
part  of  many  of  the  leaders  of  the  negro  race,  there  was  apprehension 
that  the  sense  of  fair  play  and  fair  dealing,  which  is  so  essentially  an 
American  characteristic,  would  not,  nay  could  not,  in  a  country  of 
such  diversified  views,  with  sectional  feeling  still  slumbering  but 
not  dead,  be  meted  out  to  the  members  of  the  colored  race. 

How  groundless  such  fears,  how  ill  considered  such  doubts,  may 
be  seen  from  the  statistical  record  of  the  draft  with  relation  to  the 
negro.  His  race  furnished  its  quota,  and  uncomplainingly,  yes, 
cheerfully.  History,  indeed,  will  be  unable  to  record  the  fullness  of 
his  spirit  hi  the  war,  for  the  reason  that  opportunities  for  enlistment 
were  not  opened  to  him  to  the  same  extent  as  to  the  whites.  But 
enough  can  be  gathered  from  the  records  to  show  that  he  was  filled 
with  the  same  feeling  of  patriotism,  the  same  martial  spirit,  that 
fired  his  white  fellow  citizen  in  the  cause  for  world  freedom. 

As  a  general  rule,  he  was  fair  in  his  dealings  with  draft  officials ;  and 
in  the  majority  of  cases,  having  the  assistance  of  his  white  employers, 
he  was  able  to  present  fairly  such  claims  for  deferment  or  discharge 
as  he  may  have  had,  for  the  consideration  of  the  various  draft 
boards.  In  consequence,  -there  appears  to  have  been  no  racial 
discrimination  made  in  the  determination  of  his  claims.  Indeed, 
the  proportion  of  claims  granted  to  claims  filed  by  members  of  the 
negro  race  compare  favorably  with  the  proportion  of  claims  granted 
to  members  of  the  white  race. 

That  the  men  of  the  colored  race  were  as  ready  to  serve  as 
their  white  neighbors  is  amply  proved  by  the  reports  from  the  local 
boards.  A  Pennsylvania  board,  remarking  upon  the  eagerness  of 
its  colored  registrants  to  be  inducted,  illustrated  this  by  the  action 
of  one  registrant,  who,  upon  learning  that  his  employer  had  had  him 
placed  upon  the  Emergency  Fleet  list,  quit  his  job.  Anotner  regis- 
trant, who  was  believed  by  the  board  to  be  above  draft  age,  insisted 
that  he  was  not,  and,  in  stating  that  he  was  not  married,  explained 
that  he  "wanted  only  one  war  at  a  time." 

The  following  descriptions  from  Oklahoma  and  Arkansas  boards 
are  typical,  the  first  serving  to  perpetuate  one  of  the  best  epigrams 
of  the  war: 

We  tried  to  treat  the  negroes  with  exactly  the  same  consideration  as  was  shown  the 
whites.  We  had  the  same  speakers  to  address  them.  The  Rotary  Club  presented 
them  with  small  silk  flags,  as  they  did  the  whites.  The  band  turned  out  to  escort 


RACE  AND  COLOR  GROUPS.  195 

them  to  the  train.  Aad  the  negroes  went  to  camp  with  as  cheerful  a  spirit  as  did  the 
white  men.  One  of  them  when  asked  if  he  were  going  to  France,  said,  "No,  sir,  I'se 
not  gwine  to  France.  I'se  gwine  through  France." 

In  dealing  with  the  negroes,  the  southern  boards  gained  a  richness  of  experience 
that  is  without  parallel.  No  other  class  of  citizens  was  more  loyal  to  the  Government; 
or  more  ready  to  answer  the  country's  call.  The  only  blot  upon  their  military  record 
was  the  great  number  of  delinquents  among  the  more  ignorant;  but  in  the  majority 
of  cases  this  was  traced  to  an  ignorance  of  the  regulations,  or  to  the  withholding  of 
mail  by  the  landlord  (often  himself  an  aristocratic  slacker)  in  order  to  retain  the 
man's  labor. 

On  October  1,  1917,  in  order  that  there  might  be  no  question  of 
the  full  protection  of  the  rights  of  the  negroes,  and  that  thorough 
examination  might  be  made  into  all  matters  affecting  their  relation 
to  the  war  and  its  many  agencies,  there  was  announced  the  appoint- 
ment of  Emmett  J.  Scott  as  special  assistant  to  the  Secretary  of 
War.  Having  been  for  18  years  confidential  secretary  to  the  late 
Booker  T.  Washington,  and  being  at  the  tune  of  his  appointment 
secretary  of  the  Tuskegee  Normal  and  Industrial  Institute  for 
negroes,  he  was  peculiarly  fitted  to  render  necessary  advice  to  the 
War  Department  with  respect  to  the  colored  people  of  the  various 
States,  to  look  after  all  matters  affecting  the  interests  of  negro 
selectives  and  enlisted  men,  and  to  inquire  into  the  treatment 
accorded  them  by  the  various  officials  connected  with  the  War 
Department.  In  the  position  occupied  by  him,  the  special  assistant 
to  the  Secretary  of  War  was  thus  enabled  to  obtain  a  proper  per- 
spective both  of  the  attitude  of  selective  service  officials  to  the 
negro,  and  of  the  negro  to  the  war,  and  especially  to  the  draft.  As 
the  representative  of  his  race,  his  expressions,  therefore,  have  great 
weight.  In  a  memorandum  addressed  to  this  office,  on  the  subject 
of  the  relation  of  the  negro  to  the  war  and  especially  to  the  draft, 
on  December  12,  1918,  he  wrote: 

The  attitude  of  the  negro  to  the  war,  and  especially  to  the  draft,  was  one  of  complete 
acceptance  to  the  draft,  in  fact,  of  an  eagerness  to  accept  its  terms.  There  was  a  deep 
resentment  in  many  quarters  that  he  was  not  permitted  to  volunteer,  as  white 
men,  by  the  thousands,  were  permitted  to  do  in  connection  with  National 
Guard  unite  and  other  branches  of  military  service  which  were  closed  to  colored 
men.  One  of  the  brightest  chapters  in  the  whole  history  of  the  war  is  the  negro's  eager 
acceptance  of  the  draft  and  his  splendid  willingness  to  fight.  His  only  resentment 
was  due  to  the  limited  extent  to  which  he  was  allowed  to  join  and  participate  in 
combatant  or  "fighting"  units.  The  number  of  colored  draftees  accepted  for  military 
duty,  and  the  comparatively  small  number  of  them  claiming  exemptions,  as  com- 
pared with  the  total  number  of  white  and  colored  men  called  and  drafted,  presents 
an  interesting  study  and  reflects  much  credit  upon  this  racial  group. 

Many  influences  were  brought  to  bear  upon  the  negro  to  evade  his 
duty  to  the  Government.  Some  effort  in  certain  sections  of  the 
country  was  made  to  induce  them  not  to  register.  That  the  attempt 
to  spread  German  propaganda  was  a  miserable  failure  may  be  seen 


196  CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL   GROUPS   OF   REGISTRANTS. 

from  the  statement  of  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Investigation  of 
the  Department  of  Justice  to  the  United  States  Senate  committee : 

The  negroes  didn't  take  to  these  stories,  however,  as  they  were  too  loyal.  Money 
spent  in  the  South  for  propaganda  was  thrown  away. 

Then,  too,  these  evil  influences  were  more  than  offset  by  the  various 
publicity  and  " promotion  of  morale"  measures  carried  on  through 
the  office  of  the  special  assistant  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  his 
assistants.  Correspondence  was  kept  up  with  influential  negroes  all 
over  the  country.  Letters,  circulars,  and  news  items  for  the  purpose  of 
effecting  and  encouraging  the  continued  loyalty  of  the  negro  citizens 
were  regularly  issued  to  the  various  papers  comprising  both  the  white 
and  negro  press.  A  special  committee  of  100  colored  speakers  was 
appointed  to  deliver  public  patriotic  addresses  all  over  the  country, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Committee  on  Public  Information,  stating 
the  war  aims  of  the  Government  and  seeking  to  keep  unbroken  the 
spirit  of  loyalty  of  colored  American  citizens.  A  special  conference 
of  negro  editors  was  called  to  meet  in  Washington  hi  June,  1918, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Committee  on  Public  Information,  in  order 
to  gather  and  disseminate  the  thought  and  public  opinion  of  the 
various  leaders  of  the  negro  race.  Such  has  been  only  a  part  of  the 
work  of  the  department  of  the  special  assistant  to  the  Secretary  of 
War  hi  the  record  of  the  marshaling  of  the  man  power  of  the  American 
Nation. 

The  appreciation  of  this  representative  of  the  colored  race  for  the 
cooperation  shown  by  the  Selective  Service  administration,  especially 
as  it  affected  members  of  the  colored  race,  in  reference  to  occasional 
complaints  received,  will  appear  from  the  following  extract  from  a 
memorandum  written  to  this  office  on  September  12  by  the  special 
assistant  to  the  Secretary  of  War: 

Throughout  my  tenure  here  I  have  keenly  appreciated  the  prompt  and  cordial 
cooperation  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General's  Office  with  that  particular  section  of  the 
office  of  the  Secretary  of  War  especially  referred  to  herein.  The  Provost  Marshal 
General's  Office  has  carefully  investigated  and  has  furnished  full  and  complete  reports 
in  each  and  every  complaint  or  case  referred  to  it  for  attention,  involving  discrimina- 
tion, race  prejudice,  erroneous  classification  of  draftees,  etc.,  and  has  rectified  these 
complaints  whenever  it  was  found,  upon  investigation,  that  there  was  just  ground  for 
the  same.  Especially  in  the  matter  of  applying  and  carrying  out  the  Selective  Service 
Regulations,  the  Provost  Marshal  General's  Office  has  kept  a  watchful  eye  upon  certain 
local  exemption  boards  which  seemed  disinclined  to  treat  negro  draftees  on  the  same 
basis  as  other  Americans  subject  to  the  draft  law.  It  is  an  actual  fact  that  in  a  number 
of  instances,  where  flagrant  violations  have  occurred  in  the  application  of  thu  draft  law 
to  negro  men  in  certain  sections  of  the  country,  local  exemption  boards  have  been 
removed  bodily  and  new  boards  have  been  appointed  to  supplant  them.  In  several 
instances  these  new  boards  so  appointed  have  been  ordered  by  the  Provost  Marshal 
General  to  reclassify  colored  men  who  had  been  unlawfully  conscripted  into  th«  Army 
or  who  had  been  wrongfully  classified ;  as  a  result  of  this  action  hundreds  of  colored  men 
have  had  their  complaints  remedied  and  have  been  properly  reclassifieii. 


RACE  AND  COLOR  GROUPS.  197 

It  is  also  valuable  to  note  the  opinion  of  this  representative  of 
the  colored  race  as  to  the  results  of  the  negroes'  participation  in  the 
war: 

In  a  word,  I  believe  tkat  the  negro's  participation  in  the  war,  his  eagerness  to  serve, 
and  his  great  courage  and  demonstrated  valor  across  the  seas,  have  given  him  a  new 
idea  of  Americanism  and  likewise  have  given  to  the  white  people  of  our  country  a  new 
idea  of  his  citizenship,  his  real  character  and  capabilities,  and  his  100  per  cent  Ameri- 
canism. Incidentally  the  negro  has  been  helped  in  many  ways,  physically  and 
mentally  and  has  been  made  into  an  even  more  satisfactory  asset  to  the  Nation. 

5.  TTie  Indian  in  relation  to  the  draft, — The  registration  of  Indians 
presented  at  the  outset  some  difficulties,  owing  mainly  to  the  cir- 
cumstance that  noncitizen  Indians  were  not  liable  to  the  selective 
draft,  and  that  it  was  not  always  easy  to  ascertain  the  identity  of 
the  noncitizen  Indians.  These  obstacles  were,  however,  speedily 
overcome  by  inquiries  and  negotiations,  particularly  in  the  State  of 
New  York  and  in  one  or  two  Western  States.  The  regulations  (as 
already  noted  in  Chapter  II)  provided  that  Indians  domiciled  in 
Government  reservations  should  be  registered  with  the  Government 
agents  and  their  registration  returns  forwarded  through  the  Com- 
missioner of  Indian  Affairs;  the  cards  of  citizen  Indians  being  after- 
wards filed  with  the  nearest  local  boards;  for  this  reason,  the  Sep- 
tember reports  of  race  and  color  registration  received  from  the  local 
boards  for  the  registration  of  September  12,  1918,  were  not  able  to 
indicate  separately  the  number  of  Indians  registered.  These  num- 
bers have  been  obtained  from  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs; 
but  they  did  not  discriminate  between  the  citizen  and  the  non- 
citizen  Indians;  it  may  be  assumed,  however,  that  more  than  one- 
half  of  the  registrants  reported  were  citizen  Indians. 

In  determining  the  citizenship  of  Indians,  the  rules  laid  down  by 
the  Bureau  of  Indian  Affairs  were  followed.  Generally  speaking, 
an  Indian  born  in  the  United  States  is  a  citizen  if  he,  or  his  father  or 
mother  prior  to  his  birth  or  before  he  attained  the  age  of  21,  was 
allotted  land  or  received  a  patent  in  fee  prior  to  May  8,  1906;  or  if 
he  was  allotted  land  subsequent  to  May  8,  1906,  and  received  a 
patent  in  fee  to  his  land;  or  if  he  was  residing  in  the  old  Indian 
Territory  on  March  3,  1901;  or  if  he  has  lived  separate  and  apart 
from  his  tribe  and  has  adopted  the  habits  of  civilized  life. 

It  is  beyond  doubt  that  many  Indians  voluntarily  registered,  who 
were  not  bound  to  do  so.  Moreover,  the  report  of  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Indian  Affairs  for  1918  (dated  Sept.  30,  1918),  estimates 
that  over  8,000  Indians  entered  some  branch  of  the  military  service. 
He  continues: 

Of  this  number  approximately  6,500  are  in  the  Army,  1,000  in  the  Navy  and  500 
in  other  military  work.  It  is  also  significant  that  fully  6,000  of  these  entered  by 
enlistment.  Moreover,  it  should  go  into  the  record  that  many  Indians  from  our 
northern  reservations  enrolled  in  Canadian  military  organizations  before  the  declara- 


198  CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL   GROUPS  OF   REGISTRANTS. 

tion  of  war  by  the  United  Stales.  Their  letters  from  cantonments  or  abroad  are 
full  of  interest  and  in  unpretentious  language  sound  a  note  of  steadfast  courage,  opti- 
mism, and  a  broadened  view  of  the  great  events  in  which  they  mingle.  Considering 
the  large  number  of  old  and  infirm  Indians  and  others  not  acceptable  under  the  draft, 
leaving  about  33,000  of  military  eligibility,  I  regard  their  representation  of  8.000  in 
camp  and  actual  warfare  as  furnishing  a  ratio  to  population  unsurpassed,  if  equaled. 
by  any  other  race  or  nation.  I  am  very  proud  of  their  part  in  this  war. 

The  light  here  furnished,  by  the  figures  of  the  local  board  reports, 
upon  the  manner  in  which  the  members  of  the  Indian  race  made 
their  contribution  to  the  raising  of  our  armed  forces,  appears  from 
the  following  Table  74 : 

TABLE  74. — Ratio  of  Indian  deferment  claims  and  inductions. 


Ratio  of  Indian  deferment  claims  and  inductions. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  Indian 
regis- 
trants. 

1 

Total  Indians  registered  

17,  313 

? 

First  and  second  registration         

11  803 

100  00 

3 

June  5,  1917 

10,  464 

88  66 

4 

June  5-Aug.  24,  1918  

1,339 

11.34 

5 

Third  registration  of  Sept.  12,  1918  

5,  510 

fi 

Indians  ^lairning  deferment  prior  to  S«pt.  1  1  ,  1918 

228 

1.93 

7 

Indians  inducted  prior  to  Sept.  11,  1918  

6,509 

55.  15 

Comparing  these  figures  with  the  general  averages  (Tables  62  and 
78),  it  will  be  seen  that  the  ratio  of  Indians  claiming  deferment  was 
negligible  as  compared  with  the  average  for  all  registrants;  and  that 
the  ratio  of  Indian  registrants  inducted  was  more  than  twice  as  high 
as  the  average  for  all  registrants. 

As  the  raising  of  the  Army  proceeded,  and  the  organizations  entered 
upon  their  transit  overseas,  it  was  seen  that  the  traditional  aptitude 
of  the  Indian  race  for  the  military  career  was  being  verified,  and 
that  the  men  of  this  breed  were  nobly  showing  their  zeal  for  the 
great  cause.  The  story  of  their  share  in  it  will  some  day  be  told 
in  full.  The  following  item  from  the  Field  Army  newspaper,  Stars 
and  Stripes,  in  the  November  issue,  1918,  suggests  something  of  the 
flavor  imparted  to  the  battle  field  by  this  band  of  red  men : 

It  was  the  Prussian  Guard  against  the  American  Indian  on  the  morning  of  October 
8  in  the  hills  of  Champagne.  When  it  was  all  over,  the  Prussian  Guards  were  farther 
on  their  way  back  toward  the  Aisne,  and  warriors  of  13  Indian  tribes  looked  down  on 
the  town  of  St.  Etienne.  The  Indians — one  company  of  them —  were  fighting  with 
the  Thirty-sixth  Division,  made  up  of  Texas  and  Oklahoma  rangers  and  oil  men, 
for  the  most  part.  "The  Millionaire  Company"  was  the  title  that  had  followed  the 
Indians  from  Camp  Bowie,  Wyo.,  and  there  followed  them  also  a  legend  of  $1,000 
checks  cashed  by  Indian  buck  privates — of  privates  who  used  to  spend  their  hours 
on  pass  in  12-cylinder  motor  cars — of  a  company  football  team  that  was  full  of  ( 'article 
stars  and  had  won  a  camp  championship.  Collectively,  they  owned  many  square 
miles  of  the  richest  oil  and  mineral  lands  of  Oklahoma,  and  bark  home  there  were 
thousands  of  dollars  in  royalties  piling  up  every  day  for  the  buying  of  Liberty  bonda. 


DELINQUENTS,   DESERTERS,   AND   RESISTANTS.  199 

In  the  company  were  Creeks  and  Sioux,  Seminoles,  Apaches,  Wyandottes,  Choc- 
taws,  Iroquois,  and  Mohawks.  It  was  a  company  with  a  roll  of  names  that  was  the 
despair  of  the  regimental  paymaster,  who  never  could  keep  track  of  Big  Bear,  Rain- 
bow Blanket,  Bacta  Rind,  Hohemanatubbe,  and  the  246  other  original  dialect 
nomenclature. 

The  Commissioner's  concluding  words  may  here  be  quoted: 

I  reluctantly  withhold  a  detailed  account  of  the  many  instances  of  tribal  and 
personal  patriotism  and  of  individual  valor  and  achievement  by  our  Indian  soldiers 
in  the  service  of  both  Canada  and  the  United  States  that  came  to  my  attention  dur- 
ing the  year,  for  no  record  here  would  seem  fittingly  impartial  that  did  not  include 
the  hundreds  of  noteworthy  and  authenticated  incidents  on  the  reservation,  in  the 
camps,  and  in  France  that  have  been  almost  daily  recounted  in  the  public  prints. 
The  complete  story  would  be  a  voluminous  narration  of  scenes,  episodes,  eloquent 
appeal,  stirring  action,  and  glorious  sacrifice  that  might  better  be  written  into  a 
deathless  epic  by  some  master  poet  born  out  of  the  heroic  travail  of  a  world-embattled 
era. 

(IH.)    DELINQUENTS,  DESERTERS,  AND  RESISTANTS. 

1.  Evasion  of  the  draft;  slackers,  delinquents,  and  deserters;  distinc- 
tions explained. — Evasion  of  the  draft  was  attempted  by  compara- 
tively few  persons.  Nevertheless,  to  deal  with  these  efforts  proved 
to  be  one  of  the  most  difficult  problems  in  the  administration  of  the 
selective  service  law. 

The  would-be  draft  evaders  were  in  general  of  three  kinds:  Those 
who  failed  to  register,  those  who  failed  to  submit  themselves  in  the 
interim  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  local  board,  and  those  who  failed 
to  obey  the  orders  of  the  local  board,  or  other  competent  authority, 
to  report  for  military  duty.  These  three  groups  came  to  be  termed, 
respectively,  slackers,  delinquents,  and  deserters. 

The  term  " slacker,"  meaning  a  person  who  had  failed  to  do  his 
part  in  the  national  defense,  had  come  into  general  use  by  the  time  of 
the  first  registration  on  June  5,  1917.  For  that  reason,  usage  of 
local  boards  came  to  apply  that  term  to  persons  who  failed  to  register, 
being  the  earliest  stage  of  an  attempt  to  evade  military  duty. 

Of  those  who  registered,  a  number  subsequently  failed  to  report  to 
the  local  boards  for  physical  examination,  or  failed  to  file  question- 
naires as  required  by  the  regulations;  these  were  termed  "delin- 
quents." 

Special  orders  were  issued  to  delinquents  by  State  adjutants  general, 
directing  them  to  report  for  military  duty  at  a  specified  day  and  hour. 
Unless  the  order  was  rescinded  upon  the  delinquent's  reporting  to 
the  adjutant  general,  he  was  in  the  military  service  from  and  after 
the  day  and  hour  specified.  If  a  delinquent  failed  to  report,  as 
directed,  he  was  a  "deserter."  Other  registrants  became  deserters 
by  a  different  method.  As  the  process  of  classification  and  selection 
proceeded,  certain  registrants  were  selected  for  service  by  their  local 
boards  and  were  ordered  to  report  for  military  duty  at  a  specified  time; 
this  process  was  termed  "induction."  A  registrant  who,  upon  being 


200  CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL   GROUPS   OF   REGISTRANTS. 

inducted  into  the  military  service,  failed  to  report  for  military  duty, 
was  a  deserter. 

Briefly,  then,  a  "slacker"  was  a  person  who  failed  to  register;  a 
"delinquent"  was  a  registrant  who  failed  to  return  the  question- 
naire or  to  report  for  physical  examination;  and  a  "deserter"  was  a 
registrant  who  failed  to  obey  an  order  to  report  for  military  duty. 

2.  Methods  of  detecting  and  apprehending  slackers,  delinquents,  and 
deserters. — The  authority  and  duty  of  State  and  Federal  police 
officers  to  apprehend  slackers,  delinquents,  and  deserters  appears  in 
the  selective  service  law  and  regulations  and  other  Federal  statutes. 
Section  6  of  the  selective  service  act  authorized  the  President  to 
utilize  the  services  of  both  State  and  Federal  officers  in  the  execution 
of  the  act.  By  the  selective  service  regulations,  section  49,  it  was 
made  the  duty  of  all  State  and  Federal  police  officials  to  locate  and 
take  into  custody,  and  to  bring  forthwith  before  local  boards,  all 
those  who  failed  to  return  their  questionnaires,  to  appear  for  physical 
examination,  to  report  change  of  status,  to  report  for  any  duty,  or 
to  perform  any  act  required  by  the  regulations  or  by  proper  direction 
of  the  local  or  district  boards.  The  selective  service  regulations, 
section  57,  provided  that  registrants  must  always  keep  in  their 
possession,  either  the  registration  certificate,  or,  after  classification, 
the  final  classification  card,  and  must  exhibit  the  same  when  called 
upon  to  do  so  by  any  local  or  district  board  member  or  police  official. 

Desertion  is,  of  course,  an  offense  by  military  law.  State  and 
Federal  police  officers  are  by  statute  authorized  to  arrest  without 
warrant  deserters  from  the  Army  and  Navy  of  the  United  States, 
and  a  reward  of  $50  is  payable  for  the  apprehension  and  delivery  to 
military  control  of  each  draft  deserter  who  is  physically  qualified  for 
military  service  and  whose  offense  the  local  board  finds  to  have  been 
willful.  In  addition,  failure  to  perform  any  duty  imposed  by  the 
selective  service  act  or  the  regulations  made  thereunder,  is  a  mis- 
demeanor, punishable  by  fine  and  imprisonment.  The  Bureau  of 
Investigation  of  the  Department  of  Justice  is  charged  by  statute 
with  the  detection  and  prosecution  of  crimes  against  the  United  States. 

Federal  and  State  police  officers  alike  have  been  very  diligent  in 
apprehending  slackers,  delinquents,  and  deserters.  The  agents  of 
the  Bureau  of  Investigation  of  the  Department  of  Justice  have  been 
pioneers  in  this  work.  They  have  been  ably  assisted  by  State  police 
officers,  by  the  military  and  naval  intelligence  bureaus,  by  local  and 
district  board  members,  and  by  certain  volunteer  organizations, 
notably  the  American  Protective  League,  working  both  in  coopera- 
tion with  the  Department  of  Justice  and  independently.  The  United 
States  attorneys  have  submitted  reports  to  the  Department  of  Justice 
showing  that  more  than  10,000  prosecutions  for  failure  to  register  had 
been  instituted  on  or  before  June  30,  1918.  It  has  been  the  policy 
of  the  Department  of  Justice  to  prosecute  only  when  the  failure  to 


DELINQUENTS,   DESERTERS,   AND   RESISTANTS.  201 

register  appears  to  have  been  clearly  wittful.  Up  to  that  date  the 
agents  of  the  Bureau  of  Investigation  of  that  department  had  made 
220,747  investigations  of  failure  to  register  and  delinquency,  resulting 
in  the  induction  into  military  service  of  23,495  persons. 

Many  of  the  persons  whose  cases  have  been  investigated  for  failure 
to  register  have  asserted  that  they  were  not  within  registration  age. 
Effective  investigation  of  such  assertions  was  made  by  examination 
of  public  school  records,  life  insurance  records,  birth  and  marriage 
records,  immigration  records,  records  of  qualified  voters,  and  records 
under  the  liquor  laws  of  certain  States  (which  require  the  affidavit  of 
the  person  obtaining  intoxicants  from  a  common  carrier  that  he  has 
attained  his  twenty-first  birthday).  Thousands  of  letters  have  been 
received  by  the  various  authorities,  reporting  alleged  instances  of 
failure  to  register,  of  false  statements  submitted  on  questionnaires, 
and  of  failure  to  perform  other  duties  under  the  selective  service  law. 
How  keen  the  local  communities  were  to  aid  the  boards  by  informing 
on  slackers  is  noted  in  Chapter  X. 

In  addition  to  the  general  method  of  work  on  specific  cases  and 
running  down  complaints,  as  indicated  in  the  preceding  paragraph, 
this  office  made  arrangements  with  manufacturers  and  other  employ- 
ers of  labor  to  ask  all  applicants  for  employment  to  exhibit  their  reg- 
istration and  classification  cards,  and  to  advise  the  authorities  of  all 
persons  who  did  not  have  them.  Federal  agents  were  stationed  at 
large  employment  agencies,  made  visits  from  tune  to  time  to  large 
lodging  houses,  and  otherwise  endeavored  to  attack  the  problem  as 
systematically  as  practicable.  Under  the  authority  of  section  57, 
Selective  Service  Regulations,  State  and  Federal  police  officials  have 
demanded  of  persons  apparently  of  registration  age  the  exhibition  of 
registration  certificates  and  certificates  of  final  classification.  From 
this  practice  developed  the  occasional  so-called  " slacker  raids." 

"Slacker  raids." — At  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  the  agents  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Justice,  in  March,  1918,  arranged  the  first  general  canvass 
for  draft  evaders  taking  place  in  a  specific  locality.  The  agents  of 
the  Department  of  Justice,  the  police  of  the  city  of  Pittsburgh,  and 
the  members  of  the  American  Protective  League  all  cooperated  hi 
an  effort  to  see  that  every  man  apparently  within  the  draft  age  was 
called  upon  within  a  limited  time,  under  authority  of  section  57  of 
the  Selective  Service  Regulations,  to  exhibit  a  certificate  showing  his 
draft  status,  and  that  those  who  appeared  to  be  delinquent  were  taken 
before  the  local  boards  for  investigation.  This  canvass  was  successful 
and  resulted  in  a  large  number  of  deserters  being  sent  to  mobiliza- 
tion camps  and  in  many  delinquents  being  reported  to  their  local 
boards. 

Subsequently  this  plan  was  tried  by  the  Department  of  Justice  in 
other  localities  with  considerable  success.  In  Chicago  and  Boston 


202  CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL  GROUPS  OF   REGISTRANTS. 

about  700  and  800  men,  respectively,  were  found  to  be  deserters  and 
sent  to  camp. 

The  largest  canvass  arranged  by  the  Department  of  Justice  was 
conducted  in  New  York  City  from  September  3  to  September  6, 
1918,  the  report  of  that  department  showing  that  in  New  York, 
Brooklyn,  and  Jersey  City  50,187  men  were  examined.  About  15,000 
of  them  were  found  to  have  become  delinquents  and  were  referred 
to  their  proper  local  boards;  1,505  were  sent  to  camp  as  deserters, 
making  a  total  of  16,505  draft  evaders  disposed  of.  The  agencies 
employed  in  the  raid  were  the  marshals,  deputy  marshals,  and  spe- 
cial agents  of  the  Department  of  Justice,  police  and  detectives  of 
the  city  of  New  York,  members  of  the  American  Protective  League, 
as  well  as  some  soldiers  and  sailors.  It  was  not  intended  that  the 
soldiers  and  sailors  should  make  arrests,  but  that  they  should  be 
used  for  the  purpose  of  guarding  prisoners  and  for  disposing  of  men 
apprehended  who  were  found  to  be  deserters  from  the  Army  and 
Navy.  Because  of  the  various  organizations  involved,  the  large  num- 
ber of  men  engaged  in  the  work,  and  the  large  number  of  men  appre- 
hended some  confusion  and  lack  of  judgment  in  handling  individual 
cases  resulted.  The  methods  followed  were  severely  criticized  by 
certain  newspapers  and  by  Senators  on  the  floor  of  the  Senate;  the 
action  taken  was  equally  vigorously  defended  by  certain  other  news- 
papers and  Senators.  This  raid  served  not  only  to  apprehend  more 
than  16,000  delinquents  and  deserters,  but  the  publicity  given  it 
caused  many  registrants  who  had  been  lax  in  keeping  in  touch  with 
their  local  boards  suddenly  to  realize  the  danger  of  that  course  and 
to  communicate  with  their  boards  immediately  for  the  purpose  of 
putting  their  records  hi  proper  shape. 

On  a  survey  of  this  occurrence  it  now  seems  that  the  general  pur- 
pose and  scheme  of  the  raid  was  meritorious,  and  that  good  results 
were  obtained,  but  that  hi  detail  mistakes  were  made,  which  may 
be  attributed  to  overzealousness  on  the  part  of  officers  who  were 
making  vigorous  and  effective  efforts  to  accomplish  the  laudable 
purpose  of  apprehending  draft  evaders. 

3.  Reported  and  net  reported  desertions. — (a)  Reported  desertions. — 
The  total  number  of  registrants  of  the  first  and  second  registrations 
who  have  been  reported  by  State  adjutants  general  and  local  boards 
to  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army  as  deserters  is  474,861  (Table  75). 
More  than  three-fourths  of  these  registrants  have  become  deserters 
because,  having  failed  to  return  the  questionnaire  or  to  report  for 
physical  examination,  and  having  been  reported  to  the  State  adjutants 
general  by  the  local  boards  as  delinquent,  they  failed  to  obey  the 
induction  order  mailed  to  them  by  that  officer.  The  others  acquired 
the  status  of  desertion  after  classification  and  physical  examination 
through  failure  to  obey  the  local  board's  order  to  report  for  entrain- 
ment  to  camp.  In  other  words,  draft  deserters  became  such  because 


DELINQUENTS,   DESERTERS,   AND  RESISTANTS. 


203 


they  failed  to  perform  a  duty  imposed  on  them  by  law,  and  not 
because  they  committed  the  affirmative  act  of  absenting  themselves 
from  their  post  of  duty.  Generally  speaking,  they  are  passive 
•  deserters,  as  contrasted  to  active  deserters,  that  is,  to  soldiers  who 
desert  after  they  have  been  mustered  into  the  service  and  have 
acquired  military  training.  The  intent  to  evade  military  duty  may 
be  as  strong  in  the  first  instance  as  in  the  second.  Doubtless,  how- 
ever, many  registrants  have  been  charged  with  desertion  who  in  fact 
had  no  intention  to  evade  military  service,  but  through  ignorance 
permitted  themselves  to  become  delinquent.  It  is  difficult  to  believe 
that  men  of  military  age  in  the  United  States  could  have  remained 
wholly  ignorant  of  the  obligations  imposed  on  them  by  the  Selective 
Service  Law  and  Regulations ;  but  the  experience  of  the  draft  officials 
shows  that,  whatever  the  cause,  some  persons  did  fail  to  comprehend 
them  or  were  indifferent  to  their  demands. 

(&)  Net  reported  desertions. — But  the  reports  of  desertions  represent 
only  the  technical  state  of  the  record  as  made  when  the  apparent 
default  occurred.  Table  75  shows  the  total  number  of  desertions  re- 
ported, and  the  net  number  of  desertions  remaining  after  deduction 
of  those  cases  otherwise  accounted  for  upon  inquiry : 

TABLE  75. — Ratio  of  reported  and  outstanding  desertions. 


Ratio  of  reported  and  outstanding  desertions. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
reported 
desertions. 

Per  cent  of 
cancel- 
lations. 

Per  cent  of 
net 
desertions. 

1 

Total  reported  desertions  Jun.  5,  1917,  to  Sept. 
11,  1918  

474,  861 

100.00 

?, 

Otherwise  accounted  for  as  not  desertions 

111,  839 

23.55 

100.00 

3 
4 
5 

r> 

Enlistments  explicitly  accounted  for 
Deaths  
Foreign  service  
Enemy  aliens  

74,  228 
2,726 
1,778 
33  107 

66.36 
2.44 
1.60 
29  60 

ii 

7 

Net  reported  desertions   

363  022 

76  45 

100  00 

8 

Apprehended  or  otherwise  disposed 
of  

67,  838 

18  69 

9 

Net  outstanding  desertions  

295,  184 





81.31 

It  thus  appears  that  of  the  474,861  reports  of  desertion  that  have 
been  made,  more  than  111,839  have  been  found  to  be  explainable, 
either  by  the  prior  enlistment  of  the  person  in  the  United  States  Army, 
Navy,  or  Marine  Corps,  by  his  entry  into  the  army  of  a  country  at 
war  with  the  enemy  of  the  United  States,  by  his  death,  or  by  his 
citizenship  in  an  enemy  nation. 

(1)  Enlistments. — From  June  5,  1917,  the  first  registration  day, 
until  December  15,  1917,  registrants  were  permitted  to  enlist  in  the 
Army,  with  the  result  that  a  great  many  did  so  without  informing 
their  local  boards.  When  the  boards  sent  out  questionnaires  in 
December,  1917,  many  of  these  registrants,  being  already  in  the  Army 


204  CHAPTER  V.   SPECIAL  GROUPS  OP  REGISTRANTS. 

and  possibly  feeling  that  it  was  unnecessary  to  return  the  question- 
naire, failed  to  do  so.  The  local  board,  not  being  advised  of  the 
enlistment  and  failing  to  receive  the  questionnaire,  reported  and  ad- 
vertised the  registrant  as  delinquent.  Similar  conditions  existed  with, 
respect  to  many  registrants  who  entered  the  Navy  or  Marine  Corps, 
enlistment  in  which  was  permitted  under  certain  conditions  until 
August  8,  1918.  More  than  74,228  such  cases  have  been  discovered. 
Up  to  this  tune  it  has  been  impracticable  to  compare  the  draft  deser- 
tion records  with  the  personnel  records  of  the  Army,  Navy,  and 
Marine  Corps.  When  that  is  done,  doubtless  many  thousand  more 
names  will  be  removed  from  the  lists  of  reported  draft  deserters. 

Furthermore,  1,778  deserters  are  found  to  have  enlisted  in  the 
armies  of  nations  associated  with  the  United  States  in  the  present 
war.  Under  the  authority  of  the  act  of  May  7,  1917,  the  British 
have  recruited  about  48,000  men  in  the  United  States,  the  Poles 
have  recruited  about  18,000,  and  the  Czecho-Slovaks  have  recruited 
a  considerable  number.  It  is  also  known  that  many  registrants 
went  to  Canada  and  there  enlisted.  Doubtless,  many  such  regis- 
trants failed  to  advise  their  boards  of  their  enlistment  or  to  return 
their  questionnaires,  and  in  consequence  they  are  now  carried  as 
deserters. 

(2)  Deaths. — At  least  2,726  reported  deserters  are  found  to  have 
died  and  for  that  reason  to  have  failed  to  return  questionnaires,  the 
local  board  at  the  time  of  making  the  reports  not  having  been  advised 
of  such  deaths.     It  is  also  probable  that  the  death  of  other  reported 
deserters  .has  not  been  discovered. 

(3)  Alien   enemies. — More   than  33,107   persons   who   were   alien 
enemies  failed  to  return  the  questionnaire,  or  failed  to  submit  to  the 
local  board  any  proof  of  German  or  Austrian  citizenship.     They  too 
were  reported  as  deserters;  although  the  regulations,  if  the  facts 
had  been  known  at  the  time,  required  their  exemption  whether  or 
not  the  questionnaire  was  returned. 

The  number  of  reported  deserters  is,  therefore,  too  large  by  at 
least  111,839;  the  number  of  registrants  who,  at  any  time,  have 
actuaUy  been  in  the  status  of  desertion  does  not  exceed  363,022. 
Enlistments  in  the  Army,  Navy,  and  Marine  Corps,  and  in  the  armies 
of  the  allies,  deaths,  and  alien  enemy  citizenship,  yet  to  be  dis- 
covered, will  reduce  this  number  still  further. 

(c)  Desertions  disposed  of. — Of  these  363,022  net  reported  deserters, 
67,838  have  been  reported  to  have  been  apprehended  or  their  cases 
otherwise  to  have  been  locally  disposed  of,  leaving  295,184  deserters 
now  at  large  and  yet  to  be  disposed  of.  The  methods  by  which  this 
large  number  of  draft  deserters  have  been  apprehended  are  explained 
in  the  preceding  paragraph  2.  Although  the  figures  are  not  available, 
it  is  known  that  the  majority  of  those  deserters  who  were  appre- 
hended and  sent  to  camp  were  either  restored  to  duty  without  trial, 


DELINQUENTS,   DESERTERS,   AND  RESISTANTS. 


205 


having  been  able  to  show  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  commanding 
officer  of  the  camp  that  their  offense  was  not  willful,  or  were  dis- 
charged as  physically  disqualified.  Only  a  comparatively  small 
number  have  been  brought  before  a  court-martial. 

4.  Reported  desertions,  by  color,  compared. — Of  the  474,861  reported 
deserters,  369,030  are  white  registrants,  and  105,831  are  colored 
registrants;  the  ratio  of  white  reported  deserters  to  white  registrants 
being  3.86,  and  the  ratio  of  colored  reported  deserters  to  colored 
registrants  being  9.81.  Table  76  shows  the  figures  in  detail;  in  Ap- 
pendix Table  76-A,  the  variances  in  the  several  States  are  given. 

TABLE  76. — Reported  desertions,  by  color,  compared. 


Reported  desertions,  by  color,  compared. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
deser- 
tions. 

Per  cent 
of  deser- 
tions by 
color. 

1 

Total  colored  and  white  registrants,  June  5,  1917, 
to  Sept  11   1918  

10,  640,  846 

100  00 

2 

Total  reported  desertions  

474,  861 

4  46 

Total  colored  registrants  

1,  078,  331 

100  00 

. 

Reported  desertions.                               .    .  . 

105,  831 

99 

9  81 

5 

Total  white  registrants  

9,  562,  515 

100  00 

Reported  desertions  

369,  030 

3  47 

These  figures  of  reported  desertions,  however,  lose  their  significance 
when  the  facts  behind  them  are  studied.  There  is  in  the  files  of  this 
office  a  series  of  letters  from  governors  and  draft  executives  of 
southern  States,  called  forth  by  inquiry  for  an  explanation  of  the 
large  percentage  of  negroes  among  the  reported  deserters  and  delin- 
quents. With  striking  unanimity  the  draft  authorities  replied  that 
this  was  due  to  two  causes;  first,  ignorance  and  illiteracy,  especially 
in  the  rural  regions,  to  which  may  be  added  a  certain  shiftlessness 
in  ignoring  civic  obligations;  and  secondly,  the  tendency  of  the  negroes 
to  shift  from  place  to  place.  The  natural  inclination  to  roam  from 
one  employment  to  another  has  been  accentuated  by  unusual  demands 
for  labor  incident  to  the  war,  resulting  in  a  considerable  flow  of 
colored  men  to  the  North  and  to  various  munition  centers.  This 
shifting  reached  its  height  in  the  summer  of  1917,  shortly  after  the 
first  registration,  and  resulted  in  the  failure  of  many  men  to  keep  in 
touch  with  their  local  boards,  so  that  questionnaires  and  notices  to 
report  did  not  reach  them. 

With  equal  unanimity  the  draft  executives  report  that  the  amount 
of  willful  delinquency  or  desertion  has  been  almost  nil.  Several 
describe  the  strenuous  efforts  of  negroes  to  comply  with  the  regula- 
tions, when  the  requirements  were  explained  to  them,  many  regis- 
trants traveling  long  distances  to  report  in  person  to  the  adjutant 
general  of  the  State.  The  conviction  resulting  from  these  reports  is 


206 


CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL   GROUPS  OP   REGISTRANTS. 


that  the  colored  men  as  a  whole  responded  readily  and  gladly  to 
their  military  obligations  once  their  duties  were  understood. 

5.  Reported  desertions,  by  nationality,  compared. — Of  the  474,861 
deserters  reported,  the  registration  cards  of  185,081  state  that  they 
are  aliens.  Of  this  number  22,706  had  declared  their  intention  to 
become  citizens,  and  were,  therefore,  subject  to  draft,  while  129,268 
had  not  declared  such  intention,  and  were,  therefore,  on  proper  proof 
of  alienage,  entitled  to  exemption.  There  were  also  33,107  enemy 
aliens,  who  of  course  would  not  have  been  accepted  hi  any  event. 
Table  77  shows  the  figures  for  these  groups;  Appendix  Table  77-A 
shows  the  variances  for  the  several  States. 

TABLE  77. — Reported  desertions,  by  citizenship,  compared. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

Reported  desertions,  by  citizenship,  compared. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  regis- 
trants. 

Per  cent 
of  deser- 
tions by 
nation- 
ality. 

Total  alien  and  citizen  registrants  June  5,  1917  to 
Sept  11,  1918  

10,  679,  814 
474,  861 
1,  703,  006 
185,  081 
8,  976,  808 
289,  780 

100.00 
4.45 

Total  desertions  .     .         

Total  alien  registrants              

100.00 
10.87 
100.00 
3.23 

Reported  alien  desertions          

1.73 

Total  citizen  registrants                      .   ...... 

Reported  citizen  desertions   

2.71 

There  are  two  main  reasons  for  the  large  proportion  of  alien 
deserters.  The  first  is  that  many  aliens,  knowing  that  under  the 
selective  service  law  (and  also,  for  many  countries,  by  treaty)  they 
were  entitled  to  exemption,  believed  that,  by  stating  on  the  registra- 
tion cards  that  they  were  aliens,  they  had  performed  their  full  duty 
with  respect  to  the  draft;  they  ignored  the  regulations  which  required 
them  to  submit  proof  of  alienage.  The  second  is  that  many  of  them 
did  not  speak  English,  were  ignorant  of  the  laws  and  customs  of  this 
country,  did  not  know  that  they  were  required  to  keep  their  local 
boards  informed  of  their  addresses,  and  failed  to  realize  their  obliga- 
tions to  this  country  under  the  selective  service  law.  And  the 
difficulty  experienced  by  the  local  boards  in  reading  and  writing 
their  names  frequently  caused  the  mail  notices  addressed  to  these 
registrants  to  go  astray. 

Apart  from  the  foregoing  explanations,  however,  which  would 
suffice  to  show  that  such  aliens  did  not  desert  in  the  ordinary  sense, 
but  merely  failed  to  come  forward  to  claim  their  exemption,  there 
was  undoubtedly  a  large  exodus  of  aliens  from  some  of  the  border 
States,  and  those  near  the  seaboard,  where  the  easiest  course  for 
these  ignorant  and  misguided  persons  seemed  to  lie  in  a  flight  beyond 
the  national  boundaries.  The  percentages  for  the  States  of  Arizona, 
Florida,  New  Mexico,  Connecticut,  and  Massachusetts  reveal  this, 
and  the  same  feature  was  pointed  out  in  my  report  for  1917. 


DELINQUENTS,   DESERTERS,   AND  RESISTANTS.  207 

6.  Resistance  to  the  draft.—  Resistance  to  the  enforcement  of  the 
selective  service  law,  while  in  some  sections  of  the  country  finding 
expression  in  open  violence,  was  from  the  national  point  of  view 
negligible  in  amount;  and  it  never  obstructed  or  retarded  in  the 
slightest  degree  the  raising  of  the  new  armies.  There  were,  it  is 
true,  in  a  few  scattered  localities,  some  pitched  battles  between 
resistors  and  county  and  State  forces,  and  possibly  15  or  20  persons 
were  killed;  but  in  every  case  the  local  authorities  handled  the 
situation  without  assistance  from  the  National  Government.  And 
in  every  case  it  was  found  that  the  cause  of  the  disturbance  was  due 
not  to  a  lack  of  local  patriotism,  nor  to  the  administrative  methods 
of  the  draft,  but  rather  to  the  pernicious  influence  of  radicals  charged 
with  the  spirit  of  anarchy  and  to  ignorance  and  misinformation  as 
to  the  purpose  of  the  draft  and  the  aims  of  this  Nation  in  the  war. 

Texas:  For  several  years  prior  to  the  entrance  of  the  United  States 
into  the  war  there  existed  in  Texas  an  organization  known  as  the 
Farmers'  and  Laborers'  Protective  Association,  the  leaders  of  which 
were  active  radicals.  Its  announced  purpose  was  the  forming  of  a 
cooperative  organization  for  the  advancement  and  protection  of 
farming  and  laboring  men,  and  for  the  purchase  of  supplies  of  various 
kinds.  Its  members,  of  whom  there  were  several  thousand,  were 
required  to  take  a  binding  obligation  to  secrecy  and  to  assist  other 
members — even  to  death,  if  necessary.  Little  if  anything  of  the 
cooperative  program  was  accomplished,  however,  and  the  organiza- 
tion did  not  become  active  until  the  fall  of  1916.  'Phen,  when  the 
Nation  was  on  the  verge  of  war,  the  members  were  informed  that 
the  organization  was  opposed  to  war,  and  was  pledged  forcibly  to 
resist  war  or  military  service. 

When  the  United  States  declared  war  upon  Germany,  the  agents 
of  the  organization  increased  their  activities.  Secret  meetings  were 
held  in  various  sections  of  the  State  and  forcible  opposition  to 
conscription  was  openly  advocated  and  urged.  On  May  5,  1917, 
a  State  convention  was  held  and  the  leaders  strongly  denounced 
the  war,  the  President,  the  Congress,  and  the  intention  to  raise  an 
army  by  draft.  Delegates  were  advised  to  return  to  their  home 
lodges  and  urge  every  member  of  the  order  to  obtain  a  high-powered 
rifle  and  100  rounds  of  ammunition.  Resolutions  were  also  passed 
at  this  meeting  looking  toward  amalgamation  with  the  I.  W.  W. 
in  Oklahoma  and  with  the  Working  Class  Union,  an  organization 
of  similar  character. 

When  the  local  delegates  returned  to  their  homes,  many  of  the 
members  became  alarmed  at  the  extent  to  which  the  thing  was  being 
carried,  and  communicated  the  facts  to  the  county  officials.  It  was 
learned  that  a  committee  had  been  appointed  to  kill  one  of  the 
members  who  had  given  information  to  an  officer,  and  that  an  attorney 
who  had  made  a  vigorous  speech  in  favor  of  the  draft  was  also 


208  CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL  GROUPS   OF   REGISTRANTS. 

marked  for  death.  The  situation  became  so  acute  that  citizens  armed 
themselves  and  patrolled  the  streets  in  localities  where  the  agitation 
was  most  threatening. 

At  this  point  the  Department  of  Justice  was  called  upon  to  take 
action.  In  a  few  weeks  the  leaders  of  the  organization  were  arrested, 
indicted  by  the  grand  jury,  tried,  and  convicted  on  a  charge  of  con- 
spiracy. The  Farmers'  and  Laborers'  Protective  Association  there- 
upon disbanded.  Thus  was  brought  to  an  abrupt  end  an  organiza- 
tion which  for  a  time  threatened  to  interfere  most  seriously  with  the 
operation  of  the  draft. 

Oklahoma:  In  August,  1917,  the  people  of  Oklahoma  were  as- 
tounded to  learn  that  there  was  organized  resistance  to  the  orderly 
administration  of  the  draft  in  portions  of  Seminole,  Hughes,  and 
Pontotoc  Counties.  These  were  adjoining  counties,  and  the  dis- 
turbance was  really  in  but  one  community.  It  was  very  quickly 
put  down  by  prompt  action  of  the  authorities  of  the  three  counties, 
resulting  in  the  arrest  of  some  500  persons,  the  indictment  of  184  of 
these  men,  and  the  conviction  of  150,  of  whom  134  pleaded  guilty. 
About  half  of  the  number  convicted  were  given  terms  in  the  peni- 
tentiary, and  the  remainder  jail  sentences.  The  outstanding  feature 
of  this  case  was  the  appalling  ignorance  of  practically  all  of  the  men 
involved,  other  than  three  or  four  leaders.  The  so-called  "draft 
resisters"  were  the  poorest  and  most  densely  ignorant  tenant  farmers 
of  a  poor  and  isolated  section  of  the  State. 

The  draft  law  was  not  the  basic  cause  for  this  uprising;  it  was 
merely  the  excuse  for  the  outbreak.  The  trouble  started  in  what 
is  commonly  known  as  the  Working  Class  Union. 

This  organization  originated  at  Van  Buren,  Ark.,  on  the  western 
border  of  the  State,  in  the  fall  of  1913,  and  spread  into  eastern  Okla- 
homa. Its  chief  object,  at  the  time  of  organization,  was  to  secure 
more  advantageous  conditions  from  the  landowners  and  better  rates 
of  interest  from  the  country  bankers  and  merchants  who  financed 
the  tenants  engaged  in  raising  cotton.  It  was  not  an  unusual  thing, 
in  the  years  prior  to  this  organization  of  the  association,  for  tenant 
farmers  to  pay  from  20  to  60  per  cent  interest  on  money  borrowed  for 
the  purpose  of  putting  in  crops.  The  situation  became  unbearable. 
These  tenant  farmers  readily  lent  ear  to  the  pleading  of  the  men  who 
organized  the  Working  Class  Union,  some  of  whom  were  erratic  dema- 
gogues of  exceptional  ability.  The  enactment  of  a  law  in  this  State 
preventing  banks  and  merchants  from  charging  exorbitant  rates  of 
interest  reacted  against  the  Working  Class  Union,  and  resulted  in  a 
majority  of  the  local  unions  dying  out  of  existence.  It  is  a  matter 
of  common  knowledge  that  the  disturbance  in  August,  1917,  in 
Seminole,  Hughes,  and  Pontotoc  Counties,  led  by  the  Working  Class 
Union  officials,  was  not  so  extensive  nor  so  serious  as  the  disturbance 
in  1914  and  1915,  in  the  extreme  eastern  part  of  the  State,  centering 


DELINQUENTS,  DESERTERS,  AND  RESISTANTS.  209 

in  Sequoyah  County,  where  the  Working  Class  Union  practically 
captured  the  county  seat  and  violently  protested  against  conditions. 

In  the  Working  Class  Union  an  oath  or  initiation  was  provided, 
which  bound  the  men  to  absolute  obedience  to  their  superiors,  and  not 
a  few  men,  who  declined  to  follow  the  leadership,  were  treated  to 
severe  punishment  by  members  of  the  organization.  After  the  se- 
lective service  act  was  passed  in  1917  the  semi-monthly  meetings  of 
the  unions  became  nightly  meetings;  agitators  made  violent  speeches, 
telling  their  audiences  that  6,000,000  men  in  America  had  organized, 
and  would  operate  with  them;  that  these  men  purposed  to  resist  the 
draft;  and  that  as  a  part  of  this  scheme  railroad  communication  would 
be  cut  and  local  authorities  defied.  In  some  communities  Socialistic 
speakers  and  agitators  then  took  charge  of  this  union  to  spread  their 
propaganda.  This  was  especially  true  in  the  community  wherein 
the  draft  disturbance  occurred.  For  a  good  many  weeks  Socialistic 
leaders  had  been  distributing  literature  and  propaganda  violently 
opposing  the  war. 

There  was  practically  no  opposition  to  registration;  but  when  the 
men  were  ordered  to  report  for  physical  examination  and  the  opera- 
tion of  the  draft  was  in  full  swing,  the  leaders  counseled  open  resist- 
ance, and  as  a  part  of  this  program  seemed  to  have  planned  the 
assassination  of  county  authorities.  A  number  of  bridges  were 
burned,  and  members  of  the  W.  C.  U.  gathered  at  a  point  distant 
from  any  town  and  declared  their  intention  of  resisting  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  draft.  The  local  authorities  of  Pontotoc,  Hughes,  and 
Seminole  Counties  at  once  took  steps  to  suppress  this  lawlessness. 
There  was  some  shooting,  though  not  a  great  deal.  There  was  no 
really  organized  resistance;  and  when  armed  parties  went  out  into 
the  hills  to  arrest  the  resi^ters,  they  readily  gave  up. 

Men  who  accompanied  the  sheriff's  posses,  and  whose  judgment 
may  be  accepted,  declared  that  not  one  out  of  a  dozen  of  these  men 
had  the  slightest  idea  of  what  it  was  all  about.  They  had  lived  in 
a  condition  of  unbelievable  poverty,  and  had  been  denied  the  fruits 
of  their  own  labor;  and  when  agitators  appeared  on  the  scene  and 
told  them  that  there  was  a  way  to  prevent  this,  they  readily  lent 
themselves  to  any  plan  presented. 

The  outbreak  was  a  protest  against  local  conditions,  which  were 
not  only  unbearable  but  which  (as  the  officials  of  this  State  frankly 
admit)  were  a  disgrace,  and  have  since  been  corrected  in  some  degree. 

Montana;  Open  opposition  to  registration  for  the  draft  occurred 
in  Butte,  Mont.,  in  the  early  part  of  June,  1917.  Handbills,  urging 
men  not  to  register  and  advocating  resistance  to  the  draft  law,  were 
strewn  about  the  streets.  Several  hundred  men  and  women,  all  of 
whom  seemed  to  be  of  foreign  extraction,  paraded  the  streets,  shouting 
against  the  war  and  the  draft.  Policemen  who  attempted  to  break 
up  the  procession  were  attacked  and  several  shots  were  fired,  although 

97250°— 19 14 


210  CHAPTER  V.   SPECIAL  GROUPS  OF   REGISTRANTS. 

no  one  was  hurt.  Citizens  gathered  in  the  path  of  the  marchers, 
blocking  their  progress,  and  State  troops  who  had  been  held  in  their 
armories  were  ordered  to  clear  the  streets.  Several  arrests  were  made 
and  the  crowd  was  dispersed. 

Again  in  August,  1917,  antidraft  sentiment  in  Butte  and  in  the 
neighboring  county  of  Silver  Bow  came  to  the  surface  when  the 
examination  of  registrants  began.  The  situation  in  this  quarter  was 
aggravated  and  was  closely  related  to  labor  troubles  in  the  adjacent 
copper  and  zinc  mines.  As  a  whole  the  citizenship  of  the  city  was 
intensely  patriotic,  and  there  seemed  to  be  no  doubt  that  the  difficulty 
was  caused  chiefly  by  the  foreign  element  and  radical  agitators.  In 
Chicago,  in  the  spring  of  1918,  during  the  trial  of  112  I.  W.  W.  leaders, 
witnesses  testified  that  the  trouble  in  Butte  was  caused  by  I.  W.  W. 
agents  who,  by  the  use  of  force,  terrorized  the  15,000  miners  in  and 
about  that  city.  To  counteract  the  misinformation  spread  abroad  by 
these  men,  the  chairman  of  the  Butte  City  board  selected  50  leading 
business  and  professional  men  and  assigned  to  each  a  list  of  delin- 
quents. For  a  week  these  50  loyal  and  patriotic  citizens  spent  their 
tune,  day  and  night,  hunting  up  the  men  on  their  lists  and  explaining 
to  them  thoroughly  the  meaning  and  purpose  of  the  selective  service 
law. 

North  Carolina:  In  North  Carolina  a  condition  of  grave  danger  to 
the  effective  administration  of  the  draft  developed  among  the  moun- 
taineers of  Mitchell  and  Ashe  Counties  in  the  summer  of  1917. 
Through  ignorance,  many  of  the  young  men  failed  to  register ;  others 
who  had  registered  refused  to  answer  the  call  to  the  colors.  High  up 
on  the  mountains  they  hid  in  caves  or  were  concealed  in  the  homes  of 
relatives.  Every  trail  was  guarded,  and  the  approach  of  the  sheriffs 
was  signaled  back  along  the  trails,  so  that  every  attempt  to  capture 
them  failed.  In  Mitchell  County  there  were  also  hidden  in  the 
mountains  a  number  of  deserters — drafted  men  who  had  been  given 
furloughs  from  their  camps  and  who  had  overstayed  their  leaves. 
The  local  authorities  planned  a  roundup,  by  a  great  armed  posse, 
that  would  encircle  the  mountains  so  that  every  cave  and  trail  would 
be  combed  thoroughly. 

It  was  never  necessary,  however,  to  put  the  plan  into  execution, 
for  about  that  time  a  special  agent  of  the  Department  of  Justice,  who 
was  assigned  to  the  case,  rode  alone  up  to  Tar  Heel  Mountain.  The 
rest  of  the  story  is  best  told  by  a  journalist  (Robert  W.  Hobbs),  who 
afterwards  chronicled  the  results : 

Way  back  in  the  hills  of  Carolina,  where  runs  undiluted  the  blood  of.  the  early 
English  settlers,  old  Tar  Heel  Mountain  rears  its  wooded  crest.  Tar  Heel  is  loved  by 
every  Carolinian.  Its  name  is  inwoven  in  the  history  of  his  State.  Such  a  great 
figure  has  it  been,  that  the  familiar  State  name  of  the  Carolinian  is  "Tar  Heel."  as  is 
the  Indiana  "Hoosier"  and  the  Wisconsin  "Badger." 

The  people  of  Tar  Heel  read  no  newspapers  and  have  few  schools.  They  know 
little  of  the  war,  and  understand  nothing  of  the  necessity  of  "making  the  world  safe 


DELINQUENTS,   DESERTERS,   AND   RESISTANTS.  211 

for  democracy. ' '  Many  of  their  men  are  still  voting  for  Andrew  Jackson  for  President. 
They  have  seen  telephone  wires  and  a  few  have  ridden  on  trains,  but  to  most  of  them 
the  fastest  means  of  communication  is  horseback,  when  the  woman  still  rides  on  a 
pillion  behind  her  man;  and  the  movement  of  freight  is  by  oxen,  yoked  six  and  eight 
to  a  rough  wooden  cart,  "geed"  and  "hawed"  over  the  narrow  corduroy  roads  by 
walking  drivers  brandishing  long  goads.  Their  language  is  a  corruption  from  the  old 
Elizabethan  English;  and  to  most  of  them  the  "outlander"  is  a  "revenuer,"  or  at 
least  an  object  of  suspicion. 

Into  this  land  came  the  draft,  and  with  the  draft  came  resentment  that  they  should 
be  taken  from  their  homes  to  fight  on  alien  soil.  Many  refused  to  register;  others 
failed  to  respond  when  called  to  the  colors;  and  it  was  only  by  the  most  diplomatic 
use  of  the  mountain  clan  leaders  that  the  Government  here  was  enabled  to  make  a 
showing  in  the  National  Army.  Wonderful  fighting  men  they  were,  reared  from  the 
cradle  to  use  the  rifle  and  knife;  wonderful  material  for  raiders  in  No  Man's  Land, 
when  taught  the  self-restraint  of  discipline,  but  suspicious  and  resentful.  The 
mountain  and  its  people  were  a  problem  to  the  draft  boards. 

Gradually  the  men  were  won  in,  until  but  9  were  left  who  had  refused  to  report  to 
the  draft  boards.  Hiding  with  these  far  out  in  the  caves  of  the  mountain,  or  concealed 
in  the  homes  of  their  mountain  kin,  were  13  deserters,  who  had  been  called  in  the 
draft  and  sent  to  camp,  whence  they  had  fled. 

The  reward  offered  by  the  Government  for  deserters  and  the  pride  of  the  law  officers 
stirred  them  to  every  effort  at  captures.  But  as  they  rode  the  mountain  trails,  their 
approach  was  signaled  by  the  hooting  of  an  owl  or  the  call  of  the  dove,  closely  imitated 
by  the  mountain  sentinels.  Every  trail  was  guarded.  There  was  no  way  of  approach 
so  that  the  fugitives  could  be  taken  by  surprise.  And  when  the  sheriff's  posse  too 
closely  pressed  the  fugitives,  the  whining  of  a  bullet  across  the  road  in  some  dark  patch 
of  trail  was  warning  that  it  was  not  well  to  push  farther  along  that  path.  The  mountain 
was  made  for  ambuscades,  and  its  people  knew  every  art  of  guerilla  warfare.  Posse 
after  posse  came  back  empty  handed.  The  mountain  boasted  that  it  held  its  own, 
and  about  the  sheriff's  office  in  the  courthouse  at  Bakersville  gloom  fought  with 
tobacco  smoke  for  the  air.  Local  authorities,  desperate,  planned  a  huge  roundup, 
an  encircling  movement  of  a  grand  armed  posse  on  the  mountain,  to  comb  its  trails 
and  secret  places  until  it  had  yielded  up  its  all.  The  sheriff  knew  this  meant  a  battle 
in  which  all  the  mountain  men,  armed  and  in  ambush  in  the  fastness  they  knew  so 
well,  would  take  bloody  toll  of  the  invaders. 

Then  came  Handy.  The  attack  was  called  off.  Alone  and  unarmed  he  rode  into 
the  mountains  to  speed  the  story  of  the  war  and  its  lessons  of  patriotism.  He  met  the 
mountain  men  and  their  women,  always  sending  messages  of  patriotism  and  service 
to  the  outlaws.  None  of  these  did  he  ever  see.  But  at  times  he  felt  certain  that  they 
were  under  the  same  roof  with  him,  and  that  from  behind  half  opened  doors  and  rude 
lofts  their  sharp  ears  gathered  each  word  he  left  as  messages  for  them.  The  deserters 
began  to  talk  among  themselves  and  with  the  draft  evaders,  and  their  friends  bore 
word  to  Handy. 

He  issued  passes  reading: 
"  To  all  officers  of  the  United  States  and  the  Sheriff  and  his  deputies,  and  all  citizens 

of  Mitchell  County,  greeting: 

"  You  are  directed  not  to  arrest  Bill  L.  Greene,  and  to  allow  him  perfect  freedom  to 
come  and  go  as  he  pleases  till  noon,  June  9,  1918." 

Passes  for  all  the  22  were  sent  out  into  the  mountain  by  trusted  friends  of  the  outlaws, 
and  they  were  told  to  report  at  the  courthouse  in  Bakersville,  Saturday  afternoon, 
June  8,  at  4  o'clock. 

It  was  just  on  the  hour  appointed  that  Handy  walked  into  the  courthouse.  He 
found  there  grouped  to  meet  him,  in  the  jury  box  of  the  district  court  room,  the  9 
draft  delinquents,  while  across  the  room,  in  tatterdermalion  costumes  of  Army  clothes 
and  mountain  homespun,  were  the  13  deserters  from  the  Army.  They  glowered 


212  CHAPTER  V.    SPECIAL   GROUPS  OF   REGISTRANTS. 

sullenly  at  him,  for  already,  since  their  arrival  in  town,  their  minds  had  been  poisoned 
by  the  tale  that  he  had  lured  them  into  the  hands  of  the  law  to  arrest  them  and  carry 
them  to  camp  in  chains. 

Lifting  his  right-hand,  palm  forward,  in  the  mountain  gesture  of  peace,  he  addressed 
them:  "Boys,  if  you  believe  that  story,  there  is  the  door.  Any  of  you  who  believe  it, 
get  out;  and  I  promise  you  24  hours  to  hide  yourselves  before  any  pursuit  starts. 
Those  who  stay  I  keep  my  word  to,  and  those  who  go  I  pledge  that  same  word  that 
they  will  be  hunted  down,  if  it  takes  years." 

There  was  a  round  of  hearty  cheers,  and  all  22  broke  for  Handy  to  shake  his  hand, 
the  binding  of  their  bargain.  Handy  gave  them  leave  to  do  as  they  might  wish  until 
10.30  the  next  morning,  when  they  were  to  report. 

All  were  ready  at  the  hour,  and  the  occasion  was  celebrated  by  a  parade  through 
the  city's  streets.  Leading,  came  the  sheriff  on  horseback,  carrying  the  United  States 
flag.  Then  came  Handy  and  John  McBee,  chairman  of  the  local  board,  in  a  low- 
necked  hack;  then  marched  the  deserters,  followed  by  50  men,  women,  and  children 
from  the  mountain,  their  friends  and  kin.  Out  past  the  village  they  marched,  3$ 
miles  to  the  nearest  railroad  station,  Toscane,  where  they  entrained  for  Spartanburg. 
The  draft  evaders  in  the  meanwhile  were  left  in  Bakersville,  to  return  to  their  homes 
and  go  through  the  regular  selective  service  channels  for  induction  into  the  Army. 

When  the  deserters  arrived  at  Camp  Sevier,  Handy  redeemed  every  pledge  he  had 
made,  backed  up  the  pleas  of  McBee,  and  the  men  were  sent  to  join  their  commands, 
which  had  preceded  them  on  the  way  to  France.  Before  they  told  Handy  good-by 
each  man  insisted  on  reimbursing  the  Government  agent  for  the  car  fare  from  Tar 
Heel  Mountain  back  to  camp.  They  had  not  understood  the  war;  but  now  they  did, 
and  they  wanted  to  start  with  a  clean  slate. 

In  Ashe  County  a  similar  method  of  inducing  the  delinquents  to 
surrender  was  employed.  The  governor  of  the  State  rode  through 
the  county,  addressing  the  people  of  the  mountains,  firing  their 
patriotism,  and  promising  that  the  draft  officials  would  intercede  for 
the  men  if  they  surrendered.  Here,  too,  the  method  was  effective; 
nearly  every  delinquent  came  down  from  the  mountains  and  was  sent 
to  camp. 

Other  regions:  Forcible  resistance  to  the  draft,  but  in  negligible 
degree,  was  encountered  also  in  other  sections  of  the  country,  notably 
in  the  mountains  of  Georgia,  Virginia,  and  West  Virginia,  and  among 
the  Indians  in  Utah,  Arizona,  and  other  Western  States.  In  Arkansas 
small  bands  of  resisters  hid  in  the  woods  and  several  persons  were 
killed  when  officers  attacked  them.  An  incipient  rebellion  among 
the  Creek  Indians  in  Utah  was  put  down  without  bloodshed  by  a 
company  of  troops  from  Fort  Douglas. 

There  can  be  little  doubt  that  practically  all  of  the  opposition  to 
the  draft  was  directly  traceable  to  the  activities  of  radicals,  whose 
fantastic  dreams  enchanted  and  seduced  the  ignorant  and  artless  folk 
who  came  under  their  influence;  while  in  the  mountain  regions  the 
trouble  seemed  to  be  due  principally  to  the  ignorance  and  native  sus- 
picion of  the  mountaineers  who  could  not  at  first  comprehend  the  pur- 
pose of  the  draft. 


CHAPTER  VI. 
QUOTA  BASIS  AND  STATE  QUOTAS. 

1.  Quotas  from  September  to  December,  1917. — For  the  purpose  of 
describing  the  quota  system  for  the  year  1918,  it  is  necessary  first  to 
review  the  quota  situation  for  the  year  1917. 

The  selective  service  act,  after  empowering  the  President  to  raise 
by  draft  certain  military  forces  enumerated  in  the  act,  provides : 

SEC.  2.  *  *  *  Such  draft  *  *  *  shall  take  place  and  be  maintained  under 
such  regulations  as  the  President  may  prescribe  not  inconsistent  with  the  terms  of 
this  act.  Quotas  for  the  several  States.  Territories,  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  or 
subdivisions  thereof,  shall  be  determined  in  proportion  to  the  population  thereof, 
and  credit  shall  be  given  to  any  State,  Territory,  district,  or  subdivision  thereof,  for 
the  number  of  men  who  were  in  the  military  service  of  the  United  States  as  members 
of  the  National  Guard  on  April  first,  nineteen  hundred  and  seventeen,  or  who  have 
since  said  date  entered  the  military  service  of  the  United  States  from  any  such  State, 
Territory,  district,  or  subdivision,  either  as  members  of  the  Regular  Army  or  the 
National  Guard.  *  *  * 

SEC.  4.  *  *  *  Notwithstanding  *  *  *  exemptions  *  *  *  each  State, 
Territory,  and  the  District  of  Columbia  shall  be  required  to  supply  its  quota  in  the 
porportion  that  its  population  bears  to  the  total  population  of  the  United  States. 

The  apportionment  of  quotas  and  credits  (as  fully  explained  in  my 
first  report)  was  determined  in  accordance  with  the  regulations  gov- 
erning the  apportionment  of  quotas  and  credits  prescribed  by  the 
President  on  July  5,  1917,  by  virtue  of  authority  vested  in  him  by  the 
terms  of  the  selective  service  act  (First  Report  of  the  Provost  Marshal 
General,  1917,  p.  15).  For  the  purpose  of  apportioning  quotas  to 
the  States  and  Territories  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  there  was 
added  to  the  total  number  of  men  687,000,  to  be  raised  by  the  first 
draft  tinder  the  selective  service  act,  the  further  number  of  465,985, 
by  way  of  credits,  thus  composed:  (a)  164,292  men  who  were  in  the 
military  service  of  the  United  States  as  members  of  the  National 
Guard  on  April  1,  1917;  (6)  183,719  men  who  entered  the  military 
service  of  the  United  States  as  members  of  the  National  Guard  during 
the  period  from  April  2  to  June  30,  1917,  both  dates  inclusive;  and 
(c)  117,974  men  who  entered  the  military  service  of  the  United  States 
as  members  of  the  Regular  Army  during  the  period  from  April  2  to 
June  30,  1917,  both  dates  inclusive.  These  four  items  made  1,152,985 
in  all.  This  levy  was  distributed  among  the  several  States  hi  the 
ratio  which  the  population  of  the  respective  States  bore  to  the  popu- 
lation of  the  Nation.  The  quotas  under  the  first  levy  are  set  forth  in 
Quota  Sheet  No.  1,  Appendix  Table  78-A. 

213 


214  CHAPTER  VI.   QUOTA.  BASIS  AND"  STATE   QUOTAS. 

Prior  to  December  31,  1917,  there  had  been  inducted,  on  this  levy 
of  687,000,  a  total  of  516,212  men;  these  men  being  called  as  follows, 
by  months : 

September 296,  678 

October 163,  493 

November 35,  721 

December 20,  320 

2.  Quotas  from  January  1, 191 8,  to  date  of  fitting  first  levy  of  687,000. 
— On  January  1,  1918,  there  was  left  uncalled,  of  the  first  levy  of 
687,000  men,  a  total  of  170,788.     This  balance  sufficed  to  cover  the 
requisitions  for  the  ensuing  months,  which  were  as  follows: 

January 23,  288 

February 83.  779 

On  requisition  during  the  month  of  March  all  States  completed 
their  quotas  of  white  men  under  the  first  levy.  But  the  military 
program  required  additional  white  men.  The  procedure  governing 
the  calling  of  these  men  in  excess  of  the  first  levy  of  687,000  is  here- 
after described. 

The  last  of  the  colored  men  remaining  in  the  first  quotas  were 
called  during  the  months  of  April  and  May.  The  delay  in  using  these 
men  was  due  to  the  inability  of  the  Army  to  absorb  into  its  organiza- 
tion the  number  of  colored  men  available  in  the  quota  contingents, 
and  also  to  the  fact  that  southern  negroes  from  States  not  having 
cantonments  could  not  be  sent  North  during  the  severe  cold  weather. 

In  the  Territories  of  Alaska  and  Porto  Rico,  physical  difficulties 
were  encountered,  which  postponed  the  mobilization  of  the  quotas 
from  these  Territories.  The  last  of  its  quota  under  the  first  levy  hi 
Alaska  was  furnished  on  June  30,  1918,  and  in  Porto  Rico  on  June 
20,  1918.  Hawaii,  having  an  excess  of  enlistments,  had  no  net 
quota  for  the  first  levy. 

Quota  Sheet  No.  1,  Appendix  Table  78-A,  shows  the  quotas  of 
each  State  under  the  first  levy  of  687,000,  the  numbers  furnished  by 
each  to  December  31,  1917,  and  the  date  when  the  remainder  was 
furnished  by  each. 

3.  Quotas  from  date  of  filling  first  levy  of  687,000  to  May  31,  1918.— 
Meanwhile   the   classification   method   had   been   adopted;   and    on 
January   15,   1918,  a  joint  resolution  was  introduced  in    Congress 
authorizing  the  President  to  apportion  quotas,  not  by  population, 
but  by  classes  (as  already  set  forth  in  Chapters  III  and  IV),  and  omit- 
ting  the   requirement   of   deduct  ing   credits   for  enlistments.     The 
terms  of  the  resolution  (as  later  enacted)  were  as  follows : 

That  if  under  any  regulations  heretofore  or  hereafter  prescribed  by  the  President 
persons  registered  and  liable  for  military  service  under  the  terms  of  the  Act  of  Con- 
gress approved  May  eighteenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  seventeen,  entitled  "An  Act 
to  authorize  the  President  to  increase  temporarily  the  Military  Establishment  of  the 


QUOTA   BASIS  AND   STATE   QUOTAS.  215 

United  States,"  are  placed  in  clashes  for  the  purpose  of  determining  their  relative 
liability  for  military  service,  no  provision  of  said  Act  shall  prevent  the  President 
from  calling  for  immediate  military  service  under  regulations  heretofore  or  hereafter 
prescribed  by  the  President  all  or  part  of  the  persons  in  any  class  or  classes  except 
those  exempt  from  draft  under  the  provisions  of  said  Act,  in  proportion  to  the  total 
number  of  persons  placed  in  such  class  or  classes  in  the  various  subdivisions  of  the 
States,  Territories,  and  the  District  of  Columbia  designated  by  the  President  under 
the  terms  of  said  Act;  or  from  calling  into  immediate  military  service  persons  classed 
as  skilled  experts  in  industry  or  agriculture,  however  classified  or  wherever  residing. 

The  plan  of  apportioning  quotas  upon  the  number  of  men  in  Class  I 
was  the  necessary  corollary  of  the  classification  method.  If  it  had 
not  been  adopted,  we  should  have  witnessed  the  spectacle  of 
one  State  or  local  board  furnishing  its  quota  from  Class  IV  while 
another  board  still  had  an  ample  Class  I.  This  same  result  would 
have  followed  the  continuance  of  the  credit  system.  Moreover,  the 
equity  of  the  credit  system  was  contained  within  the  classification 
method  itself,  which  gave  credit  for  men  who  voluntarily  enlisted  in 
the  military  or  naval  service;  for  it  placed  them  in  Class  V,  and  thus 
they  form  no  part  of  the  basis  on  which  the  quotas  were  computed. 

Under  this  plan,  all  of  Class  I  all  over  the  United  States  was  drawn 
upon  coincidentally  and  exclusively,  until  its  exhaustion,  and  Class  II 
was  not  invaded  except  on  special  calls  for  skilled  experts.  The 
classification  method  was  the  scientific,  equitable,  logical,  and  practi- 
cal method.  No  State  and  no  local  board,  so  long  as  it  had  on  its 
lists  an  ample  supply  of  men  who  were  available  for  military  service 
could  be  heard  to  insist  that  another  State  or  another  local  board 
should  send  men  who  were  admittedly,  by  the  very  terms  of  the 
classification,  not  available  for  military  service.  The  rule  of  popu- 
lation was  a  rule  of  bare  numerical  equality  regardless  of  merit  and 
fact.  The  Class  I  rule  was  a  rule  of  scientific  and  political  soundness, 
which  regarded  this  Nation  in  war  as  one  Nation,  and  not  as  48 
independent  States. 

Meanwhile  the  military  program  called  for  a  continuous  supply  of 
men  to  camps. 

Section  2  of  the  selective  service  act  provides  as  follows : 

Organization  of  the  forces  herein  provided  for,  except  the  Regular  Army  and 
divisions  authorized  in  the  seventh  paragraph  of  Section  one,  shall,  as  far  as  the  inter- 
ests of  the  service  permit,  be  composed  of  men  who  come,  and  officers  who  are 
appointed  from,  the  same  State  or  locality. 

With  this  expression  of  Congress  in  mina,  the  calls  under  the 
next  requisitions  made  for  men  in  excess  of  the  first  levy,  687,000, 
were  placed  from  localities  adjacent  to  the  camp.  The  United 
States  had  previously  been  divided  into  16  regional  divisions,  each 
of  which  was  contributory  to  a  mobilization  camp. 

The  first  call  was  based  on  population,  pursuant  to  the  original 
method  under  the  act  of  May  18,  1917.  No  credits  for  enlistments 


216  CHAPTER  VI.    QUOTA.  BASIS  AND  STATE   QUOTAS. 

were  computed;  first,  because  the  data  were  not  available  in  the 
emergency,  and  secondly,  because  the  impending  adoption  by  Con- 
gress of  the  new  proposed  method  would  replace  the  credit  system 
by  another  and  simpler  method  of  credits  for  enlistments.  This  call, 
based  on  population,  and  taken  from  the  territory  contributory  to 
the  several  mobilization  camps,  produced  unlevel  percentages  of 
men  furnished  in  proportion  to  the  population,  running  from  1  per 
cent  to  9  per  cent  of  the  first  gross  quota  of  the  respective  States. 

During  the  months  of  March  and  April,  therefore,  population 
without  credits  was  used  as  a  basis.  In  the  latter  part  of  April, 
inasmuch  as  the  new  proposed  method  was  not  yet  enacted,  a  state- 
ment of  credits  for  enlistments  was  secured  from  The  Adjutant 
General  of  the  Army,  and  these  credits  were  immediately  applied 
to  the  May  quotas;  so  that  the  entire  levy  to  date  in  excess  of  the 
first  draft  of  687,000  was  equalized  on  the  original  basis  of  population 
with  credits  for  enlistments.  A  quota  sheet  was  published,  dated 
May  1,  1918  (quota  sheet  No.  2,  Appendix  Table  78-B).  This  quota 
sheet  provided  for  a  net  levy  of  554,543  men.  The  credits  applied 
totaled  481,503,  which  represented  enlistments  hi  the  Regular  Army, 
National  Guard,  and  Enlisted  Reserve  from  July  1,  1917,  to  March 
31,  1918.  The  men  produced  by  this  levy  were  all  entrained  prior 
to  May  31,  1918,  with  the  exception  of  Alaska's  quota  of  542  men, 
Hawaii's  quota  of  71  men,  and  Porto  Rico's  quota  of  12,007  men; 
these  balances  were  carried  forward  into  quota  sheet  No.  3,  hereafter 
described. 

It  will  be  noted  that  quota  sheet  No.  2  charges  Arizona  with  2,016 
men.  This  State,  however,  did  not  have  that  number  of  men  in 
Class  I ;  and  in  view  of  the  pledges  of  this  office,  that  Class  II  would 
not  be  invaded,  and  the  further  fact  that  the  pending  quota  legisla- 
tion was  proposed  to  be  retroactive,  Arizona's  quota  was  reduced  to 
1,784,  or  the  actual  number  of  men  available  in  Class  I  in  that  State. 
Subsequent  to  compiling  and  promulgating  this  second  quota  sheet, 
an  emergency  requisition  was  received  hi  this  office  for  50,000  men 
for  delivery  in  seven  days;  the  delivery  on  schedule  time  was  abso- 
lutely necessary.  This  number  was  in  excess  of  the  number  con- 
tamed  in  the  second  quota  sheet;  the  men  thus  called  were  included 
in  the  third  quota  sheet  hereafter  explained;  their  entrainment  took 
place  between  May  20,  1918,  and  June  1,  1918. 

4.  Quotas  from  June  1,  1918,  to  September  1 ,  1918. — The  joint  reso- 
lution of  Congress,  above  quoted,  was  approved  May  16,  1918.  It 
provided  for  the  apportioning  of  State  quotas  upon  the  basis  of  Class  I 
registrants. 

In  accordance  with  the  resolution,  the  quota  basis  was  on  June  1, 
1918,  formally  changed  from  that  of  population  to  that  of  the  relative 
size  of  Class  I  in  the  respective  States. 


QUOTA    BASIS  AND   STATE    QUOTAS.  217 

Subsequently,  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  9, 1918,  further  provided 
as  follows: 

Method  of  determining  quotas  for  military  service:  That  in  the  determination  of 
quotas  for  the  several  States,  Territories,  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  or  subdivisions 
thereof,  to  be  raised  for  military  service  under  the  terms  of  the  act  entitled  "An  act  to 
authorize  the  President  to  increase  temporarily  the  Military  Establishment  of  the 
United  States,"  approved  May  eighteenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  seventeen,  the 
provisions  of  the  joint  resolutions  approved  May  sixteenth,  nineteen  hundred  and 
eighteen,  providing  for  the  calling  into  military  service  of  certain  classes  of  persons 
registered  and  liable  for  military  service  under  the  said  act  shall  apply  to  any  or  all 
forces  heretofore  or  hereafter  raised  under  the  provisions  of  said  act  for  any  State,  Terri- 
tory, District,  or  subdivision  thereof,  from  and  after  the  time  when  such  State,  Terri- 
tory, District,  or  subdivision  thereof  has  completed  or  completes  its  quota  of  forces 
called  and  furnished  under  the  President's  proclamation  dated  July  twelfth,  nineteen 
hundred  and  seventeen. 

This  act  made  the  apportionment  on  the  Class  I  basis  retroactive 
to  the  tune  of  completion  by  each  State  of  the  first  levy  of  687,000 
men.  Quota  sheet  No.  2  was  therefore  cancelled;  and  quota  sheet 
No.  3  (Appendix  Table  78-C)  was  prepared  on  the  Class  I  basis  as  it 
stood  on  June  1,  1918.  This  quota  sheet  No.  3  included  in  Class  I  all 
men  then  remaining  classified  in  Class  I  and  all  Class  I  men  already 
inducted  since  the  filling  of  the  first  levy  of  687,000  men.  Each  sub- 
sequent quota  sheet  cancelled  the  preceding  sheet  in  the  same  manner, 
reverting  back  always,  for  each  State,  to  the  date  of  completing  its 
quota  under  the  first  levy  of  687,000  men.  This  was  accomplished 
by  adding  the  men  remaining  in  Class  I  on  June  1,  1918,  or  on  each 
succeeding  date,  to  the  number  previously  inducted,  thus  securing  a 
complete  Class  I  basis. 

The  credits  shown  in  column  6-b  of  quota  sheets  Nos.  3,  4,  and  5 
represent  the  number  of  men  inducted  and  called  for  induction  sub- 
sequent to  the  filling  of  the  first  levy  of  687,000  men  and  prior  to  the 
date  of  promulgating  each  quota  sheet.  The  credits  do  not  quite 
equal  the  sum  of  column  3  (number  inducted  and  called  for  induction 
since  the  date  of  completing  quota  on  first  levy)  and  column  4 
(voluntary  and  individual  inductions)  for  the  reason  that  a  few 
additional  calls  were  made  between  the  date  of  obtaining  the  reported 
strength  of  Class  I  from  the  respective  States  and  the  date  of  deter- 
mining the  quotas,  and  the  sum  of  these  calls  had  to  be  added  to  the 
sum  of  columns  3  and  4. 

Up  to  the  period  hi  question,  enlistment  in  the  Navy  and  Marine 
Corps  was  open  to  Class  I  registrants.  Large  numbers  monthly  were 
thus  enlisting.  As  more  fully  explained  in  Chapter  VII,  the  effect 
of  these  enlistments  upon  the  computations  for  calls  under  the  draft 
was  serious.  They  made  it  impossible  to  regard  100  per  cent  of  Class 
I  as  the  quota  basis ;  for  this  would  have  resulted  in  certain  States 
not  having  a  sufficient  number  remaining  in  Class  I  to  fill  their 


218  CHAPTER  VI.    QUOTA   BASIS   AND  STATE    QUOTAS. 

quotas.  It  therefore  became  necessary  to  reduce  this  percentage  to 
a  safe  estimate ;  and  80  per  cent  of  Class  I  was  therefore  fixed  upon 
as  the  quota  basis.  Careful  computations  had  disclosed  that  such  a 
percentage  would  produce  a  sufficient  number  of  men  to  fill  the  then 
known  requisitions,  until  such  time  as  the  new  class  of  21 -year-old 
men  would  become  available.  Column  6-a  therefore  shows  the 
quotas  computed  as  80  per  cent  of  the  quota  basis. 

The  net  current  quotas  shown  in  column  6-c  of  quota  sheet  No.  3 
therefore  sufficed  to  fill  the  calls  for  the  month  of  June  and  a  large 
portion  of  the  month  of  July.  It  had  originally  been  expected  that 
the  new  quotas  therein  provided  for  would  be  able  to  take  care  of 
the  July  calls.  An  accelerated  program  was  adopted  by  the  War 
Department,  however,  and  the  inductions  thus  required  exceeded 
by  some  80,000  men  the  total  of  the  80  per  cent  quotas.  In  view  of 
the  fact  that  there  was  an  ample  reservoir  hi  Class  I  to  fill  the  July 
calls,  the  percentage  figures  for  net  quotas,  calculated  as  80  per  cent 
of  the  quota  basis,  was  increased  to  89  per  cent. 

At  this  point,  attention  is  directed  to  the  variant  elements  affecting 
the  interim  computations  of  quotas  based  on  Class  I.  Such  an 
accounting  was  of  course  contingent  upon  the  total  registration, 
which  was  a  constantly  shifting  mass  of  over  10,000,000.  Registrants 
were  constantly  being  reclassified  in  and  out  of  Class  I;  deaths 
occurred;  sickness  was  encountered;  men  were  needed  to  replace 
rejections  at  camp;  errors  in  telegraphic  reports  were  found  as  well  as 
occasional  errors  of  computation  by  local  boards  and  State  head- 
quarters. Until  enlistments  were  suspended,  on  July  23,  1918,  the 
rapidly  fluctuating  amount  of  enlistments  figured  largely  in  disturbing 
the  accuracy  of  reports  of  effectives  in  Class  I;  thousands  of  men 
were  enlisting  daily ;  and  a  Class  I  report  which  was  current  one  day 
was  unreliable  on  the  next.  If  this  shifting  had  been  uniform  for  all 
months  and  throughout  the  country,  the  problem  would  have  been  a 
simple  one;  but  it  was  localized  and  sporadic.  On  July  20,  1918,  a 
Class  I  report  was  called  for,  to  be  dated  as  of  August  1,  1918.  But 
at  this  time  the  registration  of  June  5,  1918,  had  not  been  classified 
entirely  and  physically  examined ;  a  rectification  of  the  classification 
of  the  June  5,  1917,  registration  was  in  progress;  eiitramments  were 
being  made  daily,  a  total  of  401,147  men  being  called  in  July.  Thus 
the  July  20,  1918,  Class  I  report  was  of  value  for  provisional  purposes 
only. 

The  situation  received  relief  when,  on  July  23,  1918,  a  War  Depart- 
ment order  issued  prohibiting  releases  from  Class  I  for  enlistment  in 
the  Navy  and  the  Marine  Corps.  This  order  helped  to  stabilize  the 
computation  of  the  Class  I  quota  basis.  The  general  bearing  of  this 
order  suspending  enlistments  is  more  fully  described  in  Chapter  VII. 


QUOTA   BASIS  AND   STATE   QUOTAS.  219 

The  military  program,  however,  now  became  so  extensive  that  all 
Class  I  men  of  the  first  two  registrations  would  be  needed,  and  it  was 
certain  that  all  of  Class  I  would  be  soon  called.  Hence  no  further 
percentage  margin  for  safety  was  required.  This  same  order  there- 
fore provided  that  100  per  cent  of  Class  I  should  constitute  the  quotas 
for  the  respective  States.  As  soon  as  men  were  reported  available  in 
Class  I  they  were  called,  and  all  remaining  men  known  to  be  in  Class  I 
were  called  during  the  month  of  August. 

5.  Quotas  in  September. — On  August  15,  1918,  a  Class  I  report  was 
called  for  as  of  September   1,   and  quota  sheet  No.   4   (Appendix 
Table  78-D)  was  prepared.     Calls  for  September  were  levied  on  this 
basis.     By  this  time  the  registration  of  June  5,  1918,  had  been  entirely 
classified,  and  the  rectification  of  the  classification  of  the  June  5, 
1917,  registration  had  been  nearly  accomplished. 

6.  Quotas  in  October. — On  August  24,  1918,  a  registration  was  held 
of  men  who  had  become  21   years  of  age  since  June  5,  1918.     It 
therefore  became  necessary  to  call  for  another  Class  I  report  as  of 
October  1,  1918.     From  this  report  was  compiled  a  quota  sheet  as  of 
October   1    (quota  sheet  No.  5,  Appendix  Table  78-E).     The  net 
quotas  represented,  58,133  men,  were  required,  under  the  statute,  to 
be  completely  called  in  each  State  before  any  State  was  required  to 
furnish  men  from   the  registration   of   September    12,    1918.     The 
latter  group  would  thus  form  the  basis  for  a  new  computation  of 
quotas. 

7.  Quotas  in  November. — There  remained  on  November  1,  1918,  in 
the  levy  of  October  1,  58,133  Class  I  registrants  not  inducted;  but 
these   men   were   all   under   call.     The   additional   November   calls 
described  in  Chapter  VIII  were  made  on  a  provisional  computation 
based  on  12  per  cent  of  the  registration  of  September  12,  1918.     These 
calls  were  levied  on  the  new  group  of  ages  19  to  36;  but  they  were 
canceled  by  tho  President's  order  of  November  11,  issued  upon  the 
signing  of  the  armistice. 

8.  Calls  from  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and  Porto  Rico,  subsequent  to  the  first 
levy  of  687,000. — Alaska,  after  filling  its  quota  on  the  first  levy,  had 
1,420  men  in  Class  I;  these  men  were  all  called. 

Hawaii  had  no  net  quota  on  the  first  levy ;  but  its  Class  I  contained 
5,420  men,  and  these  were  all  called. 

Porto  Rico  was  called  upon  to  furnish  2,900  men  in  excess  of  its 
first  net  quota;  but  complications  of  transport  service  and  other 
physical  obstacles  delayed  the  calling  of  additional  men  from  Porto 
Rico. 


CHAPTER  VII. 
INDUCTION  AND  INCREMENTS  RAISED  BY  SELECTIVE  DRAFT. 

1 .  Enlistment  and  induction,  distinguished. — Enlistment  and  induc- 
tion are  two  modes  of   entering   military  service.     They  differ  in 
respect  to  the  governmental  agencies  which  control  such  entrance. 
Other  modes  of  entrance  to  the  Army  are  by  commission  as  an 
officer  and  by  appointment  as  an  Army  field  clerk ;  these  two  modes 
are  under  the  direction  of  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army. 

Enlistment  in  the  Army  is  also  under  direction  of  The  Adjutant  Gen- 
eral of  the  Army,  and  is  accomplished  on  the  terms  prescribed  by  statute, 
by  Army  Regulations,  and  by  General  Orders.  It  is  always  volun- 
tary— that  is,  upon  application  by  the  person  desiring  enlistment — 
though,  for  a  given  time,  enlistment  for  one  or  more  branches  of  the 
Army  may  be  limited  or  suspended  by  the  War  Department. 

Induction  is  under  direction  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General,  and 
was  accomplished  on  the  terms  prescribed  by  the  selective  service 
act  and  the  regulations  issued  thereunder.  It  might  be  either  volun- 
tary— that  is,  upon  application  by  the  person  desiring  induction — or 
involuntary;  that  is,  upon  order  from  selective  service  officials,  pur- 
suant to  instructions  from  the  Provost  Marshal  General. 

A  person  subject  to  registration  under  the  selective  service  act 
might  enter  military  service  either  by  induction  or  by  enlistment  (so 
far  as  not  forbidden  by  express  rule) ;  but  a  person  not  subject  to  the 
act  could  not  enter  by  induction. 

The  foregoing  contrasts  and  likenesses  should  be  kept  in  mind  in 
considering  the  sequence  of  events  and  the  changes  of  rule,  as  the 
raising  of  the  Army  proceeded. 

2.  Time  of  induction. — The  act  of  enlistment  and  the  act  of  induc- 
tion each  mark  the  point  of  tune  when  the  person  enters  military 
service,  i.  e.,  passes  from  the  civilian  to  the  military  status.     Upon 
this  change  of  status  follows  automatically  a  number  of  important 
consequences.     Whether  the  person  is  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of 
military  courts;  whether  he  has  ceased  to  be  subject  to  orders  issued 
by  the  Provost  Marshal  General  under  the  selective  service  act,  and 
is  thereafter  subject  to  orders  issued  by  The  Adjutant  General  of  the 
Army;  whether  he  is  guilty  of  desertion  in  failing  to  appear  for  duty; 
whether  he  is  entitled  to  pay  and  allowances,  or  to  the  benefits  of 
war-risk  insurance,  or  is  subject  to  the  obligation  of  making  a  family 
allotment — these  and  other  questions  depend  more  or  less  upon  the 

220 


INCREMENTS   RAISED  BY   SELECTIVE   DRAFT.  221 

determination  of  time  of  entrance  into  service  by  enlistment  or  by 
induction. 

The  act  of  enlistment  is  effected  by  the  proper  officer's  acceptance 
of  the  applicant  and  by  the  applicant's  taking  the  oath  of  enlistment. 

Under  the  selective  service  act,  no  oath  was  provided  for  entrance 
into  service  by  the  selective  draft.  Hence,  the  point  of  time  could 
not  be  determined  by  any  act  of  taking  the  oath.  But  it  was  early 
held,  in  the  administration  of  the  act,  that  the  decisive  point  of  time 
was  the  time  duly  set  by  the  local  board  (or  the  State  adjutant  gen- 
eral) for  the  registrant  to  report  to  the  board  for  military  duty, 
preliminary  to  entrainment  for  camp.  The  original  regulation  of 
August  8,  1917,  read  (P.  M.  G.  O.  Form  31,  Mobilization  Regulations, 
Sec.  5) : 

From  the  time  specified  for  reporting  to  the  local  board  for  military  duty,  each  man 
in  respect  of  whom  notice  to  report  has  been  posted  or  mailed  shall  be  in  the  military 

service  of  the  United  States. 

The  later  editions  of  the  regulations  (S.  S.  R.  2d  ed.,  sees.  133, 
159-D)  made  only  minor  changes  of  phraseology  in  this  rule. 

The  question  of  principle  involved  was  a  novel  one;  but  the  solu- 
tion thus  early  adopted  by  this  office  was  a  logical  consequence  of 
the  second  article  of  war,  and  it  was  fully  and  consistently  con- 
firmed by  the  opinions  of  the  Federal  courts  (Franke  'v.  Murray, 
C.  C.  A.,  248  Fed.,  865)  and  of  the  Judge  Advocate  General  of  the 
Army  (Opinions  of  Mar.  6,  1918;  Mar.  26,  1918;  May  1,  1918;  July 
5,  1918;  July  29,  1918;  printed  in  full  in  "Source  Book  of  Military 
Law  and  War-Time  Legislation1.") 

At  the  day  and  hour  specified  for  reporting  for  duty,  the  local 
board  formed  the  men  in  single  rank,  called  the  roll,  appointed  the 
party  leader  and  the  squad  leaders,  and  read  a  short  address,  in- 
structing them  in  the  preparations  to  be  made,  and  declaring  them 
to  be  now  "in  the  military  service  of  the  United  States."  This  was 
the  moment  of  induction.  They  were  then  dismissed  until  the 
second  roll  call,  prior  to  entrainment. 

That  the  crucial  moment  of  induction  often  marked  the  transi- 
tion from  civil  to  military  status  in  more  than  a  merely  technical 
sense,  can  be  gathered  from  the  folio  whig  incidents : 

A  colored  boy  was  called  for  service.  When  he  appeared  at  headquarters  he  had 
a  bottle  of  liniment  in  each  pocket  and  was  leaning  heavily  on  a  stout  cane.  The  roll 
was  called  and  he  hobbled  up  to  his  place  in  line,  complaining  of  his  "rheumatics." 
The  contingent  was  taken  out  for  its  preliminary  drill  and  instructions.  Willie  lagged 
behind  his  squad.  When  the  company  returned  for  entrainment  Willie  was  acting 
as  right  guide,  with  the  bearing  of  a  real  soldier.  While  at  drill  he  had  thrown  away 
his  cane,  destroyed  his  liniment  bottles,  and  "caught  the  spirit." 

One  contingent  of  some  50  boys  was  about  to  be  sent  to  camp  and  the  leader  was 
designated  by  the  board  chairman.  One  of  the  soldiers  objected,  claiming  that  they 
should  have  the  right  to  elect  their  own  leader.  He  was  told  that  the  regulation  pro- 

»  St.  Paul:  West  Publishing  Company;  1918. 


222  CHAPTER  VII.    INDUCTION. 

vided  how  the  leaders  should  be  selected,  and  that  this  was  his  first  taste  of  Army  life, 
in  that  he  would  have  to  obey  orders.  He  still  insisted  that  this  was  not  democratic, 
and  that  they  should  have  a  right  to  select  their  own  leaders.  He  was,  of  course,  given 
to  understand  that  there  was  no  appeal  in  this  case,  and  that  he  must  submit  to  the 
regulations,  and  he  was  warned  to  be  on  his  good  behavior  until  he  arrived  at  camp, 
where  he  would  be  reported  by  the  leader  and  a  proper  reprimand  meted  out.  Before 
leaving  on  the  train  he  made  apologies  and  promised  to  be  good. 

3.  Total  inductions. — Induction  being  the  distinctive  moment 
which  marks  the  addition  of  a  new  unit  of  man-power  to  the  military 
forces,  we  may  now  notice  the  results  of  the  Selective  Service  process, 
in  terms  of  man-power  raised. 

The  total  number  of  registrants  inducted  and  accepted  at  camp  be- 
tween September  5, 1917,  and  November  11, 1918,  was  2,810,296  (Table 
79).  Of  these  the  total  inducted  from  selectives  of  the  first  and 
second  registrations  was  2,666,867  (Table  79). 

(a)  Ratio  of  inductions  to  registrants. — For  purposes  of  practical 
estimate  of  available  man  power  in  a  given  group  of  registrants  the 
ratio  of  inducted  men  to  registrants  becomes  important.  This  appears 
in  the  following  table,  covering  the  first  and  second  registrations,  of 
which  the  effective  Class  I  man-power  (with  the  exception  of  about 
5  per  cent,  as  noted  in  Chapter  IV,  par.  (IX),  had  been  virtually 
all  utilized  at  the  time  of  the  armistice: 

TABLE  78. — Inductions;  ratio  t«  registrants. 


Inductions;  ratio  to  registrants. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  regis- 
trants. 

1 

Total  registrants  June  5,  1917,  to  Sept.  11,  1918,  first  and 
second  registrations  

10,  679,  814 

100.00 

2 

Total  registrants  inducted  by  boards  (and  accepted  at 
camp)  Sept  5  1917  to  Nov  11  1918  

2,  666,  867 

24  97 

(b)  Induction  totals  by  months. — The  numbers  of  inductions 
depended,  of  course,  entirely  on  the  requisitions  for  men,  issued 
to  the  Provost  Marshal  General  by  the  General  Staff  through  The 
Adjutant  General  of  the  Army.  The  method  of  calls  by  the 
Provost  Marshal  General,  directing  local  boards,  through  the  State 
executive,  to  effect  the  inductions,  is  described  in  Chapter  VIII 
(mobilization).  It  is  here  material  to  note  that  the  first  inductions 
were  made  in  September,  1917,  and  that  they  proceeded,  in  quan- 
tities varying  from  month  to  month,  until  the  date  of  the  armistice. 
Table  79  shows  the  monthly  figures. 


INCREMENTS   RAISED  BY   SELECTIVE   DRAFT.  223 

TABLE  79. — Enlistments  and  inductions,  compared  by  months. 


1 

2 

3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 

11 
12 

13 

14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 

22 

23 

24 

Enlistments  and    induc- 
tions,    compared      by 
months. 

Total 
incre- 
ment by 
enlist- 
ment 
ami  in- 
duction. 

Inductions. 

Enlistments. 

Total. 

Per 
cent 
of 
incre- 
ment. 

Army. 

Per 
cent 
of 
incre- 
ment. 

Navy 
and 
Re- 
serves. 

Per 
cent 
of 
incre- 
ment. 

Ma- 
rine 
Corps 
and 
Re- 
serves. 

Per 

cent 
of 
incre- 
ment. 

Totals  from  Apr.  2,  1917,  to 
Nov.  11,  1918  

4,  178,  172 

2,810,296 

67.26 

877,  458 

21.00 

437,  527 

10.47 

52,  891 

1.27 

1917: 
April    

113,633 
146,866 

150,  249 

86,405 
119,470 
95,  «18 
73,887 
59,  556 

76.04 
81.35 
63.77 
86.08 
90.00 
7.51 
14.84 
50.55 
72.90 

44.08 
21.53 
14.88 
10.52 
6.02 
6.39 
4.21 
3.13 

24,593 

22,  174 
50,502 
8,698 
4,641 
2,025 
15,  292 
8,458 
31,076 

26,860 
10,258 
11,362 
19,  921 
24,537 
97,158 
23,  732 
48,  137 
8,103 

21.64 
15.10 
33.61 
10.13 
7.01 
.63 
7.27 
9.36 
15.96 

28.72 
8.43 
6.69 
9.05 
5.73 
22.51 
5.24 
13.88 
2.97 

2,635 
5,224 
3,929 
3,253 
1,975 
1,178 
391 
517 
1,373 

2,149 
1,459 
677 
2,626 
5,072 
4,900 
8,510 
5,030 
1,993 

2.32 
3.55 
2.62 
3.79 
2.99 
.36 
.18 
.57 
.70 

2.30 
1.20 
.40 
1.20 
1.18 
1.14 
1.88 
1.45 
.73 

May                 

June            

July 

85,  838 
66,  172 

August      

September  

324,248 
210,392 
90,395 
194,  700 

93,522 
121,693 
169,  791 
220,079 
428,466 
431,582 
452,417 
34fi,924 
273,080 
107,363 
7,331 

296,678 
163,493 
35,  721 
20,320 

23,288 
83,779 
132,  484 
174,377 
373,063 
301,941 
401,  147 
282,  898 
262,  984 
107,363 
7,331 

91.50 
77.71 
39".  52 
10.44 

24.90 
68.84 
78.03 
79.  23 
87.07 
69.96 
88.  67 
81.,  54 
96.30 
100.00 
100.00 

24,  387 
31,216 
45,  699 
141,931 

41,225 

26,  197 
25,  268 
23,  155 
25,  794 
27,583 
19,028 
10,  859 

October        

November  

1918: 

February  

March  

April  

Mav  

June  .' 

July      

August  

September  

October       

November  

Totcl,  first  and  sec- 
ond registration  .  . 

2,  666,  867 

1918:  Third  registration. 
October         

141,822 
1,607 

141,822 
1,607 

100.00 
100.00 

November  

Before  comparing  the  results  of  induction  and  enlistment,  as  a 
source  of  man-power  for  the  Army,  it  is  necessary  to  note  the  effect 
of  enlistments  on  Class  I. 

4.  Effect  of  enlistments  on  Class  I. — At  the  outset  of  the  selective 
draft,  enlistment,  as  a  door  for  entrance  to  the  Army  or  the  Navy, 
was  freely  open  to  persons  registered  under  the  selective  service  act. 
By  the  new  regulations,  effective  December  15,  1917  (sec.  151),  a 
registrant  was  not  permitted  to  enlist  in  the  Army,  except  in  certain 
branches  (Surgeon  General,  Engineers,  Signal,  Quartermaster);  but 
enlistment  in  the  Navy  or  the  Marine  Corps  was  permitted  to  all 
registrants  except  those  in  class  I  whose  order  number  brought  them 
within  the  current  quota  due  under  a  call.  On  July  27,  1918,  a 
presidential  direction  prohibited  further  enlistments  of  Class  I  reg- 
istrants in  the  Navy  or  the  Marine  Corps,  and  also  prohibited  entries 
of  such  registrants  on  the  Emergency  Fleet  lists.  On  August  9, 
1918,  the  Secretary  of  War  announced  (Official  Bulletin,  Aug.  9) 
that  "the  War  Department  to-day  has  suspended  further  volunteer- 
ing;" and  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  on  August  9  made  a  similar 
announcement  for  the  Navy  and  the  Marine  Corps.  The  second  edition 
of  the  Selective  Service  Regulations  (Sept.  16,  1918)  embodied  the 


224  v  CHAPTER  VII.    INDUCTION. 

foregoing  rules  (with  minor  exceptions  for  reenlistments  in  Navy  and 
Marine  Corps,  for  American  citizens  abroad  enlisting  in  the  Army 
and  for  aliens  enlisting  in  cobelligerent  forces).  This  rule  of  prohi- 
bition, in  its  application  to  registrants,  continued  until  the  date  of 
the  armistice. 

What  was  the  reason  for  this  sequence  of  orders  gradually  closing 
the  door  of  enlistment  to  registrants  ?  The  reason  was  the  reciprocal 
influence  of  the  selective  draft  and  voluntary  enlistment  upon  each 
other. 

(a)  Influence  of  the  draft  on  enlistment. — On  the  one  hand,  the 
selective  draft,  at  certain  stages,  stimulated  voluntary  enlistment. 
A  glance  at  Table  79  and  Appendix  Chart  N  will  show  that  enlist- 
ments ran  high  in  April,  May,  and  June,  1917,  and  then  gradually 
but  emphatically  dropped  to  25  per  cent  of  the  highest  figure,  in  the 
Navy  in  July  and  in  the  Army  in  September.  In  the  Army  this 
change  was  apparently  influenced  by  the  announcement  of  the  order 
numbers  of  the  draft  in  late  July;  for  thereafter  the  certainty, 
implied  by  high  order  numbers,  of  not  being  liable  to  early  call  in 
the  draft,  removed  for  many  persons  the  motive  to  enlist.  Again  in 
December  the  enlistment  figures  suddenly  rise  again,  and  to  their 
maximum  for  the  Army;  and  again  one  important  influence  was  the 
classification  system,  promulgated  on  November  8,  to  be  effective 
on  December  15,  1917;  for  on  that  date  all  prior  releases  from  the 
draft  were  to  be  canceled  and  no  further  Army  enlistments  of  regis- 
trants were  to  be  allowed,  and  an  overwhelming  rush  of  enlistments 
then  marked  the  first  half  of  December.  As  soon  as  the  classification 
of  January  matured  and  the  certainty  began  to  arrive  that  a  deferred 
classification  would  remove  the  registrant  from  immediate  call  the 
motive  for  enlistment  in  the  Navy  was  once  more  lessened;  and 
Navy  enlistments  dropped  in  February  and  March.  Finally  in  May 
and  June  another  upward  rush  of  figures  is  found  for  the  Navy  (its 
high-water  mark,  in  fact,  totaling  in  June  more  than  in  the  five 
months  preceding);  and  this,  too,  was  patently  explainable  by  the 
sudden  heavy  increases  in  draft  calls  for  May  and  June,  which  rapidly 
depleted  Class  I,  thus  placing  the  higher  order  numbers  in  unex- 
pected prospect  of  early  call  and  bringing  into  play  the  motive  for 
enlistment. 

In  short,  the  selective  draft,  in  the  varying  stages  of  its  indirect 
compulsory  influence,  was  an  effective  stimulant  of  enlistment.  In 
spite  of  the  general  popularity  of  the  selective  service  system  as 
such,  there  persisted  always — for  many,  at  least — the  desire  to  enter 
military  service  (if  needs  must)  by  enlistment  rather  than  by  draft — 
that  is,  to  enter  voluntarily  in  appearance  at  least.  Thus,  whenever 
the  prospect  of  the  draft  call  seemed  near,  enlistments  received  the 
benefit  of  the  dilemma  thus  created.  This  indirect  effect  of  a  selective 


INCREMENTS    RAISED    BY    SELECTIVE    DRAFT.  225 

draft  iii  stimulating  enlistment  must  be  reckoned  as  one  of  its  powerful 
advantages. 

(6)  Influence  of  enlistment  on  the  selective  service  mechanism. — On 
the  other  hand,  the  selective  draft  itself  suffered  seriously,  in  its 
administrative  aspect,  by  these  fluctuations  of  enlistment  by  regis- 
trants. The  Army  (or  Navy)  gained  the  man  equally,  it  is  true,  by 
whichever  door  he  entered.  But  if  the  maintenance  of  the  open 
door  of  enlistment  should  impair  the  effective  workings  of  the  draft, 
it  ceased  to  be  a  matter  of  indifference. 

And  such  was  the  consequence  when  Class  I  came  to  be  gradually 
depleted  by  reason  of  the  heavy  calls  to  camp  in  May,  June,  and 
July,  1918.  Unless  the  numbers  of  Class  I  could  be  accurately 
known  and  located,  the  machinery  for  prompt  and  dependable 
deliveries  of  man  power  on  requisition  would  lose  its  working  effi- 
ciency. During  May  and  June  volunteering  did  not  interfere  mate- 
rially with  the  operation  of  the  draft,  for  Class  I  still  contained  a 
sufficient  surplus  of  men  to  fill  the  calls  for  those  months  and  also  to 
permit  of  a  considerable  number  of  enlistments.  But  when  the 
July  and  August  calls  were  announced  to  the  States,  it  became 
apparent  that  voluntary  enlistment  and  the  selective  draft  could  not 
well  operate  coincidently.  Telegrams  from  State  headquarters  dis- 
closed the  fact  that  it  was  impossible  to  administer  the  selective 
draft,  due  to  the  rush  to  volunteer  before  being  called  in  the  draft. 
A  typical  case  is  this:  A  State  headquarters  would  call  upon  20  local 
boards  for  15  men  each,  advices,  of  the  previous  week  having  stated 
that  each  of  these  local  boards  had  25  men  remaining  in  Class  I;  but 
immediately  the  local  boards  would  begin  to  report  that  their  25  men 
had  enlisted,  and  that  the}^  therefore  had  no  men  remaining  in  Class  I? 
These  changes  were  so  widespread  and  so  large  in  quantity  that  it 
was  impossible  to  ascertain  seasonably  where  the  Class  I  men  were 
and  how  many  they  numbered.  Hence  the  changes  of  rule  already 
described.  .  • 

Since  the  date  of  withdrawal  from  Class  I  registrants  of  the  privi- 
lege of  voluntary  enlistment  there  occurred  a  slight  increase  (as 
might  have  been  expected)  in  the  number  of  voluntary  individual 
inductions.  The  change  was  very  slight,  however,  and  the  first 
appreciable  increase  was  immediately  after  the  September  12 
registration,  which  brought  a  new  13,000,000  men  under  the  selective 
draft.  Voluntary  individual  inductions  for  the  latter  part  of  Sep- 
tember and  the  month  of  October  were  heavy,  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  Navy,  the  Marine  Corps,  and  certain  staff  corps  of  the  Army  were, 
for  the  time,  permitted  to  secure  their  men  of  occupational  skill  in  this 
manner  during  the  period  when  the  selective  service  administration 
was  overwhelmed  with  the  process  of  classification  of  the  registrants 
of  the  Class  of  September,  1918,  and  this  became  the  more  con- 
venient method  of  furnishing  that  type  of  man. 

OTLTX)0— 19 15 


226  CHAPTER   VII.    INDUCTION. 

Sucli  was  the  development  of  the  successive  steps  above  taken,  in 
first  restricting  and  finally  suspending  and  closing  the  opportunity 
of  enlistment  to  registrants  subject  to  induction  under  the  selective 
service  system.  A  more  detailed  study  of  the  story  will  reveal 
interesting  conclusions  of  policy  for  the  historian  and  the  legislator. 

5.  Extension  of  induction  to  supply  Navy  and  Marine  Corps. — It  was 
of  course  a  logical  consequence  that,  upon  closing  one  of  the  doors  of 
entrance,  the  other  door  should  at  any  rate  be  kept  open.  In  other 
words,  if  enlistment  in  Navy  or  Marine  Corps  should  be  forbidden  for 
registrants  subject  to  selective  draft,  the  Navy  and  the  Marine. 
Corps  should  not  be  thus  deprived  of  opportunity  to  obtain  such  men, 
but  should  share  the  products  of  the  draft.  These  two  arms  of  the 
service  would  be  benefitted  as  before,  and  the  draft  system  would  be 
under  complete  control.  This  radical  step,  forming  an  important 
addition  to  the  scope  of  the  selective  service  act,  received  the  assent 
of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and  the  Secretary  of  War,  but  required 
new  legislation.  Accordingly  Congress  provided,  in  the  act  of  August 
31,  1918,  enlarging  the  registration  ages,  that  "all  men  rendered 
available  for  induction  into  military  service  of  the  United  States 
through  registration  or  draft  *  *  *  shall  be  liable  to  service  in 
the  Army  or  the  Navy  or  the  Marine  Corps,  and  shall  be  allotted  to 
the  Army,  the  Navy,  and  the  Marine  Corps  under  regulations  to  be 
prescribed  by  the  President'';  the  regulations  thus  made  took  effect 
on  October  1,  1918. 

The  number  of  inductions  for  the  Navy  and  the  Marine  Corps  issued 
during  the  months  of  October  and  November  was  as  follows : 

TABLE  79a. — Inductions,  Navy  and  Marine  Corps;  Oct. -Nor.,  1918. 


Inductions;  October-November,  1918. 

Calls. 

Individual 
inductions. 

Total. 

1 

Navy 

2,100 

1,294 

3.  304 

2 

Marine 

Corps                            ..    »-  

6,  529 

6.  529 

The  application  of  the  selective  draft  to  the  Navy  and  Marine 
Corps  was  of  such  short  duration  that  it  is  difficult  to  state  how  satis- 
factory it  would  have  been,  as  every  change  of  this  kind  is  attended 
with  more  or  less  experimentation.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  a 
continuation  of  the  system  would  have  resulted  in  complete  satisfac- 
tion to  the  Navy  and  the  Marine  Corps,  and  at  the  same  time  would 
have  enabled  this  office  to  keep  that  correct  account  of  available 
man-power  which  is  so  necessary  in  the  administration  of  the  selective 
service  law. 

On  October  1,  1918,  the  Students'  Army  Training  Corps  (Sec.  A,  or 
collegiate  branch)  was  established,  with  an  authorized  strength  of 
200,000  men  (open  only,  for  Class  I  men,  to  the  new  registrants).  As 
the  colleges  opened  only  18  days  subsequent  to  the  date  of  the  new 


INCREMENTS   RAISED   BY   SELECTIVE   DRAFT. 


227 


registration,  September  12,  this  office  handled  all  inductions  into  that 
organization  by  the  process  of  individual  induction.  The  records 
show  that  145,012  individual  induction  orders  were  issued  on  account 
of  the  Students'  Army  Training  Corps  to  November  11,  1918. 

6.  Total  armed  forces  raised  by  induction  and  enlistment  combined. — 
The  armed  forces  raised  by  induction  and  by  enlistment  combined 
represent  the  total  armed  forces  raised,  if  we  add  the  numbers  entering 
directly  by  commission.  The  respective  contributions  of  these  three 
methods,  and  the  relation  between  the  original  armed  strength  and 
the  increment  produced  for  the  purposes  of  the  war,  can  be  observed 
from  the  following  table: 

TABLE  80. —  Total  strength  of  Arm'/,  Navy,  and  Marine   Corps  compared  as  to  original 

strength  and  increments. 


1 

2 
3 

4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 

20 

21 

22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
forces. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
military 
forces. 

Per  cent 
of  mili- 
tary in- 
crement. 

Total  United  Stales  armed  forces  raised 
to  Nov   11   1918                           

4,  791,  172 
4,  185,  220 
605,  952 
378,619 
291,  880 
127,  588 
164,  292 
86,739 
69,  029 
13,  599 
4,111 
4,  412,  553 
3,  893,  340 
203,  786 
2,  810,  296 
877,  458 
390,  874 
296,  978 

189,  606 

1,800 
519,  213 
462,  229 
24,  702 
437,  527 
54,  (i:)0 
1,799 
52,  891 
2,294 

100.00 
87.35 
12.65 
7.92 

Total  military  forces 

100.00 

Total  naval  forces            ... 

Existin^  strength  Apr   1    1917- 

Military  forces   .         

6.97 

Regular  Army          

National  Guard         

Naval  forces                      

Navy                         

...    . 

Marine  Corps 

Coast  Guard 

Increments  to  Nov   11,  1918    

92.08 

Military  forces       

93.03 

100.00 
5.23 

72.18 
22.54 
10.04 
7.63 

4.87 
.05 

Commissioned  .          

Inducted             

67.15 

Enlisted 

Regular  Army      

National  Guard    

Reserve     Corps     and 
National  Armv  

United  States  Guards  (com- 
missioned and  enlisted)  '. 
Naval  forces        

Navy  

(  'omrnissioned  

Enlisted  

Marine  Corps  

Commissioned  

Enlisted  

Coast  Guard      

1  While  the  strength  of  the  United  Slates  Guards  on  Nov.  15,  1918,  was  25,9W,  yet  only  1,800  of  those  who 
were  assigned  1  o  it  prior  to  January,  1918,  can  be  considered  as  an  increment  to  the  military  forces,  the  later 
strength  being  supplied  from  inducted  men  assigned  from  the  National  Army. 

(a)  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  total  increment  raised  for  the  present 
war  was  4,412,553,  or  1,165.43  per  cent  of  the  entire  original  strength; 
while  the  increment  to  military  forces  only  was  3,893,340,  or  1333.88 
per  cent  of  the  original  military  strength. 


228 


CHAPTER   VII.   INDUCTION. 


(6)  Of  the  total  military  forces,  2,810,296,  or  67.15  per  cent,  was 
furnished  by  the  selective  draft;  i.  e.,  two  men  in  every  three  now  in 
the  Army  came  in  by  induction. 

(c)  Of  the  total  increment  raised  since  the  beginning  of  the  war, 
the  selective  draft  furnished  72.18  per  cent,  or  nearly  three-fourths. 

(d)  All  of  the  foregoing  totals  should  be  slightly  reduced  by  an 
amount  representing  the  duplications  under  "commissioned."     A 
large  proportion  of  commissions  were  issued  directly  to  men  not 
already  in  service,  but  a  portion  were  also  granted  to  men  already  in 
service  by  enlistment  or  induction.     The  records  of  The  Adjutant 
General's  Office  do  not  enable  the  distinction  to  be  here  made. 

(e)  The  respective  contributions  of  the  several  States  are  shown  in 
Appendix  Table  79-A.     As  between  enlistment  and  draft,  the  three 
States  furnishing  by  draft  the  highest  percentage  of  their  individual 
contributions  were  Alabama,   South  Carolina,   and  West  Virginia; 
while  the  three  States  contributing  the  lowest  percentage  by  draft 
were  Oregon,  Massachusetts,  and  Rhode  Island.     It  would  be  inter- 
esting to  pursue  this  comparative  aspect  of  the  contributions  in 
various  geographical  or  other  combinations  of  States. 

7 .  Ratio  of  forces  raised  to  males  of  military  age  and  to  total  male 
population.^— This  leads  to  a  culminating  inquiry,  vital  in  any  retro- 
spect of  the  selective  draft  operations  and  any  future  contemplation 
of  military  policy,  namely,  the  ratio  of  armed  forces  raised  to  males 
of  ages  18-45  and  to  the  male  population  of  all  ages.  The  figures  are 
shown  in  the  following  Table  81: 

TABLE  81. — Ratio  of  military  strength  to  males  of  ages  18-45  and  to  male  population  all 

ayts. 


Tlatio  of  military  strength  to  males  of  ages 
18-45  and  to  male  population  all  ages. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  male 
popula- 
tion. 

Per  cent 
of  culled 
and  not 
railed  to 
males  aged 
18-45. 

Per  cent 
of  effec- 
tives to 
males  aged 
18-45. 

1 

Total    male    population   of  all   ages 
Rent  12  1918                            

54,  340,  000 

100.00 

2 

Total  males  ages  18-45  (register- 
ed, and  not  registered  but  in 
service)      ..        

25,  347,  477 

46.65 

100.00 

100.00 

3 

Awaiting  call  to  the  colors 
Nov   1]    1918  

20,  556,  305 

37.83 

81.10 

4 

Effective  Class  I  (esti- 
mated)      .            ... 

2,  340,  000 

9.23 

5 

Nonefi'ectives      (estima- 
ted) under  present  law 
and  regulations 

18,  216,  305 

71.87 

6 

Already  called  to  the  colors, 
Nov.'  11,  1918  

4,  791,  172 

8.82 

18.  90 

18.90 

7 

In  service  Apr  2  1  917 

378,  619 

« 
1 

Increment  to  Nov.  11, 
1918  

Total  present  and  prospective  armed 
forces    available    from    effectives 
under  present  law  and  regulations 
(estimated)  

4,  412,  553 
7,  131,  271 





28.  13 

INCREMENTS   RAISED  BY   SELECTIVE   DRAFT. 


229 


(a)  It  will  be  observed  that  the  ratio,  to  total  population,  of  the 
males  of  ages  18-45,  forming  the  reservoir  of  mules  of  military  ages, 
was  46.65  per  cent;  the  number  being  over  25,000,000. 

(&)  It  will  further  be  observed  that,  of  this  reservoir,  20,500,000 
or  81 .1 0  per  cent,  were  still  awaiting  call  to  the  colors  on  November  11, 
1918,  while  nearly  5,000,000,  or  8.82  per  cent,  were  already  called 
to  the  colors. 

(c)  Of  the  number  awaiting  call  to  the  colors,  it  may  be  estimated 
(from  Appendix  Table  64-A)  that  the  effective  Class  I  strength  that 
would  have  developed  is  at  least  18  per  cent  of  the  new  13,000,000 
registrants,  giving  in  all  2,340,000,  which  represents  9.23  per  cent  of 
all  males  of  military  age. 

(d)  Finally,  by  combining  lines  4  and  6  of  the  foregoing  Table, 
it  appears  that  the  total  armed  forces  which  are  and  prospectively 
could  have  been  made  available  in  the  year  1919,  under  the  present 
law  and  regulations  and  without  calling  any  of  the  deferred  classes, 
would  be  7,131,172.     This  would  represent  28.13  per  cent  of  the  total 
males  of  military  age ;  and  it  would  leave  more  than  twice  as  many 
still  uncalled  belonging  to  the  lesser  degrees  of  availability. 

These  figures  may  serve,  to  some  extent,  as  a  basis  for  estimate  in 
future  plans;  and,  in  connection  with  the  various  ratios  already  given 
in  Table  61 ,  they  will  indicate  the  possible  effect,  plus  or'minus,  that 
would  be  produced  by  changes  of  the  law  and  regulations  in  one  or 
another  detail. 

8.  Armed  forces  of  Great  Britain  raised  l>y  enlistment  and  by  con- 
scription.— The  armed  forces  raised  by  the  British  Government  from 
within  the  United  Kingdom  may  serve  as  an  interesting  basis  of 
comparison,  with  reference  to  the  ratio  of  military  man-power  con- 
tributed. The  following  Table  81  a  is  based  on  estimates  only,  but  is 
as  accurat3  as  is  feasible  under  the  circumstances: 

TABLE  81a. 


Ratio  of  I'nited  Kingdom  forces  7-aised  to  male  ages 
18-45  and  to  males  all  ages. 

Number. 

1  'or  cent  of 
males  of  all 
ages. 

Per  cent  of 
males  ages 
18-45. 

1 

Total  males,  all  ages  in  1918 

1  22,  827,  261 

100.00 

?, 

Males,  ages  18-45  

1  9,  800,  000 

42.  93 

100.00 

3 

Awaiting  call  to  the  colors,  Nov., 
1918  

1  3,  945,  041 

17.28 

40  26 

4 
5 

Already  called  to  the  colors  
Remaining  a<res 

5,  854,  359 
13  027,261 

25.  65 
57  07 

59.74 

1  Estimated. 

The  notable  feature  is  that  by  May,  1918,  after  nearly  four  years 
of  war,  the  United  Kingdom  had  contributed  (line  4)  to  the  armed 
forces  one  quarter  of  its  males  of  all  ages,  or  three-fifths  of  its  males 
of  military  ages  18-45.  Relatively,  therefore,  it  had  far  exceeded 
the  ratio  of  contribution  in  the  United  States. 

What  its  total  remaining  available  effectives  would  have  amounted 
to  can  hardly  become  a  subject  of  comparison,  the  law  and  regulations 
in  the  two  countries  being  different  in  essential  points. 


230 


CHAPTER   VII.    INDUCTION. 


For  the  purpose  of  studying  the  comparative  speed  and  product  of 
voluntary  enlistment  and  conscription,  the  increment  of  forces 
raised  in  the  United  Kingdom  may  be  divided  into  two  parts,  taking 
October  31,  1915,  as  the  dividing  line.  As  set  forth  in  Appendix  K, 
the  British  registration  of  man-power,  which  served  as  the  basis  for 
the  later  conscription  measures,  was  completed  during  August  and 
September,  1915;  canvassing  under  Lord  Derby's  attestation  plan 
began  on  October  23,  1915;  the  conscription  bill  was  introduced  on 
January  5,  1916,  passed  on  January  24,  1916  (first  Military  Service 
Act),  and  became  effective  February  10,  1916.  The  indirect  com- 
pulsory effect  of  the  registration  marks  the  month  of  October  as 
virtually  the  termination  of  the  purely  voluntary  plan;  all  additions 
to  the  forces  after  that  month,  of  ages  18-45,  though  termed  "  enlist- 
ments," were  in  effect  not  to  be  ascribed  to  a  purely  voluntary  system. 
The  figures,  thus  allotted  before  and  after  October  31,  1915,  are  as 
follows : 

TABLE  81b. 


1 

L> 
3 

4 
5 

Enlistment  and  conscription  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of-— 

Military 
age. 

Armed 
forces. 

Total  military  ages  18-45  (estimated)  

9,  800,  000 
5,  854,  359 
883..  457 

2,  289,  774 
2,  681,  128 

100.00 
59.74 

Armed  forces  raised  in  United  Kingdom  to  Nov. 
11   1918        

100.00 
15.09 

39.11 
45.  80 

Existing  strength,  Army  and  Navy,  Aug.  1, 
1914  (including  reserves  and  territorials)  — 
Voluntary  enlistments,  Aug.  2,  1914,  to  Oct. 
31   1915      

23.  37 

Enlistments,  Nov.  1,  1915,  to  Nov.  11,  1918.  .  . 

It  thus  appears  that  in  the  United  Kingdom,  without  conscription, 
and  during  the  first  15  months  of  the  war,  the  increment  raised  was 
2,289,774.  A  reference  to  Table  79  will  show  that  in  the  United 
States,  during  the  19  months  of  war,  for  more  than  17  of  which  the 
draft  system  was  in  force,  the  increment  raised  was  4,178,172,  and 
that  of  this  increment  2,810,296  were  raised  by  direct  draft  and 
1,367,876  were  raised  by  voluntary  enlistment  parallel  with  the  draft 
(except  for  the  first  six  weeks  and  the  last  three  months).  Any  com- 
parison, however,  based  on  mere  numbers  or  ratios  is  of  relatively 
little  significance,  not  only  because  of  the  different  psychological  con- 
ditions of  the  war  in  the  two  countries,  but  also  because  the  reservoirs 
of  military  man-power  differed  in  the  two  countries,  because  the 
military  ages  for  draft  and  for  enlistment  varied  in  both  countries  at 
different  tunes,  and  because  the  quantitative  product  was  in  both 
countries  conditioned  from  time  to  time  by  the  available  equipment 
and  quarters  and  \>y  other  circumstances. 


INCREMENTS   RAISED   BY    SELECTIVE    DRAFT.  231 

The  foregoing  figures  lend  themselves  to  other  aspects  of  compara- 
tive study,  for  which  space  does  not  here  permit  a  digression.  Suffice 
it  to  suggest,  in  general,  that,  as  indicated  by  the  facts  set  forth 
throughout  this  report,  the  superior  efficiency  of  the  draft  as  a  method 
of  raising  armed  forces  lies,  on  the  one  hand,  in  its  ready  and  depend- 
able supply  of  military  man-power  in  quantities  and  at  tunes  when 
needed,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  in  its  adaptability  to  those  industrial 
needs  which  affect  war  preparations  and  the  national  welfare. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 
MOBILIZATION. 

The  process  of  mobilization,  under  the  selective  service  adminis- 
tration, divides  itself  into  three  stages:  The  requisition,  the  call  (in- 
cluding the  order  to  report  for  duty),  and  the  entrainment. 

1.  Requisitions.— The  Provost  Marshal  General,  in  levying  men  by 
the  selective  draft,  acted  only  by  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  War 
upon  requisition  prepared  by  the  General  Staff,  and  issued  through 
The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army,  and  specifying  the  number  and 
the  kinds  of  men  needed;  or  (since  Oct.  1  1918,  as  explained  in  Chap. 
VI)  upon  requisition  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  issued  through 
the  Bureau  of  Navigation,  Director  of  Mobilization.     The  only  excep- 
tion to  this  principle  occurred  in  the  case    of  individual  inductions, 
Which  were  issued  on  requisitions  of  the  Chiefs  of  Staff  Corps,  or  since 
October  1,  1918,  of  the  Navy  or  the  Marine  Corps,  the  authority  for 
these  requisitions  resting  upon  rules   and   arrangements   otherwise 
existing  between  the  General  Staff  and  the  Staff  Corps;  but  these  Staff 
Corps  requisitions  were  all  for  individual  inductions — that    is,  vol- 
untary inductions;  the  involuntary  inductions   all  rested   upon   the 
authority  of  a  requisition  from  The  Adjutant  General. 

Whenever  the  Army's  need  for  additional  men  matured,  this  office 
received  a  preliminary  no.tice  by  telephone  from  the  General  Staff, 
in  order  that  preliminary  computations  and  arrangements  might  be 
made;  at  the  time  of  such  notice  the  entrainment  date,  as  well  as 
ether  details,  were  specified.  A  formal  requisition  was  later  received 
from  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army.  A  sample  form  is  given 
in  Appendix  E.  To  these  requisitions  were  immediately  assigned 
call  numbers  by  this  office.  In  appendix,  Table  81-A,  is  given  a  list 
of  all  requisitions  received  from  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army 
from  August  25,  1917,  to  November  7,  1918,  both  inclusive. 

2.  Kinds  of  calls. — During  the  year  1917  all  requisitions  and  all 
calls  were  made  for  "the  run  of  the  draft;"  that  is,  the  specifications 
were  for  men  physically  qualified  for  general  military  service  and  for 
either  white  or  colored  men,  as  the  need  might  be.     The  selection  of 
men  was  made  by  calling  them  from  the  board  list  in  sequence  of 
order  numbers,  regardless  of  occupation  or  education.     But  during 
the  year  1918,  new  conditions  arose  and  more  varieties  of  men  were 
designated  in  requisitions.     The  requisitions  now  included  specifica- 
tions as  to  either  physical,  occupational  or  educational   qualifica- 
tions.    Moreover,  the  number  of  mobilization  cr.mps  to  which  men 

232 


MOBILIZATION.  233 

could  be  sent  was  increased  to  include  every  camp,  post,  or  station 
in  the  United  States  and  in  the  territories  of  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and 
Porto  Rico,  as  well  as  to  include  hundreds  of  stations  at  schools  and 
colleges. 

To  meet  these  now  conditions,  it  became  necessary  to  devise  new 
varieties  of  calls.  Six  brief  designations  were  adopted  for  the  several 
kinds  of  calls,  viz:  (a)  General;  (&)  Voluntary;  (c)  Special;  (d)  Vol- 
untaiy-special;  (e)  List;  and  (/)  Individual. 

Broadly  speaking,  these  calls  fell  into  three  types:  General,  special, 
or  individual.  A  general  call  signified  a  call  for  a  quantity  of  men 
having  certain  physical  qualifications.  A  special  call  signified  a  call 
for  a  quantity  of  men  having  specified  occupational  or  educational 
qualifications.  An  individual  oall  signified  a  call  for  an  individual. 
There  were  also  permitted,  under  the  regulations,  voluntary  induc- 
tions of  individuals  ahead  of  time,  without  call,  at  the  request  of 
the  registrant  himself,  as  provided  in  the  Selective  Service  Regulations 
(2d  ed.),  section  150;  but  these  inductions,  being  wholly  dependent 
on  the  wish  of  the  individual  to  enter  military  service  without 
waiting  for  the  call  applicable  to  himself,  were,  by  their  irregularity 
in  quantities,  a  source  of  disturbance  to  the  computations  of  men  to 
be  delivered  at  camp;  and  during  the  greater  part  of  1918  the  regula- 
tion permitting  this  variety  of  individual  induction  was  suspended. 

Reverting  to  the  six  kinds  of  calls,  their  particular  differences  were 
as  follows: 

(a)  The  general  call  (S.  S.  R.,  2d  ed.,  sec.!58A)  was  a  call  for  men  to 
be  selected  and  inducted  in  sequence  of  class  and  order  numbers ;  as  to 
physical  qualifications  it  might  include  men  qualified  for  general  mil- 
itary service  or  men  physically  qualified  for  special  or  limited  military 
service  only;  and  it  might  further  specify  color;  for  example,  1,000 
white  men  qualified  for  general  military  service. 

(&)  Under  the  voluntary  call  (S.  S.  R.,  2d  ed.,  sec.  158B)  volunteers 
were  advertised  for  and  were  listed  by  the  boards  during  a  certain 
period;  at  the  expiration  of  this  period,  allotments  were  made  and  the 
men  inducted  in  the  regular  manner. 

(c)  The  special  call  (S.  S.  R.,  2d  ed.,  sec.  158C)  was  a  call  for  men 
possessing  certain   occupational   or   educational   qualifications,  and 
the  selection  under  a  special  call  was  made  by  the  appropriate  occu- 
pational or  educational  qualifications.     For  example,  if  a  special  call 
were  made  upon  a  particular  local  board  for  10  carpenters,  the  local 
board  immediately  proceeded  to  examine  its  list  and  to  select  the  10 
carpenters,  possessing  the  lowest  order  numbers,  eliminating  all  regis- 
trants who  were  not  carpenters. 

(d)  By  the  voluntary-special  call  (S.  S.  R.,  2d  ed.,  sec.  15SD)  a 
period  was  authorized  during  which  registrants  possessing  the  quali- 
fications specified  in  the  call  might  voluntarily  present  themselves  to 


234 


CHAPTER  VIII.    MOBILIZATION. 


their  local  boards  and  be  called.  After  the  voluntary  period  had 
expired,  and  if  a  sufficient  number  of  volunteers  had  not  come  for- 
ward, the  local  board  proceeded  to  select  a  sufficient  number  of  men 
to  fill  its  quota,  inducting  them  involuntarily  in  the  sequence  of  their 
order  numbers. 

(«)  The  list  call  (S.  S.  K,.,  2d  ed.,  sec.  158E)  was  a  call  for  the 
induction  of  registrants  known  by  this  office  to  possess  certain  occu- 
pational or  educational  qualifications  needed  by  the  Army.  This 
method  of  calling  men  was  used  in  connection  with  the  Industrial 
Index.  For  example,  a  requisition  was  received  for  all  the  white 
physicians  who  were  physically  qualified  for  special  or  limited  military 
service  only,  classified  in  Class  I;  upon  locating  such  men  from 
the  Industrial  Index,  calls  issued  for  them,  the  State  headquarters 
being  notified  of  the  local  boards  and  the  order  and  serial  numbers 
of  the  men  desired. 

(/)  The  individual  call  (S.  S.  K.,  2d  ed.;  sec.  158F)  was  utilized 
when  the  chief  of  a  staff  corps  or  other  department  of  the  Army,  or 
of  the  Navy  or  the  Marine  Corps,  desired  to  obtain  a  particular 
individual,  by  reason  of  his  special  qualifications.  A  requisition 
naming  this  individual  was  made  by  the  department  chief  upon  the 
Provost  Marshal  General,  who  in  turn  directed  the  local  board  to 
induct  the  registrant  for  the  special  duty  in  question,  provided  the 
registrant  consented  to  such  induction. 

In  regard  to  these  several  kinds  of  calls,  the  most  fundamental 
distinction,  with  reference  to  the  availability  of  man-power  material, 
was  the  difference  between  physical  and  other  qualifications  for 
general  service  and  for  limited  service.  The  following  Table  82 
shows  the  total  numbers  inducted  to  November  11,  1918,  grouped 
according  to  the  most  important  practical  distinctions : 

TABLE  82. — Mobilization,  by  kinds  of  calls  issmd. 


1 

2 

8 

4 
5 

Mobilization,  by  kinds  of  calls  issued. 

Number. 

I'er  cont  of 
inductions. 

Total  inductions  to  Nov.  11,  1918  

2,  810,  296 

2,381,026 
54,779 
127,  943 

243,  548 

100.00 

84.83 
1.95 
4.55 

8.67 

Qualified  only  as  to  physical  conditions  and  color 
("  Run  of  the  draft  ")  

Occupational  qualifications  also.     ("Special 
Educational  qualifications  also.     ("  Schools  " 
More   specific   qualifications   ("Individual 
tions")                       .    .    .   

lists"). 
) 

induc- 

The  disposition  made  of  the  limited  service  men  thus  called  has 
been  already  shown  in  Table  51  (Chapter  IV,  Physical  qualifications). 

With  reference  to  the  further  important  distinction  between 
voluntary  and  involuntary  inductions,  the  following  Table  83  shows 
their  distribution. 


MOBILIZATION. 

TABLE  83. — Indue/ tons  compared  as  to  voluntary  and  involuntary. 


235 


Inductions  compared  as  to  voluntary  and  involuntary. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
inductions. 

Percent  of 
voluntary 
inductions. 

1 

Total  inductions  June  5  1917  to  Nov.  11,  1918. 

2,810,296 

100.00 

0 

Involuntary                             

2,  365,  752 

84.  18 

'] 

"Mixed          

160,  984 

5.73 

4 

Voluntary      

283,  560 

10.09 

100.00 

5 

Individual 

243,  548 

85.89 

6 

Ci  eneral  

40,  012 

14.11 

It  thus  appears  that  the  number  of  men  raised  by  involuntary 
induction  in  the  draft  was  2,365,752,  leaving  only  a  comparatively 
minor  quantity  to  be  credited  to  volunteering. 

As  to  the  branches  of  the  Army  whose  needs  gave  rise  to  the  several 
requisitions  and  calls,  only  a  small  minority  of  the  requisitions  and 
calls  were  based  on  specified  needs  of  the  several  staff  corps  and  de- 
partments. The  vast  majority  were  by  the  requisition  destined 
directly  to  depot  brigades,  recruiting  depots,  or  line  organizations, 
the  sorting  out  being  done  afterwards,  and  the  assignment  to  the 
special  needs  of  the  staff  corps  and  departments  being  made  by 
transfers  between  camps.  The  following  Table  shows  the  distribution 
of  the  requisitions  and  calls  between  the  different  branches: 

TABLE  84. — Inductions,  by  branches  of  the  Army,  compared. 


1 

2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 

Inductions,  1>y  branches  of  the  Army,  compared. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
inductions. 

Per  cent  of 
staff  corps 
inductions. 

Total  inductions  to  Nov.  11,  1918  

2,  810,  296 

2,  292,  022 
6,  529 
2,394 
209,  693 
239.  658 
3.  453 
550 
54,984 
37,  195 
3,274 
24,  927 
22,  214 
78 
4.  304 
7,  112 
5,913 
12,  074 
41,  247 
9.  296 
L600 
11,437 

100.00 

81.56 
.23 
.08 
9.60 
8.53 

Depot  brigades,  recruit  depots,  and  line 
organizations  (Army)  

Marine  Corps  

Navy  

Schools  (Army)  

Staff  Corps  (Army)  

100.00 
1.44 
.23 
22.  94 
15.  52 
1.37 
]0.  40 
9.27 
.03 
1.80 
2.  f»7 
2.47 
5.04 
17.21 
3.88 
.66 
4.77 

Aircraft  Production  

Chemical  Warfare        

Coast  Artillery  

Engineers  

Field  Artillery     

Medical  

Military  Aeronautics.. 

Military  Intelligence  

Motor  Transport  



Ordnance  

Provost  Marshal  General    

Quartermaster  

Signal  

Tank  

Veterinary  

Sundries  

236  CHAPTER   YIII.    MOBILIZATION. 

3.  Mode  of  allocating  a  call. — The  total  quantity  of  men  specified 
in  a  requisition  had,  of  course,  to  be  apportioned  among  the  States 
and  the  local  boards  for  the  purpose  of  distributing  the  levy  in  the 
proper  shares,  and  this  apportionment  had  to  be  made  before  the 
call  issued.  A  requisition,  immediately  on  its  receipt,  was  assigned 
a  series  of  call  numbers,  a  separate  call  number  being  taken  for  each 
camp  to  which  a  separate  contingent  was  directed  to  be  sent.  The 
several  calls  to  be  issued  under  a  particular  requisition  were  then 
allocated  to  the  States  which  were  to  contribute  to  the  levy. 

In  allocating  a  call  many  considerations  had  to  be  taken  into 
account.  Consideration,  of  course,  was  first  given  to  the  laws  and  regu- 
lations for  apportionment  of  State  quotas,  as  well  as  the  quota  situa- 
tion for  the  time  being;  the  condition  of  accounts  showing  how  many 
men  were  due  from  the  several  States.  This  subject  has  been  fully 
described  in  Chapter  VI.  The  next  step  was  to  ascertain  what  States 
could  furnish  the  particular  type  of  men  specified  in  the  requisition; 
for  example,  what  States  could  furnish  an  appreciable  postion  of 
20,000  colored  men.  Then,  in  sequence,  the  following  considerations 
were  weighed :  First,  the  matter  of  transportation;  this  was  necessary 
in  order  to  save  the  Government  needless  expense  in  railroad  fares, 
as  well  as  to  insure  a  sufficient  supply  of  railroad  facilities  to  handle 
the  number  of  men  to  be  entrained;  secondly,  the  mobilization  orders 
already  pending  for  the  same  period,  since,  to  insure  an  orderly 
mobilization,  it  was  desirable  to  avoid  calling  on  a  local  board  to 
send  men  to  several  posts  or  stations  at  the  same  time;  thirdly, 
climatic  conditions,  for  it  would  not,  of  course,  have  been  advisable 
to  send  men  from  Southern  States  to  northern  camps  during  the 
winter;  fourthly,  local  conditions,  such  as  an  epidemic  in  a  particular 
State,  making  it  necessary  to  relieve  that  State  from  sending  men 
until  the  epidemic  abated;  and,  fifthly,  agricultural  conditions,  for 
example,  the  prudence  of  delaying  a  call  upon  a  particular  State 
until  the  end  of  the  month,  so  that  the  crops  might  be  gathered  by 
the  men  who  were  to  be  taken. 

The  calls  being  allocated  it  then  became  necessary  to  issue  induction 
telegrams  calling  on  the  respective  States  for  the  men  to  be  entrained 
therefrom.  The  railroads  were  then  consulted,  the  camp  commanders 
were  notified  of  the  calls,  the  Surgeon  General  of  the  Army  was  noti- 
fied (in  order  that  proper  medical  officers  might  be  in  attendance 
upon  the  arrival  of  the  men),  and  the  Staff  Corps,  if  any,  for  whom  the 
men  were  needed  was  notified,  as  well  as  some  eight  or  ten  other 
bureaus  of  the  War  Department  that  might  be  concerned. 

Immediately  upon  receipt  of  a  call,  each  State  headquarters  pro- 
ceeded to  allocate  the  call  for  that  State  among  the  respective  local 
boards,  taking  into  account  similar  considerations  to  those  affecting 
the  apportionment  of  the  national  levy. 


MOBILIZATION.  237 

Effect  of  the  influenza  epidemic. — During  the  month,  of  October, 
1918,  an  epidemic  of  influenza  swept  the  country.  This  epidemic 
interfered  seriously  with  the  mobilization  of  selected  men.  A  call 
for  142,000  white  men  had  been  arranged  for  entrainment  during  the 
five-day  period  beginning  October  7,  1918,  but  shortly  prior  to  this 
date  the  epidemic  became  serious,  and  practically  all  of  the  camps  to 
which  the  men  were  destined  were  quarantined,  so  that  this  entire  call 
was  canceled.  Additional  calls  issued  for  entrainment  during  the 
remainder  of  October  for  some  163,946  men,  but  the  entrainment  of 
approximately  78,035  of  these  men  had  to  be  postponed  until  Novem- 
ber. Of  this  number  5,731  had  actually  entrained  in  November 
prior  to  November  11,  but  the  calls  for  the  remaining  72,304  were 
canceled  by  the  President's  order  of  November  11,  the  date  of  signing 
of  the  armistice.  Besides  causing  these  cancellations  the  epidemic 
made  it  necessary  to  divert  men  from  one  camp  to  another.  These 
cancellations,  suspensions,  and  diversions,  occurring  daily,  made  it 
extremely  difficult  to  keep  an  accurate  check  on  the  mobilization. 

4.  Entrainment. — The  process  of  entrainment  may  be  described 
under  the  heads  of  (a)  assembly  of  selectives  for  entrainment,  (6) 
railroad  arrangements,  (c)  camp  destinations,  and  (<?)  total  mileage, 
with  other  general  facts. 

(a)  Assembly  of  selectives  for  entrainment. — The  time  set  for  entrain- 
ment was  generally  made,  by  the  local  board,  an  occasion  of  for- 
mality and  ceremony,  and  in  most  communities  it  took  on  the  marks 
of  a  public  festivity.  The  men  were  assembled  at  the  office  of  the 
local  board,  which  was  sometimes  the  court  room  of  the  county  seat, 
or  at  a  large  hall,  a  public  school,  or  a  municipal  building.  Where 
the  contingent  was  a  large  one,  it  was  drawn  up  in  ranks  in  the  street 
or  public  square.  A  photographer  officiated,  to  preserve  for  the  par- 
ticipants' families  a  pictured  memento  of  the  occasion.  The  chair- 
man made  an  address,  reminding  them  of  the  significance  of  the 
occasion,  and  calling  attention  to  the  various  regulations  to  be 
observed  in  their  progress  from  home  to  camp.  Usually  other  short 
addresses  were  made,  sometimes  by  the  mayor  of  the  town  or  by 
other  notables.  Friends  were  already  waiting  at  the  railroad  sta- 
tion. Often,  in  the  large  cities,  the  entire  contingent  was -trans- 
ferred from  the  office  of  the  board  to  the  railroad  station  in  auto- 
mobiles, loaned  for  the  purpose  and  gaily  decorated.  Where  the 
contingent  marched  on  foot  to  the  station,  the  town  band  (if  there 
was  any)  usually  led  the  procession;  crowds  of  friends  and  relatives, 
with  mingled  cheers,  laughter,  and  teal's,  watched  their  passage; 
and  a  combined  resonance  of  music,  singing,  shouting,  and  the  lin 
of  horns  announced  the  transit  of  the  contingent  through  the 
streets.  At  the  station,  sometimes  the  whole  of  the  town's  citizen- 
ship would  be  found  assembled  to  cheer  the  parting  moments  of 


238  CHAPTER  VIII.    MOBILIZATION. 

"the  boys."  For  the  town  felt  that  these  men  represented  its  own 
honor  and  patriotism;  it  looked  proudly  upon  its  contribution  to  the 
National  defense;  and  it  was  keenly  desirous  to  make  them  feel  that 
they  represented  the  honor  of  the  town,  the  county,  and  the  State, 
in  the  new  service  to  which  they  were  called. 

This  celebrative  aspect  of  the  day  and  moment  of  departure  of 
the  selectives  became  a  notable  feature  of  the  system.  It  was  in 
strong  contrast  with  the  casual  and  uncelebrated  departure,  now  and 
then,  of  a  single  enlisted  man — unnoticed  except  by  his  family. 
The  departure  en  masse  of  a  large  contingent  of  selectives  made  it 
natural  to  focus  publicly  on  this  single  moment  the  local  patriotism 
for  the  war.  And  it  is  an  undoubted  fact  that  as  the  mobilization 
became  more  frequent  and  this  feature  became  more  and  more  notice- 
able, there  were  often  heartburnings  in  the  families  of  those  other 
men  who  had  enlisted,  when  they  reflected  upon  the  public  applause 
that  was  given  to  the  men  called  in  the  selective  draft. 

It  was  this  public  celebration  on  the  day  of  entrainment  which 
counted  for  a  great  deal  in  gradually  accumulating  the  popularity 
of  the  draft;  for  the  general  sentiment  of  military  patriotism  came 
thus  to  be  associated  in  an  open  and  emphatic  manner  with  the 
processes  of  the  draft. 

Because  of  the  large  numbers  of  men  being  mobilized,  it  became 
necessary,  toward  the  summer  of  1918,  to  inject  several  new  features 
into  the  mobilization  regulations.  The  kinds  of  calls  were  rearranged ; 
the  procedure  at  the  local  boards  on  the  occasion  of  the  first  roll 
call  and  on  the  day  of  entrainment  was  simplified;  and  an  order  was 
issued  which  permitted  the  detailing  of  officers  to  accompany  special 
trains  of  selected  men  to  the  camps. 

Prior  to  July  31,  1918,  serious  damage  had  occasionally  been  done 
to  railroad  equipment  by  selectives  en  route  from  their  local  boards  to 
mobilization  camps, chiefly  by  contingents  whose  friends  had  unwisely 
supplied  them  with  intoxicating  liquor.  On  July  31,  1918,  a  change 
in  the  mobilization  regulations  was  directed  to  the  prevention  of  this. 
The  first  new  feature  was  the  providing  of  arm  bands,  or  brassards, 
which  were  stitched  on  the  sleeves  of  selected  men  at  the  time  of 
their  induction.  Such  arm  bands  or  brassards  were  designated  as 
the  uniform  of  the  United  States  Army  from  the  time  of  induction  into 
the  military  service  until  the  arrival  of  the  men  at  the  mobilization 
camps.  This  uniform  made  unlawful  (under  sect.  12  of  the  selective 
service  act)  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  to  selected  men.  The 
second  feature  was  the  appointment  of  leaders  and  assistant  leaders 
of  draft  contingents  as  special  police,  with  enlarged  authority  and 
responsibility  under  the  selective  service  regulations.  The  third  fea- 
ture was  the  distribution  of  a  form  entitled  "Regulations  Governing 
Drafted  Men  en  Route  to  Camp,"  containing  instructions  and  full 


MOBILIZATION.  239 

information  upon  the  duties  of  inducted  men.  These  changes  in  the 
mobilization  regulations  resulted  in  the  substantial  prevention  of 
drunkenness  and  disorder,  and  of  damage  to  railroad  equipment  and 
other  property  en  route  to  the  camps. 

(&)  Railroad  arrangements. — The  Nation-wide  distribution  of  the 
camps  to  which  the  selectives  were  to  be  sent  complicated  the  en- 
trainment  problem  and  required  the  most  careful  handling.  Before 
a  call  could  issue,  the  Railroad  Administration  required  14  days' 
notice.  Eight  days  -of  this  period  were  used  for  the  compilation 
and  printing  of  the  train  schedules  for  the  movement  of  the  selected 
men.  The  remaining  six  days  were  needed  by  the  local  boards  to 
notify  the  registrants  and  to  allow  them  sufficient  time  to  arrange 
their  affairs  before  leaving  for  camp.  The  entrainment  schedules 
were  all  compiled  and  published  by  the  United  States  Railroad  Ad- 
ministration. In  Appendix  F  is  a  sample  entrainment  schedule  for  a 
single  call  in  a  single  State;  it  provides  as  carefully  for  a  contingent  of 
one  man  as  for  a  contingent  of  one  hundred.  By  thus  working  out 
every  detail  in  advance,  the  mobilization  proceeded  in  a  smooth  and 
orderly  manner,  so  that  few  persons  in  the  community  -at  large 
realized  the  enormous  task  which  was  being  performed. 

It  is  a  matter  of  duty  and  pleasure  here  to  express  admiration  of  the 
work  of  the  United  States  Railway  Administration  in  transporting 
selectives.  No  more  difficult  transportation  problem  could  be  con- 
ceived, involving  as  it  did  the  simultaneous  movement  of  small  de- 
tachments in  variant  numbers  from  thousands  of  county  seats  and 
the  concentration  of  their  delivery  at  several  hundred  posts  and  sta- 
tions. The  arrangements  for  transporting  and  feeding  these  men  were 
made  by  the  railroads,  and  this  work  was  so  satisfactorily  performed 
that  less  than  a  dozen  complaints  were  received  during  the  entire 
year.  They  have  been  called  upon  to  handle  as  many  as  50,000 
selected  men  in  one  day;  and  to  transport  within  a  single  month  over 
400,000  men  for  the  selective  service  system  alone.  Their  hearty 
cooperation  at  all  times  was  one  of  the  main  assets  of  this  office  in 
the  work  of  mobilization.  Special  attention  is  invited  to  their  per- 
formance on  November  11,  1918,  the  day  on  which  the  armistice  was 
signed  and  hostilities  ceased.  Calls  had  issued  and  all  arrange- 
ments had  been  made  for  some  250,000  men  to  be  entrained  during 
the  five-day  period  beginning  November  11.  The  United  States 
Railway  Administration  was  advised  by  telephone  at  10.25  a.'  m.  on 
Monday,  November  11,  of  the  cancellation  of  these  calls  by  order  of 
the  Secretary  of  War.  In  35  minutes  they  had  notified  all  the  rail- 
roads of  the  country;  had  stopped  further  entrainments;  had  reversed 
such  contingents  as  were  en  route;  and  were  restoring  the  men  to  Jic 
original  points  of  entrainment.  This  achievement  stands  out  as  a 
marvel  of  efficiency,  and  is  but  an  indication  of  the  cooperation 
which  they  constantly  tendered. 


240 


CHAPTER   VIII.    MOBILIZATION. 


(c)  Camp  destinations. — During  the  year  1917,  inducted  men  were 
sent  to  the  16  National  Army  camps  only;  but  the  military  program 
for  1918  required  that  they  be  sent  to  every  camp,  post,  and  station 
in  the  United  States  and  in  the  Territories  of  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and 
Porto  Rico. 

The  following  Table  85  shows  the  distribution  of  men  forwarded 
the  several  camps: 

TABLE  85.- — Mobilization  by  camps,  Compared. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
20 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 

Mobilization  by  camps,  compared. 

Number. 

Total  inductions  to  Nov.  11.  1918  

2,  810,  296 

Fort  Armstrong  (  Hawaii)  .   .   . 

5,  420 
14,  887 
14,  524 
20,  852 
89  146 

Camp  Beauregard  

Camp  Bowie  

Camp  Cody  

Camp  Custer    .... 

Camp  Devens  

93;  819 
105,  528 
111,  462 
16,  532 
8,000 
122,  364 
102,  603 
114.  140 
19,  423 
39  664 
15,  980 
17,  941 
96,704 
4.429 
11,000 
15,  733 
138,349 
112,  474 
4,000 
•11,124 
7,  805 
103  305 

Camp  Dix  

Camp  Dodge  

Camp  Forrest     

Camp  Fremont  ... 

Camp  Funston  

Camp  Gordon  

Camp  Grant  

Carup  Greene  ^  

Camp  Greenleaf  

Camp  Hancock  

Camp  HumphrevB  

Camp  Jackson      

Camp  Johnston       ..       .       ... 

Camp  Kearnev  

Camp  Las  Casas  (Porto  Rico)  

Camp  Lee  

Camp  Lewis  

Camp  Logan  

•  Camp  Mac  Arthur  

Camp  McClellan  

Camp  Meade 

Cftmp  Pike         

116.  236 
14,  414 
26.  073 
5,224 
103.  800 
120,  522 
112,357 
111,737 
55,  834 
31,  209 
1.  852 
47,  386 
191,  084 
269,  657 
185,  103 

Camp  Sevier    

Camp  Shelby      

Camp  Sheridan  

Camp  Sherman    

Camp  Taylor           

Camp  Travis                    

Camp  Upton  

Camp  Wadsworth           .           ...       .                  

Camp  Wheeler        .                  .       .          

Fort  \Vm.  Seward  (Alaska)  

Coast  Artillery  Posts         .       

Recruit  Depots  

Schools                  .           

Miscellaneous          .       ^  

(d)  Mileage . — The  number  of  men  called,  to  October  31,  1918,  was 
2,801,358.  Of  this  number  45,882  did  not  travel  over  railroads  under 
the  control  of  the  United  States  Railway  Administration,  due  to  the 


MOBILIZATION". 


241 


fact  that  they  reported  at  mobilization  camps  within  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  their  local  boards.  The  remaining  number,  2,755,476 
men,  were  handled  by  the  United  States  Railway  Administration. 
The  average  number  of  miles  per  man  traveled  to  a  mobilization  camp 
was  388;  the  entire  mobilization,  therefore,  involved  the  equivalent  of 
1,069,124,688  miles  of  travel  by  one  passenger. 

The  relation  of  this  mileage  movement  of  selectives  from  local 
boards  to  camps,  to  the  entire  mileage  for  War  Department  troop 
movements  of  all  kinds,  and  to  the  total  passenger  mileage  in  the 
United  States  for  the  same  period,  is  shown  by  the  following  Table  86: 

TABLE  86.— Mobilization  by  mileage. 


Mobilization,  by  mileage. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
total  mileage. 

Per  cent  of 
War 
Department 
mileage. 

1 

Total  passeusrer  mileage  in  United  States,- 
Sept.  1,  1917,  to  Nov.  1,  1918  (estimated) 

51,  494,  683,  000 

100.  00 

2 

For  War  Department  troop  move- 
ments of  all  kinds  (estimated)  

4,  440,  000,  000 

8.62 

100.00 

3 

For  movements  from  boards  to 
camps  (estimated)  

1,  089,  124,  688 

24.08 

4 

For  movements  intercamp  and 
from  camps  to  seaboard  (esti- 
mated) . 

3,  370,  875,  312 

75  92 

It  thus  appears  that  the  movements  required  for  mobilization 
under  the  selective  draft  represented  about  one-fourth  of  the  entire 
troop  movement  for  the  War  Department. 


;)72r>o°— 19 16 


CHAPTER  IX. 
FISCAI  ARRANGEMENTS. 

1.  Compensation  in  general. — The  fiscal   policy   as   described   in 
chapter  8,  page  28,  of  my  report  to  the  Secretary  of  War  on  the  first 
draft  under  the  selective  service  act,  1917,  has  been  followed  during 
the  past  year.     This  policy  was,  briefly,  to  offer  an  opportunity  to  all 
of  those  board  members  and  clerks,  who  were  financially  able  to  do  so, 
to  render  uncompensated  services  to  the  Government  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  selective  service  law.     This  policy  was  set  forth-in  the 
original  regulations  governing  disbursements  issued  June  15,   1917, 
which  the  President  stated. 

The  desire  in  all  communities  to  render  patriotic  service  to  the  Government  has 
given  rise  to  numerous  assurances  that  civilian  services  required  in  connection  with 
the  registration,  selection,  and  draft  authorized  by  the  selective  service  act  will,  in 
many  cases,  be  rendered  gratuitously.  In  order,  however,  that  no  person  selected 
for  such  service  may  find  himself  compelled  to  decline  to  serve  because  the  financial 
sacrifice  involved  is  too  great,  compensation  was  authorized  in  cases  in  which  the 
services  referred  to  are  not  rendered  gratuitously. 

Changes  in  the  regulations,  however,  governing  compensation  of 
board  members  and  salaries  of  clerks  of  local  boards  were  found  to  be 
necessary,  for  reasons  hereinafter  stated. 

2.  Compensation  of  local  l>oard  members. -r-Several  plans  of  com- 
pensation have  been  tried.     In  the  beginning  of  the  administration 
of  the  selective  service  law  it  was  believed  that  the  duties  of  board 
members  would  become  comparatively  light  after  a  period  of  two  or 
three  months.     Thousands  of  the  members,  with  this  idea  in  mind, 
offered  their  services  without  compensation.     This  form  of  service 
was  encouraged  by  this  office  as  being  the  ideal  to  be  striven  for. 

At  the  same  time  it  was  realized  that  many  of  the  board  members 
whose  patriotism  was  unquestioned  would  be  unable  to  devote  the 
necessary  time  to  their  duties  without  causing  a  serious  drain  upon 
their  limited  financial  resources.  In  order  to  retain  the  services  of 
these  men,  many  of  whom  were  in  every  way  desirable  as  board  mem- 
bers, provision  was  made  in  the  first  regulations  governing  disburse- 
ments, issued  June  15,  1917,  thtit  "members  of  district  and  local 
boards  may  receive  compensation  at  the  rate  of  $4  per  day  for  each 
day  upon  which  the  board  is  in  session  and  the  member  claiming 
compensation  present." 

Experience  proved  that  this  plan  was  not  thoroughly  satisfactory. 
The  daily  basis  of  compensation  left  no  choice  to  the  board  members 
242 


FISCAL   ARRANGEMENTS.  243 

who  were  forced  to  claim  compensation  at  the  daily  rate  of  $4,  or 
none  at  all,  regardless  of  whether  they  had  been  at  the  quarters  of 
the  board  but  a  small  portion  of  the  day  or  not.  It  was  then  decided 
to  place  the  plan  of  compensation  on  an  hourly  basis;  and  the  Selec- 
tive Service  Regulations  issued  in  November,  1917,  provided  pay  at 
the  rate  of  $1  per  hour,  with  a  maximum  of  $7.50  per  day  and  $150 
per  month  per  member. 

In  December,  1917,  the  great  problem  of  classification  of  question- 
naires became  acute.  There  was  urgent  necessity  for  speeding  up 
the  work  of  the  boards  in  order  to  complete  the  huge  tasks  as  expedi- 
tiously  as  possible.  This  emergency  brought  forth  the  plan  of  com- 
pensating board  members  at  the  rate  of  30  cents  for  each  question- 
naire classified,  which  was  to  be  equally  divided  among  the  members; 
upon  the  unanimous  vote  of  the  board,  the  moneys  due  could  be  paid 
in  some  other  proportion,  with  the  proviso  that  in  no  case  could  one 
member  receive  more  than  15  cents  of  the  allowance  of  30  cents  for 
each  classification,  and  no  two  members  more  than  25  cents  for  each 
classification,  to  be  distributed  between  them. 

At  that  time  it  was  believed  that  upon  completion  of  classification 
there  would  be  little  work  for  board  members  beyond  attending 
occasionally  at  the  quarters  of  the  board,  and  supervising  the  work 
of  their  clerk  or  clerks.  This  expectation,  however,  was  overthrown 
by  the  course  of  military  events.  With  the  expansion  of  the  military 
program  demanding  more  men,  and  the  numerous  war  industries, 
shipbuilding,  and  agriculture,  each  demanding  protection  and  assist- 
ance, numerous  modifications  of  the  regulations  and  rulings  thereon 
were  unavoidable.  It  also  became  necessary  to  order  a  rectification 
of  the  classification  lists,  and  to  issue  the  "Work  or  fight"  regulations. 
Each  of  these  measures  added  heavily  to  the  work  of  board  members. 
Together  with  the  steady  flow  of  orders  for  induction,  both  of  groups 
and  of  individuals,  the  necessary  action  demanded  practically  all 
of  the  board  members'  time.  While  their  spirit  and  willingness  to 
serve  did  not  decrease  to  any  material  extent,  appeals  for  finan- 
cial relief  reached  the  office  from  every  part  of  the  country. 
Finally  these  appeals  for  relief  became  so  numerous  and  their  insist- 
once  so  strong,  that  a  meeting  of  adjutants  general  and  draft  execu- 
tives of  17  States,  representing  every  section  of  the  country,  was 
called  in  Washington  on  July  9,  1918. 

At  this  meeting  the  whole  subject  was  discussed  at  length.  It  was 
agreed  that  a  change  from  the  plan  of  compensation  on  the  question- 
naire basis  was  necessary  and  that  the  members  of  boards  should  be 
paid  for  past  uncompensated  services  after  March  1  (the  period  win  -i 
compensation  for  classification  under  the  first  registration  had  about 
ceased).  Immediately  upon  the  adjournment  of  the  meeting  above 
referred  to,  work  upon  a  new  plan  of  compensation  was  begun. 


244  CHAPTER  IX.    FISCAL  ARRANGEMENTS. 

Several  memoranda  on  the  subject  were  prepared.  The  plan  finally 
evolved  was  briefly  this :  To  compensate  the  board  members  for  past 
services  from  March  1  to  August  31  on  the  basis  of  $3  to  the  board 
for  each  man  inducted  into  the  military  service  and  accepted  at 
camp  from  its  jurisdiction,  and,  after  September  1,  upon  the  basis  of 
$1  per  hour  with  a  daily  maximum  of  $10,  and  a  monthly  maximum 
varying  from  $150  for  the  smaller  boards,  to  $600  for  the  larger  boards, 
to  be  divided  among  all  of  its  members. 

This  was  submitted  in  a  memorandum  to  the  Secretary  of  War 
under  date  of  August  20,  1918,  with  the  recommendation  that  the 
plan  be  adopted  and  that  a  request  that  the  Provost  Marshal  Gen- 
eral be  authorized  to  request  the  necessary  appropriations  from 
Congress.  This  memorandum  was  approved  by  the  Secretary  on 
August  24. 

3.  Clerical  services  for  local  boards. — In  the  first  disbursing  regula- 
tions issued  June  15,  1917,  compensation  of  clerks  was  provided  for 
at  a  rate  of  $2.50  per  day.  As  was  the  case  with  the  board  members, 
many  of  the  clerks  performed  their  duties  without  compensation  as 
a  patriotic  service,  until  it  became  apparent  that  the  strain  upon 
their  resources  would  be  too  great. 

The  Selective  Service  Regulations  adopted  in  November,  1917, 
in  section  43,  provided  for  one  chief  clerk  for  each  board  at  not  to 
exceed  $100  per  month,  and  for  one  additional  clerk  for  each  1,500 
registrants  additional,  or  a  fraction  thereof  exceeding  700;  the  first 
additional  clerk  was  to  receive  $80  per  month  and  all  other  additional 
clerks  $60  per  month.  In  December,  1917,  after  the  period  of  mail- 
ing questionnaires  had  been  completed,  this  office  urged  upon  local 
boards  having  a  registration  of  3,000  or  under  to  dispense  with  the 
services  of  all  but  the  chief  clerk,  on  the  theory  that  one  clerk  would 
be  ample  to  attend  to  all  of  the  work  of  the  board  thereafter.  But 
the  actual  conditions  previously  described  as  confronting  board  mem- 
bers, applied  also  to  the  clerks,  and  it  was  found  in  most  cases  that 
one  clerk  would  be  insufficient.  Many  objections  arose  in  the  various 
sections  of  the  country  relative  to  the  rigidity  of  the  regulations 
fixing  the  pay  of  clerks.  The  local  boards  in  many  sections  of  the 
country  were  in  competition  with  other  Government  departments  and 
war  industries,  which  were  able  to  and  did  pay  larger  salaries  than 
those  provided  for  in  our  regulations.  It  was  found  that  in  many 
cases  it  was  impossible  to  obtain  competent  clerks  at  the  rates  pro- 
vided, or  to  retain  them  at  the  old  rates  of  pay.  In  some  instances 
it  was  necessary  to  make  special  exceptions  to  the  regulations  to 
meet  these  abnormal  conditions. 

A  careful  study  of  the  subject,  and  a  consideration  of  suggestions 
made  from  various  parts  of  the  country,  resulted  in  the  adoption  of 
a  plan  of  compensation  based  upon  the  number  of  registrants  under 


FISCAL   ARRANGEMENTS.  245 

the  jurisdiction  of  the  board.  This  plan  provided  that  all  local 
boards  should  receive  for  the  first  2,000  registrants  or  under,  7  cents 
per  registrant  per  month  on  the  board  lists:  Provided,  however,  That 
no  local  board  should  receive  less  than  $100  per  month;  that  each 
local  board  having  more  than  2,000  registrants  should,  in  addition  to 
the  foregoing,  receive  for  each  additional  registrant  above  2,000  and 
up  to  and  including  2,500,  6  cents  per  month  per  registrant  on  its 
lists;  that  each  local  board  having  more  than  2,500  registrants  should, 
in  addition  to  all  the  foregoing,  receive  for  each  additional  registrant 
above  2,500  and  up  to  and  including  3,000,  5  cents  per  month  per 
registrant  on  its  lists;  that  each  local  board  having  more  than  3,000 
registrants  should,  in  addition  to  all  the  foregoing,  receive  for  each 
additional  registrant  above  3,000  and  up  to  and  including  5,000,  4 
cents  per  month  per  registrant  on  its  lists;  that  each  local  board 
having  more  than  5,000  registrants  should,  in  addition  to  all  the 
foregoing,  receive  for  each  additional  registrant  above  5,000  and  up 
to  and  including  8,000,  3  cents  per  month  per  registrant  on  its  lists; 
that  each  local  board  having  more  than  8,000  registrants  should,  in 
addition  to  all  the  foregoing,  receive  for  each  additional  registrant 
above  8,000,  2£  cents  per  month  per  registrant  on  its  lists.  The  plan 
further  provided  that  the  monthly  allowance  to  a  board  should  be 
regarded  as  a  budget  from  which  they  were  to  compensate  their 
clerks,  paying  the  salaries  necessary  in  their  particular  locality  to 
obtain  efficient  services,  subject  to  the  proviso  that  $100  per  month 
should  not  be  paid  to  any  individual  except  upon  specific  approval 
of  the  governor,  or  $150  except  upon  the  recommendation  of  the 
governor  and  approval  of  this  office.  The  new  plan  further  dif- 
fered from  the  old  in  that  it  was  more  flexible  and  permitted  board 
members  to  carry  forward  to  their  credit  from  month  to  month, 
any  balance  from  their  monthly  allowance  that  might  not  have 
been  expended,  and  enabled  them  to  use  this  balance  at  any 
time  when  the  necessity  arose  for  the  employment  of  additional 
clerks,  without  being  required  to  obtain  specific  authorization  from 
this  office  through  State  headquarters,  as  had  been  previously 
required.  This  latter  requirement  had  entailed  a  vast  amount  of 
correspondence  on  the  part  of  the  boards,  State  headquarters,  and 
this  office.  This  new  plan  involved  practically  no  increase  of  ex- 
penditures over  what  would  have  been  necessary  under  the  new 
registration,  had  section  43,  as  promulgated  in  the  regulations  of 
November,  1917,  been  continued  in  operation  after  the  registration 
of  September  12. 

A  memorandum  setting  forth  this  plan  was  submitted  to  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  on  September  3,  1918,  with  recommendation  that  it 
be  adopted,  and  was  approved  by  the  Acting  Secretary  of  War, 
September  4. 


246  CHAPTER   IX.    FISCAL  ARRANGEMENTS. 

This  feature  of  the  administration,  however,  was  one  in  which  it 
was  virtually  impracticable  to  devise  a  uniform  method  which  would 
operate  both  equitably  and  economically  in  all  regions,  and  would 
be  acceptable  to  all  types  of  members  serving  on  the  boards.  In 
spite  of  all  efforts  made  to  profit  by  experience,  the  conflicting  con- 
siderations could  not  be  reconciled  into  a  single  fixed  rule. 

To  ascertain  the  operation  of  the  new  rules  in  the  period  between 
their  promulgation  and  the  date  of  preparing  this  report,  the  boards 
were  asked,  ' '  In  your  experience,  how  are  the  new  rules  for  compen- 
sation working?"  A  large  majority  of  the  boards  expressing  an 
opinion  replied  that  the  new  rules  for  compensation  were  satisfac- 
tory. Many  of  them,  however,  especially  those  whose  members 
served  gratuitously,  declined  to  comment  on  the  rules.  And  it  can 
not  be  denied  that  criticism  of  the  rules  was  both  considerable  in 
volume  and  vigorous  in  expression. 

A  number  of  boards  declared  that  the  basis  of  compensation  of 
board  members  was  unsound.  Thus  a  New  York  City  board,  refer- 
ring to  the  provisions  of  section  195,  paragraphs  B  and  C,  expressed 
the  view  that  any  method  of  compensation  based  on  the  result  of 
judicial  action  is  vicious;  "to  give  a  member  compensation  accord- 
ing to  the  number  of  men  he  inducts,  or  the  number  of  men  he  puts 
in  a  certain  class,  is  as  wrong  as  to  give  a  magistrate  compensation 
for  every  defendant  whom  he  finds  guilty."  Referring  to  the  provi- 
sions of  section  195,  paragraph  A,  a  Detroit  board  says: 

The  members  of  the  board  in  all  previous  positions  were  never  paid  on  an  hourly 
basis,  having  been  paid  a  stipulated  amount  for  results  accomplished  rather  than  on 
the  time  employed.  This  ruling  has  had  the  effect  of  taking  the  joy  out  of  the  work; 
the  zest  displayed  prior  to  this  ruling  has  very  much  depreciated.  The  thought  which 
can  not  be  dispelled  is  that  local  board  members  can  not  be  trusted. 

A  number  of  boards  complained  that  the  compensation  of  board 
members  was  inadequate ;  and  a  larger  number  expressed  the  opinion 
that  the  allowance  for  clerical  assistance  should  have  been  more 
liberal.  But  the  chief  cause  of  dissatisfaction  (though  not  always 
emphasized)  lay  not  in  the  rules  themselves,  but  in  the  difficulty 
that  has  been  encountered  in  the  proper  preparation  of  vouchers 
and  the  consequent  delay  in  the  receipt  of  compensation.  Many 
boards  said  in  effect  that  they  found  it  practically  impossible  to 
prepare  their  vouchers  in  a  way  satisfactory  to  the  disbursing  officers, 
and  that  as  a  result  they  did  not  receive  any  pay  for  many  months. 

Not  a  few  boards  favored  a  "straight  salary"  for  board  members; 
while  others  believed  that  their  services  should  in  every  case  be 
gratuitous.  Says  a  Philadelphia  board: 

One  of  the  greatest  aids  to  the  impression  that  has  long  obtained  in  our  district, 
that  no  man  was  sent  through  our  board  into  the  Army  ahead  of  his  time,  was  the  fact, 
once  it  became  generally  known,  that  the  majority  of  the  members  of  our  board  had 


FISCAL  ARRANGEMENTS. 


247 


declined  to  accept  any  pay  for  the  work.  We  were  of  the  impression  at  the  beginning, 
and  continue  of  that  opinion,  that  with  our  country  at  war  and  our  young  men  being 
called  from  their  homes  and  from  the  useful  and  remunerative  employments  upon 
which  a  majority  of  them  had'just  entered,  to  risk  their  lives  at  $30  a  month,  it  ought  to 
be  possible  for  those  of  us  called  upon  to  help  as  members  of  draft  boards  to  give  such 
comparatively  small  service  free. 

4.  Appropriations. — The  total  appropriations  made  by  Congress 
for  the  administration  of  the  selective  service  system  amounted  to 
$54,896,903  in  all,  divided  among  the  following  sums  and  dates: 

TABLE  87. — Appropriations  for  registration  and  selection  for  military  service. 


Appropriations  for  registration  and  selection  for  military  service. 
(R.  &S.  forM.  S.) 

Number. 

Per  cent  of 
total  appro- 
priations. 

1 

Total  appropriations  to  date  

$54,  896,  903.  00 

100  00 

2 

R.  &S.  forM.  S.  1917-18,  act  of  June  15,  1917  

2,  658,  413.  00 

S 

R.  &  S.  for  M.  S.,  1918,  act  of  Oct.  6,  1917  

4,  000,  000.  00 

4 

Urgent  deficiency,  1918,  act  of  Mar.  28,  1918  

8,  476,  490.  00 

5 

National  Seeiirity  and  Defense,  War  Department; 
allotted  by  President,  Apr.  15.  1918  

4,000  000  00 

fi 

R.  &S.  forM.  S.,  1919,  act  of  July  9,  1918  

15,  762,  000.  00 

7 

Urgent  deficiencv,  1919,  act  of  Nov.  4,  1918  

20,  000,  000.  00 

« 

Total  disbursements  "to  Oct.  1  ,  1918  

36.216  215.22 

29.54 

9 

Unexpended  Oct.  1   1918  

38,  680,  687.  78 

70.46 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  sum  of  $35,762,000,  forming  the  greater 
part  of  the  total  $55,000,000,  was  designed  to  cover  the  current  fiscal 
year  (July  1,  1918-July  1,  1919).  Of  this  sum,  the  $15,762,000  of 
July  9,  1918,  was  based  on  the  work  then  in  prospect  as  needed  to 
handle  the  11,000,000  registrants  of  the  first  two  registrations  already 
classified;  while  the  $20,000,000  of  November  4,  1918,  was  provided 
for  handling  the  additional  13,000,000  registrants  brought  in  by 
the  act  of  August  31,  1918,  and  registered  on  September  12,  1918. 
The  heavy  labor  of  classifying  the  new  13,000,000  registrants  began 
immediately  after  September  12,  and  was  proceeding,  in  a  hundred- 
day  drive,  when  the  Armistice  was  signed;  the  completion  of  the 
classification  for  the  age-groups  18-36  required  until  early  December. 
Hence  the  monthly  disbursements  for  September,  October,  and 
November,  when  finally  liquidated,  will  much  exceed  those  for  July 
and  August,  the  first  months  of  the  fiscal  year  for  which  the  additional 
appropriations  were  made. 

5.  Disbursements. — The  total  disbursements  from  the  several 
appropriations,  as  shown  in  Table  87  (line  8)  above,  amount  to 
$16,216,215.22.  To  this  sum  should  be  added  three  items  represent- 
ing, respectively,  the  outlay  for  telegrams,  the  outlay  for  printing 
at  the  Government  Printing  Office,  and  the  estimated  sum,  as  yet 
unpaid,  for  increased  compensation  to  board  members  from  March  1 
to  August  31,  1918.  (Appendix  Table  87-A,  columns  9,  10,  and  at 
the  foot  of  column  1.)  The  first  two  of  these  items  were  expended 


248  CHAPTER   IX.    FISCAL  ARRANGEMENTS. 

out  of  appropriations  charged  to  other  Government  agencies;  the 
third  item  has  not  yet  been  entirely  closed,  pending  the  receipt  of 
complete  statements  of  accounts  from  State  headquarters.  All 
three  of  these  items  should,  of  course,  be  included  for  the  purpose 
of  establishing  a  per  capita  cost;  the  aggregate  thus  becomes 
$20,174,652.53,  representing  the  total  expenses,  estimated  and  actual, 
of  the  Selective  Service  System  from  June,  1917,  to  October  1,  1918. 
A  detailed  statement  arranged  by  States  and  showing  the  distribu- 
tion of  this  expense,  will  be  found  in  Appendix  Table  87-A. 

These  figures  are  taken  to  October  1,  1918,  and  exclude  the  third 
registration  of  September  12,  1918,  because  the  work  of  classifying 
the  new  group  of  registrants  had  only  just  begun  at  the  time  when 
the  latest  accurate  figures  were  available,  and  because  the  task  of 
registration  alone  was  the  smallest  part  of  the  labor  and  expense 
required  in  the  ultimate  disposition  of  this  additional  thirteen  mil- 
lions of  men.  The  amount  expended  to  October  1,  therefore,  repre- 
sents the  cost  of  disposing  of  the  men  included  in  the  first  and 
second  registrations,  and  of  producing  the  effectives  resulting  there- 
from up  to  October  1,  1918. 

At  this  time  it  is  practically  impossible  to  furnish  any  further 
details  than  are  shown  in  Appendix  Table  87-A.  It  is  proposed  in  the 
final  report  to  show  by  tables  the  expenditures  of  each  of  the  State 
headquarters,  district  and  local  boards,  each  table  to  contain  a  state- 
ment showing  the  amount  of  compensation  drawn  by  each  board 
member  by  name,  as  well  as  the  names  of  those  who  have  served 
throughout  the  entire  time  without  receiving  any  compensation  for 
their  services. 

6.  Per  capita  cost,  National  and  State. — (1)  The  per  capita  cost  of 
the  Selective  Service  System,  nationally,  from  the  beginning,  in 
1917,  to  October  1,  1918,  is  shown  in  the  following  Table  88,  which 
presents  two  sets  of  figures,  the  one  representing  the  per  capita  cost 
on  the  basis  of  disbursements  from  appropriations  charged  to  this 
office,  and  the  other  representing  the  figur'es  on  the  basis  of  total 
actual  and  estimated  expenses  of  the  system,  regardless  of  the 

appropriation  source. 

TABLE  88. 


Per  capita  cost  of  draft. 

Cost. 

1 

2 

Total  disbursements  May  18,  1917,  to  Oct.  1,  1918  
Per  capita  cost  by  disbursements  from  P.  M.  G.  O.  appropriations: 
Per  registrant  (10,  838,  315  total  registration,  June  5,  1917,  to 
Sept  11   1918)     

$16,  216,  215.  22 
1.50 

3 

Per  man  inducted  (2  552  173  to  Ort  1   1918)  

6.35 

4 

Total  expenses  actual  and  estimated,  for  same  period   

20,  174.  652.  53 

^ 

Per  capita  cost  by  expenses: 
Per  registrant                       .                                                

1.86 

<; 

Per  man  inducted  .                                       .           

7.90 

FISCAL   AKRAXGEMEXTS.  249 

It  thus  appears  that  the  cost  per  registrant  (based  on  all  expenses, 
regardless  of  the  source  of  appropriations)  was  $1.86;  and  that  the 
cost  per  man  inducted  was  $7.90. 

Of  the  two  costs  shown,  the  second,  viz,  per  man  inducted,  is 
obviously  the  most  significant,  being  the  real  measure  of  the  money 
expense  for  each  man  effectively  obtained  for  service. 

The  first  figure  of  cost,  viz,  per  registrant,  is  important  from  the 
point  of  view  of  the  individual  States  and  boards. 

(2)  The  per  capita  cost  in  the  several  States  is  shown  in  Appendix 
Table  88-A  and  Chart  O.  Part  of  the  expense  was  proportionate  to 
the  number  of  registrants  in  a  given  area;  that  is,  a  board  having 
5,000  or  6,000  registrants  necessarily  incurred  larger  expenses  than  a 
board  having  500  or  600  registrants,  no  matter  how  many  men 
wore  inducted.  The  labor  and  time  necessary  to  keep  records,  to 
answer  inquiries,  to  pass  upon  claims  for  deferment  and  exemption,  to 
search  for  delinquents,  and  to  do  a  hundred  other  things  were  fairly 
proportionate  to  the  number  of  registrants,  even  though  the  legiti- 
mate claims  for'  deferment  and  exemption  ultimately  reduced  the 
number  of  effectives  inducted  to  a  relatively  small  number.  For 
these  reasons,  it  is  only  just  to  the  several  States  to  set  forth  also  the 
cost  per  registrant;  and  it  appears  that  in  some  States  having  a 
relatively  high  cost  per  man  inducted  the  cost  per  registrant  was 
much  more  moderate;  the  same  would  be  found  true  of  various 
local  boards. 

Per  man  inducted,  the  cost  in  the  several  States  ranged  between 
$2.64  and  $10.94.  The  lowest  cost  was  in  Florida  and  Oklahoma, 
and  the  highest  cost  was  in  Delaware  and  Arizona.  The  causes  for 
this  variance  can  not  yet  be  stated  with  accuracy. 

7.  Per  capita,  cost  in  1917  and  1918  compared. — The  foregoing 
figures  cover  the  entire  cost  of*  the  system  from  June,  1917. 

But  a  comparison  of  the  per  capita  cost  in  1917  and  in  1918  is 
worth  while,  because  the  classification  system  introduced  in  Decem- 
ber, 1917,  while  far  more  efficient,  speedy,  and  accurate  than  the 
method  used  up  to  that  time,  involved  more  labor  on  the  part  of  the 
boards  and  seemed  likely  to  import  a  higher  per  capita  cost.  For 
these  two  periods,  viz,  June,  1917,  to  December,  1917,  and  January, 
1918,  to  August  31,  1918,  corresponding  to  the  two  systems  employed, 
the  comparison  results  as  shown  in  the  following  Table  89: 

TABLE  89. 


Per  capita  cost  1917  and  1918  compared.  Cost. 


Total  disbursements  May  18,  1917,  to  Dec.  1,  1917. 


Cost  per  man  called  for  examination  and  heating  in  1917 


$5,  211,  965. 38 

1.69 

Total  disbursements  Dec.  1,  1917,  to  Oct.  1,  1918 11,004,249.84 

( 'o«t.  per  man  classified  in  1918  (9,952,735) 1. 11 


(3,082,949). 


250  CHAPTER   IX.    FISCAL   ARRANGEMENTS. 

It  is  therefore  apparent  that  the  classification  method  proved  to 
be  not  more  expensive,  but  less  expensive,  than  the  former  method. 

The  per  capita  cost  above  compared,  viz.,  per  man  called  and  per 
man  classified,  is  the  only  comparable  basis  for  the  two  years.  The 
other  two  per  capita  costs  shown  in  my  Report  for  1917,  viz,  per 
man  certified  and  per  man  of  quota  allotted,  are  of  little  value  for 
comparison;  the  latter,  because  the  quotas  allotted  had  not  been 
entirely  filled  by  induction  on  December  15,  1917;  and  the  former, 
because  the  men  certified  and  ready  on  December  15,  1917,  were 
twice  as  many  as  those  actually  inducted  by  that  date,  hence  the 
expense  of  the  system  had  not  then  produced  its  full  results  in  ef- 
fectives; and  there  was  no  way  of  exactly  allotting  the  cost  of 
what  had  been  effected. 

8.  Per  capita  cost  of  induction  and  enlistment  compared. — A  com- 
parison between  the  per  capita  cost  of  enlistment  under  the  volun- 
tary recruiting  system  prior  to  April,  1917,  and  of  induction  under 
the  selective  draft,  results  as  shown  in  Table  90 : 

TABLE  90. — Per  capita  cost  of  induction  and  enlistment  compared. 


Per  capita  cost  of  induction  and  enlistment  compared. 

Cost. 

1 

Enlistments,  per  capita  cost: 
For  1914  

$24.  48 

9 

For  1915  

19.14 

s 

For  1916-17  (9  months)  

28.95 

4 

Inductions,  1917—1918:  Per  capita  cost  

7.90 

The  details  of  the  figures  for  cost  of  recruiting  were  set  forth  in 
my  first  Report  (Appendix  Tables  F  and  G,  1917).  It  appears,  this 
year  as  last  year,  that  the  Selective  Service  system,  besides  its 
advantages  as  a  rational,  equitable,  and  necessary  method  of  rais- 
ing a  National  Army,  has  the  additional  advantage  of  being  a  far  more 
economical  method  than  that  of  recruiting  by  voluntary  enlistment. 

9.  Per  capita  cost  in  the  Civil  War. — A  comparison  with  the  Civil 
War  expenses  means  little  in  absolute  figures,  because  of  the  changed 
standards  of  money  values.  But  the  comparison  is  worth  while  in 
revealing  the  beneficent  difference  between  a  draft  law  of  the  Civil 
War  type  (Appendix  J)  and  a  draft  law  of  the  1917  type;  the  former 
embodying  as  essential  elements  a  bounty  system  and  a  federalized 
administrative  force. .,  The  entire  forces  raised  in  the  Civil  War, 
by  the  mixed  system  of  draft  and  bounties  for  enlistment,  numbered 
2,690,401,  at  a  combined  per  capita  cost  of  at  least  8227.71,  or  over 
$600,000,000.  The  armed  forces  raised  under  the  Selective  Service 
Act  of  1917  alone,,  during  the  first  fourteen  montlis  of  the  war, 
numbered  2,552,173,  at  a  per  capita  cost  of  only  $7.90,  or  slightly 
over  $20,000,000  in  all. 


CHAPTER  X. 


ORGANIZATION  AND  PERSONNEL  OF  THE  SELECTIVE  SERV- 
ICE SYSTEM. 

National  summary.— The  administration  of  the  selective  service 
s}7stem  under  the  Provost  Marshal  General  was  organized  on  the 
principle  of  "supervised  decentralization."  The  terms  of  the  act 
of  May  18,  1917,  lent  themselves  readily  to  this  effective  mode  of 
linking  the  district  and  local  boards  (explicitly  created  by  the  act), 
through  the  State  executives,  with  a  small  Federal  directive  agency, 
designated  by  the  President  through  the  Secretary  of  War  and  serving 
as  a  central  source  of  instruction  and  guidance,  to  give  uniformity, 
accuracy,  and  speed  to  the  operations  of  the  boards.  Appurtenant 
to  this  main  vertebral  organization,  there  developed  in  course  of 
time,  at  various  points,  a  few  additional  agencies  made  necessary 
by  the  growth  of  the  work  and  the  dictates  of  experience. 

The  entire  administrative  system  thus  consisted  of  the  following 
coordinated  parts,  operating  regularly  and  almost  constantly:  (1) 
The  Provost  Marshal  General;  (2)  the  State  governors  and  draft 
executives;  (3)  the  district  boards;  (4)  the  industrial  advisers;  (5) 
the  local  boards;  (6)  the  Government  appeal  agents;  (7)  the  medical 
advisory  boards;  (8)  the  legal  advisory  boards;  (9)  the  boards  of 
instruction.  To  these  should  be  added  (10)  civic  associations 
casually  contributing  volunteer  assistance. 

The  distribution  of  this  personnel,  and  its  numbers  for  each  of  the ' 
constituent  parts,  are  shown  in  the  following  Table  91.     The  num- 
bers of  persons  in  these  different  branches  for  the  several  States  are 
shown  in  Appendix  Table  91 -A. 

TABLE  91. — Personnel  of  selective  service  administration. 


Line. 

Personnel  of  selective  service  administration. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  per- 
sonnel. 

1 

Total  personnel  Oct.  31,  1918  

193,117 

100.00 

o 

Governors  

54 

.03 

3 

Military  personnel  

4,004 

2.07 

4 

Commissioned  officers  

192 

.10 

5 

Enlisted  men  

3,812 

1  97 

6 

Civilian  personnel  • 

189  059 

97.90 

7 

Board  members  and  other  officials  

57,  104 

29.57 

8 

Other  civilians  

131,  955 

68.  33 

9 

Provost  Marshal  General's  Office  

429 

..22 

10 

Commissioned  officers 

45 

11 

National  inspectors 

12 

12 

Civilians  

343 

13 

Enlisted  men  .  . 

29 

251 


252  CHAPTER  X.    ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL. 

TABLE  91. — Personnel  of  selective  service  administration — Continued. 


Line. 

Personnel  of  selective  service  administration. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  per- 
sonnel. 

14 

Total  personnel  Oct.  31,  1918—  Continued. 
State  headquarters  

999 

0  52 

15 

Governors  *  

54 

16 

Military  officers  

147 

17 

Civilians  

624 

IS 

Enlisted  men  w  

174 

19 

District  boards  

2,539 

1  31 

20 

Members  

1,039 

21 

Industrial  advisers  

411 

22 

Other  civilians  

944 

23 

Enlisted  men  

145 

24 

Local  boards 

43  579 

22  57 

25 

Members  

14,  416 

26 

Government  appeal  agents  

4,  679 

27 

Addition  9.1  fiTamining  physicians.  .    

12,  039 

28 

Other  civilians  

9,227 

29 

Enlisted  men  

3,218 

30 

Medical  advisory  boards  

10,  234 

5.30 

31 

Members  

9,577 

32 

Other  civilians  

411 

33 

Enlisted  men       

246 

34 

Legal  advisory  boards        

119,  282 

61.77 

35 

Members  

110,  915 

36 

Associate  members  

108,  367 

37 

Boards  of  instruction  

16,  055 

8.31 

1  Includes  the  Commissioners  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

The  two  notable  features  of  the  selective  service  organization, 
under  the  act  of  May  18,  1917,  viz,  the  civilian  quantity  of  its  per- 
sonnel, and  its  decentralization  into  the  several  States,  are  strik- 
ingly exhibited  by  these  figures. 

That  the  administration  was  essentially  a  civilian  one  is  shown 
by  the  fact  that  the  military  officers  were  only  192,  and  the  enlisted 
men  (serving  in  clerical  capacities,  and  coming  into  the  system  at 
the  eleventh  hour)  were  only  3,812;  or  a  total  of  only  4,004,  leaving  a 
civilian  force  of  189,059.  The  spectacle  is  thus  presented  of  the 
National  Army  being  raised  by  the  activities  of  a  body  of  civilians. 
It  is  believed  that  in  this  respect  the  contrast  of  the  system,  not  only 
with  that  of  the  Civil  War  in  our  own  country,  but  also  with  the 
usual  methods  on  the  continent,  is  notable.  The  plan  adopted 
by  Congress  one  year  and  a  half  ago  was  without  precedent,  and  was, 
therefore,  an  experimont  made  on  faith;  and  that  faith  has  b^en 
amply  vindicated. 

The  other  feature,  viz,  that  of  decentralization  into  the  several 
States,  is  even  more  emphatically  illustrated  when  we  compare  the 
personnel  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General's  Office,  only  429  in  num- 
ber, with  the  aggregate  personnel  in  the  several  States,  192,688  in 
all.  This  vast  machinery  was  supervised  from  a  headquarters  of 


THE   PBOVOST   MARSHAL  GENERAL.  253 

relatively  insignificant  size  in  Washington.  Every  one  of  the 
192,688  workers  in  the  several  States  owed  his  immediate  duty  to 
some  State  superior  under  the  State  executive.  The  contrast  here 
is  again  remarkable.  It  illustrates  not  only  the  wisdom  of  resorting 
to  State  agencies  in  handling  an  operation  which  involved  State 
pride  and  responsibility,  but  also  the  prudence  of  committing  to  the 
hands  of  local  officials  the  administration  of  a  law  which  so  intimately 
affected  the  homes  and  livelihood  of  the  people. 

These  figures  only  corroborate  the  great  fact,  already  patent  to 
all,  that  the  Nation  itself  raised  this  National  Army. 

It  is  now  necessary  to  give  some  particular  description  of  the 
several  parts  of  the  system. 

(I)  THE  PROVOST  MARSHAL  GENERAL. 

1 .  Personnel. — On  May  22, 1917,  the  formal  designation  of  a  Provost 
Marshal  General  was  made  in  the  following  Executive  Order: 

GENERAL  ORDERS,  "l  WAR  DEPARTMENT, 

No.  65.  /  Washington,  May  22,  1917. 

By  direction  of  the  President,  Brig.  Gen.  Enoch  H.  Crowder,  Judge  Advocate  Gen- 
eral, United  States  Army,  is  hereby  detailed  as  Provost  Marshal  General,  and  vested 
with  the  execution,  under  the  Secretary  of  War,  of  so  much  of  the  act  of  Congress 
entitled  "An  act  to  authorize  the  President  to  increase  temporarily  the  Military 
Establishment  of  the  United  States,"  approved  May  18,  1917,  as  relates  to  the  regis- 
tration and  the  selective  draft. 

By  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War: 

TASKER  H.  BLISS, 
Major  General,  Acting  Chief  of  Staff. 
Official: 

H.  P.  McCAix, 

The  Adjutant  General. 

Meanwhile  (as  already  noted  in  my  report  for  1917),  the  task 
of  preparing  plans  for  the  execution  of  the  law,  when  enacted,  had 
already  been  undertaken.  On  May  22,  1917,  the  date  of  the  above 
order,  four  days  after  the  passage  of  the  act,  the  administrative  staff 
consisted  of  8  officers  and  a  small  clerical  force.  By  November,  1917, 
the  staff  of  officers  had  increased  to  35  and  the  clerical  force  to  about 
150,  and  during  November  and  December  some  25  more  officers  were 
added  temporarily  as  a  Division  of  Appeals,  to  brief  the  voluminous 
mass  of  cases  then  coming  up  on  appeal  to  the  President;  in  this 
heavy  task  some  45  members  of  the  District  of  Columbia  Bar  ren- 
dered volunteer  assistance.  During  the  spring  of  1918,  the  compila- 
tion of  the  Industrial  Index  required  a  large  accession  to  the  clerical 
force;  and  this  extra  force  was  trained  by  a  deputation  of  20  experts, 
loaned  for  the  same  period  by  the  Director  of  the  Census.  By  No- 
vember, 1918,  the  staff  of  officers  numbered  45,  the  civilian  and 
clerical  force  numbered  343,  and  the  enlisted  men  29. 


254  CHAPTER  X.    ORGANIZATION  AND  PERSONNEL. 

A  roster  of  the  names  of  the  military  officers  on  duty  here  at  various 
times  and  of  the  civilians  holding  positions  of  principal  responsibility, 
is  given  in  Appendix  G. 

From  the  decisive  day  of  May  18,  1917,  the  dominant  and  emphatic 
note  for  every  worker  on  the  force  was  the  vital  need  of  speed  and 
promptness.  There  was  never  a  moment  of  anything  less  than 
anxious  energy.  The  spectacle  of  the  allied  European  armies, 
eagerly  awaiting  the  arrival  of  our  forces  to  make  the  turn  of  the 
tide,  was  daily  present  in  the  consciousness  of  all.  Imagination  saw 
our  camps  gradually  peopled  by  the  selective  contingents  produced 
through  the  ceaseless  efforts  of  the  boards;  and  each  day's  work, 
however  tedious  and  technical,  was  seen  to  speed  the  arrival  of  the 
day  when  the  selectives  thus  raised  would  join  the  ranks  of  the 
fighters.  Nor  night  nor  Sunday  signified  a  cessation  of  labors;  and 
no  conventional  office  hours  limited  the  zeal  of  the  workers.  When- 
ever emergencies  required,  the  clerical  force  cheerfully  responded  to 
the  call;  and  on  many  occasions  women  who  had  worked  all  through 
the  day  remained  until  midnight  to  complete  the  tasks  for  which  their 
assistance  was  necessary.  To  all  who  gave  thus  their  unstinted  con- 
tribution of  faithful  toil,  the  appreciation  and  gratitude  of  the  Depart- 
ment is  amply  due.  It  was  a  period  of  anxious  and  fervid  zeal  and 
effort  which  will  live  in  the  memory  of  all  who  shared  its  privilege. 

It  would  seem  invidious  for  me  to  call  to  your  especial  attention, 
in  this  place,  particular  officers  who  have  been  on  duty  in  the  Provost 
Marshal  General's  Office,  for  the  reason  that  the  enumeration  of 
certain  ones  might  appear  to  imply,  by  exclusion,  that  others  have 
not  performed  a  service  as  loyal  and  efficient.  Such  is  not  the  case, 
for  a  complete  acknowledgment  of  loyalty  and  efficiency  would 
necessitate  the  mention  of  all  who  have  been  identified  with  the 
work  in  Washington,  whether  officers  or  civilians. 

2.  Divisions  of  the  office. — As  the  work  of  classifying  the  10,000,000 
registrants  proceeded,  and  the  heavy  calls  of  the  spring  of  1918  began, 
the  operations  of  the  office  called  for  a  separation  into  divisions,  each 
division  with  its  chief  and  subordinate  officers  and  a  special  clerical 
force.  These  divisions,  after  several  alterations,  stood  on  October 
28,  1918,  as  follows: 

(1)  Administration  Division,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  following: 

All  questions  relating  to  the  personnel  of  local  and  district  boards,  legal  and  medical 
advisory  boards,  Government  appeal  agents,  and  State  headquarters,  including  com- 
plaints from  official  sources,  resignations,  removals,  increased  membership  of  boards, 
appointments,  rank  of  Army  officers  detailed  as  disbursing  agents,  and  board  activities. 

(2)  Aliens  Division,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  following: 

All  questions  relating  to  the  classification  and  deferment  of  aliens,  declarants,  re- 
cruiting by  .foreign  powers  (other  than  those  under  treaties),  citizenship,  passports, 
and  international  law. 


THE   PROVOST   MARSHAL  GENERAL,  255 

(3)  Appeals  Division,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  following: 
Recommendations  for  the  decision  of  cases  sent  on  appeal  to  the  President. 

(4)  Auxiliary  Agencies  and  Statistics  Division,  having  jurisdiction 
of  the  following: 

All  matters  connected  with  the  Industrial  Index,  the  Students'  Army  Training 
Corps,  boards  of  instruction,  and  all  statistical  work  (and  all  such  other  work  as  may 
be  specially  referred  by  the  Provost  Marshal  General)  for  the  yearly  report. 

(5)  Classification  Division,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  following: 

All  questions  relating  to  classification,  reclassification,  transfers,  matters  relating 
to  the  apprehension  and  disposition  of  delinquents  and  deserters,  furloughs,  Emer- 
gency Fleet  lift,  and  general  questions  relating  to  the  status  of  registrants  both  before 
and  after  induction.  In  short,  this  division  handled  all  questions  arising  from  the 
time  the  Questionnaire  was  filed  until  the  registrant  acquired  a  military  status  or 
was  undergoing  civil  punishment  for  delinquency,  except  those  matters  incident  to 
induction  and  mobilization  proper. 

(6)  Finance  Division,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  following: 

All  matters  covered  by  Part  IX  (disbursement  regulations)  of  the  Selective  Service 

Regulations. 

(7)  Information  Division,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  following: 

All  requests  for  general  information,  general  correspondence  not  otherwise  assigned, 
and  the  handling  of  personal  calls  upon  the  office. 

(8)  Inspection  and  Investigation  Division,  having  jurisdiction  of 
the  following: 

All  information  and  material  dealing  with  the  activities  of  boards  and  coming 
from  sources  other  than  official  (which  were  handled  by  the  Administration  Divi- 
sion'), ami  investigation  of  complaints  against  boards,  or  draft  executives,  the  execution 
in  the  field  of  speed-up  programs,  and  handling  of  national  inspectors. 

(9)  Law  Division,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  following: 

All  general  questions  of  law  other  than  those  relating  to  citizenship,  alienage,  and 
international  law.  All  matters  involving  amendments,  changes,  or  interpretations 
of  the  Selective  Service  Regulations,  and  all  matters  relating  to  the  jurisdiction, 
powers,  and  duties  of  boards  and  draft  officers  generally,  including  questions  of 
procedure.  This  division  also  kept  a  record  of  general  statutes  of  court  decisions 
and  the  Judge  Advocate  General's  opinions. 

(10)  Medical  Division,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  following: 

All  matters  relating  to  rules  and  regulations  covering  physical  requirements  and 
examination  of  registrants,  and,  in  connection  with  the  Administration  "Division,  all 
matters  affecting  medical  aids  and^  medical  advisory  boards. 

(11)  Mobilization  Division,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  following: 
All  matters  relating  to  the  allocation,  making,  and  filling  of  calls  and  the  accom- 
plishment of  individual  inductions.     All  questions  which,  arising  in  the  carrying 
out  of  the  foregoing  functions,  dealt  with  the  interpretation  of  the  Selective  Serv!  •<> 
Law  and  Regulations,  or  required  change,  modification,  or  suspension  of  the  Selec- 
tive Service  Law  and  Regulations  were  referred  to  the  appropriate  division  for  action, 
but  that  division  conferred  with  the  Mobilization  Division  in  making  its  determina- 
tion. 


256  CHAPTER  X.    ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL. 

(12)  Publication  Division,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  following: 

All  matters  having  to  do  with  the  publication  of  forms  and  documents  and  their 
distribution  to  the  Selective  Service  officials. 

(13)  Registration  Division,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  following: 

All  matters  relating  to  registration,  the  giving  of  serial  and  order  numbers,  the 
making  out  and  filing  of  Questionnaires  and  listing  on  the  classification  list;  "Work 
or  Fight"  regulations;  registration  and  classification  under  treaty  provisions;  matters 
of  personnel  of  industrial  advisers;  matters  affecting  registrants  up  to  and  including 
the  filing  of  Questionnaires. 

3.  National  inspectors. — With  the  growth  of  the  selective  service 
system  by  reason  of  the  added  registrations  of  June  5,  August  24, 
and  September  12,  1918,  the  problems  of  the  State  draft  executives 
became  so  great  and  so  varied  that  I  deemed  it  advisable  to  create 
a  system  of  visitation  and  inspection,  in  order  to  establish  a  personal 
touch  with  each  State  headquarters.     To  secure  suitable  persons  to  be 
charged  with  this  most  important  duty,  inquiry  was  made  of  the 
governors  and  other  selective  service  officials  in  various  parts  of  the 
country.     Thirteen  men,  skilled  in  the  application  of  the  selective 
service  law,  were  chosen,  and,  after  a  careful  course  of  instruction 
in  Washington,  were  on  September  3  assigned  to  different  sections 
of  the  country.     Since  that  date  they  have  been  on  duty  almost 
continuously.     Every  State  headquarters  has  been  visited  by  them, 
carrying  the  message  of  the  national  headquarters. 

With  scarcely  an  exception  the  results  have  justified  the  appoint- 
ment. A  quickened  activity  invariably  followed  the  visit  of  a  national 
draft  inspector  and  the  sense  of  personal  contact  which  ensued  was 
highly  beneficial  to  the  State  and  national  headquarters.  The 
national  inspectors  functioned  in  perfect  harmony  with  the  State 
draft  executives.  At  the  request  of  the  latter,  many  visits  were 
made  to  local  boards  which  needed  added  incentive  or  a  word  of 
advice  as  to  methods  of  classification  or  the  keeping  of  records. 
Through  the  national  inspectors  a  means  of  local  inspection  of  the 
entire  system  was  gradually  being  installed,  with  the  assistance  of 
State  inspectors,  and  much  good  was  accomplished. 

In  the  completion  of  the  records  of  the  selective  service  system, 
their  verification,  and  their  final  lodgment  in  Washington,  much  will 
devolve  on  the  inspection  force  thus  created. 

4.  Correspondence  with  tlie  field  for ce.— vEarly  in  the  experience  of 
the  office,   certain   principles  were  developed   to   accord  with   the 
general  plan  of  local  administration,  and  to  relieve  national  head- 
quarters of  an  excessive  burden  of  detail.     These  principles  were 
later  embodied  in  section  25  of  the  Selective  Service  Regulations, 
and  were  consistently  adhered  to.     Reference  to  that  section  will 
show  that  correspondence  with  the  Provost  Marshal  General  by 
individuals  or  by  the  local  and  district  boards  relating  to  the  draft 


THE   PROVOST  MARSHAL  GENERAL.  257 

was  required  to  be  conducted  only  through  the  adjutants  general  of 
the  States,  who  were  expected  to  deal  with  such  communications. 
No  opinions  or  rulings  hi  individual  cases  were  given  by  the  Provost 
Marshal  General;  and  general  rulings  were  communicated  only 
through  the  State  headquarters.  Local  and  district  boards  were 
made  the  centers  for  all  inquiries  by  individuals,  to  be  referred  by 
the  boards  to  the  State  adjutant  general,  and  thence  to  the  Provost 
Marshal  General,  if  necessary.  Complaints  against  boards  were  to 
be  addressed  to  State  executives.  The  office  of  the  Provost  Marshal 
General  undertook  to  answer  all  requests  for  information  from  State 
headquarters  as  expeditiously  as  possible.  Accordingly,  with  every 
letter  which  according  to  these  rules  could  not  be  answered  from  this 
office,  there  was  inclosed  a  printed  form  explaining  why  the  letter 
could  not  be  answered,  and  quoting  the  pertinent  parts  of  section  25 
of  the  Selective  Service  Regulations. 

The  justification  of  this  procedure  was  obvious.  This  office 
controlled;  through  a  system  of  supervised  decentralization,  and 
the  cooperation  of  the  governors  of  the  several  States,  Territories, 
and  the  District  of  Columbia,  an  administrative  machine  comprising 
nearly  4,600  local  boards,  160  district  boards,  and  52  State,  Terri- 
torial, or  District  headquarters.  Under  the  administration  of  the 
system  there  were  from  the  very  outset  10,000,000  registrants, 
and  more  or  less  directly  interested  in  the  registrants  were  perhaps 
50,000,000  people.  It  was  obviously  impracticable  and  impossible 
to  attempt  direct  correspondence  either  with  the  local  and  district 
boards  or  with  the  individuals  who  were  affected  by  the  system.  It 
would  have  been  inefficient  and  impossible  to  attempt  to  do  so. 

There  was  another  reason  why  this  office  could  make  no  rulings 
and  give  no  opinion  directly  to  individuals  concerning  the  circum- 
stances of  individual  cases.  The  law  placed  the  determination  of 
individual  cases  within  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  local  and  dis- 
trict boards.  For  this  office  to  attempt  to  make  rulings  on  individual 
cases,  on  ex  parte  statements,  and  in  the  absence  of  complete  infor- 
mation that  was  accessible  to  the  proper  board,  would  have  been 
subversive  of  the  law,  and  would  have  been  an  invasion  of  the  juris- 
diction of  boards.  Such  rulings,  moreover,  might  have  been  used 
to  embarrass  the  function  of  these  boards.  For  these  reasons  direct 
answers  to  such  inquiries  were  inadvisable  and  impracticable. 

However,  it  was  desired  to  render  the  execution  of  the  Selective 
Service  law  uniform  and  consistent  throughout  the  country,  and 
further,  it  was  the  purpose  of  this  office  to  disseminate  in  the  prompt- 
est manner  and  to  the  widest  possible  extent  information  and  rulings 
concerning  this  law.  To  this  end  it  was  desired  to  make  each  local 
and  district  board  a  center  of  information  for  the  community  over 
97250°— 19 17 


258  CHAPTER  X.   ORGANIZATION  AND  PERSONNEL. 

which  it  had  jurisdiction,  and  to  make  each  State  headquarters  a 
center  of  information  for  all  the  local  and  district  boards  within  the 
State.  To  accomplish  this  purpose  the  rules  were  framed  for  the 
Correspondence  of  this  office,  as  indicated  in  section  25,  Selective 
Service  Regulations. 

By  this  system  questions  arising  either  in  individual  cases  or  from 
boards,  were  answered  far  more  promptly  than  they  would  have 
been  under  any  system  of  direct  correspondence;  uniformity  and 
consistency  in  the  execution  of  the. law  were  also  secured;  and 
boards  became  convenient  centers  of  information,  obviating  the  time 
and  expense  that  would  have  been  lost  by  individuals  if  any  attempt 
had  been  made  to  carry  on  direct  correspondence  with  this  office. 
The  system,  moreover,  has  relieved  this  office  from  the  labor  of 
writing  an  average  of  from  200  to  250  letters  daily. 

Through  the  same  system  of  supervised  decentralization,  all  in- 
structions, rulings,  information  of  a  general  nature,  and  amendments 
to  the  Selective  Service  Regulations,  with  few  exceptions,  have  been 
transmitted  to  the  draft  executives  of  the  various  States  and  Terri- 
tories, and  by  them  communicated  to  the  local  and  district  boards. 
Whenever  possible  the  mails  were  used.  Often,  however,  the  nature 
of  the  instructions  made  it  necessary  to  use  the  telegraph,  although  fre- 
quently it  was  possible  to  communicate  instructions  to  near-by  States, 
and  in  some  cases  to  all  States  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  by  letter, 
using  the  telegraph  for  the  remainder.  To  have  attempted  direct  com- 
munication with  the  boards,  rather  than  with  the  State  executives, 
would  have  enormously  increased  the  telegraph  tolls  of  this  office. 

Subsequent  to  the  promulgation  by  mail  or  telegraph  of  rulings 
on  and  amendments  to  the  Selective  Service  Regulations,  it  was  the 
practice  of  this  office,  at  first,  to  print  them  in  pamphlet  form. 
Seven  such  pamphlets  were  issued  after  the  reprinting  of  the  Regu- 
lations in  September,  1917,  but  since  the  reprint  of  September,  1918, 
in  which  all  amendments  and  important  rulings  and  changes  were 
included,  it  has  not  been  necessary  to  issue  any  pamphlets. 

Volume  of  correspondence. — Since  January  1,  1918,  over  3,500,000 
pieces  of  mail  have  been  received  in  this  office,  and  over  340,000 
letters  and  30,000  telegrams  have  been  sent  out.  Table  92  shows 
by  months  the  number  of  pieces  of  mail  and  telegrams  received  and 
sent  by  this  office  to  November  15,  of  this  year.  The  large  increase 
in  incoming  letter  mail,  beginning  with  June,  is  chiefly  due  to  the 
heavy  mobilization  which  began  in  the  latter  part  of  May.  The 
further  heavy  increase,  beginning  in  August  and  continuing  through 
October,  was  caused  by  the  continued  heavy  mobilization,  and  to 
the  preparations  for  the  September  12th  registration  and  the  sub- 
sequent classification  of  registrants.  The  summary  of  outgoing  mail 
and  telegrams  shows  increases  in  about  the  same  degree. 


THE   PROVOST  MARSHAL  GENERAL. 


259 


TABLE  92. — Summary  of  mail  to  Nov.  15,  1918. 
INCOMING. 


1918 

Letters. 

Telegrams. 

Other  mail. 

January                                   .       

14,  612 

2,307 

25,  139 

February                                

18,  059 

2,445 

50,940 

March  

17,100 

2,394 

142,  488 

April   

19,  494 

2,046 

214,  950 

May            

19,  938 

2,604 

286,  230 

June            

25,  020 

3,270 

359,  082 

July               

23,  010 

2,448 

464,  226 

August          

40,968 

4,902 

630,  264 

September      

49,  416 

5,700 

423,  546 

October                     .   .   .   

90,  864 

6,246 

478  536 

November  

15,  456 

2,472 

128,  880 

Grand  total         

333,  937 

36,  834 

3,  204,  281 
3,  575,  052 

OUTGOING. 


1918 

Letters. 

Telegrams. 

Other  mall. 

January  !  

14,  334 
17,  716 

16,  775 
19,  124 
11,  130 
35,700 
25,  296 
48,  936 
36,  828 
88,  698 
26,  970 

2,263 
2,399 
2,349 
2,007 
1,960 
2,520 
3,024 
4,080 
4,176 
5,262 
1,668 

: 

! 
i 

2 
I 
I 
I' 
I 
I' 
! 
I 

1 

February  *  

March  '  

April  '  

May..  

June                  

July                  

August  

September      

October                

November                  

Grand  total  

341,  507 

31,  708 

(2) 

373,  215 

1  Estimated. 


»  Handled  by  Publications  Division;  see  paragraph  6. 


Filing  system. — The  system  of  filing  originally  installed  to  care  for 
the  general  records  of  the  office  was  adapted  from  the  numerical  sys- 
tem, completely  indexed.  At  all  times  it  has  been  equal  to  the  burden 
thrown  upon  it,  and  has  proved  entirely  satisfactory. 

5.  Information  Division. — Though  the  District  of  Columbia  boards 
were  the  appropriate  headquarters  for  inquiries  by  registrants 
within  the  District,  this  office  early  became  the  Mecca  for  a  vast 
volume  of  miscellaneous  inquiries  by  telephone  and  by  personal 
visits.  To  give  the  necessary  satisfaction,  the  Information  Division 
was  established;  and  this  division  became  a  national  mirror,  in 
miniature,  for  the  infinite  variety  of  matters  on  which  the  Selective 
Service  system  was  supposed,  rightly  or  wrongly,  to  be  able  to  cast 
some  light. 


260  CHAPTER  X.    ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL. 

On  many  days  the  number  of  visitors  ran  as  high  as  250;  and  there 
were  equally  as  many  telephone  calls  daily.  In  the  minds  of  all  of 
the  inquirers  there  seemed  to  be  the  dominant  thought  that  informa- 
tion on  any  subject  connected  with  the  war  could  be  obtained  at 
the  headquarters  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General.  The  majority  of 
the  inquiries  dealt  with  matters  entirely  beyond  the  jurisdiction  of 
this  office.  The  questions  propounded  covered  the  entire  gamut  of 
things  military.  The  inventor  of  a  body  armor,  the  originator  of  a 
new  method  of  measuring  skulls  for  the  purposes  of  identification,  the 
discoverer  of  a  high  explosive,  and  all  kinds  of  efficiency  experts,  came 
seeking  the  Provost  Marshal  General's  Office. 

The  approach  of  any  important  event  in  connection  with  the 
draft — such  as  the  registrations,  the  beginning  of  physical  exami- 
nations, heavy  entrainments,  the  discontinuance  of  voluntary  enlist- 
ment, the  mailing  of  questionnaires — always  placed  upon  this 
division  an  exceptionally  heavy  burden.  And  always  there  was  the 
steady,  daily  volume  of  visits  of  registrants,  or  their  relatives,  who 
sought  to  have  this  office  arbitrate  their  differences  with  local  boards. 
Without  doubt,  the  most  difficult  phase  of  the  work  of  the  Informa- 
tion Division  has  been  to  counsel  and  to  placate  that  class  of  visitors, 
large  in  number,  who  considered  they  had  been  unjustly  treated. 
With  but  few  exceptions,  however,  they  were  sent  away  calm  and 
satisfied.  This  answer,  sympathetically  but  firmly  given,  usually 
sufficed  to  close  the  interview:  "There  is  probably  some  equity  in 
your  case,  and  it  certainly  deserves  to  be  carefully  considered  by 
your  local  board,  on  which  Congress  and  the  President  have  conferred 
exclusive  jurisdiction.  Go  back  to  your  local  authorities  and  abide 
by  then1  decision,  because  under  the  law  and  the  regulations  the 
Provost  Marshal  General  has  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  this  case." 
The  majority  of  cases  were  of  necessity  handled  in  this  manner. 
The  experience  in  this  division  is  a  new  proof  that  the  conferring  of 
authority  upon  local  civilian  boards  to  pass  upon  these  questions  was 
the  master  stroke  of  the  Selective  Service  act.  It  was  simply  the 
carrying  over,  to  the  raising  of  an  Army,  of  the  familiar  Anglo-Saxon 
principle  of  a  local  jury  trial.  That  principle  was  understood  by  the 
people,  and  therefore*  it  was  accepted  by  the  people.  Any  reasonable 
and  fair  method  of  drafting  an  army,  if  based  on  this  principle, 
would  have  succeeded. 

Cases  involving  technical  questions  and  interpretations  of  the  law 
and  regulations  generally  were  turned  over  to  an  officer  having  juris- 
diction in  the  matter.  In  this  respect,  the  Information  Division 
acted  as  a  clearing  house  for  the  visitors,  and  the  constant  inter- 
ruption of  officers  by  those  seeking  general  information  was  prevented. 

The  visits  of  limited  service  men  and  those  who  had  been  placed 


THE   PROVOST  MARSHAL   GENERAL.  261 

in  Class  V  as  being  physically  unfit  for  military  service,  created  a 
problem  of  no  mean  importance,  as  both  groups  of  men  were  bent 
upon  finding  a  place  in  the  Army  where  they  could  render  service. 
Some  of  the  latter  class,  the  physically  unfit,  pleaded  for  assistance 
in  getting  into  the  service.  In  a  number  of  cases  in  both  groups, 
where  the  defects  were  not  too  serious,  suggestions  were  offered 
which  led  to  the  placing  of  the  men. 

From  the  great  volume  of  miscellaneous  inquiries  it  was  interesting 
to  note,  as  the  months  went  by,  the  turn  of  sentiment  toward  the 
draft.  At  first  the  question  was  :  "How  can  I  keep  out  of  the 
Army?"  Gradually  that  attitude  changed,  until  finally  the  question 
became:  "How  can  I  get  into  the  Army  right  away?" 

6.  Publications. — The  operations  of  the  Publications  Division 
embraced  the  printing  and  distribution  of  all  printed  regulations, 
instructions,  and  draft  forms  for  the  Selective  Service  system.  It  is 
easily  conceivable  that  the  registration  and  classification  of  24,000,000 
persons  and  the  mobilization  of  2,800,000  men  for  the  Army  would 
require  many  millions  of  forms;  but  not  until  it  is  stated  that  the 
administration  of  the  Selective  Service  act  required  the  printing  and 
distribution  to  draft  boards  of  more  than  500,000,000  separate  pieces 
of  ^printed  matter  is  a  full  realization  gained  of  the  magnitude  of  the 
the  undertaking.  Table  93  shows  the  quantities  of  printed  matter, 
separated  as  to  registrations. 

TABLE  93. — Printed  forms  required  for  the  Selective  Service  system. 


Registrations. 

Number. 

1 

Total  

544,000  000 

2 

First  registration,  June,  1917-June,  1918         

284,  000,  000 

3 

Second  registration,  June-August,  1918  

27,  000,  000 

4 

Third  registration,  September-November,  1918     

233,  000,  000 

(a)  Printing. — The  printing  of  this  quantity  of  forms  was  a  task 
of  such  proportions  as  to  tax  to  the  utmost  the  Government  Printing 
Office.  This  institution,  however,  responded  admirably  to  the  un- 
precedented demands  made  upon  it,  and  some  remarkable  records 
were  made.  The  most  notable  of  these  was  the  printing  of  forms  of 
all  kinds  for  the  registration,  classification,  and  mobilization  of  the 
registrants  of  September  12,  1918.  This  immense  task  was  per- 
formed during  a  period  of  50  days.  Several  records  for  quantity 
and  speed  made  during  this  time  deserve  special  mention.  Fifteen 
million  questionnaires  were  printed  in  34  days.  Fourteen  and  one- 
half  millions  of  one-page  leaflets  were  printed  within  60  hours  after 
the  presses  were  started,  at  an  average  hourly  production  of  240,000 


262  CHAPTER  X.    ORGANIZATION   AND  PERSONNEL. 

copies.  Thirty-two  and  one-half  million  registration  cards  were 
turned  out  in  8  days;  and  numerous  other  achievements  could  be 
mentioned.  Historians  of  the  future,  in  recording  the  many  wonder- 
ful deeds  to  the  credit  of  the  Nation  during  this  war,  should  not  over- 
look the  assistance  rendered  by  the  Government  Printing  Office  in 
raising  the  National  Army;  and  this  Report  would  not  be  complete 
without  an  acknowledgment  of  the  manner  in  which  that  establish- 
ment performed  its  portion  of  the  work. 

For  the  purpose  of  enabling  accurate  reference  in  the  future,  by 
historians  and  other  inquirers,  to  the  literature  of  the  selective  service 
system,  a  list  is  given  in  Appendix  H,  of  the  principal  printed  forms 
issued  from  this  office. 

(6)  Distribution. — The  supplies  were  shipped  to  the  various  State 
headquarters  and  by  them  distributed  to  local  boards.  Under  this 
decentralized  plan,  bulk  shipments  were  made  to  52  auxiliary  depots 
at  State  headquarters  for  reshipment  direct  to  nearly  5,000  boards. 
This  resulted  in  marked  economy  and  efficiency,  without  any  resultant 
loss  of  control  by  this  office.  The  responsibility  for  furnishing  local 
boards  with  proper  forms  was  thus  placed  squarely  on  the  various 
State  draft  executives,  who  were  in  close  touch  with  local  conditions. 
The  .distribution  of  these  supplies  was  based  on  the  number  of  regis- 
trants in  each  State;  by  a  simple  system  of  recording,  it  was  possible 
to  arrange  the  shipments  so  that  actual  requirements  were  met  and 
at  the  same  time  losses  and  wastage  held  to  a  minimum. 

The  shipment  to  local  boards  of  all  these  millions  of  forms  repre- 
sented a  distribution  problem  of  huge  proportions.  Lacking  the 
necessary  printed  forms,  the  local  Selective  Service  machinery  would 
have  been  like  an  army  without  guns  and  ammunition.  But  at  no 
time  was  the  machinery  in  danger  of  even  a  temporary  stoppage  due 
to  lack  of  printed  supplies. 

(H)  THE  STATE  EXECUTIVES. 

1 .  The  governors. — Section  6  of  the  Selective  Service  Act  represented 
some  of  the  deepest  wisdom  of  its  framers;  for  under  this  section  it 
became  possible  to  decentralize  the  administration,  and  to  lay  hold, 
for  war  purposes,  of  the  time-honored  traditions  of  local  self-govern- 
ment which  have  been  the  bulwark  of  our  national  progress  in  times 
of  peace.  The  act  authorized  the  President  "to  utilize  the  services 
of  any  or  all  departments  and  any  or  all  officers  or  agents  of  the 
States,  Territories,  and  the  District  of  Columbia,"  and  required  all 
persons  so  designated  "  to  perform  such  duty  as  the  President  shall 
order  or  direct."  It  was  obvious,  from  the  outset,  that  for  the  vast 
task  impending  nothing  less  would  suffice  than  the  employment  of 
the  official  energies  of  each  State,  already  organized  in  the  State 


THE   STATE   EXECUTIVES.  263 

administrations.  These  52  centers  of  power  were  ready  at  hand, 
and  must  be  invoked. 

The  President's  letter  of  April  23,  1917,  to  the  governors  (printed 
in  full  hi  my  first  Report,  p.  7)  referred  to  the  "gratifying  and 
evident  eagerness  of  the  States  to  do  their  utmost  in  aid  of  the 
Nation  at  this  emergent  moment,"  and  expressed  the  conviction  that 
State  agencies  "  promise  the  swiftest  and  the  most  effective  possible 
execution  of  the  law."  How  promptly  and  effectively  the  governors 
responded  to  this  preliminary  call,  in  organizing  the  first  registration 
of  June  5,  1917,  was  told  hi  my  first  report.  But  it  has  remained 
for  the  succeeding  months  to  demonstrate  that  this  initial  response 
was  but  the  forerunner  of  a  steady  and  increasing  contribution  of 
organized  mass  energy  which  ensured  the  success  of  the  Selective 
Service  system. 

During  the  Civil  War  there  emerged  half  a  dozen  notable  figures 
who  have  come  down  in  the  annals  of  history  as  "war  governors" — 
men  whose  vigorous  patriotism  set  a  pace  for  public  opinion,  organ- 
ized the  war  effort,  and  threw  the  whole  strength  of  their  States  in 
support  of  the  Federal  Government  war  measures.  But  hi  the 
raising  of  the  Army  for  the  present  war  we  have  had,  it  may  be  said, 
51  war  governors.  Accepting  with  ready  hands  the  charge  com- 
mitted to  them  by  the  President  under  this  act,  they  have  turned  the 
State  and  Territorial  capitals  into  decentralized  selective  service 
agencies,  and  have  labored  unremittingly  hi  the  thousands  of  de- 
tailed tasks  necessary  for  mustering  the  manhood  of  their  several 
States  into  the  service  of  the  Nation. 

In  the  report  of  Brig.  Gen.  James  B.  Fry,  Acting  Provost  Marshal 
General,  rendered  at  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  bitter  allusion  is  made 
to  the  stubborn  and  hostile  attitude  exhibited  by  some  of  the  then 
governors  to  the  President's  requisitions  in  the  early  period  of  that 
conflict.  From  the  governor  of  one  State  came  this  communication: 
"Your  requisition  is  illegal,  unconstitutional,  revolutionary,  inhu- 
man, diabolical,  and  can  not  be  complied  with."  From  the  governor 
of  another  this  protest  was  received:  "Your  despatch  is  received;  hi 
answer,  I  say,  emphatically,  this  State  will  furnish  no  troops  for  the 
wicked  purpose  of  subduing  her  sister  southern  States."  These 
States  themselves  were  afterwards  found  contributing  amply  and 
generously  of  men  to  the  armies  of  the  North.  They  were  misrepre- 
sented by  their  leaders;  but  these  messages,  and  others  of  like  tenor, 
brought  dismay  to  those  who  bore  the  national  burden  at  Washing- 
ton. It  seems  scarcely  credible,  living  at  this  day,  that  the  Union 
could  have  succeeded  in  its  war  effort  against  the  undermining 
influence  exerted  within  its  own  ranks  by  State  leaders  holding  such 
views  in  opposition  to  the  raising  of  the  Federal  Army. 


264  CHAPTER    X.    ORGANIZATION    AND  PERSONNEL. 

But,  looking  away  from  those  dark  days  to  the  present,  we  may 
well  be  thankful  a  hundred  times — nay,  a  thousand  times — that  the 
contrast  stands  revealed  with  such  startling  brightness.  There  lies 
before  me  a  typical  telegram  of  1918  from  a  State  governor,  sent  to 
acknowledge  receipt  of  a  notice  from  this  office  outlining  the  measures 
needed  for  a  new  stage  then  approaching  in  the  selective  draft;  it 
can  not  be  read  without  emotion: 

I  take  pleasure  in  assuring  you  that  the  people  of  this  State  are  unitedly  and  whole- 
heartedly in  accord  with  these  plans  for  the  creation  of  an  army  that  will  bring  vic- 
tory soon  and  decisively,  and  that  any  call  which  you  may  see  fit  to  make  upon  them 
will  be  enthusiastically  answered. 

The  annals  of  our  country  will  never  yield  a  finer  record  of  stanch 
and  devoted  cooperation  by  all  State  leaders  in  the  common  national 
cause.  It  is  this  hearty  cooperation  by  the  governors  with  the  Fed- 
eral Executive  that  has  made  possible  the  success  of  the  selective 
service  system. 

The  phrase  "supervised  decentralization"  has  come  to  be  a  short 
term  descriptive  of  this  relation.  The  task  was  a  Federal  one,  but 
the  agencies  were  the  State  administrations.  Though  they  acted 
under  presidential  guidance  and  direction,  yet  the  responsibility  for 
success  or  failure  in  carrying  out  these  directions  lay  upon  each 
one  for  his  State,  and  they  retained  the  fullest  measure  of  their 
inherent  authority  within  their  own  jurisdiction.  But  it  was  never 
doubted  that  the  States  would  respond  to  the  call;  and  this  faith  was 
vindicated. 

The  relation  was  an  anomalous  and  a  novel  one.  It  lay  between 
the  extremes  of  voluntary  independent  State  action,  on  the  one 
hand,  and  local  multiplication  of  direct  Federal  agencies  on  the  other 
hand:  the  only  two  types  hitherto  recognized  in  our  political  system. 
But  it  proved  efficient,  amply  efficient,  and  in  a  cause  where 
inefficiency  would  have  been  fatal.  Perhaps  some  lessons  in  the 
field  of  American  government  can  hereafter  be  drawn  from  this 
experience. 

2.  The  draft  executives. — It  was  inevitable  that  the  President's 
-call  upon  the  governors  of  the  several  States  and  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners of  the  District  of  Columbia,  to  supervise  the  execution  of 
the  Selective  Service  Law  and  Regulations  in  their  respective  juris- 
dictions, should  add  enormously  to  the  labors,  burdens,  and  respon- 
sibilities of  the  governors.  The  suggestion  was  therefore  made  at 
an  early  date  that  each  governor  charge  his  adjutant  general  with 
the  duty  of  administering  the  details  of  the  system,  and  generally 
to  delegate  to  his  adjutant  general  so  much  of  his  authority  as  he 
saw  fit.  This  course  was  adopted,  and  all  State  headquarters  were 
without  delay  authorized  to  obtain  the  necessary  clerical  assistants. 


THE   STATE   EXECUTIVES.  265 

As  time  went  on,  and  the  intricacies  and  problems  of  the  decen- 
tralized system  became  more  numerous  and  multifarious,  it  became 
apparent  that'  each  State  adjutant  general  was  in  need  of  an  as- 
sistant executive  officer,  who  could  give  his  entire  time  to  draft 
activities.  It  was  decided  that  this  assistant  should  be  paid  by  the 
Federal  Government.  Accordingly,  the  governors  were  called  upon 
to  recommond  for  appointment,  as  commissioned  officers,  men  who 
had  been  connected  with  the  execution  of  the  Selective  Service  Law, 
and  had  disclosed  the  greatest  qualifications  for  the  accurate,  fair, 
and  expeditious  execution  of  the  selective  service  processes.  It 
also  become  necessary  to  place  at  the  disposal  of  State  headquarters 
a  medical  officer.  Consequently,  each  governor  was  asked  to  rec- 
ommend for  appointment,  as  an  Army  officer,  a  physician  and  sur- 
geon who  possessed  particular  skill  and  training  in  his  profession 
and  who  could  immediately  acquaint  himself  with  the  Army  physical 
examination  regulations,  so  that  he  might  become  the  adviser  of  the 
governor  along  those  lines,  and  thereby  secure  a  uniform  application 
of  the  rules  for  physical  examinations.  From  those  recommended  as 
requested,  one  medical  aide  and  one  military  aide  for  each  State  were 
appointed  and  assigned  to  duty  to  assist  the  governor  and  his  adju- 
tant general. 

In  this  way  a  most  dependable  and  efficient  organization  was  de- 
veloped for  each  State.  These  organizations  owed  immediate  ac- 
countability to  the  respective  governors  and  were  under  their  direct 
supervision.  The  governors  accepted  the  grave  responsibility  ten- 
dered them.  Gladly  and  unselfishly  becoming  a  vital  part  of  the  draft 
machinery,  they  continuously,  promptly,  and  effectively  gave  their 
whole  cooperation  to  this  office. 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  each  governor  has  retained  in  him- 
self authority  to  pass  finally  upon  any  question  that  might  arise  in 
relation  to  the  draft,  in  a  substantial  number  of  the  States  the  actual 
administration  has  practically  been  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  ad- 
jutant general  or  his  commissioned  assistant.  As  evidence  of  this 
fact,  the  governors  of  some  States  have  designated  either  their  adju- 
tants general,  or  the  Army  officers  assigned  to  State  headquarters, 
as  their  draft  executives,  and  have  requested  this  office  to 
address  all  communications  dealing  with  draft  matters  to  such  draft 
executives. 

3.  Duties  of  State  headquarters. — The  functions  and  tasks  of  State 
selective  service  headquarters  are  epitomized  in  section  27,  Selec- 
tive Service  Regulations,  which  reads  as  follows : 

The  governors  shall  be  charged  with  general  supervision  over  all  matters  arising 
in  the  execution  of  the  selective  draft  within  their  States.  The  determination  of 
questions  of  exemptions  and  deferred  classifications  is  within  the  exclusive  jurisdic- 


266  CHAPTER   X.    ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL. 

tion  of  local  and  district  boards,  subject  only  to  review  by  the  President;  but  all  other 
functions  and  duties  of  boards,  departments,  officers,  agents,  and  persons  within  the 
State,  except  departments,  officers,  and  agents  of  the  United  States  not  appointed, 
designated,  or  detailed  under  authority  of  the  selective  service  law,  shall  be  under 
the  direction  and  supervision  of  the  governor. 

Perhaps  the  most  fundamental  of  the  duties  of  the  State  head- 
quarters was  the  creation,  establishment,  and  maintenance  of  regis- 
tration, selection,  and  auxiliary  boards;  under  the  selective  service 
act  the  President  appointed  the  members  of  these  boards,  but  the 
actual  selection  of  personnel  was  made  by  the  governors;  for  ap- 
pointments, removals,  and  substitutions  were  made  only  upon  the 
recommendations  of  the  governors.  Besides  this  primary  task, 
however,  they  bore  a  heavy  burden  of  miscellaneous  work,  which 
may  be  thus  summarized:  (1)  The  handling  of  delinquency  cases 
as  required  by  Selective  Service  Regulations  (2d  ech),  sections  132- 
139;  (2)  the  purchase  and  distribution  of  supplies,  the  checking  of 
vouchers,  the  payment  of  accounts,  and  the  performance  of  all 
other  duties  required  by  the  disbursement  regulations;  (3)  the  ap- 
portionment of  quotas,  the  allotment  of  calls,  the  -routing  and  en- 
trainment  of  registrants,  and  the  performance  of  other  duties  relat- 
ing to  induction  and  mobilization;  (4)  the  conduct  of  a  heavy  cor- 
respondence, not  only  with  the.  various  selective  service  boards, 
but  with  other  Government  officials,  with  representatives  of  all 
kinds  of  organizations,  and  with  individuals;  (5)  the  assignment  of 
serial  numbers  to  late  registrants,  and  the  cancellation  of  registra- 
tions; (6)  the  general  supervision  and  direction  of  the  work  of  the 
selective  service,  boards,  including  medical  advisory  boards,  fre- 
quently involving  trips  of  inspection  and  meetings  for  conference 
and  exchange  of  views;  (7)  the  interpretation  of  the  regulations,  in- 
volving correspondence  with  this  office  and  with  the  boards;  (8) 
the  selection  and  nomination  of  members  of  all  the  various  selective 
service  boards,  the  investigation  of  charges  against  boards  or  mem- 
bers thereof,  and  the  maintenance  of  a  sound  morale  throughout 
the  system;  (9)  the  preparation  of  reports  called  for,  from  time  to 
time,  by  this  office;  (10)  the  preparation  and  distribution  of  bulletins 
or  circular  letters  for  the  information  of  the  boards;  (11)  the  organiza- 
tion and  supervision  of  boards  of  instruction;  (12)  the  performance 
of  all  duties  required  of  them  as  commanders  of  the  force  of  enlisted 
men  assigned  to  headquarters  and  to  the  offices  of  the  various  boards ; 
(13)  cooperation  with  State  councils  of  defense,  the  War  Risk  In- 
surance Bureau,  and  other  organizations  or  bureaus  in  war  work  of 
all  kinds. 

4.  State  inspectors. — When  each  of  these  State  systems  is  envisioned 
in  its  decentralization — the  headquarters  at  the  State  capital;  the 
local  boards  and  the  legal  advisory  boards  and  Government  appeal 


THE   STATE   EXECUTIVES.  267 

agents  attached  to  them,  scattered  throughout  the  State;  the  medical 
advisory  boards  located  at  convenient  points  and  each  serving 
several  local  boards;  and  the  district  board  established  in  each  Federal 
judicial  district — the  question  naturally  arises,  How  was  it  possible 
to  maintain  effective  State  supervision  over  so  many  instrumentali- 
ties ?  It  is  apparent  that  the  few  officers  on  duty  at  State  headquar- 
ters could  not  frequently  leave  their  posts  to  advise  with  boards  or 
members  thereof.  Yet  experience  had  taught  that,  because  of  the 
intricacies  of  the  selective  service  system,  the  changing  presidential 
regulations,  and  the  complexity  of  the  domestic,  industrial,  and 
military  conditions  of  this  country,  the  best  results  were  obtained, 
both  from  a  national  and  individual  standpoint,  by  conferences 
between  the  trained  experts  and  board  members.  In  order  to  provide 
for  these  conferences,  to  maintain  closer  contact,  and  to  augment 
uniformity  of  decision,  the  governors  were  authorized  to  employ  a 
limited  number  of  State  inspectors.  The  inspection,  advisory,  and 
checking  system  thus  created  has  worked  efficaciously  and  satisfac- 
torily. 

5.  Clerical  force. — In  the  early  stages  of  the  classification  method 
there  developed  a  class  of  registrants  disqualified  by  physical  condi- 
tion for  actual  combatant  service  but  qualified  for  noncombatant 
service.     The  uses  made  of  these  group  C  men,  in  general,  have  been 
pointed  out  in  Chapter  IV.     One  of  these  uses  was  that  of  clerical 
service  in  War  Department  offices.     The  War  Department  accord- 
ingly, in  the  summer  of  1918,  authorized  commanding  officers  of 
divisions,  bureaus,  branches,   and  departments,  including   that  of 
the  Provost  Marshal  General,  to  make  requisitions  for  such  men  as 
could  be  used  to  advantage  in  such  positions.     By  virtue  of  this 
authority,  some  4,000  limited  service  men  were  brought  into  use  as 
clerks,  assistants,  stenographers,  etc.,  by  local  and  district  boards 
and  State  headquarters.     The  Army  officer  assigned  as  aid  to  the 
governor,  or  as  assistant  to  the  adjutant  general  in  each  State,  was 
the  commanding  officer  of  such  enlisted  men  in  the  State.     The 
adoption  of  this  expedient  greatly  relieved  the  clerical  difficulties,  and 
was  an  important  factor  in  enabling  the  production  of  accurate, 
valuable,  and  enduring  draft  records. 

6.  Supervision  and  control. — The  foregoing  outline  indicates  the 
vital  part  that  the  State  organizations  formed  in  the  selective  service 
mechanism.     It  should  be  emphasized  that  the  system  which  has 
proven  so  successful  is  essentially  one  of  National  supervision  but 
of  State  control.     In  the  light  of  the  accomplishments  that  stand  out, 
and  with  the  knowledge  of  the  problems  that  have  arisen,  it  is  fair  to 
indulge  the  opinion  that  the  demands  of  this  war  for  man-power 
could  have  not  been  met  under  a  system  controlled  and  supervised 
in  every  respect  by  one  central  office. 


268  CHAPTER  X.    ORGANIZATION   AND  PERSONNEL. 

(HI)  DISTBICT  BOARDS. 

1.  Number  and  personnel. — To  the  ordinary  citizen  the  selective 
service  law  was  personified  by  the  local  board  engaged  in  dispatching 
to  the  camps  his  friends  and  neighbors.  In  the  mind  of  every 
registrant  the  memories  of  the  draft  will  be  centered  in  that  local 
board  with  which  he  registered,  to  which  he  mailed  his  questionnaire, 
and  upon  whose  summons  the  whole  course  of  his  life,  perhaps  life 
itself,  depended.  While  the  local  boards  were  thus  vividly  brought 
into  the  foreground  of  the  war  drama,  winning  the  credit  which  will 
justly  be  theirs,  the  r61e  of  the  district  boards  contributed  scarcely 
less  to  the  successful  raising  of  our  selective  forces. 

Any  account  of  the  personnel  of  the  district  boards  should  therefore 
begin  and  end  by  recalling  the  importance  of  the  functions  intrusted 
to  them  by  the  selective  service  act.  Their  duties  were  twofold: 
First,  to  review  the  decisions  of  local  boards  upon  appeal;  second,  to 
hear  and  determine  as  courts  of  first  instance  all  questions  of  accepting 
or  excluding  from  the  draft  persons  engaged  in  necessary  industries, 
including  agriculture,  or  other  necessary  occupations  or  employments. 
Thus  in  their  capacity  as  appellate  tribunals  they  provided  a  check  on 
irregularities  by  local  boards,  promoted  uniformity  in  the  application 
of  the  law,  and  assured  to  every  registrant  the  opportunity  of  a  rehear- 
ing before  a  court  removed  from  local  prejudice  and  influence.  In 
the  exercise  of  their  original  jurisdiction,  they  became  not  only 
agents  of  selection  for  the  Army,  but  guardians  of  the  industrial  and 
agricultural  interests  of  the  Nation.  These  responsible  and  burden- 
some obligations  demanded  the  selection  of  members  not  only 
representative  of  the  leading  divisions  of  our  population,  but  possessed 
of  experience,  breadth  of  view,  and  executive  ability. 

The  normal  board  consisted  originally  of  five  members  appointed 
by  the  President  on  the  recommendation  of  the  governors.  The  in- 
structions calling  for  such  nominations  required  that  the  composition 
of  the  boards  should  be  as  follows : 

One  member  who  is  in  close  touch  with  the  agricultural  situation  of  the  district, 
one  member  who  is  in  close  touch  with  the  industrial  situation  of  the  district,  one 
member  who  is  in  close  touch  with  labor,  one  physician,  one  lawyer. 

The  result  was  the  enlistment  in  155  boards  of  780  men  of  recog- 
nized achievements  and  integrity,  many  of  them  possessing  a  national 
reputation.  As  the  magnitude  of  the  task  of  selection  increased, 
their  number  was  augmented  from  time  to  time  until  it  reached  a 
total  of  1,039.  Appendix  Table  91-A  shows  their  distribution  by 
States. 

The  immediate  infusion  into  the  selective  service  system  of  this 
group  of  able  and  highly,  patriotic  civilians  went  far  in  itself  to  vindi- 
cate the  wisdom  of  intrusting  to  local  agencies  the  raising  of  our 
armies.  No  such  cooperation  from  proved  leaders  of  our  people 


DISTRICT  BOARDS.  269 

could  possibly  have  been  secured  by  any  centralized  or  militarized 
organization  devised  for  the  purpose. 

2.  Scope  of  work. — On  the  average  the  district  board  had  within 
its  jurisdiction  30  local  boards,  each  of  these  with  an  aggregate  aver- 
age registration  of  5,000.  Appendix  I  shows  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
respective  district  boards.  It  was  important  to  establish  successful 
working  relations  with  these  local  boards.  At  the  start,  the  appeals 
from  local  boards  on  behalf  of  both  the  Government  and  of  the  regis- 
trants assumed  enormous  proportions.  All  the  boards  were  new  at 
the  work,  the  regulations  allowed  some  elasticity,  hence  lack  of 
uniformity  was  the  rule  rather  than  the  exception,  especially  in  the 
important  field  of  dependency  and  the  selection  of  married  men. 
To  reconcile  the  decisions  of  30  lower  tribunals,  numerous  reversals 
were  made  by  the  district  boards,  the  reason  for  which  was  not 
always  fully  understood  by  the  local  boards  concerned.  Very  often 
also  the  district  boards  did  not  follow  the  recommendations  of  local 
boards  with  respect  to  industrial  and  agricultural  claims.  A  local 
board  striving  honestly  to  apply  the  regulations  often  felt  aggrieved 
when  repeatedly  overruled  by  the  district  board  which,  with  a 
broader  field  of  action,  read  the  rules  from  a  slightly  different  angle. 
But,  in  the  main,  cordial  and  helpful  relations  were  maintained, 
uniformity  increased,  and  a  constantly  lessening  number  of  cases  were 
appealed  to  the  district  board. 

As  the  appellate  work  of  the  district  boards  diminished,  the  im- 
portance of  their  position  as  arbiters  between  industry  and  the  Army 
steadily  grew.  The  withdrawal  of  the  first  687,000  men  from  the 
economic  life  of  the  nation  did  not  impose  a  serious  handicap  on  any 
activity  which  could  in  any  wise  be  classed  as  necessary.  But  as 
the  draft  mounted  into  the  millions,  the  problem  became  more 
serious.  The  r61e  of  the  district  boards  commanded  attentive  study 
by  all  large  employers  of  labor  and  became  of  vital  interest  to  the 
farmer  as  the  supply  of  labor  waned.  It  was  then  that  the  caliber 
of  the  district  boards  received  its  severest  test,  and  that  its  members 
performed  their  most  valuable  service  to  the  country. 

Finally  Congress,  while  enlarging  the  draft  ages,  opened  a  still 
broader  field  to  the  district  boards,  by  giving  them  added  jurisdiction 
of  all  claims  based  on  engagement  in  necessary  occupations  or  em- 
ployments. With  a  body  of  13,000,000  new  registrants,  the  majority 
of  them  upward  of  31  years  of  age,  with  the  already  great  depletion 
of  man-power  and  with  the  uncertainty  attending  the  definition  of  a 
necessary  occupation  or  employment,  the  task  facing  the  district 
boards  at  the  termination  of  hostilities  imposed  still  more  resj  on- 
sible  and  arduous  duties.  With  rare  exceptions,  the  district  boards 
performed  their  duties  with  great  fidelity  and  success. 


270  CHAPTER   X.    ORGANIZATION    AND   PERSONNEL. 

3.  Necessary  industries. — Among  these  numerous  groups  of  able 
men,  accustomed  to  independent  thought  and  action,  uniformity  of 
interpretation  was  not  to  be  expected.  Some  confined  their  defini- 
tion of  a  necessary  industry  to  agriculture  and  enterprises  directly 
engaged  in  productive  war  work,  hesitating  at  first  to  include  even 
transportation  operations.  Others  adopted  a  wider  view  and  in- 
cluded undertakings  of  a  commercial  nature  or  those  upon  which 
communities  were  so  dependent  as  to  require  protection. 

Through  administrative  suggestion  and  experience  such  variations 
were  gradually  narrowed.  The  idea  was  frequently  advanced  from 
many  sources  that  a  list  or  classification  of  necessary  industries  and 
occupations  should  be  promulgated  for  the  guidance  of  district  boards, 
but  such  action  was  wisely  avoided  except  as  to  the  Emergency  Fleet 
list.  Nevertheless  much  popular  misunderstanding  and  confusion 
arose,  as  already  noted  in  Chapters  III  and  IV,  from  the  priorities  list 
of  the  War  Industries  Board,  and  even  from  the  group  of  nonproduc- 
tive occupations  enumerated  in  the  "Work  or  Fight"  regulations. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  elasticity  gained  by  the  untrammeled 
exercise  of  judgment  by  each  board  on  the  problem  of  protection  for 
industry  overbalanced  the  loss  of  any  apparent  uniformity  that  would 
have  arisen  from  a  classification  of  preferred  activities.  Congress 
obviously  intended  the  district  boards  to  settle  this  problem.  An 
enterprise  properly  regarded  as  necessary  in  one  part  of  the  country 
might  not  require  similar  protection  elsewhere.  Lack  of  national 
uniformity,  therefore,  was  not  necessarily  objectionable. 

Nevertheless,  to  ascertain  how  far  in  actual  practice  the  rulings  of 
the  district  boards,  based  on  their  own  knowledge  and  judgment, 
did  coincide  with  the  national  recommendations  formulated  in  Sep- 
tember, 1918,  by  the  War  Industries  Board,  in  its  priorities  list,  this 
list  was  submitted  to  the  district  boards  in  November,  1918  (without 
disclosing  to  them  its  origin),  and  they  were  asked  to  mark  those 
industries  and  products  which  they  had  treated  as  "necessary,"  in  the 
administration  of  the  selective  service  act  during  1917  and  1918. 
The  results  are  shown  in  Table  94,  and  will  repay  study.  Appendix 
Table  94-A  shows  the  variance  by  States. 


DISTRICT   BOARDS.  271 

TABLE  94. — Essential  industries  (priorities  list)  found  "necessary"  by  district  boards. 


Industry. 


Agricultural  implements.     (See  Farm  implements.) 

Aircraft:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  air- 
craft or  aircraft  supplies  and  equipment I 

Ammunition:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 
Barne  for  the  United  States  Government  and  the  allies I 

Army  and  Navy:  Arsenals  and  navy  yards I 

Army  and  Navy:  Cantonments  and  camps I 

Arms  (small) :  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 
same  for  the  United  States  Government  and  the  allies I 

Bags:  Hemp,  jute,  and  cotton — plants  engaged  principally 
in  manufacturing  same . . .' IV 

Blast  furnaces  (producing  pig  iron) I 

Boots  and  shoes:  Plants  engaged  exclusively  in  manufac- 
turing same IV 

Brass  and  copper:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  rolling  and 
drawing  copper,  brass,  and  other  copper  alloys  in  the  form 
of  sheets,  rods,  wire,  and  tubes II 

Buildings.     (See  Public  institutions  and  buildings.) 

Chain:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  iron 
and  steel  chain Ill 

Chemicals:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 
chemicals  for  the  production  of  military  and  naval  ex- 
plosives, ammunition,  and  aircraft,  and  use  in  chemical 
warfare I 

Chemicals:  Plants,  not  otherwise  classified  and  listed,  en- 
gaged principally  in  manufacturing  chemicals IV 

Coke:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  producing  metallurgical 
coke  and  by-products,  including  toluol I 

Coke:  Plants,  not  otherwise  classified  and  listed,  producing 
same II 

Copper  and  brass.     (See  Brass  and  copper.) 

Cotton:  Plants  engaged  in  the  compression  of  cotton IV 

Cotton  textiles.     (See  Textiles.) 

Cranes:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  loco- 
motive cranes II 

Cranes:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  travel- 
ing cranes II 

Domestic  consumers:  Fuel  and  electric  energy  for  residential 
consumption,  including  homes,  apartment  houses,  resi- 
dential flats,  restaurants,  and  hotels I 

Domestic  consumers:  Fuel  and  electric  energy  not  other- 
wise specifically  listed Ill 

Drugs:  Medicines  and  medical  and  surgical  supplies,  plants 
engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same IV 

Electrical  equipment:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manu- 
facturing same Ill 

Explosives:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 
same  for  military  and  naval  purposes  for  the  United  States 
Government  and  the  allies I 

Explosives:  Plants  not  otherwise  classified  or  listed,  engaged 
principally  in  manufacturing  same v Ill 

Farm  implements:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufac- 
turing agricultural  implements  and  farm-operating  equip- 
ment   IV 

Feed:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  preparing  or  manufac- 
turing feed  for  live  stock  and  poultry I 


Rating  of 
War  In- 
dustries 
Board 

priorities. 


Number 
of  district 

boards 
ruling  the 
industry 

to  be 
necessary. 


272 


CHAPTER   X.    ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL. 


TABLE  94. — Essential  industries  (priorities  list}  found  "necessary'''  by  district  boards — • 

Continued. 


Industry. 


Rating  of 
War  In- 
dustries 
Board 

priorities. 


Number 
of  district 

boards 
ruling  the 
industry 

to  be 
necessary. 


Ferro  alloys:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  producing  ferro- 
chrome,  ferromanganese,  ferromolybdenum,  ferrosilicon, 
ferrotungsten,  ferrouranium,  ferro vanadium,  and  ferrozir- 
conium 

Fertilizers:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  producing  same... 
Fire  brick:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 


same. 


II 
IV 

IV 


Foods:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  producing,  milling,  re- 
fining, preserving,  refrigerating,  wholesaling,  or  storing 
food  Tor  human  consumption  embraced  within  the  following 
description:  All  cereals  and  cereal  products,  meats  (includ- 
ing poultry),  fish,  vegetables,  fruit,  sugar,  sirups,  glucose, 
butter,  eggs,  cheese,  milk  and  cream,  lard,  lard  compounds, 
oleomargarine  and  other  substitutes  for  butter  or  lard, 
vegetable  oils,  beans,  salt,  coffee,  baking  powder,  soda, 
and  yeast;  also  ammonia  for  refrigeration I 

Foods:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  producing,  milling, 

Oaring,   refining,   preserving,  refrigerating,   or  storing 
for  human  consumption  not  otherwise  specifically 
listed,  excepting  herefrom  plants  producing  confectionery, 

soft  drinks,  and  chewing  gum.  - .  -  -  - - Ill 

Food  containers:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 

same IV 

Foundries  (iron):  Plants  engaged  principally  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  gray  iron  and  malleable  iron  castings IV 

Fungicides.    (See  Insecticides  and  fungicides.) 

Gas.    (See  Oil  and  gas;  also  Public  utilities.) 

Guns  (large):  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 

same  for  the  United  States  Government  and  the  allies I 

Hospitals.     (See  Public  institutions  and  buildings.) 

Ice:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same Ill 

Insecticides  and  fungicides:  Plants  engaged  principally  in 

manufacturing  same IV 

Laundries IV 

Machine  tools:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 

same II 

Medicines.    (See  Drugs  and  medicines.) 

Mines:  Coal I 

Mines:  Producing  metals  and  ferro-alloy  minerals II 

Mines:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  mining 

tools  or  equipment Ill 

Navy.    (See  Army  and  Navy.) 

Navy  Department.     (See  War  and  Navy  Departments.) 
Newspapers  and  periodicals:  Plants  engaged  principally  in 
printing  newspapers  or  periodicals  which  are  enterea  at  the 

post  office  as  second-class  mail  matter IV 

Oil  and  gas:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  producing  oil  or 
natural  gas  for  fuel  or  for  mechanical  purposes,  including 
refining  or  manufacturing  oil  for  fuel  or  for  mechanical 

purposes I 

Oil  and  gas:  Pipe  lines  and  pumping  stations  engaged  in 
transporting  oil  or  natural  gas I 


DISTRICT   BOARDS. 


273 


TABLE  94. — Essential  industries  (priorities  list}  found  "  necessary"  by  district  boards — 

Continued. 


Industry. 


Rating  of 
War  In- 
dustries 
Board 

priorities. 


Number 
of  district 

boards 
ruling  the 
industry 

to  be 
necessary. 


Oil  aiid  gas:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 
equipment  or  supplies  for  producing  Or  transporting  oil  or 
natural  gas  or  for  refining  and  manufacturing  oil  for  fuel  or 
for  mechanical  purposes Ill 

Paper  and  pulp.     (See  Pulp  and  paper.) 

Periodicals.     (See  Newspapers  and  periodicals.) 

Public  institutions  and  buildings  (maintenance  and  operation 
of)  other  than  hospitals  and  sanitariums Ill 

Public  institutions  and  buildings  (maintenance  and  opera- 
tion of)  used  as  hospitals  or  sanitariums I 

Public  utilities:  Gas  plants  producing  toluol I 

Public  utilities:  Street  railways,  electric  lighting  and  power 
companies,  gas  plants  not  otherwise  classified,  telephone 
and  telegraph  companies,  water-supply  companies,  and 
like  general  utilities II 

Public  utilities:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufactur- 
ing equipment  for  railways  or  other  public  utilities II 

Pulp  and  paper:  Plants  engaged  exclusively  in  manufactur- 
ing same IV 

Railways:  Operated  by  United  States  Railroad  Administra- 
tion   I 

Railways:  Not  operated  by  United  States  Railroad  Adminis- 
tration (excluding  those  operated  as  plant  facilities) II 

Railways  (street).     (See  Public  utilities. N 

Rope.     (See  Twine  and  rope.) 

Rope  wire.     (See  Wire  rope.) 

Sanitariums.     (See  Public  institutions  and  buildings.) 

Ships  (maintenance  and  operation  of):  Excluding  pleasure 
craft  not  common  carriers I 

Ships:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  building  ships,  exclud- 
ing (a)  pleasure  craft  not  common  carriers,  (6)  ships  not 
built  for  the  United  States  Government  or  the  allies  nor 
under  license  from  United  States  Shipping  Board I 

Soap:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same. . . .       IV 

Steel-making  furnaces:  Plants  engaged  solely  in  manufactur- 
ing ingots  and  steel  castings  by  the  open-hearth,  Bessemer, 
crucible,  or  electric-furnace  process,  including  blooming 
mills,  billet  mills,  and  slabbing  mills  for  same I 

Steel-plate  mills I 

Steel-rail  mills:  Rolling  rails,  50  or  more  pounds  per  yard II 

Steel:  All  plants  operating  steel  rolling  and  drawing  mills 
exclusive  of  those  taking  higher  classification Ill 

Surgical  supplies.     (See  Drugs  and  medicines.) 

Tanners:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  tanning  leather IV 

Tanning:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  tan- 
ning extracts IV 

Textiles:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  cot- 
ton textiles,  including  spinning,  weaving,  and  finishing IV 

Textiles:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 
woolen  textiles,  including  spinners,  top  makers,  and 
weavers IV 

Textiles:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  cot- 
ton or  woolen  ktiit  goods IV 

Textiles:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  tex- 
tile machinery IV 

97250°— 19 IS 


274 


CHAPTER  X.    ORGANIZATION   AND  PERSONNEL. 


TABLE  94.— Essential  industries  (priorities  list)  found  "necessary"  by  district  boards — 

Continued. 


Key 
No. 

Industry 

Rating  of 
War  In- 
dustries 
Board 
priorities. 

Number 
of  district 
boards 
ruling  the 
industry 
to  be 
necessary. 

66 

Tin  plates:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 
same  '.  

Ill 

73 

67 

Tobacco:  Only  for  preserving,  drying,  curing,  packing,  and 
storing  same  —  not  for  manufacturing  and  marketing  

IV 

57 

68 

Toluol.     (See  Coke;  also  Public  utilities.) 
Tools:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  small  or 
hand  tools  for  working  wood  or  metal  

III 

93 

69 

Twine  (binder  and  rope)  :  Plants  engaged  principally  in  man- 
ufacturing same  

IV 

80 

70 

War  and  Navy  Departments:  Construction  work  conducted 
by  either  the  War  Department  or  the  Navy  Department  of 
the  United  States  in  embarkation  ports,  harbors,  fortified 
places,  flood-protection  operations,  docka,  locks,  channels, 
inland  waterways,  and  in  the  maintenance  and  repair  of 
same  

II 

130 

71 

Wire  rope  and  rope  wire:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  man- 
ufacturing same  .  .. 

II 

89 

Woolen  textiles.    (See  Textiles.) 

NOTE. — The  term  "principally"  means  75  per  cent  of  the  products  mentioned. 

4.  Methods  of  work. — Methods  of  work  naturally  varied  also.  A 
practice  widely  followed,  when  the  questionnaires  were  received,  was 
to  assign  the  cases  to  the  several  members;  the  agricultural  repre- 
sentative taking  the  claims  of  farmers,  the  industrial  member  the 
claims  based  on  industry,  and  perhaps  the  labor  member  the  depend- 
ency claims,  and  the  lawyer  the  alienage  cases.  A  majority  of  the 
claims  could  thus  be  disposed  of  on  the  recommendation  of  one 
member,  while  only  the  difficult  minority  required  more  extended 
consideration.  The  largest  board  in  the  country,  that  of  New  York 
City,  comprising  30  members,  operated  in  this  way  with  a  fully 
developed  system  of  committees. 

At  times,  and  often  for  extended  periods,  all  of  the  boards  worked 
under  high  pressure  and  for  long  hours,  giving  the  best  that  in  them 
lay,  to  hold  the  balance  equitably  between  the  demands  of  the  Army 
and  the  necessities  of  the  Nation's  home  and  economic  life.  Numer- 
ous members  served  without  compensation.  In  a  few  instances  the 
entire  board  declined  to  receive  pay;  and  it  is  estimated  that  about 
one-fifth  of  the  total  personnel  labored  without  monetary  recompense. 

Under  the  original  regulations  of  June  30,  1917,  appeals  to  the 
President  were  allowed  without  restriction  to  those  whose  industrial 
or  agricultural  claims  were  denied  by  the  district  boards.  These 
rules  required  a  minute  of  the  reasons  for  the  decision  in  each  case. 


INDUSTRIAL  ADVISEES.  275 

Many  of  such  notations  forwarded  with  the  records  on  appeal 
amounted  to  careful  legal  opinions,  sometimes  accompanied  with 
dissenting  views,  and  conclusively  showing  the  intelligent  and  pains- 
taking efforts  of  the  boards  to  be  just  to  both  the  Government  and 
the  registrant.  It  was  perhaps  unfortunate  that  the  restricted  space 
provided  on  the  questionnaire  for  a  minute  of  the  action  by  the  boards 
curtailed  a  similar  expression  of  recorded  opinion. 

Not  infrequently  a  case  of  local  or  even  national  notoriety  arose  in 
which  great  pressure  was  exerted  for  the  discharge  of  a  registrant. 
The  record  became  voluminous,  with  affidavits  pro  and  con,  and 
occasionally  the  board  patiently  received  extensive  oral  testimony. 
It  is  safe  to  say  that  in  nearly  all  such  cases  the  final  decision  received 
the  approval  of  intelligent  public  opinion. 

The  majority  of  the  boards  were  liberal  in  the  matter  of  reopening 
a  decided  case  upon  the  presentation  of  new  evidence.  All  were 
jealous  of  their  independence  of  action  and  imbued  with  a  desire  to 
carry  through  to  a  successful  conclusion  this  novel  and  drastic  appli- 
cation of  democratic  principles. 

All  classification  by  district  boards  ceased  on  November  16,  1918, 
when  they  were  in  the  midst  of  a  flood  of  cases  arising  from  the 
September  12th  registration.  Thus  their  work  continued  about 
16  months.  During  this  period  their  members  gave  the  strongest 
possible  indorsement  to  the  principles  embodied  in  the  selective 
service  system.  With  unselfish  patriotism  they  made,  for  the 
winning  of  the  war,  an  unobtrusive  contribution  of  far  greater  worth 
than  has  yet  been  generally  recognized. 

(IV)  INDUSTRIAL  ADVISERS. 

It  became  necessary  (as  already  explained  in  Chapter  IV),  after  the 
amendment  of  the  selective  service  act  on  August  31,  1918,  to  give 
special  assistance  to  the  district  boards  for  obtaining  complete  data 
upon  occupational  claims  for  deferment.  It  was  directed  that  each 
district  board  should  appoint  three  persons,  to  be  known  as  industrial 
advisers  to  the  board;  one  to  be  nominated  by  the  Department  of 
Labor,  one  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  one  by  each 
district  board. 

These  advisei-s  were  to  confer  with  the  managers  and  heads  of 
various  industries  and  those  familiar  with  the  needs  in  other  occupa- 
tions, including  agriculture;  to  instruct  such  persons  as  to  their  right 
to  file  claims  for  deferred  classification  for  registrants  in  their  employ; 
and  to  furnish  to  the  district  boards  all  information  in  their  possession 
which  might  be  of  use  in  the  work  of  classification.  Any  adviser  was 
authorized  to  initiate  a  claim  for  deferred  classification  on  any  ground 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  district  board,  although  no  claim  had 


276  CHAPTER   X.    ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL. 

previously  been  made  for  the  registrant;  and  this  right  could  be  exer- 
cised up  to  the  day  and  hour  fixed  for  the  registrant  to  report  for 
military  duty. 

On  the  date  of  the  armistice  126  out  of  the  total  of  155  district 
boards  in  the  whole  country  had  reported  the  appointment  of  the 
full  quota  of  their  advisers.  But  the  cessation  of  military  activities 
and  of  the  further  operations  of  the  selective  draft  brought  to  an 
early  end  the  work  of  the  industrial  advisers.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  their  work  would  have  increased  greatly  the  efficiency 
of  the  system  of  deferment  of  registrants  necessary  for  retention  in 

civil  occupations. 

(V)    LOCAL  BOARDS. 

The  term  ''local  board"  occupies  a  unique  place  in  the  thought  of 
the  Nation  and  in  the  hearts  of  the  people.  It  has  acquired  a  distinct 
individuality.  Long  after  the  selective  service  machinery  will  have 
been  dismantled,  and  the  processes  of  the  draft  will  have  faded  from 
memory,  the  term  "local  board"  will  hold  its  place  in  our  speech  as 
the  typical  mark  of  the  system  that  lifted  America  from  "the  most 
peaceful  of  Nations  to  a  place  of  first  magnitude  among  military 
powers.  That  mobilization  of  man  power  was  chiefly  accomplished, 
not  by  military  officers,  nor  even  by  civilians  peculiarly  trained  for 
such  service,  but  by  laymen  from  each  community,  chosen  only  for 
their  unquestioned  patriotism,  fair-mindedness,  and  integrit}*,  and 
impelled  solely  by  the  motive  of  patriotic  self-sacrifice. 

1.  Character  of  membership. — In  framing  the  selective  service  act 
Congress  definitely  decided  to  entrust  the  draft  directly  to  the  people, 
and  to  enlist  their  full  confidence  by  placing  upon  them  the  fullest 
responsibility.  Thus  was  the  draft,  by  the  very  terms  of  the  act, 
made  neither  Federal  nor  military,  but  civilian  and  local.  To  effectu- 
ate the  ideal  of  localizing  the  draft,  it  seemed  necessary  to  have  it 
administered  by  committees  of  men  intimately  acquainted  with  the 
lives  and  circumstances  of  the  people  of  their  communities.  This 
intimate  knowledge  was  reckoned  to  be  physically  possible  only  in  a 
community  not  exceeding  30,000  inhabitants.  The  total  number  of 
boards  has  fluctuated  slightly,  owing  to  changes  in  county  organiza- 
tion; but  it  finally  stood  at  4,648  (including  the  Territories),  with  a 
total  roster  of  14,416  members.  Appendix  Table  91-A  shows  the 
composition  in  the  respective  States. 

It  was  further  realized  that  board  members  should  be  chosen  from 
the  standpoint  of  environment  rather  than  with  reference  to 
their  professions  or  calling.  Neither  legal  nor  governmental  train- 
ing was  the  essential  qualification.  An  intimate  knowledge  and 
appreciation  of  all  varieties  of  local  conditions  being  necessary,  a 
composite  board  of  capable,  reputable,  and  representative  men,  hav- 


LOCAL  BOARDS.  277 

ing  different  careers  and  experiences,  would  be  the  best  judges  of  th'e 
equities  of  the  law  in  its  application  to  their  neighbors.  Local  boards 
were  constituted  on  the  principle  of  their  peerage  with  the  men  whose 
cases  they  were  to  decide.  That  the  boards  were  genuinely  repre- 
sentative of  their  communities  is  demonstrated  by  the  wide  range 
of  their  occupations,  given  in  Table  95. 

TABLE  95. — Occupations  of  local  board  members . 


Occupations  of  local  board  members. 

Number. 

1     Total,  personnel,  Oct.  1,  1918, 
2             Medicine                     

reporting  as  to  occupations  

13,  564 
4,246 
2,841 
1,517 
982 
975 
379 
313 
142 
121 
102 
74 
1,872 

3            Public  office 

4            Law  

5            Agriculture  

l>             Commerce  

7             Banking    

8             Manufacturing  

9             Education  '  

10             Labor 

11             Transportation  

12             Clergy  

- 

13             Other  occupations  

How  vital  to  the  sj'stem  was  this  feature  of  the  local  board  compo- 
sition, viz,  the  local  character  of  their  membership,  has  already  been 
dwelt  on  in  Chapter  I.  But  it  is  here  appropriate  to  note  some  practi- 
cal consequences,  due  apparently  to  this  feature. 

(a)  One  was  that  they  became  the  buffers  between  the  individual  citi- 
zen and  the  Federal  Government ;  and  thus  they  attracted  and  diverted, 
like  local  grounding  wires  in  an  electric  coil,  such  resentment  or  dis- 
content as  might  have  proved  a  serious  obstacle  to  war  measures, 
had  it  been  focussed  on  the  central  authorities.  Its  diversion 
and  grounding  at  5,000  local  points  dissipated  its  force,  and 
enabled  the  central  war  machine  to  function  smoothly  without  the 
disturbance  that  might  have  been  caused  by  the  concentrated  total 
of  dissatisfaction.  A  disappointed  claimant  for  exemption  met  a 
board  member  one  day  on  the  street,  and  burst  out:  ''Your  ruling 
was  rank  and  damnable."  The  board  member  replied:  "We  did  our 
duty  in  the  light  of  the  facts."  "All  the  same,"  replied  the  irate 
citizen,  '  'you  went  wrong.  And  if  I  only  took  the  time  and  trouble 
to  appeal  to  Washington,  they  would  tell  you  that  you  were  wrong, 
and  I  would  get  justice.  They  would  never  stand  for  such  a  ruling. 
They  know  what's  right,  and  they  would  soon  see  that  you  were 
made  to  do  the  right  thing.  But  I  am  not  going  to  appeal.  Only  I 
want  you  to  know  what  I  think  of  your  board."  This  was  typical 
of  the  board's  function  as  a  buffer — a  deceritralizer  of  individual  dis- 
content with  the  enforcement  of  the  law.  The  war  value  of  this 


278  CHAPTER  X.    ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL. 

function  was  enormous,  and  it  is  a  demonstration  of  one  of  the  vir- 
tues of  a  decentralized  administration. 

But  the  boards  became  the  bearers  of  this  burden;  they,  and  they 
only,  were  the  sufferers;  while  the  Government  was  the  gainer,  and 
was  all  the  freer  to  achieve  its  war  measures.  This  feature  must  be 
counted,  therefore,  in  footing  up  the  national  bill  of  gratitude  to  the 
devoted  men  who  bore  uncomplainingly  the  slings  and  arrows  of  such 
discontent. 

(&)  Another  feature,  developing  from  the  responsibility  placed  on 
local  leaders,  was  the  conscientious  and  fearless  persistence  shown  in 
following  up  the  technical  draft  register — rich  and  poor  alike,  pow- 
erful as  well  as  humble.  To  the  genuine  pleadings  of  a  meritorious 
claimant,  they  were  considerate  and  patient.  But  to  the  quibbling 
expedients  of  the  man  who  sought  to  evade  his  obvious  duty,  they 
were  relentless,  especially  when  he  sought  the  aid  of  legal  technicali- 
ties. In  such  cases,  they  exhibited  the  qualities  of  the  sleuthhound 
which  never  leaves  the  trail  until  the  quarry  is  run  down.  Their 
official  responsibility  for  raising  the  Army  was  touched  to  the  quick; 
their  personal  efficiency  was  at  stake ;  and  they  made  it  their  business 
to  persist  in  that  man's  case  till  the  end,  and  to  demonstrate  to  him 
and  to  the  public  that  the  national  claim  on  him  was  inexorable  and 
immutable,  and  that  neither  fear  nor  favor  would  relax  their  enforce- 
ment of  that  duty.  In  this  attitude  they  found  ample  support  in  the 
public  sentiment  of  their  community. 

In  two  or  three  instances  of  national  notoriety  the  aid  of  the 
Department  of  Justice  had  finally  to  be  invoked  to  fortify  the  efforts 
of  the  boards.  But  the  following  letter,  from  an  Atlantic  local  board, 
exhibits  the  board  relying  sturdily  upon  its  own  pluck  to  cope  with 
the  problem,  in  the  form  of  a  whole  family  of  technical  evaders: 

SEPTEMBER  2,  1918. 

DEAR  SIR:  Our  chief  clerk  says  that  you  telephoned  for  a  report  on  the  X  cases, 
which  were  in  the  United  States  district  court.  We  would  have  written  sooner  but 
we  were  in  the  United  States  court  Friday  from  10  a.  m.  till  4.30  p.  m. ;  also  on  Saturday 
the  board  was  there  till  1  p.  m.,  after  which  we  had  42  hearings  for  the  evening,  which 
we  finished  at  11  p.m.;  these  cases  involved  the  questions  as  to  whether  the  condition 
occurred  according  to  the  new  rulings  as  mentioned  in  the  seventy-fourth  section  of 
the  two  hundred  and  eleventh  amendment  as  embodied  on  the  second  page  of  the 
one  hundred  and  ninth  Bulletin;  if  we  heard  these  cases  the  way  they  do  in  the  United 
States  court,  we  wouldn't  have  finished  them  in  26  years. 

John  X's  case  was  dismissed  by  the  court  in  our  favor  at  1  p.  m.  Friday,  August  23; 
John  was  inducted  at  7  a.  m.  August  26;  he  failed  to  report,  and  the  same  afternoon 
was  reported  to  the  police  as  a  deserter;  at  9  p.  m.  we  were  served  with  a  writ  to  show 
cause,  etc.,  and  stop  further  proceedings  and  come  down  to  the  Federal  Building  in 
the  morning.  We  went  down  the  next  morning,  and  the  United  States  court  said  to 
withdraw  the  order  of  arrest  as  John  was  not  a  deserter.  We  said  he  waa.  The  court 
said  he  wasn't.  We  said  he  was  and  the  United  States  attorney  said  he  was,  Capt.  A. 


LOCAL  BOARDS.  279 

said  he  was,  and  Inspector  B.  from  The  Adjutant  General's  Office  said  he  was;  so  we 
telegraphed  to  Washington  for  instructions.  John  was  given  into  our  custody  in  the 
courtroom  Saturday  at  1  p.  m.  We  still  held  he  was  a  deserter,  and  took  him  right  up 
to  your  office.  Capt.  C .  held  that  it  was  up  to  the  board  whether  he  was  a  real  deserter 
or  a  nonwillful  delinquent.  Neither  Capt.  C.  nor  Capt.  A.  offered  to  feed  him,  and  the 
Government  has  given-  us  no  allowance  for  meals  (or  for  anything  else  since  last 
February).  So  we  took  John  over  to  Main  Street  at  1.15,  and  paroled  him  in  his  own 
custody  so  he  could  buy  his  own  dinner.  He  reported  back  to  the  board  at  5  p.  m. 
(These  fellows  are  big  eaters).  John  is  now  at  Camp  Gordon,  Ga. 

James  X  was  previously  brought  down  from  Fort  Blank  by  a  lieutenant.  His  case 
was  dismissed  in  our  favor  at  4.30  p.  m.  on  Friday,  and  he  is  now  back  at  Fort  Blank. 

Jim's  case  was  a  haebus  corpus.  John  had  a  certiorari.  Joseph  X,  the  last  member 
of  the  family,  has  now  taken  out  some  new  kind  of  a  writ,  which  we  argued  some  on 
Saturday  morning,  but  don't  quite  understand.  The  United  States  court  reserved 
decision  in  this  case,  but  we  think  it  will  be  finished  to-morrow,  Tuesday,  so  that 
Joseph  can  go  with  the  band  on  Wednesday  when  the  240  boys  go  to  Camp.  This 
wipes  out  our  class  I. 

•P.  S. — These  writs  are  getting  the  board  all  balled  up.  We  are  taking  a  course  in 
"writs "  now,  so  we  can  do  our  bit  and  help  make  the  world  safe  for  democracy. 

(c)  One  further  consequence  of  the  method  adopted  in  the  selec- 
tion of  local  board  members  remains  to  be  mentioned.  In  making 
the  selection  of  some  14,000  individual  officials  from  the  local  citi- 
zenship, it  was  inherent  that  an  even  standard  of  excellence  could 
not  be  attained.  Weaknesses  in  personnel  occasionally  developed; 
but  this,  it  is  believed,  must  be  regarded  as  an  inseparable  incident 
in  the  prompt  organization  of  any  body  of  public  servants  of  equal 
size,  destined  for  an  exacting  task  novel  to  the  present  generation. 
Time  developed  the  necessity  for  the  removal  of  only  a  very  limited 
number  of  members.  In  a  few  instances  this  action  was  called  forth 
by  the  discovery  of  irregularities  either  in  connection  with  compen- 
sation or  in  dealings  with  registrants.  Occasionally  a  member  was 
found  to  lack  the  requisite  administrative,  capacity.  In  other 
scattered  instances,  neglect  of  duty  required  removal.  The  aggre- 
gate of  these  cases,  however,  was  so  negligible  from  a  national  stand- 
point that  the  efficiency  of  the  draft  administration  was  never 
threatened,  and  the  high  average  quality  of  public  service  rendered 
by  the  boards  was  not  appreciably  lowered. 

2.  Duties. — The  duty  of  the  local  board  was  to  mobilize  the  se- 
lectives  as  directed.  But  in  this  concise  statement  is  comprised  the 
entire  gamut  of  a  hundred  complex  processes.  Except  for  the 
initial  registration  of  June  5,  1917,  the  local  boards  had  charge  of 
every  one  of  the  steps  in  the  transit  from  home  to  camp. 

The  registration  was  the  first  main  stage  of  the  process.  Then 
came  the  determination  of  serial  and  order  numbers.  The  classi- 
fication was  the  next  and  largest  stage.  And  finally  came  the  call 
and  the  entrainment.  But  each  of  these  parts  became  itself  a  center 
for  many  minor  processes,  and  each  of  these  in  turn  for  others. 


280  CHAPTER  X.    ORGANIZATION    AND   PERSONNEL. 

Moreover,  each  individual  case  had  its  own  variety  of  peculiarity, 
and  led  to  special  inquiries  and  deliberations.  Add  to  this,  that  rec- 
ords must  accurately  be  kept  of  each  act  done  in  every  part  of  every 
registrant's  case.  And,  besides  the  attention  necessary  merely  for 
reaching  an  official  decision,  there  was  added  the  time  and  labor 
demanded  in  almost  every  case  for  a  cluster  of  tentative  and  informal 
inquiries  appurtenant  to  matters  coming  before  the  board.  The 
regulations  composed  a  thick  volume,  numbering  250  sections  and 
433  pages,  with  more  than  100  important  forms;  and  these  must  be 
mastered  for  daily  and  instant  use. 

In  short,  the  duties  of  the  local  boards,  even  when  considered 
merely  in  the  dry  enumeration  of  their  several  details,  constituted  a 
complete  and  intricate  administrative  system.  It  would  be  idle  here 
to  set  them  forth  in  detail;  suffice  it  to  say  that  there  is  scarcely  a 
page  in  the  entire  volume  of  regulations  which  does  not  contain  a 
half  dozen  times,  in  endless  variety,  that  most  familiar  phrase  of  duty, 
"JTie  local  board  shall  proceed"  to  do  this  or  that. 

But  even  these  interminable  duties  of  the  selective  service  system 
were  by  no  means  the  measure  of  the  boards'  task.  For  it  soon  came 
about  that  the  community  identified  the  board  as  the  sole  local 
agent  and  embodiment  of  affairs  military;  and  there  was  ever-in- 
creasing resort  to  it  for  information  on  all  subjects  related  to  the  war. 
A  literally  endless  stream  of  inquiries  submerged  them,  at  all  hours 
of  day  and  night.  Nothing  in  the  broad  range  of  national  or  local 
affairs  was  deemed  unlikely  to  be  known  by  the  board,  or  to  be  un- 
worthy of  their  attention.  Solomon  himself  would  have  been 
joalous  of  the  wisdom  and  judgment  attributed  to  them. 

This  addition  to  their  burden  was  an  exhausting  one,  in  time  and 
energy.  It  brought  some  compensations,  no  doubt,  in  the  gratifi- 
cation naturally  to  be  gained  from  popular  attribution  of  semi-omnis- 
cience and  semi-omnipotence.  But  whatever  the  balance  of  burden  or 
compensation,  the  boards  accepted  and  discharged  this  additional 
portion  of  their  duty  with  the  same  steady  and  genial  devotion 
which  marked  all  of  their  work. 

The  annals  of  every  board,  no  doubt,  here  run  much  the  same. 
But  the  following  letter  to  a  State  adjutant  general,  with  its  frank 
but  good-humored  repartee  and  its  revelation  of  dogged  perse- 
verance under  a  hopeless  overload,  may  be  taken  as  typical  of  the 
cheerful  and  manly  American  spirit  which  helped  the  boards  to  carry 
their  heavy  duties;  the  letter  was  written  in  response  to  a  request  for 
an  immediate  report  of  progress  due  to  be  made  in  the  classification 
of  registrants  of  September,  12,  1918: 

SIR:  Because  this  board  and  its  meager  etaff  is  so  busy 
Counseling  registrants — 
Reconciling  mothers — 


LOCAL  BOARDS.  281 

Patiently  answering  dozens  of  inquiries  by  mail,  telephone,  and  telegraph — 

Issuing  permits  for  passports — 

Writing  to  transfer  boards  and  telling  them  what  to  do  with  Form  2008-A — 

Making  out  induction  papers  for  S.  A.  T.  C.  registrants — 

Copying  our  4,439  registration  cards — 

Writing  up  cover  sheets — 

Hunting  up  questionnaires  without  order  numbers  in  order  to  append  additional 
late  arrival  affidavits  of  the  X.  Y.  Z.  Co.  for  deferred  industrial  classi- 
fication in  Class  II  of  aliens  (who  are  sure  to  be  in  Class  V)— 

Preparing  routings  and  transportation  requests  for  individual  inductants  under 
competent  orders,  who  are  to  be  entrained  for  Kelly  Field,  San  Antonio,  Tex., 
or  Carlstrom  Field,  Arcadia,  Fla. — 

Counseling  the  poor  innocents  as  to  how  many  ' '  suits  of  underwear  shall  I  take? ' ' — • 

Advising  them  firmly  though  with  kindness  that  while  requests  for  tourist  sleep- 
ing-car accommodations  will  be  issued  to  them,  our  experience  is  that  there 
will  be  no  tourist  cars  available,  and  that  they  will  sleep  on  the  floor — 

Preparing  seven  meal  tickets,  three  copies  for  each  man — 

Issuing  new  registration  cards  and  new  final  classification  cards  to  men  who  have 
"had  their  pocketbooks  stolen  "  (?)  and  are  afraid  of  being  rounded  up — 

Issuing  certificates  of  immunity  to  46-year  old  men  who  present  proofs  of  birth 
date  so  that  they  won't  be  rounded  up — 

Advising  colored  ladies  (to  their  manifest  satisfaction)  as  to  prospective  Govern- 
ment allotments  and  allowances  to  come  from  their  casual  spouses  when  in 
the  service — 

Telling  anxious  Y.  M.  C.  A.  recruits  how  they  can  apply  to  have  their  cases  re- 
opened and  claims  for  occupational  exemption  considered — 

Advising  by  mail  the  assistant  district  attorney  of  —  —  county,  who  desires  to 
prosecute  a  registrant  for  not  supporting  his  wife — 

Trying  to  keep  several  thousand  questionnaires  and  registration  cards,  minus 
order  numbers  as  yet,  out  of  irremediable  chaos  due  to  lack  of  filing  cabinets 
or  other  facilities — 

Reconciling  our  hardworking  limited  service  man  to  writing  up  his  "daily  morn- 
ing reports  "  on  a  form  adapted  for  a  full  company  of  men,  including  mules—- 
Conducting voluminous  correspondence  with  perturbed  mustering-in  officers  at 
distant  cantonments  about  registrants  who  have  been  picked  up  without  Form 
]007  in  their  possession  and  shot  into  camp  without  proper  induction  papers  in 
order  that  some  yap  deputy  sheriff  can  get  the  $50  reward  because  he  needed 
the  money — 

Futilely  registering  ex-soldiers  and  sailors  discharged  for  physical  disability — 

Getting  into  a  corner  occasionally  and  going  crazy  trying  to  study  out  an  abstruse 
legal  problem  from  an  interesting  433  page  textbook  called  Selective  Service 
Regulations,  second  edition,  Form  999-A — 

Classifying  questionnaires- 
Engaging,  for  physical  examinations  of  several  hundred  men,  doctors  who  are 
already  bereft  of  their  vdts  on  account  of  the  Spanish  influenza — 

Preparing  dozens  and  dozens  and"  dozens  of  Form  1010  for  these  examinations, 
three  copies  of  each — 

Postponing  the  examinations  after  all,  because  the  doctors  simply  can't  come, 
and  redating  all  the  Forms  1010 — 

Doing  dozens  more  things  daily  and  nightly  and  Sundays  and  holidays,  of  wh;<  h 

the  foregoing  are  mere  samples — 

Because,  I  say,  the  board  and  its  meager  staff  are  so  busy  with  a  number  of  such 
matters,  I  beg  to  report 


282  CHAPTER   X.    ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL. 

That,  though,  probably  about,  half  the  questionnaires  of  the  "First  series,  registrants 
of  September,  1918, "  have  been  classified,  we  haven't  time  or  inclination  or  energy 
to  count  them,  even  approximately;  about  half  the  physical  examinations  have  been 
concluded,  and  on  Sunday  we  are  going  to  try  to  catch  up  with  our  correspondence, 
if  the  master  list  doesn't  come,  which  we  presume  it  will,  however,  in  which  event, 
we  hope  to  have  four  volunteer  typists  pound  out  five  copies  of  Form  102  (the  churches 
are  all  closed,  so  it  won't  matter), — and,  anyhow,  we  lost  the  "Progress  chart"  the 
very  day  it  arrived.  And  it  is  our  opinion,  if  we  may  be  permitted  the  liberty  to 
express  it,  that  what  the  Government  wants  (or  ought  to  want  in  the  present  urgency) 
is  men,  not  classifications,  and  we  firmly  believe  that  the  boys  on  the  firing  line  in 
France  don't  care  a  whoop  in  hades  how  many  registrants  Local  Board  No.  3  of  Union 
County  classifies  in  Class  V  or  in  Class  IV?  Division  A,  so  we  called  out  every  man 
who  made  no  claim  or  who  waived  all  claims,  or  who  had  a  manifestly  insufficient 
claim,  classified  him  at  once,  and  called  him  for  physical  examination;  if  it  were 
not  for  the  blasted  epidemic,  we  should  be  ready  to  report  practically  full  comple- 
tion of  physical  examinations  now;  but  we  shall  be  in  any  event,  within  a  week, 
even  if  we  explode  in  the  attempt  and  incapacitate  for  all  time  the  few  remaining 
distraught  doctors  that  are  still  available  to  cajolery  and  patriotic  urging;  in  the 
meantime,  we  shall  classify  now  and  then,  when  we  can,  an  alien  or  two,  to  swell 
our  general  list  of  classifications. 

The  fact  is,  we  have  been  wanting  to  write  this  letter  since  we  were  appointed  in 
May,  1917;  so  excuse  it,  please.  Furthermore — and  we  say  this  in  no  mood  of  rancor 
or  in  undue  pride  of  spirit — we  don't  care  if  you  do  send  it  to*  the  Provost  Marshal 
General.  In  fact,  we  wish  you  would.  No  more  benevolent  attention  could  accrue 
to  members  of  local  boards  than  the  gentle  joys  of  court-martial  and  cool  retirement 
somewhere  in  nice  quiet  cells,  fed  and  cared  for,  during  the  period  of  the  balance  of 
the  Emergency. 

And  further  deponent  sayeth  not  (because  his  wife  has  just  telephoned  as  to  why 
the  deuce  he  doesn't  come  home,  he'll  surely  be  sick),  and  will  now  quench  the 
midnight  shining  bulb  and  go,  and  try  to  get  around  early  in  the  morning  and  en- 
deavor to  find  that  lost  "Progress  chart"  (drat  it!)" 

One  of  the  remarkable  and  unexpected  results  of  this  congeries  of 
responsibilities  was  that  often  the  boards,  incidentally  to  their  mili- 
tary decisions,  became  also,  and  perforce,  a  beneficent  welfare 
agency  for  the  community.  Obliged  by  their  duties  to  gain  ac- 
quaintance with  the  mtimate  facts  of  the  family  life  of  their  neighbors, 
they  constantly  assisted  in  the  placation  of  domestic  difficulties  and 
the  lightening  of  family  burdens: 

John  married  a  widow  with  a  child,  after  May  18,  1917  and  so  was  called  for  a  hear- 
ing. The  three  of  them  appeared,  accompanied  by  his  60-year-old  mother.  The 
neatly  attired  wife  acted  disdainfully  intolerant  of  the  old  woman,  who  was  bare- 
headed and  shrouded  in  a  well-worn  shawl;  but  the  trembling  mother  was  too  anxious 
about  the  welfare  of  her  son"  to  mind  that.  John  earned  §100  a  month  and  contri- 
buted $6  a  month  to  his  mother,  who  did  washing  for  a  living,  although  suffering 
from  rheumatism.  The  young  wife  was  angry,  and  John  was  uneasy,  when  we  up- 
braided him  for  deserting  in  her  old  age  the  woman  who  had  given  birth  to  him,  his 
best  friend  who  had  lovingly  cared  for  him  in  his  sickness,  fed,  clothed,  and  educated 
him;  leaving  her  in  an  enfeebled  condition,  the  only  time  she  had  ever  needed  his 
comfort  and  support.  He  was  denied  exemption  on  the  dependency  created  by 
marriage,  but  was  told  that  if  he  provided  properly  for  his  mother  his  claim  would 
receive  favorable  consideration.  The  resiilt  was  a  written  agreement,  signed  by  the 
son,  wife,  and  mother,  that  John  would  give  the  old  woman  $20  a  month,  and  that 


LOCAL  BOARDS.  283 

failure  in  a  single  month  would  mean  his  induction  into  the  Army.  Half  a  year 
later  John  was  called  in  on  the  "Work  or  Fight"  order.  The  whole  family  appeared. 
The  old  mother  was  comfortably  dressed  and  wore  a  feathered  hat.  The  wife  acted 
in  a  kindly  and  considerate  manner  toward  the  mother. 

In  one  case  an  affidavit  in  support  of  a  claim  for  deferred  classification,  which  the 
wife  had  originally  signed,  was  subsequently  withdrawn  by  the  wife.  In  the  en- 
suing investigation  it  developed  that  both  the  man  and  wife  were  apparently  person* 
of  little  moral  character.  There  was  present  in  the  case  the  appalling  feature  of  a 
fine  little  boy,  perhaps  5  years  of  age,  who  was  living  in  an  environment  that  prom- 
ised nothing  short  of  his  absolute  ruin  if  he  were  not  placed  in  the  hands  of  respon- 
sible and  reputable  persons.  The  final  outcome  of  the  case  was  that  the  man  was 
certified  for  service  and  sent  to  an  Army  camp,  a  position  was  obtained  for  the  woman, 
and  through  the  instrumentality  of  the  board,  the  little  boy  was  placed  in  a  home 
where  he  would  have  an  opportunity  to  develop  properly. 

3.  Moral  responsibility  for  tlie  selective  draft. — But  to  the  strictly 
technical  and  administrative  part  of  the  boards'  task,  laborious  as 
it  proved,  was  added  the  momentous  moral  responsibility  of  mak- 
ing the  selective  draft  a  success  in  its  human  and  patriotic  aspect. 
The  boards  were  the  outer  point  of  official  contact,  local  and  national, 
between  the  civilian  life  and  the  Army  life.  The  task  was  theirs 
of  so  administering  the  system,  in  spirit  and  in  conduct,  as  to  recon- 
cile the  people  to  its  drastic  requirements  while  effectively  arid 
speedily  raising  the  Army.  To  assist  in  keeping  this  great  objec- 
tive ever  before  their  conscience,  the  following  letter  was  addressed 
to  members  of  local  boards  on  July  26,  1917,  at  the  moment  when 
they  were  to  issue  their  first  call  to  registrants  to  appear  for  exami- 
nation : 

You  are  entering  on  a  difficult  task,  the  gravity  of  which  is  beyond  anything  that 
can  be  said  in  the  way  of  discussion.  You  realize  the  significance  of  what  you  are 
to  do,  and  you  know  that  a  responsibility  heavier  perhaps  than  any  you  have  ever 
faced,  is  upon  you. 

War  demands  individual  sacrifice  to  the  common  cause.  No  people  ever  approached 
war  with  a  calmer  appreciation  of  that  sacrifice  or  a  firmer  resolve  to  bear  it  and  to 
present  themselves  "  to  be  classified  for  service  in  the  place  to  which  it  shall  best 
serve  the  common  good  to  call  them."  This  calm  determination  could  not  exist 
were  it  not  for  the  confidence  of  the  Nation  in  its  institutions.  In  this  public  con- 
fidence is  found  the  very  spirit  of  the  selective  service  law.  The  most  sacred  rights 
of  country,  home,  and  family  are  entrusted  for  adjudication  to  local  citizens  and 
officials,  nominated  by  State  governors  and  appointed  by  the  President.  The  most 
equitable  rules  that  could  be  devised  have  been  prescribed  for  guidance,  and  the 
administration  of  these  rules  and  the  sacrifice  that  is  offered  by  your  neighbors  is 
entrusted  to  your  hands. 

From  every  one  is  demanded  a  sacrifice.  But  there  is  one  thought  to  be  kept 
always  in  your  mind.  The  selected  man  offers  his  life.  There  is  no  greater  giving  than 
this;  and  that  thought  should  guide  you  always.  There  may  be  a  few  who  will  urge 
upon  you  claims  for  exemption  or  discharge  that,  whatever  may  be  your  inclinations 
of  sympathy  or  affection,  you  will  know  ought  not  to  be  granted.  It  will  strengthen 
you  to  remember  that  for  every  exemption  or  discharge  that  is  made  for  individual  con- 
venience, or  to  escape  personal  loss  of  money  or  property,  or  for  favor  or  affection,  some 
other  man,  whose  time  would  not  otherwise  have  come,  must  incur  the  risk  of  losing  hi.s  life. 

There  can  be  no  room  for  hesitation  in  such  a  case. 


284  CHAPTER   X.    ORGANIZATION    AND   PERSONNEL. 

Another  fundamental  thought  is  this: 

You  are  not  a  court  for  the  adjustment  of  differences  between  trco  persons  in  contro- 
versy. You  are  agents  of  the  Government,  engaged  in  selecting  men  for  the  Govern- 
ment and  there  is  no  controversy.  You,  acting  for  the  Government,  are  to  investi- 
gate each  case  in  the  interests  of  the  Nation,  and  never  in  the  interests  of  an  individual. 
There  is  not  one  exemption  or  discharge  in  the  law  or  regulations  that  is  put  there 
for  the  benefit  of  any  individual.  All  are  there  for  the  benefit  of  the  Nation  and 
to  the  end  that  "  the  whole  Nation  may  be  a  team  in  which  each  man  shall  play  the 
part  for  which  he  is  best  fitted." 

There  should  be  no  rules  like  those  of  court  procedure,  no  technical  rules  of  evi- 
dence. You  should  proceed  to  investigate  cases  about  which  you  are  not  satisfied 
exactly  as  you,  as  an  individual,  would  proceed  to  inform  yourself  of  any  fact  about 
which  you  are  in  doubt. 

Last  of  all,  it  is  important  to  say  a  word  about  your  own  sacrifice.  The  place  to 
which  you  have  been  called  is  one  which  no  man  would  seek  save  in  the  performance 
of  one  of  the  highest  of  patriotic  duties.  There  is  not,  in  any  real  sense,  any  remu- 
neration. Because  thousands  of  citizens  urged  that  members  of  local  boards  should 
not  be  placed  in  a  position  of  performing  their  grave  duties  for  pay,  the  regulations 
provide  that,  ordinarily,  the  service  shall  be  uncompensated.  Beacuse  it  was  not 
desired  that  any  man  be  prevented  from  rendering  the  service  by  the  necessity  for 
earning  his  daily  bread,  a  small  remuneration  was  provided. 

The  Nation  needs  men,  and  needs  them  quickly.  The  hours  will  then  be  long  and 
the  work  absorbing.  The  duty  is  always  to  take  and  never  to  give,  and  human  nature 
is  such  that  there  will  be  little  praise  and  some  blame.  The  sacrifice  of  many  of  those 
whose  cases  are  to  be  decided  is  no  greater  than  that  of  the  men  who  are  to  decide 
them;  and  your  only  reward  must  be  the  knowledge  that,  at  great  personal  sacrifice, 
you  are  rendering  your  country  an  indispensable  service  in  a  matter  of  the  utmost 
moment. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  responsibility  of  local  boards  was  staggering. 
Men  hitherto  safe  from  the  turmoil  of  life  were  being  withdrawn  from 
sheltered  homes,  to  be  thrown  into  the  maw  of  a  military  machine. 
The  course  of  lives  was  being  radically  and  violently  turned.  Most 
of  the  selectives  were  severing  family  ties.  All  were  called  for  the 
supreme  sacrifice  of  their  lives.  Any  Other  than  a  democratic  gov- 
ernment would  have  scouted  the  idea  of  intrusting  to  civilians,  in 
most  cases  untrained  in  administrative  capacities,  such  an  enormous 
and  complex  task.  The  tremendous  menace  of  the  German  military 
machine  was  never  more  obvious  than  at  the  time  America  took  up 
arms.  Many  wise  men  of  our  own  Government  doubted  the  feasi- 
bility of  creating  an  army  entirely  through  civilian  agencies.  It  is 
an  irrefutable  proof  of  the  high  capacity  of  our  people  for  self-gov- 
ernment, and  an  everlasting  vindication  of  true  democracy,  that  a 
system  so  intimately  affecting  the  lives  of  our  people  should  have 
been  intrusted  to  untrained  representatives  of  the  local  community 
and  that  it  should  have  been  so  well  executed. 

4.  Popular  support. — A  law  directly  affecting,  and  with  sacrificial 
burden,  the  mass  of  citizens  in  their  daily  life,  to  be  successful  must 
be  supported  by  popular  sentiment.  That  the  boards  did  achieve 
that  success  is  undoubted.  What  were  the  reasons? 


LOCAL  BOARDS.  285 

(a)  One  reason  undoubtedly  is  that  the  law  itself  and  the  regula- 
tions framed  to  apply  it  were  essentially  fair  and  reasonable.  This 
is  apparent,  in  theory  at  least,  to  all  who  have  studied  them.  But 
the  test  of  these  qualities  was  in  the  practical  application ;  and  if  this 
test  had  failed,  the  board  members  themselves  would  have  been  the 
most  sensitive  to  perceive  the  shortcomings  of  the  system  which  their 
duty  obliged  them  to  enforce.  Yet  their  testimony  is  unanimous 
that  amidst  all  the  complexities  of  local  variety  of  conditions  the  law 
and  the  regulations  emerged  as  thoroughly  fitted  to  the  task. 

A  typical  letter  from  a  board  member  in  the  State  of  New  York 
says:  "The  rules  were  so  eminently  fair  and  so  perfectly  adaptable 
to  every  case  that  there  remained  small  room  for  debate.  Personally 
I  believe  I  have  many  more  friends  in  this  district  than  before  the 
work  began;  and  there  was  indeed  not  a  little  apprehension  in  the 
beginning  as  to  how  a  Protestant  Episcopal  rector  would  get  on  with 
a  population  90  per  cent  of  which  is  composed  of  Russians,  Aus- 
trians,  and  Roumanian  Jews.  The  S.  S.  R.  has  made  it  all  possible." 
A  midwestern  member,  with  rational  appreciation  of  the  difficulty  of 
reconciling  a  uniform  system  to  local  conditions,  thus  expresses  a 
general  sentiment:  " Things  which  might  not  appear  to  work  the 
best  with  us  we  realized  were  probably  better  than  some  other  sug- 
gestion might  prove  in  actual  practice;  and  the  rule  which  might  not 
exactly  fit  one  locality  was  probably  fitting  better  the  country  over 
than  a  different  one."  "All  of  our  registrants/'  says  another  board 
in  Philadelphia,  "are  satisfied,  whether  at  home  or  in  the  Army;  for 
even  if  they  do  have  to  go  to  camp  they  leave  with  a  feeling  of  having 
gotten  the  best  treatment  possible.  I  can  honestly  say  that  this 
system  devised  by  the  War  Department  meted  out  justice  to  all, 
regardless  of  religion,  local  standing,  or  color." 

"The  selective  service  system,"  says  another,  "is  the  leveler  of 
barriers  between  the  classes  and  the  masses;  it  is  the  only  method 
which  overcomes  the  often  repeated  complaint  that  'the  poor  fight 
the  battles  of  the  rich.'  It  is  the  orly  fair  method  of  recruiting  an 
army."  And  a  Missouri  board  formally  places  on  record  the  follow- 
ing conclusion:  "We  have  no  hesitancy  in  saying  that  in  our 
official  judgment  the  Selective  Service  Law  is  the  greatest  scheme 
ever  conceived  in  the  minds  of  men  for  raising  an  army.  It  is  fair, 
just,  equitable,  humane,  and  admirable,  even  to  its  minutest  detail. 
In  our  judgment  a  sufficient  army  could  not  have  been  raised  without 
the  comprehensive  draft  system." 

To  the  fairness  and  reasonableness  of  the  law  and  the  regulations 
must  be  ascribed  a  large  part  of  the  satisfaction  with  the  system. 

(&)  But  the  boards  themselves  must  also  be  fair  and  reasonable  if 
the  law  were  to  have  its  perfect  working.  It  was  necessary  that  the 
personal  element  in  its  administration  be  wise  and  impartial.  Upon 


CHAPTER   X.    ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL. 

the  boards  rested  the  task  of  developing  confidence  in  the  well-devised 
system  of  the  draft.  Many  persons  were  at  first  pessimistic  at  the 
prospect  of  its  administration.  But  the  impression  early  gained 
ground  that  the  system  was  and  would  be  a  fair  one.  As  time  went 
on,  and  the  care,  devotion,  fairness,  and  sacrifice  of  board  members 
became  obvious,  the  confidence  of  the  people  grew  steadily  and  surely. 
Those  within  its  operation  demanded  nothing  more  than  that  it  be 
impartially  administered;  this  fact  once  obvious,  even  those  least 
moved  by  the  impulse  of  sacrifice  awaited  their  turn  philosophically. 
And  as  the  war  proceeded,  and  America'spart  becameaniore important 
one  and  the  boards'  qualities  of  strength  and  wisdom  became  more 
and  more  obvious  throughout  all  classes  of  the  community,  the  tide 
of  approval  for  the  selective  draft  rose  higher  and  higher,  and  the 
dominant  sentiment  finally  became  a  readiness  and  oven  an  eagerness 
to  enter  the  draft  without  waiting  for  a  call.  In  short,  the  spirit  of 
volunteering  had  been  bred  within  the  draft. 

The  boards'  letters  chronicle  this  spirit  abundantly.  A  few  of  those 
characteristic  passages  must  be  quoted: 

We  thought  it  would  interest  you  to  hear  with  what  fine  patriotic  spirit  99  per  cent 
of  the  qualified  registrants  received  the  information  that  they  had  been  selected  to 
serve  their  country .  Here  are  some  of  the  things  they  said  when  so  informed :  ' '  Good , ' ' 
"I  am  glad,"  "Thank  you,"  "I  am  very  proud,"  "That  just  suits  me,"  "Fine," 
"No  objections,"  "Tickled  to  death;"  and  some  of  them  seemed  so  pleased  that 
nothing  short  of  a  hearty  handshake  would  satisfy  them.  Many  of  them  who  were 
rejected  showed  signs  of  disappointment;  one  man  went  away  with  tears  in  his  eyes. 
To  show  further  the  spirit  animating  the  men,  we  must  tell  you  that  we  had  several 
married  men,  who  not  only  made  no  claim  for  deferred  classification,  but  also  signed 
the  waiver  and  got  their  wives  to  do  likewise.  One  of  such  men,  an  Italian,  who  has 
been  in  this  country  11  years,  was  rejected,  as  he  thought,  for  underweight.  He  was 
so  disappointed  that  the  day  after  his  examination  he  visited  the  ofRce  of  the  chairman 
of  the  board  and  requested  that  he  be  given  some  medicine  to  build  him  up  so  that 
he  might  gain  the  weight  necessary  to  enable  him  to  qualify.  When  asked  why  he 
did  not  claim  deferred  classification  on  the  ground  of  having  a  dependent  wife  and 
child, he  answered  with  the  wisdom  of  a  simple  mind,  "If  everybody  claims  exemption, 
who  is  going  to  do  the  fighting?" 

The  youths  of  the  land  became  more  and  more  eager,  and  the  younger  they  were, 
the  more  impatient  were  they  to  get  away.  This  board  had  on  the  list  to  be  advanced 
in  their  call  at  least  50  of  the  late  registrants  under  21  years  of  age.  At  such  times  as 
they  could  not  be  called  in  advance  of  their  order,  we  were  compelled  to  listen  to  their 
censures;  but  such  censures  were  indeed  music  to  our  souls.  A  great  change  began 
to  manifest  itself  among  those  who  had  been  persistent  in  claims  for  deferred  classifica- 
tion; and  we  observed  a  strong  tendency  among  married  men  without  children  to 
have  their  classification  changed.  Wives  were  beginning  to  take  a  different  view, 
perhaps  beginning  to  feel  somewhat  envious  of  their  married  friend  whose  husband  was 
in  the  service. 

Whatever  other  influences  helped  to  this  beneficient  result,  it  must 
never  be  forgotten  that  a  main  cause  was  the  solid  popular  confidence 
built  up  for  the  system  by  the  conduct  and  spirit  of  the  local  boards. 


LOCAL  BOARDS.  287 

It  can  all  be  summed  up  in  the  concise  phrase  of  one  of  the  board 
members : 

We  realized  that  we  were  expected  to  raise  the  Army  with  (as  near  as  could  be) 
exact  justice  to  everybody.  We  tried  to  play  the  game  squarely,  and  to  do  the  busi- 
ness in  man  fashion. 

(c)  The  result  was  that,  virtually  everywhere  and  notably  in  the 
small  towns,  the  entire  community  was  transformed  into  a  unanimous 
unofficial  body  of  assistants  to  the  boards.    Everyone  was  interested; 
everyone  was  in  favor  of  the  system;   and  everyone  was  ready  and 
eager  to  help.     At  the  lift  of  the  hand  the  boards  could  commandeer 
all  varieties  of  contributions,  to  do  honor  to  the  town's  contingent 
and  to  make  the  selective  draft  a  success. 

The  following  description  of  this  support,  from  an  Oklahoma  board, 
would  probably  be  true  for  most  others,  and  its  concluding  sentence 
expresses  an  important  political  truth: 

The  public  stood  behind  the  local  and  district  boards  in  their  administration  of  the 
Selective  Service  law.  The  members  of  the  board  served  without  pay,  and  the 
assistance  here  mentioned  was  all  rendered  without  monetary  recompense. 

The  newspapers  devoted  columns  of  space  to  these  boards.  They  published  the 
serial  and  order  number  lists  and  the  lists  of  the  men  called  for  examination  or  induc- 
tion and  gave  publicity  to  whatever  notices  the  board  wanted  to  get  before  its  regis- 
trants or  the  public. 

The  lawyers  served  on  the  legal  advisory  boards  and  assisted  the  registrants  in  filling 
out  their  questionnaires. 

The  doctors  served  on  the  local  examining  and  medical  advisory  boards  and  exam- 
ined the  men  to  see  if  they  were  qualified. 

The  banks  and  industrial  concerns  loaned  us  their  clerks  and  accountants  to  assist 
in  the  clerical  work. 

The  school-teachers  prepared  the  industrial  cards  for  the  War  Department  and 
rendered  other  valuable  assistance  to  our  clerks. 

The  Council  of  Defense  and  Red  Cross  assisted  in  making  investigations,  and  the 
latter  looked  after  the  dependents  of  inducted  men. 

Taxi  companies,  individuals,  and  corporations  loaned  their  automobiles  to  aid  in 
canvassing  the  county  when  that  was  necessary,  in  carrying  through  the  registrations 
or  in  investigating  cases,  and  furnished  trucks  to  carry  the  men's  baggage  to  the  depot. 

The  photographers  came  and  took  the  pictures  of  the  boys  before  they  left  and  the 
band  turned  out  to  accompany  thein  to  the  station. 

The  home  guards  and  the  police  officers  aided  in  maintaining  order  and  managing 
the  crowds. 

We  had  the  undivided  support  of  the  entire  community  l>chind  us.  And  the  men 
sent  to  camp  went  cheerfully,  and  the  families  they  left  behind  made  very  little 
complaint. 

The  American  public  is  easy  to  get  along  with  when  reasonable  explanation  is  made 
of  what.is  expected  from  them  and  why. 

(d)  In  a  still  deeper  sense  this  support  of  public  sentiment  became 
potent,  for  it  supplied  that  solid  drive  of  public  opinion  without  which 
the  lav/  alone  remains  often  a  barren  record  and  a  mere  technical 
command.     The  community  sentiment  was  present  in  the  conscious- 
ness of  every  registrant;  he  knew  that  it  was  judging  him;  and  it 
fairly  drove  him  to  do  the  honest  and  right  thing.     The  sanction  of 


288  CHAPTER   X.    ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL. 

law  was  multiplied  a  hundredfold,  and  public  opinion  reached  con- 
sciences which  the  law  alone  could  never  have  probed. 

How  potent  was  this  force  in  supplementing  the  boards'  action  is 
well  described  in  the  following  letter: 

Public  opinion  is  kind  and  cruel,  lenient  and  severe,  just  and  unjust,  but  never 
corrupt.  It  passes  sentence  after  hearing  only  one  side  of  a  case,  but  nevertheless  in 
most  cases  it  enforces  its  decree.  It  was  public  opinion  that  enforced  the  draft  law. 
The  local  boards  simply  administered  it. 

The  entire  population  volunteered.  Congress  merely  designated  the  method  of 
selection,  local  boards  determined  who  should  be  exempted  and  the  order  in  which 
the  selected  men  should  go,  and  public  opinion  attended  to  all  cases  of  opposition  to 
the  law. 

A  was  married  late.  He  was  inducted  and  later  discharged.  Public  opinion 
declared  that  A  married  to  evade  service,  and  decreed  that  he  should  return  to  the 
Army.  A  stood  out  for  a  while.  If  it  had  not  been  for  his  family  obligations  he 
would  have  preferred  to  be  in  the  service.  Finally  he  could  stand  it  no  longer;  he 
waived  the  deferred  classification  he  had  received  and  was  inducted. 

Another  instance.  When  B  was  examined  the  doctors  disagreed  regarding  his 
physical  qualifications;  some  said  he  was  fit,  and  others  said  he  was  not.  We  sent  him 
to  another  medical  advisory  board,  where  he  was  disqualified.  But  public  opinion 
was  not  satisfied.  I  can  still  hear  the  rumblings  of  its  dissatisfaction.  And  that  man 
will  never  be  able  to  forget  that  he  has  defied  public  opinion's  decree. 

I  have  seen  men  who  looked  haunted  because  of  the  moral  conflict  raging  within 
their  breasts,  between  the  duties  they  owed  their  country,  their  families,  their 
business,  or  themselves.  I  know  of  cases  where  it  took  moral  courage  to  enlist  and 
others  where  it  took  more  courage  to  stay  out.  .  I  know  of  cases  where  men  displayed 
a  lack  of  courage  when  they  joined  the  colors,  and  of  others  where  they  showed  a  lack 
of  courage  because  they  did  not.  But  in  this  emergency  public  opinion  condemned 
no  man  who  donned  the  uniform.  It  concerned  itself  only  with  those  who  did  not. 

(e)  This  concentration  of  public  opinion  on  the  registrants  will 
explain  why  we  may  well  assume  (as  noted  in  Chapter  V)  that  the 
successful  slackers  were  few.  The  selective  draft  went  into  nearly 
every  home;  and  thus  every  citizen,  feeling  its  incidence  in  his  own 
family,  was  determined  that  others  also  should  do  their  full  duty. 
Every  registrant's  case  became  the  subject  of  observation  and  dis- 
cussion ;  his  action,  in  claiming  or  not  claiming  deferment  was  well 
known;  the  neighbors  knew  the  truth  about  his  circumstances  even 
if  the  board  members  might  not,  and  the  boards  were  surfeited  with 
information — by  visit  and  by  letter,  signed  and  unsigned.  The  most 
efficient  detective  force  that  the  War  Department  could  have  organ- 
ized would  not  have  been  more  productive  of  information  than  were 
the  neighbors  in  their  scrutiny  of  the  registrants. 

5.  Spirit  of  the  boards. — The  members  of  the  local  boards  had  need 
of  all  the  manhood  and  courage  that  was  in  them,  thus  to  "play  the 
game  squarely;"  for  the  moral  and  mental  burden  was  one  to  tax  their 
endurance.  The  physical  labors  were  enormous  and  exhausting;  but 
the  added  strain  of  maintaining  their  moral  hold  on  the  community, 
while  deciding  these  heavy  matters  of  life  and  death,  was  one  which 
none  but  those  who  passed  through  it  can  appreciate.  ''Chastened 


LOCAL   BOARDS.  289 

in  spirit,  and  calloused  in  body,  but  buoyant  in  the  knowledge  that 
they  were  serving  to  win  the  war,"  such  is  the  description,  by  one  of 
them,  of  the  effect  of  their  toil.  Another  board  thus  sums  up,  in 
fitting  terms,  the  dominant  spirit: 

The  work,  in  many  instances,  has  been  disagreeable,  and  our  way  beset  with  thorns 
and  thistles  which  pricked  deep,  and  made  the  smarting,  at  times,  almost  unbearable. 
But  deep  down  in  our  hearts  we  felt  and  we  knew  that  we  were  serving  our  country 
and  helping  to  fight  its  battles  as  effectively  as  the  boys  across  the  sea,  and  that  the 
smarting  of  the  thistles  and  the  pricking  of  the  thorns  was  only  our  part  of  the  disa- 
greeable features  of  war.  In  many  respects,  financial  loss  has  been  sustained,  friends 
have  been  sacrificed,  social  standing  forfeited,  hopes  and  plans  blasted.  But  all  this 
is  only  a  part  of  the  sacrifice  we  have  been  called  to  make  for  Liberty,  Freedom,  and 
Democracy.  And  our  star  of  sacrifice  is  very  dim  compared  with  the  sacrifice  which 
the  performance  of  our  duties  has-compelled  fathers  and  mothers  to  make  in  giving 
their  sons  to  the  cause;  many  of  whom  have  already  been  required  to  make  the  supreme 
sacrifice. 

And  those  who  could  take  this  largest  view  of  their  task  were 
broadened  and  enlivened  by  the  new  views  of  human  nature  unrolled 
before  them,  and  especially  by  the  revelation  of  solid  character  and 
unpretentious  patriotism  among  the  plain  people  of  our  land.  One 
of  the  local  board  members  (now  the  draft  executive  for  his  State) 
has  already  faithfully  depicted,  with  the  genial  and  classic  art  of  a 
Charles  Lamb,  the  intimate  drama  of  life  as  it  was  presented  in  the 
office  of  the  boards.1  The  reports  of  the  boards  are  full  of  acknowl- 
edgment of  the  inspiration  gained  from  then'  experiences,  and,  taken  all 
in  all,  their  revelations  renew  our  faith  in  human  nature  and  American 
character:  "My  work  on  this  board,"  says  one,  ''has  been  the  greatest 
experience  of  my  life.  To  have  come  into  such  close  contact  with  the 
men  of  this  community,  their  families  and  friends,  during  this  crisis, 
has  increased  my  respect  and  admiration  for  their  unselfish  loyalty 
and  patriotism.  The  mean  and  cowardly  have  been  so  few  in  num- 
ber as  to  be  a  negligible  factor;  their  cases  will  soon  be  forgotten." 
"We  came,"  says  another,  ''into  most  intimate  contact  with  all 
classes  of  people,  learned  of  their  trials  and  tribulations,  their  fears 
and  hopes,  their  opinions,  prejudices,  and  feelings,  and  their  histo- 
ries, sometimes  containing  faults  and  crimes  carefully  concealed  from 
the  world.  While  most  was  commonplace,  there  was  also  much  that 
was  sad  and  pathetic,  much  that  was  noble,  as  well  as  much  that 
was  amusing.  There  was  very  little  that  was  base  or  cowardly. 
The  patriotism  which  displays  itself  in  frothy  enthusiasm  was  the 
exception;  the  quiet,  grim  patriotism,  based  upon  a  sense  of  duty 
and  a  real  regard  for  country,  was  the  rule.  This  dominant  feeling 
on  the  part  of  the  registrants  and  their  dependents  was  of  the  endur- 
ing character  that  lasts  to  the  end;  and  it  made  the  draft  a  wonder- 
ful success." 

i  "Reflections  of  a  Draft  Ollicial,"  by  Gordon  Snow,  Boston,  Houghton  Mifllin  &  Co.,  1918. 
97250°— 19 19 


290  CHAPTER  X.    ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL. 

But  it  is  idle  to  attempt  to  put  into  words  here  the  full  story  of 
what  the  local  boards  achieved.  Every  military  man  must  recog- 
nize what  they  did  for  the  Nation's  Army;  and  every  civilian  must 
recognize  what  they  did  for  the  Nation's  liberty  and  welfare.  And 
every  American  is  proud  of  them.  Whatever  of  credit  is  accorded 
to  other  agencies  of  the  selective  service  law,  the  local  boards  must 
be  deemed  the  corner-stone  of  the  system. 

(VI)  GOVERNMENT  APPEAL  AGENTS. 

1.  Appointment  under  original  regulations. — Local  and  district 
boards  had  exclusive  authority  to  pass  upon  questions  vitally  affect- 
ing the  interests  of  the  individual  and  the  Government.  But  there 
is  fallibility  in  all  bodies  exercising  judicial  functions;  and  it  was 
early  foreseen  that,  whatever  the  character  and  ability  of  the  per- 
sonnel of  such  boards,  errors  of  judgment  would  undoubtedly  creep 
in.  These  occurrences,  unless  an  ample  opportunity  was  given  to 
correct  them,  would  tend  to  raise  doubt  in  the  mind  of  the  American 
public  as  to  the  fairness  of  the  execution  of  the  law  relied  upon  to 
produce  our  armies.  Provision  was  therefore  made  at  the  outset  by 
which  individuals  were  given  adequate  means,  in  cases  affecting  their 
interest,  to  make  their  appeal  from  the  boards  of  original  jurisdic1- 
tion  to  appellate  tribunals.  But  it  would  have  been  manifestly 
unwise  to  provide  such  safeguards  for  individuals  and  yet  to  neglect 
to  make  similar  provisions  for  the  full  protection  of  the  interest  of 
the  Government.  In  consequence,  the  rules  and  regulations  pre- 
scribed by  the  President,  of  date  June  30,  1917,  and  the  compiled 
rulings  amendatory  thereto,  provided  for  the  automatic  appeal  of 
all  cases  of  discharge  on  account  of  dependency,  and  for  discretionary 
authority  to  appeal  in  other  cases.  Governors  of  the  various  States 
were  authorized  to  appoint  representatives  of  the  Government  to 
take  these  appeals. 

In  the  majority  of  instances,  county  and  city  attorneys  were 
appointed  to  perform  these  duties.  There  was  at  first  no  specific 
designation  of  title,  but  generally  speaking,  the  appeals  were  taken 
in  the  name  of  the  United  States  Government  under  the  signature 
of  the  person  so  appointed.  In  all  cases,  except  in  the  case  under 
which  automatic  appeals  were  provided,  the  person  so  designated 
was  required  to  keep  himself  informed  of  the  action  of  the  local 
boards;  and,  on  his  own  initiative,  or  from  information  brought  to 
his  attention  by  other  persons,  he  was  required  to  take  appeal  to  the 
appellate  tribunal  when,  in  his  opinion,  the  best  interests  of  the 
Government  and  justice  to  other  registrants  made  such  an  appeal 
desirable. 

At  the  close  of  the  first  draft,  and  before  the  preparation  of  the 
Selective  Service  Regulations  published  November  8, 1917,  it  was  fully 


GOVERNMENT  APPEAL  AGENTS.  291 

realized  that  the  work  to  be  performed  was  one  of  magnitude,  and 
that  the  agents  constituted  one  of  the  mainstays  to  the  selective 
service  system.  That  their  services  might  be  made  more  available 
in  the  proper  selection  of  registrants  under  the  new  scheme  of  classi- 
fication, provision  was  made  for  the  enlargement  of  their  duties  and 
of  authority.  Even  under  the  first  draft  it  had  been  seen  that  Gov- 
ernment appeal  representatives  were  called  upon  to  perform  arduous 
tasks  beyond  the  scope  of  their  regularly  prescribed  duties.  No 
.  provision  had  been  made  under  the  first  draft  for  the  legal  advisory 
boards  and  other  assistants  to  render  advice  to  the  local  boards,  dis- 
trict boards,  and  other  draft  officials  and  registrants;  and  the  person 
so  designated  to  represent  the  Government  was  called  upon  to  advise 
the  various  board  members,  clerks,  and  other  assistants  upon  any 
and  all  questions  relating  to  the  performance  of  their  work  under 
the  selective  service  law;  to  formulate,  for  presentation  to  the  higher 
draft  officials,  questions  relating  to  the  interpretations  of  the  law 
which  could  not  be  easily  answered.  They  were  expected  to  famil- 
iarize themselves  thoroughly  with  local  conditions  and  with  the 
circumstances  surrounding  each  individual  case  passed  upon  by  the 
local  board,  in  order  to  determine  whether  or  not  the  rights  of  the 
Government  had  been  protected  and  whether  injustice  had  been 
done  to  registrants.  They  were  relied  upon  by  the  various  district 
boards  of  the  country  to  render  exhaustive  reports  where  the  records 
forwarded  to  the  district  boards  failed  to  disclose  sufficient  facts  to 
enable  the  boards  to  reach  a  proper  conclusion.  Thus,  because  of 
their  known  familiarity  with  the  draft  law  and  the  local  administra- 
tion of  it,  they  became  practically  centers  of  information,  and  regis- 
trants resorted  to  them  at  all  hours  of  the  day  either  to  make  inquiry 
or  discuss  claims. 

2.  Under  the  regulations  of  December,  1917. — Under  the  Selective 
Service  Regulations  effective  December  15,  1917,  the  governors  of 
the  various  States  were  authorized  to  designate  for  each  local  board 
one  or  more  persons  to  take  appeals  for  and  on  behalf  of  the  United 
States.  There  were  4,679  in  all.  Appendix  Table  91-A  shows  their 
distribution  by  States. 

It  was  expected,  and  it  resulted,  that  the  persons  heretofore 
acting  as  representatives  of  the  Government  for  the  purpose  of  taking 
appeals  were  designated  by  the  various  draft  executives  in  this 
capacity  as  Government  appeal  agents.  Thus,  there  was  no  up- 
setting of  the  organization  already  perfected.  Their  duties,  however, 
were  so  enlarged  that  they  were  now  required  to  appeal,  from  deferred 
classifications  by  a  local  board,  rulings  which  in  the  opinion  of  fie 
appeal  agent  were  erroneous;  to  care  for  the  interests  of  ignorant 
registrants;  to  inform  them  of  their  rights,  where  the  decision  of  the 
local  board  was  against  the  interests  of  such  persons,  or  where  it 


292  CHAPTER  X.    ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL. 

appeared  that  such  persons  would  not  take  appeals,  due  to  their 
nonculpable  ignorance,  and  to  assist  them  to  enter  appeals  to  the 
district  board;  to  investigate  and  report  upon  matters  submitted 
for  such  purpose  by  local  or  district  boards;  to  suggest  a' reopening 
of  any  case  where  the  interests  of  justice  might  require;  to  impart 
•to  the  local  board  any  information  which  in  the  opinion  of  the  appeal 
agent  ought  to  be  investigated;  to  furnish  suggestions  and  informa- 
tion to  the  district  boards;  to  instruct  local  boards  to  take  additional 
proof;  to  receive  information  from  interested  persons  affecting  any 
case  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  boards  where  such  interested  per- 
sons did  not  desire  to  make  a  personal  disclosure  to  the  boards; 
and  to  prepare  appeals  in  any  cases,  whether  by  the  registrant  or  by 
the  Government,  where  he  considered  appeals  to  be  to  the  interest 
of  the  Government.  In  these  various  capacities  the  Government 
appeal  agent  was  authorized  to  administer  oaths;  and,  in  fact,  a 
large  proportion  of  the  time  of  the  appeal  agents  was  taken  up  in 
assisting  with  the  probate  of  questionnaires. 

3.  Performance  of  their  duties. — It  can  thus  be  seen  that  Govern- 
ment appeal  agents  were  faced  with  a  heavy  task.  To  perform  this 
task  to  a  degree  satisfactory  to  the  Government,  it  was  inevitable 
in  a  large  proportion  of  the  cases  that  the  private  livelihoods  and 
business  interests  of  these  men  would  materially  suffer.  It  was  a 
task  that  meant  unlimited  sacrifice;  and  the  records  of  this  office 
show  that  the  duties  were  fully  realized,  and  that  they  were  ade- 
quately performed. 

It  was,  of  course,  virtually  necessary  that  the  appeal  agents 
should  be  selected  from  the  members*  of  the  legal  profession.  In 
the  further  draft  that  was  made  upon  the  legal  profession  at  the  same 
time  by  the  appointment  of  members  of  legal  advisory  boards  and 
their  associates,  it  can  readily  be  seen  that  the  practice  of  the  law  for 
these  officials,  during  the  administration  of  the  draft,  became  merely 
a  secondaiy  interest.  In  a  large  number  of  instances,  such  Govern- 
ment appeal  agents  served  in  the  dual  capacity  of  appeal  agent  and 
member  or  associate  member  of  a  legal  advisory  board.  Numbers  of 
instances  were  found  where  such  officials  pactically  abandoned  their 
own  private  offices,  and  stayed  on  continuous  duty  at  the  office  of 
the  local  boards,  in  order  that  they  might  effectively  keep  in  touch 
with  the  decisions  rendered  by  such  boards,  and  be  in  a  position  to 
to  protect  better  the  interests  of  the  registrants  and  of  the  Govern- 
ment. 

It  was  not  intended,  nor  did  they  interpret  their  duty  to  be,  that 
they  should  be  partisan  representatives  of  the  Government  for  the 
purpose,  if  possible,  of  placing  every  registrant  hi  military  service, 
as  would  normally  be  the  case  of  a  prosecuting  attorney  trying  his 
docket.  They  properly  conceived  their  duty  to  be  that  of  repre- 


MEDICAL  ADVISORY   BOAEDS.  293 

senting  the  Government,  by  seeing  that  the  selective  principle  of 
the  selective  service  law  was  applied — that  no  man  escaped  who 
owed  the  duty  to  go,  and  that  the  Government  was  not  put  to  the 
expense  of  sending  to  the  camps  men  who  were  better  fitted  to  pre- 
serve the  necessary  industries  at  home  and  to  protect  the  family 
integrity.  Their  province  was  to  see  that  substantial  fairness 
was  observed;  and  the  relative  fewness  of  discharges  at  camps,  of 
men  finally  accepted  for  service,  is  ample  proof  of  the  admirable 
manner  in  which  that  duty  was  performed.  The  outstanding  fact 
that  this  duty  was  performed  uncomplainingly  and  without  any 
compensation  whatever,  places  them  in  the  enviable  position  of  the 
patriot  who  is  unrewarded,  save  in  the  consciousness  of  duty  well 
performed,  and  in  the  knowledge  that  both  the  Government  and  the 
people  composing  it  proudly  acknowledge  a  debt  which  can  not  be 
liquidated. 

Such  devotion  to  duty  can  only  be  described  by  the  thought  that 
these  men  were  putting  into  their  part  of  the  great  fight  the  con- 
science of  the  American  people. 

(VH)  MEDICAL  ADVISORY  BOARDS. 

When  the  Selective  Service  Regulations  were  promulgated,  pro- 
vision was  made  for  the  creation  and  organization  of  medical  advisory 
boards.  Their  functions  were  to  examine  physically  those  registrants 
whose  cases  had  been  appealed  to  them  by  a  registrant,  by  a  Govern- 
ment appeal  agent,  or  on  motion  of  a  local  board.  Each  board 
consisted  of  three  or  more  members.  The  desired  minimum  con- 
sisted of  one  each  of  the  following  specialists:  Internist;  eye,  ear, 
nose,  and  throat  specialist;  orthopedist;  surgeon;  psychiatrist; 
radiographer,  and  dentist.  To  these  boards  were  referred  doubtful 
cases  of  registrants  who  had  obscure  physical  defects.  By  means  of 
this  highly  trained  technical  agency,  many  obscure  physical  defects 
in  registrants  were  detected,  thereby  materially  assisting  the  local 
boards,  which  were  not  equipped  to  conduct  an  exhaustive  exami- 
nation, to  reduce  materially  the  number  of  rejections  at  mobilization 
camps  and  also  to  detect  malingerers.  Originally  these  boards  could 
pass  finally  on  cases  in  a  formal  meeting  only,  at  which  a  quorum  was 
present ;  but  as  their  duties  became  heavier,  it  became  necessary  to 
consider  cases  in  the  most  expeditious  manner,  and  provision  was 
made  for  the  examination  and  consideration  of  cases  by  one  or  more 
of  their  members. 

The  members  of  these  boards  were  nominated  by  the  governors  of 
their  respective  States,  and  appointed  by  the  President.  There  were 
1,319  boards,  with  a  total  membership  of  9,577.  Appendix  Table 
91-A  shows  their  distribution  by  States. 


294  CHAPTER   X.    ORGANIZATION   AND  PERSONNEL. 

At  this  point  a  tribute  is  due  to  the  American  Medical  Association. 
From  this  association  came  the  suggestion  for  medical  advisory 
boards  and  cordial  assistance  in  their  selection.  The  Journal  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  with  a  circulation  of  66,000  copies,  has 
been  a  valuable  medium  of  information  between  this  office  and  the 
medical  men  who  discharged  the  duties  of  the  profession  to  the 
Government  through  the  draft. .  The  medical  profession  has  re- 
sponded and  served  in  a  devoted  manner  that  has  received  universally 
faxrorable  comment.  It  is  gratifying  to  note  the  part  which  the 
association  has  taken  in  thus  assisting  to  raise  our  great  Army,  as 
well  as  its  valuable  contribution  to  the  war  generally. 

Medical  advisory  members  served  without  compensation.  The  ex- 
acting details  incident  to  the  examination  of  tens  of  thousands  of  regis- 
trants, drawn  from  every  precinct  of  the  United  States,  have  been  accom- 
plished with  a  patient,  prompt  precision  that  impels  me  to  express  my 
personal  appreciation  for  theirloyal  services  to  our  Government,  through 
their  cooperation  with  this  office.  It  is  keenly  appreciated  that  their 
duties  were  an  additional  burden  to  busy  lives,  and  were  not  publicly 
recognized  either  by  uniform,  or  rank,  or  the  applause  of  the  multi- 
tude. They  continued  at  their  tasks  unflinchingly,  often  far  into  the 
night,  with  only  conscience  as  their  commander,  and  with  stern  duty 
as  their  censor.  To  them,  whose  services  were  so  cheerfully,  assidu- 
ously, and  efficiently  rendered,  the  Nation  owes  a  debt  of  gratitude. 

(Vm)  LEGAL  ADVISORY  BOABDS. 

1.  Need  for  ffiese  officials. — The  legal  adage  that  "Ignorance  of  the 
law  is  no  excuse  "could  not,  as  a  practical  proposition,  be  applied  to 
the  administration  of  the  selective  service  law.   After  a  very  f  ewmonths 
of  the  draft  it  was  recognized  that  a  law  which  applied  alike  to  the 
literate  and  the  illiterate,  and  the  success  of  which  depended  upon  the 
prompt  compliance  of  registrants,  could  be  successfully  enforced  only 
by  careful  instruction  of  the  people  as  to  its  requirements  and  by 
assisting  them  in  meeting  those  requirements. 

Some  ready  and  competent  means  of  bringing  the  selective  service 
system  to  registrants  of  every  description  and  of  assisting  them  in 
discharging  the  duties  imposed  by  the  draft,  were  obviously  necessary. 
The  selective  service  law  and  regulations  contained  many  technical 
requirements  which  people  not  versed  in  legal  matters  might  find 
confusing.  In  searching  the  field  for  an  agency  which  might  meet 
the  situation,  the  legal  profession  was  naturally  resorted  to  as  the 
institution  best  fitted  for  the  service. 

2.  Resort  to  th.e  legal  profession. — No  doubt  was  ever  entertained 
as  to  the  willingness  of  the  lawyers  of  the  country  to  contribute  their 
services.     The  idea  of  utilizing  their  services  had  barely  been  con- 
ceived before  plans  for  mobilizing  the  strength  of  the  profession  were 


LEGAL  ADVISORY   BOARDS.  295 

formulated.  A  formal  call  to  men  of  the  legal  profession,  to  offer 
their  services  for  the  purpose  of  instructing  registrants  concerning 
their  rights  and  obligations  under  the  selective  service  law,  and  of 
assisting  them  in  the  preparation  of  their  answers  to  then-  question- 
naires, was  made  on  November  8,  1917,  by  the  President  in  his 
Foreword  to  the  Selective  Service  Regulations. 

The  response  of  the  profession  at  large  was  magnificent.  Indeed, 
promptly  upon  the  publication  of  the  President's  call,  and  before  they 
learned  of  the  definite  plans  of  organization,  attorneys  became  so 
impatient  to  respond  to  the  call  that  meetings  for  preliminary  organi- 
zation were  held  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land; 
meetings  attended  by  hundreds  and  sometimes  by  thousands.  With 
such  splendid  spirit  to  build  upon,  the  success  of  the  plan  depended 
largely  upon  the  organization  of  this  willingness  to  serve. 

3.  Organization  of  the  boards. — The  fullest  success  of  the  plan  for 
availing  the  selective  service   system  of   the  services   of   attorneys, 
and  of  other  citizens  in  a  position  to  assist  registrants,  could  be 
attained  only  by  the  utilization  of  the  maximum  number  of  attorneys. 
It  was,  however,  realized  that  greater  efficiency  would  be  had  by 
constituting    small    committees.     These    could    be    held    to    strict 
accountability.     For  the  assistance  of  those  committees,  as  many 
other  attorneys  and  other  public  spirited  citizens  as  possible  would 
be  associated.     Pursuant  to  this  plan,  there  was  constituted  for  each 
local  board  a  legal  advisory  board,  composed  of  three   reputable 
attorneys,  whose  duties  were  to  see  "that  there  should  always  be  a 
competent  force  of  lawyers  or  laymen  available  to     *     *     *     regis- 
trants at  any  time  during  which  the  local  or  district  boards  within 
such  district  are  open  for  business."     To  legal  advisory  boards  fell 
the  task  of  mobilizing  assistant  advisers  for  their  districts  and  of 
distributing  as  evenly  as  possible  the  work  to  be  exacted  of  them. 
These  latter  advisers  were  called  associate  legal  advisers. 

4.  Appointment  oftJie  members. — In  accordance  with  the  decentral- 
ized plan  under  which  the  selective  service  system  was  administered, 
the  governors  of  the  several  States  were  assigned  the  task  of  constitut- 
ing legal  advisory  boards  in  such  numbers  and  within  such  districts 
as  would  be  convenient  to  every  registrant.     The  governors  were 
further  charged  with  the  duty  of  nominating,  for  the  appointment  of 
the    President,    legal    advisory    board    members.     Associate    legal 
advisory  members  were  appointed  by  the  permanent  legal  advisers. 

The  selection  of  the  legal  personnel,  while  most  essential,  was  in 
many  States  a  large  undertaking.  Yet  promptness  was  of  the 
utmost  importance.  To  expedite  that  end,  the  Provost  Marshal 
General  on  November  13,  1917,  appealed  to  the  good  offices  of  the 
American  Bar  Association,  and  suggested  for  each  State  the  assign- 
ment of  the  vice  president  and  the  State  member  of  the  general  council 


296  CHAPTER   X.    ORGANIZATION   AND  PERSONNEL. 

of  that  association,  the  President  of  the  State  Bar  Association,  and 
the  attorney  general  of  the  State,  as  a  central  committee  to  assist 
their  governor  in  the  organization  of  legal  advisory  boards. 

The  response  of  the  American  Bar  Association  was  most  encourag- 
ing. So  promptly  did  its  officers  organize  central  committees  and 
select  and  nominate  the  legal  advisory  boards  attached  to  each  local 
board,  and  so  spontaneously  did  the  members  of  the  legal  profession 
throughout  the  whole  country  respond  to  the  call  of  duty,  that  one 
week  later,  nearly  a  month  hi  advance  of  the  time  when  the  legal 
advisory  boards  would  be  required  to  begin  their  actual  labors,  I  was 
able  to  write  to  the  Secretary  of  the  American  Bar  Association  as 
follows : 

By  reason  of  the  valuable  services  rendered  by  you  and  by  the  national  officers  of  the 
association  and  by  the  vice  presidents  and  members  of  the  general  council  in  the 
respective  States,  and  by  the  prompt  and  almost  universal  response  of  the  members  of 
the  association  generally,  legal  advisory  boards  have  been  fully  organized  in  many 
of  the  States  and  are  being  rapidly  organized  in  the  others;  and  I  have  no  doubt 
whatever  that  the  aid  to  be  rendered  by  them  during  the  classification  of  registrants, 
which  will  begin  about  December  15,  will  make  the  accomplishment  of  the  classifica- 
tion completely  successful. 

The  members  of  legal  advisory  boards  numbered  in  all  10,915, 
and  the  associate  members  108,367.  There  were  3,646  boards  in  all; 
Appendix  Table  91-A  shows  their  distribution  by  States. 

5.  Method  of  work. — Wide  publicity  was  given  the  existence  of 
legal  advisory  boards  and  their  purposes,  every  effort  being  made  to 
bring  to  the  attention  of  registrants  the  fact  that  gratuitous  profes- 
sional advice  might  be  had  upon  the  requirements  of  the  selective 
service  law.  Letters  of  instruction  w^ere  issued  along  with  question- 
naires to  registrants,  showing  exactly  where  free  legal  assistance  might 
be  secured  from  legal  advisory  members  in  filling  out  questionnaires, 
as  well  as  any  other  information  concerning  the  operation  of  the 
selective  service  law  and  corollary  acts. 

The  question  of  compensation  was  early  considered  by  the  Amer- 
ican Bar  Association  and  by  this  office,  and  it  was  unanimously 
decided  that  men  leaving  their  homes  and  offering  their  lives  for 
their  country  should  not  be  charged  fees  in  connection  with  the 
filling  out  of  papers  required  by  the  Selective  Service  Regulations. 
Comparatively  little  difficulty  was  encountered  in  this  respect. 
Wherever  it  was  found  that  an  attorney  had  charged  a  fee  for  assist- 
ing a  registrant,  he  was,  by  his  bar  association  or  by  the  State  legal 
advisory  board,  requested  to  discontinue  such  practice  and  return 
the  fees  collected.  In  practically  every  instance  the  reasonableness 
of  this  demand  was  seen,  and  compliance  ensued.  A  very  few 
scattered  prosecutions  against  members  of  legal  advisory  boards 
for  charging  fees  were  instituted;  and  where  the  practice  was  clearly 
established,  convictions  were  secured. 


LEGAL  ADVISORY  BOARDS.  297 

The  following  quotation  from  a  report  of  one  of  the  States  illus- 
trates the  devoted  industry  of  legal  advisers  in  serving  registrants: 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  latter  part  of  December  and  early  January  (1917-18) 
witnessed  the  coldest  and  worst  weather  this  section  of  the  country  has  suffered  in 
many  years;  the  ground  was  covered  with  snow  6  to  12  inches  deep,  and  the  ther- 
mometer frequently  went  below  zero  for  days  at  a  time,  rendering  the  roads  almost 
impassable  and  travel  exceedingly  difficult,  especially  in  the  rural  and  mountain 
districts.  To  meet  this  situation  the  legal  advisory  boards  in  the  mountain  districts 
arranged  to  organize  branch  boards  in  various  parts  of  the  county,  so  that  the  distance 
necessary  to  be  traveled  by  the  registrants  was  greatly  reduced.  In  some  of  the 
mountain  counties  as  many  as  four  branches  would  be  acting:  and  in  the  lowlands, 
where  the  roads  were  almost  impassable,  greater  numbers  were  organized,  so  that  the 
registrants  could  leave  home,  taking  their  dependents  with  them,  and  answer  the 
questionnaires  and  make  necessary  affidavits  and  return  home  within  the  period 
of  the  day.  Where  registrants  were  ill,  and  could  not  come,  members  of  the  board 
would  go  to  them,  often  traveling  10  to  20  miles  through  the  snow  and  over  the  moun- 
tains, to  render  this  service. 

The  splendid  services  of  legal  advisers  was  greatly  helped  by  the 
patriotic  attitude  taken  by  the  various  courts.  Realizing  that  it 
would  be  impossible  for  legal  advisers  to  render-  efficient  service  if 
the  courts  continued  in  regular  session,  the  judiciary  of  many  States, 
during  the  first  part  of  December,  1917,  adjourned  court  for  a  number 
of  weeks,  or  until  the  completion  of  questionnaires.  The  result  was 
that  courts  practically  ceased  operation  during  the  period  the  ques- 
tionnaires were  being  answered,  and  many  of  the  members  of  the 
judiciaries  lent  their  assistance  to  the  legal  advisory  board  nearest 
to  them.  Justices  of  the  peace  and  city  magistrates,  when  requested, 
followed  the  example  of  the  higher  courts. 

6.  Scope  of  the  wor-k. — Legal  advisory  members  were  constantly 
consulted  with  reference  to  legislation  cognate  to  the  selective  service 
act.  Particularly  was  this  so  in  the  case  of  the  soldiers  and  sailors ' 
civil  rights  act  and  the  war  risk  insurance  act.  Some  boards  pub- 
lished articles  explanatory  of  the  above  statutes  and  did  everything 
in  their  power  to  secure  to  drafted  men  the  benefits  thereof.  Many 
patriotic  organizations,  such  as  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  the 
War  Service  Leagues,  the  American  Protective  League,  etc.,  found 
willing  assistance  from  legal  advisory  members. 

The  task  of  legal  advisers  lasted  for  the  duration  of  the  war. 
When  it  became  apparent  that  Class  I  was  not  as  large  as  had  been 
reckoned  upon,  and  that  a  general  rectification  was  necessary,  legal 
advisory  board  members  were  asked  in  May  of  1918  to  cooperate 
with  local  boards  in  accomplishing  that  reclassification.  With 
this  request  there  was  a  most  hearty  compliance.  Again,  in 
September,  1918,  the' new  registration  laid  upon  the  selective  service 
officials  a  task  equivalent  to  all  that  they  had  previously  accom- 
plished, and  legal  advisory  boards  were  again  called  upon  to  help 
meet  the  situation.  Willingly  and  promptly  they  reconvened, 


298  CHAPTER  X.    ORGANIZATION    AND   PERSONNEL. 

and  placed  themselves  at  the  disposal  of  the  new  registrants,  as 
they  had  done  with  respect  to  the  old.  Again  the  courts  lent  their 
assistance  to  the  occasion,  and  adjourned  entirely,  or  to  such  extent 
as  to  eliminate  any  delay  in  the  work  of  assisting  registrants. 

7.  Results. — A  large  volume  would  not  suffice  to  record  the  names 
of  the  lawyers  of  the  country  who  lent  their  aid  to  the  draft,  and 
could  contain  but  a  bare  summary  of  the  labor  and  achievements. 
A  brief  citation  of  the  figures  of  one  State  alone,  and  this  not  the 
largest,  shows  that  there  were  organized  within  two  weeks  850 
permanent  members  and  3,000  associate  members  of  legal  advisory 
boards;  that  during  the  months  of  December  and  January  these 
boards  held  more  than  4,000  meetings  and  devoted  more  than 
3,000,000  hours  in  aiding  and  advising  more  than  400,000  regis- 
trants. In  the  greatest  city  of  the  Nation,  where  half  a  million 
registrants  were  required  to  respond  to  the  questionnaire,  the 
permanent  and  associate  members  exceeded  3,000  in  number. 

There  is  no  brighter  chapter  in  the  history  of  the  draft  than  that 
of  the  services  rendered  by  the  lawyers  of  the  country.  Legal 
advisers  richly  deserve  'the  credit  for  upholding  the  tradition  of 
American  fairness  in  the  administration  of  her  laws.  Not  only  did 
the  expert  advice  accorded  by  the  lawyers  of  the  country  contribute 
toward  the  expeditious  creation  of  an  army;  but  the  impression 
of  equity  engendered  by  their  services  was  of  inestimable  value  in 
developing  and  in  maintaining  a  healthy  morale  in  the  body  politic. 
On  the  honor  list  of  the  war"  must  be  numbered  the  thousands  of  law- 
yers and  other  public-spirited  citizens  who,  without  emolument  and 
without  the  glory  of  the  battlefield,  served  their  country  by  support- 
ing and  aiding  in  the  administration  of  the  most  drastic  legislation 
of  the  last  half  century. 

(IX)  BOARDS  OF  INSTRUCTION. 

In  a  letter  from  this  office  dated  July  4,  1918,  local  boards  were 
advised  to  select  and  organize  boards  of  instruction,  one  for  each 
local  board. 

The  measure  had  its  origin  in  suggestions  made  to  the  Secretary  of 
War  personally,  and  by  him  transmitted  with  approval  to  this  office 
in  June,  1918.  The  suggestions  originated  with  a  group  of  Cleveland 
men,  whose  experience  in  dealing  with  some  35,000  selectives  sent  to 
camp  from  that  region,  had  developed  available  methods  of  pre- 
induction  preparation  in  military  morale.  In  many  other  regions 
local  boards  had  taken  various  measures  for  the  better  preparation 
of  the  young  men  in  their  jurisdiction  who  were  to  become  soldiers. 
But  the  peculiar  efficacy  of  the  Cleveland  method  was  that  it  ap- 
proached the  young  men  as  individuals,  secured  their  confidence,  and 


BOARDS   OF  INSTRUCTION".  299 

was  thus  enabled  to  exercise  a  stronger  influence  on  their  views  and 
their  conduct. 

1.  Object. — The  general  object,  in  the  appointment  of  boards  of 
instruction,  was  concisely  stated  as  follows : 

To  put  the  selective  sendee  men  into  camp  willing,  loyal,  intelligent,  clean,  and 
sober,  and  thus  to  fit  them  better  for  rapid  progress  in  becoming  good  soldiers. 

And  to  accomplish  this  by  systematic  personal  instruction  given  beforehand  to  each 
selective  by  members  of  a  local  committee  of  reputable  citizens  in  each  board  .area 
acting  under  the  auspices  of  the  local  board. 

Very  few  selectives  had  seen  any  military  training  before  reaching 
camp.  A  larger  number  had  some  intelligent  idea  of  what  awaited 
them  and  why  they  were  to  go.  A  still  larger  number  were  loyally, 
though  ignorantly,  willing  to  go.  But,  after  all  these  allowances, 
there  remained  many  men,  represented  in  every  local  board  area,  who 
were  neither  willing,  nor  intelligent,  nor  loyal,  nor  fit,  in  the  proper 
degree.  Moreover,  the  family  surroundings  often  tended  to  empha- 
size this  condition;  family  sentiments  affected  the  drafted  man,  and 
might  make  him  less  ready  to  go.  All  this  was  especially  true  in  the 
cities  where  foreign-born  populations  abound.  Further,  camp  sur- 
geons reported  that  the  man's  mental  attitude  affected  his  physical 
condition.  Any  one  of  a  score  of  small  ailments  might  develop  into 
a  cause  for  discharge,  if  nurtured  by  a  wrong  mental  attitude,  or 
might  become  negligible,  if  the  man  had  the  will  and  the  motive  to 
overcome  them. 

Thus  the  efficiency  of  the  national  Army  was  affected  by  the  mental 
condition  of  the  individual  after  selection  in  Class  I  and  before 
arrival  in  camp.  Moreover,  the  existence  of  these  conditions  among 
drafted  men  had  entailed  immense  additional  labor  for  the  selective 
service  boards  in  overcoming  them. 

The  foregoing  elements  of  inefficiency  could  be  largely  removed  by 
personal  instruction.  Experience  had  demonstrated  this  conclu- 
sively. To  send  a  contingent  of  men  who  had  been  put  into  fit  con- 
dition mentally  and  morally  was  to  gam  at  least  a  month,  and  often 
more,  in  time,  for  the  readiness  of  the  division  to  leave  for  the  battle 
field  of  human  freedom. 

For  this  reason  the  work  of  such  instruction  required  to  be  organ- 
ized, and  on  a  large  scale.  To  accomplish  this,  in  the  existing 
peculiar  conditions  cited,  required  a  group  of  men  that  would  devote 
themselves  unselfishly  and  unreservedly  to  the  immediate  elimination 
of  the  obstacles,  and  to  the  presentation  of  the  patriotic  inducement 
in  terms  such  as  all  types  of  American  youth  could  comprehend. 
Recognizing  that  not  numbers  alone  but  also  the  morale  of  the 
American  Army  was  a  conquering  factor,  this  group  of  men,  by  using 
their  personal  influence  on  the  mental  and  moral  make-up  of  the 
selectives,  would  be  able  to  evoke  and  strengthen  that  fundamental 


300  CHAPTER   X.    ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL. 

patriotic  impulse  which  every  true  man  possesses.  The  proven 
methods  by  which  the  results  could  be  accomplished  called  for  the 
most  patriotic  devotion  by  men  whose  only  compensation  would  be 
the  consciousness  that  they  were  contributing  to  that  spirit  in  the 
American  soldier  which  was  to  win  the  war. 

2.  Organization;  local  hoard  of  instruction  in  every  area. — The  gen- 
eral plan  of  operation  was  to  use  local  boards  of  instruction,  the 
members  to  be  appointed  by  the  local  selective  service  board.     As  the 
final  result  was  to  depend  upon  personal  sympathetic  contact  with 
registrants,  the  members  would  be  individually  selected  with  reference 
to  their  local  repute  and  standing;  their  character  and  human  experi- 
ence;  ardor  to  help  win  the  war;   willingness  to  serve  without  com- 
pensation or  exploitation;  appreciation  of  the  possibilities  of  the  plan; 
intelligent  conception  of  the  kind  of  soldiers  the  Nation  needed; 
ability  to  analyze  young  men's  difficulties,  and  to  inspire  in  them  a 
patriotic  desire  to  serve. 

Wherever  one  or  more  existing  agencies  had  already  undertaken 
some  part  of  this  work,  sanction  was  to  be  given  by  the  local  board, 
if  it -approved  the  kind  of  work  and  the  personnel  in  charge.  The 
work  already  organized  and  under  way  in  many  communities  would 
receive  as  ample  recognition  as  possible.  But  it  would  rest  with  the 
local  board  to  organize  the  personnel  of  the  board  of  instruction  in 
such  manner  as  to  insure  conformity  to  the  purposes  and  methods 
outlined,  and  to  emphasize  rigorously  the  main  object  of  preparing 
the  men  to  be  better  soldiers  when  the  time  came  for  their  call  to 
the  colors. 

3.  Methods. — The  following  methods  were  suggested  in  outline: 
(a)  At  the  time  of  the  medical  examination  the  registrants  would 

be  assembled  in  small  groups,  for  a  personal  interview,  and  particular 
information  be  given  by  individual  members  of  the  boards  of  instruc- 
tion, perplexities  cleared,  and  encouraging  suggestions  made  as  to 
the  personal  value  of  military  training,  the  chances  for  promotion, 
etc.;  and  the  aid  and  friendly  support  of  the  Red  Cross,  the  Army 
K.  of  C.,  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  the  Hebrew  Welfare  Board,  the  Commis- 
sion on  Training  Camp  Activities,  would  be  mentioned.  This 
personal  interview  would  establish  a  relation  of  immense  initial 
importance  between  the  board  member  and  the  drafted  men;  he 
would  be  a  friend,  the  one  encouraging  personality  in  a  system 
which  to  many  of  them  represents  only  compulsion.  The  power  of 
this  man  to  influence  their  estimates  of  the  service  and  their  patriotic 
ideals  could  not  be  overestimated. 

(6)  During  the  pre-induction  period  the  selected  men  would  be 
called  together  once  or  twice  at  which  time  they  would  be  met  in  groups 
for  instruction  as  follows:  (1)  The  provision  which  the  Government 
had  made  for  the  protection  and  welfare  of  disabled  soldiers  and,  in 


BOARDS    OF   INSTRUCTION".  301 

event  of  death,  of  their  families  or  dependents,  through  its  War  Risk 
Insurance  Bureau;  this  information  would  assist  in  neutralizing  the 
family  opposition  due  to  ignorance  of  such  safeguard.  (2)  The  Gov- 
ernment provision  for  allowances  and  allotments  to  soldiers'  depend- 
ents; this  information  would  relieve  apprehension  in  the  soldier's 
home  and  inspire  respect  for  all  the  Government's  demands.  (3) 
Discussion  of  these  topics:  Why  America  Entered  the  War;  Why 
America  Must  Win  the  War;  The  Necessary  Character  of  the  American 
Soldier;  Sexual  Restraint  and  the  Avoidance  of  Liquor  as  a  Patriotic 
Obligation;  Camp  Life.  Free  discussion  of  these  subjects  would 
develop  the  principles  of  American  democracy,  personal  character, 
conduct,  personal  habits,  patriotic  abstemiousness,  and  soldierly 
ideals  and  obligations. 

(c)  Preliminary  military  drill  would  be  encouraged  where  feasible, 
to  familiarize  the  men  with  first  principles.     Wherever  local  militia 
reserve  organizations  already  existed,  the  selectives  would  be  advised 
to  join  them  for  training  during  the  period  of  waiting. 

(d)  Each  phase  of  this  instruction  was  to  supplement  and  not  to 
duplicate  any  similar  effort  which  already  was  or  might  be  author- 
ized by  the  Government. 

The  labor  required  from  the  selective  service  boards  themselves, 
after  appointing  the  boards  of  instruction,  was  to  be  confined  to  the 
issuance  of  two  or  three  board  orders,  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
interviews  with  the  men. 

4.  Publications. — The  boards  of  instruction  naturally  needed  and 
sought  more  ample  information  than  was  possessed  by  many  of 
them,  for  the  purpose  of  answering  inquiries  of  the  selectives  and 
of  instructing  them  on  the  various  necessary  subjects.  It  had 
been  recommended  to  the  boards  that  every  member  should  pay 
a  visit  to  the  nearest  Army  camp  and  to  spend  a  day  or  so  there 
observing  the  methods  and  incidents  of  camp  life;  for  this  experi- 
ence would  give  them  a  greater  assurance  of  statement,  and  would 
add  much  to  the  confidence  that  would  be  placed  in  them  by  the 
men.  But  so  widespread  were  the  inquiries  for  additional  infor- 
mation on  special  subjects  that  a  number  of  bulletins  were  pre- 
pared, with  the  assistance  of  other  agencies;  and  during  August, 
September,  and  October  these  bulletins  were  distributed  to  the 
boards. 

"They  were  as  follows: 

Bulletin  No.  3,  August  22 — "Home  Reading  Course  for  Citizen  Soldiers,"  a  pamphlet 

prepared  by  the  War  Department  and  published  by  the  Committee  on  Public 

•  Information  in  October,  1917,  as  War  Information  Series  No.  9;  this  pamphlet 

is  undoubtedly  the  most  valuable  concise  account  of  the  facts  about  the  Army 

as  the  civilian  and  intending  soldier  needs  to  know  them. 


302  CHAPTER   X.    ORGANIZATION    AND   PERSONNEL. 

Bulletin  No.  4 — "War  Aims;  How  to  Conduct  a  Course  of  Talks  on  that  Subject  for 
Young  American  Soldiers,"  prepared  by  Frank  Aydelotte,  Assistant  Educational 
Director,  War  Department,  Committee  on  Education  and  Special  Training. 

Bulletin  No.  5 — "How  the  Selectives  Are  Treated  by  Uncle  Sam  in  Camp,"  pre- 
pared by  Julius  R.  Kline,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  Illinois  National  Guard. 

Bulletin  No.  6 — "Teaching  English  to  nonspeaking  Selectives,"  a  vocabulary  and 
phrase  book  employing  words  and  phrases  used  in  Army  life,  prepared  by  Capt. 
Emery  Bryan,  Cantonment  Intelligence  Officer  at  Camp  Upton,  New  York,  and 
approved  by  the  Military  Morale  Section  of  the  General  Staff,  and  used  also  by 
the  Bureau  of  Education,  Department  for  the  Interior. 

Bulletin  No.  7 — two  pamphlets,  one  entitled  "Before  you  Go,"  prepared  by  the 
Home  Service  Section  of  the  American  Red  Cross,  and  the  other  entitled  "Com- 
missions on  Training  Camp  Activities,  War  and  Navy  Departments"  prepared 
by  those  commissions. 

Bulletin  No.  8 — entitled  "Hygiene,"  which  announced  a  plan  of  the  U.  S.  Public 
Health  Service  for  lectures  at  the  various  local  boards,  and  was  accompanied 
by  a  pamphlet  prepared  by  the  Public  Health  Service,  entitled  "Come  Clean." 

These  bulletins  could  be  distributed  only  in  limited  numbers, 
and  the  demand  far  outran  the  supply. 

5.  Work  of  the  "boards. — The  proposal  to  appoint  boards  of  instruc- 
tion received  a  hearty  response  in  a  large  majority  of  the  States  and 
local  boards.  Representatives  of  the  Cleveland  Committee  traveled 
throughout  the  country,  gratuitously  contributing  their  patriotic 
service,  and  attended  meetings  called  for  the  purpose,  either  by 
the  State  adjutant  general  or  by  board  members  in  various  local- 
ities, or  by  the  selective  service  associations  m  in  some  of  the  larger 
cities.  The  boards  appointed  numbered  2,952,  representing  a 
personnel  of  more  than  16,000  men  (as  shown  by  States  in  Appendix 
Table  91-A).  The  most  representative  citizens  of  the  community 
were  found  on  the  boards.  And  not  the  least  of  the  benefits  secured 
was  the  welcome  opportunity  thus  afforded  to  many  older  men  to 
take  a  direct  part  in  helping  to  make  a  better  Army.  The  grati- 
tude of  these  men  for  this  privilege  of  rendering  effective  service 
has  been  notable;  and  their  appreciation  of  its  value  to  the  young 
men  is  testified  by  the  frequent  suggestion,  received  since  the 
armistice,  that  a  similar  work  could  be  conducted  voluntarily  for 
civic  purposes. 

The  activities  of  the  boards  were  in  general  those  recommended 
by  the  original  letter  of  July  4,  1918;  although  the  boards  differed 
widely  in  the  attention  given  to  one  or  another  of  these  forms  of 
service.  In  some  States  or  boards  the  greatest  interest  was  dis- 
played in  the  instruction  in  patriotism,  or  in  Army  methods,  or  in 
camp  life.  In  others,  different  topics  received  emphasis.  In 
still  others,  military  drill  was  the  subject  of  most  interest;  but  in 
virtually  all  such  cases  the  activities  of  the  boards  consisted  chiefly 
in  encouraging  the  selectives  to  join  one  of  the  State  organizations 
of  reserve  militia  or  home  guards,  or  one  of  the  drill  companies 


CIVIC    COOPERATING   AGENCIES.  303 

already  initiated  by  private  effort.  A  remarkable  disclosure,  in 
the  correspondence  on  this  subject,  was  the  great  number  of  cities, 
all  over  the  country,  in  which  military  drill  companies  of  one  sort 
or  another  had  already  sprung  up  spontaneously.  Many  thousands 
of  young  men  were  already  voluntarily  studying  and  practicing  the 
manual  of  arms  in  preparation  for  their  future  military  service. 
The  value  of  this  work  in  fitting  them  to  become  good  soldiers  more 
rapidly  is  shown  by  the  numerous  reports  from  the  boards  of  instruc- 
tion, relating  with  satisfaction  that  a  large  number  of  their  men 
who  had  taken  this  training  were  made  noncommissioned  officers 
within  a  short  time  after  arrival  at  camp. 

Had  the  war  continued,  and  had  the  new  registrants  of  ages  18-45 
been  called  into  the  military  service,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the 
work  of  the  boards  of  instruction  would  have  been  a  most  effective 
means  of  improving  the  pre-induction  morale  of  the  selectives,  and 
thus  of  making  more  effective  the  organized  Army. 

(X)  CIVIC  COOPERATING  AGENCIES. 

Over  and  above  the  personnel  recorded  in  the  roster  of  boards 
having  a  direct  official  duty  under  the  selective  service  act  and 
regulations,  this  office  received  a  great  amount  of  organized  assist- 
ance from  civic  associations,  as  well  as  from  Government  depart- 
ments, at  various  times  and  for  special  purposes.  These  agencies 
lent  their  personnel,  on  request,  for  the  work  desired,  or  undertook 
special  work  of  their  own  to  assist  some  purpose  of  this  office. 

Some  of  these  agencies  have  been  already  expressly  alluded  to,  with 
a  description  of  their  work  and  acknowledgment  of  their  coopera- 
tion, in  earlier  parts  of  this  report.  The  work  of  the  Government 
Printing  Office,  in  printing  and  distributing  the  forms  and  announce- 
ments, has  been  already  described  in  the  present  chapter.  The 
work  of  the  American  Railway  Association,  in  assisting  the  mobiliza- 
tion of  selectives  to  camps,  was  described  in  Chapter  VIII.  What 
was  there  said  in  acknowledgment  of  the  achievement  of  the  United 
States  Railway  Administration  applies  equally  to  the  American 
Railway  Association,  which  had  charge  of  rail  movements  prior  to 
the  taking  over  of  the  railways  by  the  Government.  The  Committee 
on  Public  Information,  as  already  set  forth  in  Chapter  II,  made 
possible  the  attainment  of  a  complete  registration  on  September  12, 
1918.  The  agencies  of  the  Department  of  Justice,  in  tracing  and 
finding  deserters,  have  been  acknowledged  in  Chapter  V.  The  Post 
Office  Department  extended  invaluable  assistance  in  securing  the 
delivery  of  the  vast  number  of  mail  notices  addressed  to  registrants, 
as  already  noted  in  Chapters  II  arid  III.  The  Bureau  of  the  Census, 
in  the  Department  of  Commerce,  generously  lent  a  large  force  of 
experts  in  the  compilation  of  the  Industrial  Index ;  and  from  time  to 


304  CHAPTER   X.    ORGANIZATION   AND   PERSONNEL. 

time  furnished  this  office  with  computations  on  technical  topics  of 
many  sorts.  The  Council  of  National  Defense,  as  already  mentioned 
in  Chapter  II,  devoted  its  extensive  machinery  to  the  stimulation 
of  the  registration  of  September  12,  1918;  and  from  time  to  time 
used  its  State  and  local  committees  to  secure  popular  response  to 
many  administrative  measures  promulgated  from  this  office. 

Of  the  many  civic  bodies  which  gladly  came  forward  to  assist  in 
securing  the  smooth  operation  of  the  selective  service  system,  it 
is  impracticable  to  mention  more  than  a  few  of  the  principal  ones. 
The  American  Red  Cross,  for  example,  in  order  to  make  comfortable 
the  transit  of  the  selectives  to  camp,  furnished  canteen  service  at  the 
various  railroad  stations  and  distributed  to  local  boards  a  list  of 
these  stations,  for  the  information  of  the  selectives  en  route;  this 
ministered  to  the  young  men  in  the  period  between  their  departure 
from  home  and  their  arrival  in  camp — a  period  when  they  were  most 
in  need  of  encouragement  and  friendly  attention.  The  American 
Protective  League  placed  its  entire  membership  at  the  disposal  of 
the  Department  of  Justice  and  of  local  boards,  in  order  to  locate  de- 
linquents and  to  furnish  other  useful  information;  and  they  formed 
an  investigative  body  of  extreme  value.  The  representatives  of  the 
press  gave  freely  of  their  time  and  their  printed  space,  in  order  to 
bring  home  to  every  registrant  and  every  family  the  duties  required 
under  the  selective  service  act,  and  the  stages  of  business  reached  by 
local  boards  from  time  to  time;  nearly  every  local  paper  in  -the 
United  States  has  carried  a  daily  column  of  selective  service  informa- 
tion; and  the  extraordinary  contribution  of  the  press  in  the  publicity 
measures  for  the  registration  of  September  12,  1918,  has  already 
been  described  in  Chapter  II. 

The  hearty  and  invaluable  cooperation  of  the  legal  profession, 
especially  represented  by  the  American  Bar  Association  and  affiliated 
bodies,  and  the  medical  profession,  especially  represented  by  the 
American  Medical  Association  and  affiliated  bodies,  has  been  duly  de- 
scribed in  the  present  chapter.  The  work  of  the  dental  profession, 
especially  represented  by  the  National  Dental  Association,  can  not 
be  passed  over  without  a  particular  expression  of  admiration.  The 
Preparedness  League  of  American  Dentists,  organized  February  27, 
1916,  was  reorganized  and  expanded,  for  the  purposes  Of  the  war,  on 
December  6,  1917.  The  purpose  of  the  league  was  to  furnish  dental 
assistance  to  all  persons  in  the  military  and  naval  service,  and  par- 
ticularly to  the  selectives;  it  pledged  each  member  of  the  league  to 
give  one  hour  of  free  service.  Its  report  for  October  31,  1918,  shows 
that  it  had  enrolled  17,160  members;  that  it  had  examined  170,933 
selectives  and  others  in  the  military  and  naval  service;  and  that  it 
had  performed  a  total  of  613,285  operations. 


CIVIC    COOPEEAT1NG   AGENCIES.  305 

Under  the  guidance  of  the  Bureau  of  Education,  Department  of  the 
Interior,  virtually  the  entire  body  of  school-teachers  in  the  United 
States,  including  college  professors,  volunteered  in  the  early  months 
of  1918  to  assist  in  transcribing  9,000,000  occupational  cards  for  the 
Industrial  Index;  and  the  chronicles  of  the  labors  and  sacrifices  made 
for  that  urgent  occasion  would  alone  fill  many  chapters 


It  is  true  that  the  raising  of  the  Army  by  the  selective  draft  was  a 
measure  which  touched  every  home,  every  shop,  every  factory,  and 
every  farm  in  the  country;  and,  therefore,  there  was  a  natural  and 
universal  popular  interest  in  the  processes  of  the  draft.  Nevertheless, 
this  popular  interest  might  have  been  that  of  mere  curiosity,  or  it  might 
have  been  one  of  sullen  distrust  or  resistant  hostility.  In  fact,  it  was 
one  of  active  sympathy  and  desire  to  help.  The  obvious  fairness  of 
the  system  ;  its  direct  relation  to  the  raising  of  the  Army,  and  there- 
fore to  the  winning  of  the  war;  and  the  opportunity  for  service  which 
it  presented  to  those  who  were  not  qualified  to  give  direct  help  to  the 
fighting  forces  in  other  ways  —  these  features  enabled  the  system  to 
rely  upon  the  voluntary  assistance  of  thousands  upon  thousands  of 
men  and  women  who  gladly  "did  their  bit"  to  help  raise  the  Army. 

As  one  surveys  the  ever  widening  circles  of  citizens  who  thus  con- 
tributed in  the  work  of  the  system,  the  boundaries  become  more 
indefinite  between  the  various  groups  of  persons  who  gave  their  help 
for  a  longer  or  shorter  time,  until  finally  the  numbers  become  count- 
less. The  closing  impression  left  upon  the  mind  is  one  of  pro- 
found gratitude  and  satisfaction  —  gratitude  for  the  destiny  which 
has  given  us  an  entire  people  united  in  hearty  support  of  the  war,  and 
satisfaction  in  the  revelation  that  a  peaceful  Nation,  ambitious  only 
for  its  own  prosperity  and  happiness,  can  none  the  less  be  relied  upon 
in  time  of  national  danger  to  devote  itself  to  the  task  of  raising  a 
defensive  Army. 

97250°—  19  -  20  < 


woiost  Marshal  General 


APPENDIXES. 


307 


APPENDIX  A. 

THE  PRESIDENT'S  PROCLAMATION  OF  AUGUST  31,  1918. 

BY  THE  PRESIDENT  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES  OP  AMERICA. 
A  PROCLAMATION. 

Whereas  Congress  has  enacted  and  the  President  has,  on  the  thirty-first  day  of 
August,  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  eighteen,  approved  an  act  amending  the 
act  approved  May  eighteen,  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  seventeen. 
And  whereas  said  act,  as  amended,  contains  the  following  provisions: 
"SEC.  5.  That  all  male  persons  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  forty-five,  both 
inclusive,  shall  be  subject  to  registration  in  accordance  with  regulations  to  be  pre- 
scribed by  the  President,  and  upon  proclamation  by  the  President  or  other  public 
notice  given  by  him  or  by  his  direction  stating  the  time  or  times  and  place  or  places 
of  any  such  registration,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  persons  of  the  designated  ages, 
except  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army;  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the 
National  Guard  while  in  the  service  of  the  United  States;  officers  of  the  Officers' 
Reserve  Corps  and  enlisted  men  in  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps  while  in  the  service 
of  the  United  States;  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Navy  and  Marine  Corps;  officers 
and  enlisted  and  enrolled  men  of  the  Naval  Reserve  Force  and  Marine  Corps  Reserve 
while  in  the  service  of  the  United  States;  officers  commissioned  in  the  Army  of  the 
United  States  under  the  provisions  of  this  act;  persons  who,  prior  to  any  day  set  for 
registration  by  the  President  hereunder,  have  registered  under  the  terms  of  this  act 
or  under  the  terms  of  the  resolution  entitled  "Joint  resolution  providing  for  the  regis- 
tration for  military  service  of  all  male  persons  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  all 
male  persons  residing  in  the  United  States  who  have,  since  the  fifth  day  of  June, 
nineteen  hundred  and  seventeen,  and  on  or  before  the  day  set  for  the  registration  by 
proclamation  by  the  President,  attained  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  in  accordance 
with  such  rules  and  regulations  as  the  President  may  prescribe  under  the  terms  of  the 
act  approved  May  eighteenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  seventeen,  entitled  'An  act 
to  authorize  the  President  to  increase  temporarily  the  Military  Establishment  of  the 
United  States,'  "  approved  May  twentieth,  nineteen  hundred  and  eighteen,  whether 
called  for  service  or  not;  and  diplomatic  representatives,  technical  attache's  of  foreign 
embassies  and  legations,  consuls  general,  consuls,  vice  consuls,  and  consular  agents  of 
foreign  countries,  residing  in  the  United  States,  who  are  not  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  to  present  themselves  for  and  submit  to  registration  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act;  and  every  such  person  shall  be  deemed  to  have  notice  of  the  requirements 
of  this  act  upon  the  publication  of  any  such  proclamation  or  any  such  other  public 
notice  as  aforesaid  given  by  the  President  or  by  his  direction;  and  any  person  who  shall 
willfully  fail  or  refuse  to  present  himself  for  registration  or  to  submit  thereto  as  herein 
provided  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  shall,  upon  conviction  in  a  district 
court  of  the  United  States  having  jurisdiction  thereof,  be  punished  by  imprisonment 
for  not  more  than  one  year  and  shall  thereupon  be  duly  registered:  Provided,  That  in 
the  call  of  the  docket  precedence  shall  be  given,  in  courts  trying  the  same,  to  the  trial 
of  criminal  proceedings  under  this  act:  Provided  further,  That  persons  shall  be  subject 
to  registration  as  herein  provided  who  shall  have  attained  their  eighteenth  birthday 
and  who  shall  not  have  attained  their  forty-sixth  birthday  on  or  before  the  day  set 
for  the  registration  in  any  such  proclamation  by  the  President  or  any  such  other  public 
notice  given  by  him  or  by  his  direction,  and  all  persons  so  registered  shall  be  and 
remain  subject  to  draft  into  the  forces  hereby  authorized  unless  exempted  or  excused 
therefrom  as  in  this  act  provided :  Provided  further,  That  the  President  may  at  such 
intervals  as  he  may  desire  from  time  to  time  require  all  male  persons  who  have  attained 
the  age  of  eighteen  years  since  the  last  preceding  date  of  registration  and  on  or  before 
the  next  date  set  for  registration  by  proclamation  by  the  President,  except  such  persons 
as  are  exempt  from  registration  hereunder,  to  register  in  the  same  manner  and  subject 
to  the  same  requirements  and  liabilities  as  those  previously  registered  under  the  terms 
hereof:  And  provided  further,  That  in  the  case  of  temporary  absence  from  actual  place  of 
legal  residence  of  any  person  liable  to  registration  as  provided  herein,  such  registration 
may  be  made  by  mail  under  regulations  to  be  prescribed  by  the  President.  *  *  ' 
SEC.  6.  That  the  President  is  hereby  authorized  to  utilize  the  service  of  any  or  all 
departments  and  any  or  all  officers  or  agents  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several 
States,  Territories,  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  subdivisions  thereof,  in  the 
execution  of  this  act,  and  all  officers  and  agents  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several 
States,  Territories,  and  subdivisions  thereof,  and  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  all 
persons  designated  or  appointed  under  regulations  prescribed  by  the  President, 

309 


310  APPENDIXES. 

whether  such  appointments  are  made  by  the  President  himself  or  by  the  governor  or 
other  officer  of  any  State  or  Territory,  to  perform  any  duty  in  the  execution  of  this 
act  are  hereby  required  to  perform  such  duty  as  the  President  shall  order  or  direct, 
and  all  such  officers  and  agents  and  persons  so  designated  or  appointed  shall  hereby 
have  full  authority  for  all  acts  done  by  them  in  the  execution  of  this  act  by  the  direc- 
tion of  the  President.  Correspondence  in  the  execution  of  this  act  may  be  carried  in 
penalty  envelopes  bearing  the  frank  of  the  War  Department.  Any  person  charged  as 
herein  provided  with  the  duty  of  carrying  into  effect  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act 
or  the  regulations  made  or  directions  given  thereunder  who  shall  fail  or  neglect  to 
perform  such  duty,  and  any  person  charged  with  such  duty  or  having  and  exercising 
any  authority  under  said  act,  regulations,  or  directions  who  shall  knowingly  make  or 
be  a  party  to  the  making  of  any  false  or  incorrect  registration,  physical  examination, 
exemption,  enlistment,  enrollment,  or  muster;  and  any  person  who  shall  make  or  be  a 
party  to  the  making  of  any  false  statement  or  certificate  as  to  the  fitness  or  liability  of 
himself  or  any  other  person  for  service  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  or  regulations 
made  by  the  President  thereunder,  or  otherwise  evades  or  aids  another  to  evade  the 
requirements  of  this  act  or  of  said  regulations,  or  who,  in  any  manner,  shall  fail  or 
neglect  fully  to  perform  any  duty  required  of  him  in  the  execution  of  this  act,  shall, 
if  not  subject  to  military  law,  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  in  the 
district  court  of  the  United  States  having  jurisdiction  thereof,  be  punished  by  im- 
prisonment for  not  more  than  one  year,  or,  if  subject  to  military  law,  shall  be  tried  by 
court-martial  and  suffer  such  punishment  as  a  court-martial  may  direct." 

Now,  therefore,  I,  Woodrow  Wilson,  President  of  the  United  States,  do  call  upon 
the  Governor  of  each  of  the  several  States  and  Territories,  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  all  members  of  Local  Boards  and  agents  thereof 
appointed  under  the  provisions  of  said  act  of  Congress  approved  May  eighteenth, 
one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  seventeen,  and  all  officers  and  agents  of  the  several 
States  and  Territories,  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  of  the  counties  and  munici- 
palities therein,  to  perform  certain  duties  in  the  execution  of  the  foregoing  law,  which 
duties  will  be  communicated  to  them  directly  in  regulations  of  even  date  herewith. 

And  I  do  further  proclaim  and  give  notice  to  every  person  subject  to  registration 
in  the  several  States  and  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  in  accordance  with  the  above 
law,  that  the  time  and  place  of  such  registration  shall  be  between  seven  a.  m.  and 
nine  p.  m.  on  Thursday,  the  twelfth  day  of  September,  one  thousand  nine  hundred 
and  eighteen,  at  a  registration  place  in  the  precinct  wherein  he  then  has  his  perma- 
nent home  or  at  such  other  place  as  shall  be  designated  by  public  notice  by  the  Local 
Board  having  jurisdiction  of  the  area  wherein  he  then  has  his  permanent  home.  All 
male  persons  in  the  United  States  who  shall  have  attained  their  eighteenth  birth- 
day and  who  shall  not  have  attained  their  forty-sixth  birthday  on  or  before  Thurs- 
day, the  twelfth  day  of  September,  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  eighteen,  the 
day  herein  named  for  registration,  are  required  to  register:  Provided,  however,  That 
the  following  persons  are  hereby  exempted  from  registration,  to  wit:  Persons  who, 
prior  to  the  day  herein  set  for  registration,  have  registered  under  the  terms  of  the 
Act  approved  May  18,  1917,  or  under  the  terms  of  the  Public  Resolution  of  Congress 
approved  May  20,  1918,  whether  called  for  service  or  not;  officers  and  enlisted  men 
of  the  Regular  Army;  officers  commissioned  in  the  Army  of  the  United  States,  and 
men  of  the  forces  drafted,  under  the  provisions  of  the  Act  approved  May  18,  1917; 
officers  and  enlisted  man  of  the  National  Guard  while  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States;  officers  of  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps  and  enlisted  men  in  the  Enlisted  Reserve 
Corps  while  in  the  service  of  the  United  States;  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Navy 
and  Marine  Corps;  officers  and  enlisted  and  enrolled  men  of  the  Naval  Reserve  Force 
and  Marine  Corps  Reserve  while  in  the  service  of  the  United  States;  and  diplomatic 
representatives,  technical  attaches  of  foreign  embassies  and  legations,  consuls  gen- 
eral, consuls,  vice  consuls,  and  consular  agents  of  foreign  countries,  residing  in  the 
United  States,  who  are  not  citizens  of  the  United  States. 

A  day  or  days  for  registration  in  the  Territories  of  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and  Porto  Rico 
will  be  named  in  later  proclamations. 

As  required  by  the  regulations,  every  Local  Board  having  jurisdiction  in  a  city 
of  30,000  population  or  over  will  promptly  cause  the  mayor  thereof  to  be  notified 
of  the  place  or  places  designated  for  registration;  every  Local  Board  having  juris- 
diction in  a  county,  parish,  or  similar  unit  will  promptly  cause  the  clerk  thereof  to 
be  notified  of  the  place  or  places  designated  for  registration,  and  every  Local  Board 
having  jurisdiction  in  a  State  or  Territory  the  area  of  which  is  divided  into  divisions 
for  the  administration  of  the  Act  approved  May  18,  1917,  will  promptly  cause  the 
clerks  of  the  townships  within  its  division  to  be  notified  of  the  place  or  places  desig- 
nated for  registration. 

And  I  do  call  upon  every  mayor,  county  clerk,  or  township  clerk  receiving  such 
notification  to  have  a  list  of  said  places  of  registration  posted,  and  do  charge  him 
with  the  duty  of  having  all  persons  making  inquiry  informed  of  the  place  or  places 
at  which  they  may  register. 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  PROCLAMATION  OP  AUGUST  31,  1918.      311 

Any  person  who,  on  account  of  sickness,  will  be  unable  to  present  himself  for  reg- 
istration may  apply  on  or  before  the  day  of  registration  at  the  office  of  any  Local 
Board  for  instructions  as  to  how  he  may  register  by  agent. 

Any  person  who  expects  to  be  absent  on  the  day  designated  for  registration  from 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  board  in  which  he  then  permanently  resides  may  register  by 
mail,  but  his  registration  card  must  reach  the  Local  Board  having  jurisdiction  of  the 
area  wherein  he  then  permanently  resides  by  the  day  herein  named  for  registration. 
Any  such  person  should  apply  aa  soon  as  practicable  at  the  office  of  a  Local  Board 
for  instructions  as  to  how  he  may  register  by  mail. 

Any  person  who  has  no  permanent  residence  must  register  at  the  place  designated 
for  registration  by  the  Local  Board  having  jurisdiction  of  the  area  wherein  he  may 
be  on  the  day  herein  named  for  registration. 

Any  person  who,  on  account  of  absence  at  sea,  or  on  account  of  absence  without 
the  territorial  limits  of  the  United  States,  may  be  unable  to  comply  with  the  regu- 
lations pertaining  to  absentees,  shall,  within  five  days  after  reaching  the  United 
States,  register  with  his  proper  Local  Board  or  as  provided  in  the  regulations  for  other 
absentees. 

Fifteen  months  ago  the  men  of  the  country  from  twenty-one  to  thirty  years  of  age 
were  registered .  Three  months  ago,  and  again  this  month,  those  who  had  just  reached 
the  age  of  twenty-one  were  added.  It  now  remains  to  include  all  men  between  the 
ages  of  eighteen  and  forty-five. 

This  is  not  a  new  policy.  A  century  and  a  quarter  ago  it  was  deliberately  ordained 
by  those  who  were  then  responsible  for  the  safety  and  defense  of  the  Nation  that 
the  duty  of  military  service  should  rest  upon  all  able-bodied  men  between  the  ages  of 
eighteen  and  forty-five.  We  now  accept  and  fulfill  the  obligation  which  they  estab- 
lished, an  obligation  expressed  in  our  national  statutes  from  that  time  until  now.  We 
solemnly  purpose  a  decisive  victory  of  arms  and  deliberately  to  devote  the  larger 
part  of  the  military  manpower  of  the  Nation  to  the  accomplishment  of  that  purpose. 

The  younger  men  have  from  the  first  been  ready  to  go.  They  have  furnished  vol- 
untary enlistments  out  of  all  proportion  to  their  numbers.  Our  military  authorities 
regard  them  as  having  the  highest  combatant  qualities.  Their  youthful  enthusiasm, 
their  virile  eagerness,  their  gallant  spirit  of  daring  make  them  the  admiration  of  all 
who  see  them  in  action.  They  covet  not  only  the  distinction  of  serving  in  this  great 
war  but  also  the  inspiring  memories  which  hundreds  of  thousands  of  them  will  cherish 
through  the  years  to  come  of  a  great  day  and  a  great  service  for  their  country  and  for 
mankind. 

By  the  men  of  the  older  group  now  called  upon,  the  opportunity  now  opened  to 
them  will  be  accepted  with  the  calm  resolution  of  those  who  realize  to  the  full  the  deep 
and  solemn  significance  of  what  they  do.  Having  made  a  place  for  themselves  in 
their  respective  communities,  having  assumed  at  home  the  grayer  responsibilities  of 
life  in  many  spheres,  looking  back  upon  honorable  records  in  civil  and  industrial  life, 
they  will  realize  as  perhaps  no  others  could,  how  entirely  their  own  fortunes  and  the 
fortunes  of  all  whom  they  love  are  put  at  stake  in  this  war  for  right,  and  will  know  that 
the  very  records  they  have  made  render  this  new  duty  the  commanding  duty  of  their 
lives.  They  know  how  surely  this  is  the  Nation's  war,  how  imperatively  it  demands 
the  mobilization  and  massing  of  all  our  resources  of  every  kind.  They  will  regard  this 
call  as  the  supreme  call  of  their  day  and  will  answer  it  accordingly. 

Only  a  portion  of  those  who  register  will  be  called  upon  to  bear  arms.  Those  who 
are  not  physically  fit  will  be  excused ;  those  exempted  by  alien  allegiance ;  those  who 
should  not  be  relieved  of  their  present  responsibilities;  above  all,  those  who  can  not 
be  spared  from  the  civil  and  industrial  tasks  at  home  upon  which  the  success  of  our 
armies  depends  as  much  as  upon  the  fighting  at  the  front.  But  all  must  be  registered 
in  order  that  the  selection  for  military  service  may  be  made  intelligently  and  with 
full  information.  This  will  be  our  final  demonstration  of  loyalty,  democracy,  and  the 
will  to  win,  our  solemn  notice  to  all  the  world  that  we  stand  absolutely  together  in  a 
common  resolution  and  purpose.  It  is  the  call  to  duty  to  which  every  true  man  in  the 
country  will  respond  with  pride  and  with  the  consciousness  that  in  doing  so  he  plays 
his  part  in  vindication  of  a  great  cause  at  whose  summons  every  true  heart  offers  its 
supreme  service. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused  the  seal  of  the  United 
States  to  be  affixed. 

Done  in  the  District  of  Columbia  this  thirty-first  day  of  August  in  the  year  of  our 
Lord  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  eighteen  and  of  the  independence  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  the  one  hundred  and  forty-third. 

WOODROW  WILSON. 
By  the  President: 

ROBERT  LANSING, 

Secretary  of  State. 


APPENDIX  B. 

ESTIMATES  OF  MAN-POWER;  AGES  18-20,  32-45. 

WAR  DEPARTMENT, 
OFFICE  OF  THE  PROVOST  MARSHAL  GENERAL, 

Washington,  July  27,  1918. 
From:  The  Provost  Marshal  General. 

To:  The  Chief  of  Staff,  War  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Subject:  Changes  of  draft  age. 

1.  Pursuant  to  your  memorandum  of  July  24,  transmitting  a  copy  (secret)  of  the 
approved  military  program  for  1918^19,  and  calling  for  the  draft  of  a  proposed  bill 
lowering  the  draft  age  to  19  and  raising  it  to  40,  I  transmit  herewith  estimates  of  the 
effectives  obtainable  by  'one  enlargement  of  the  draft  ages,  in  the  shape  of  three  studie? 
covering  age  groups  32-40  combined  with  19-20,  32-45  combined  with  19-20,  and 
32-45  combined  with  18-20,  and  showing  the  estimated  effectives  for  each  combination. 

2.  These  figures  were  made  by  a  careful  calculation  in  this  office,  checking  the 
calculations  at  various  points  with  experience  in  the  several  items  represented;  the 
basic  figures,  viz,  the  total  males  of  the  respective  age  groups,  were  ascertained  by 
comparison  of  reliable  insurance  actuarial  figures  with  census  tables  projected  to  date. 

This  explanation  is  made  because  the  totals  shown  are  considerably  below  what 
might  have  been  supposed  to  be  the  ample  size  of  the  reservoir  in  the  higher  ages. 
The  combination  ages  32-40  and  19-20  (see  Study  No.  1)  designated  in  your  memo- 
randum would  yield  only  a  little  over  a  million  and  a  half  men  (or  half  a  million  less 
than  the  total  amount  called  for  by  the  program  for  the  nine  months  October,  1918- 
June,  1919).  By  including  age  45  at  the  top,  the  second  combination  (see  Study  No.  2) 
would  yield  only  a  million  and  three-quarters  effectives.  By  taking  the  extreme  step 
and  adding  age  18  at  the  bottom  and  including  age  45  at  the  top  (see  Study  No.  3) 
something  over  two  million  and  one-quarter  effectives  would  be  obtained. 

3.  This  seems  to  indicate  that  the  bill  as  drafted  should  at  least  provide  authority 
to  call  into  service  the  extreme  age  of  45  at  the  top  and  18  at  the  bottom;  and  it  is 
accordingly  recommended  that  the  draft  of  a  bill  be  prepared  with  those  ages  as  the 
limits. 

4.  Furthermore,  the  authority  to  draw  upon  this  new  reservoir  must  be  obtained 
immediately.    The  estimated  number  of  class  I  men  under  the  present  ages  (and 
including  the  class  of  1918,  age  21,  that  has  been  registered  under  the  President's 
proclamation)  will  be  only  about  100,000  men  (and  may  fall  below  that  figure)  on 
September  1,  1918,  after  filling  the  calls  indicated  for  July  and  August,  and  making 
deductions  for  the  unexpected  heavy  losses  due  to  a  rush  in  June  and  July  to  the 
Navy,  Marine  Corps,  and  Emergency  Fleet. 

******* 

E.  H.  CROWDER, 

Provost  Marshal  General. 

Estimate  of  effectives  obtainable  by  enlargements  of  draft  ages — Summary  of  Studies  1,  2, 

and  3. 

ESTIMATED    NUMBERS       F    EFFECTIVES    FOR    EACH    AGE    GROUP. 

I.  Ages  32-40 448,  086     III.  Ages  19-20 1, 121,  634 

II.  Ages  32-45 601, 236      IV.  Ages  18-20 1,  797,  609 

NUMBERS   FOR   COMBINATIONS    OF   AGE    GROUPS. 

Study  No.  1: 

By  combining  ages  32-40  and  19-20 — 

Ages  32-40 448,  086 

Ages  19-20 1, 121,  634 

Total 1,  569,  720 

312 


ESTIMATES    OP    MAX    POWER.  313 

Study  No.  2: 

By  combining  ages  32^15  and  19-20 — 

Ages  32^5 601,236 

Ages  19-20 1, 121,  634 

Total 1,  722,  870 

Study  No.  3: 

By  combining  ages  32-45  and  18-20 — 

Ages  32-45 601,236 

Ages  18-20 1,  797,  609 

Total 2,  398,  845 

STUDY  NO.  1. 

Ages  32^0  (inclusive) 448, 086 

Ages  19-20  (inclusive) 1, 121,  634 

Combined  ages 1,  569,  720 


Ages  32-40. 

1.  Totalmales 6,960,532 

2.  Less  married  (deferred) 5, 311, 952 

3.  Less  deferred  solely  for  industry  and  agri- 

culture       278,421 

4.  Less  other  deferments 139,210 

5.  Less  delinquents 208, 815 

g  030  300 

6.  Remainder  (gross  class  I) 1, 022, 134 

7.  Less  enlistments 150, 000 

8.  Lessaliens 91,992 

9.  Less  Emergency  Fleet 50, 000 

291,992 

10.  Remainder 730, 142 

11.  Less  physical  rejects 292, 056 

(a)  Groups  B,  C 73,014 

(6)  GroupD 219,042 

12.  Net  effectives 448, 086 


Source  of  figures. 

1.  Insurance  tables. 

2.  Insurance  tables. 

3.  4  per  cent  of  line  1. 

4.  2  per  cent  of  line  1. 

5.  3  per  cent  of  line  1. 


7.  Special  estimate. 

8.  9  per  cent  9f  line  6. 

9.  Special  estimate. 


(a)  10  per  cent  of  line  10. 
(6)  30  per  cent  of  line  10. 


EXPLANATION. 

1.  Line  1  is  taken  from  Prudential  Insurance  Actuarial  Tables  of  July,  1918,  com- 
pared with  census  tables  projected  in  this  office.     The  actuarial  tables  are  brought 
down  to  date  by  the  actuaries,  and  the  census  tables  thus  brought  down  at  the  bureau 
are  not  yet  available. 

2.  Line  2  is  taken  from  same  source  as  line  1. 

3.  Line  3  is  taken  from  Industrial  Index  Ledger  Sheets  for  occupational  registrants; 
the  ratios  there  shown  are:  Class  I,  31  per  cent;  classes  II  to  IV,  deferred  for  indus- 
try and  agriculture  only,  4  per  cent. 

The  percentage  here  taken  is  the  same  as  for  ages  21-30  classification.  This  is  too 
large,  in  that  many  more  such  men  in  ages  32-40  would  get  their  exemption  on  depend- 
ency grounds,  without  invoking  industrial  or  agricultural  necessity.  But  it  is  too 
email,  in  that  a  larger  proportion  of  men  in  ages  30-40  would  be  entitled  to  such  defer- 
ment. ^  Hence,  these  two  differences  may  be  estimated  to  set  off  each  other. 

4.  Line  4  represents  the  corresponding  figure  for  the  1917  draft.     This  is  too  low, 
if  anything,  as  the  numbers  of  State  officials,  etc.,  increases  in  the  higher  ages. 

5.  Line  5  is  taken  from  reports  in  this  office  on  delinquents,  figuring  3.9  per  cent 
of  total  registration.     This  would  be  too  high  because  the  total  delinquents  include 
at  least  some  portion  of  the  marrieds;  hence,  3  per  cent  is  a  safer  figure. 

7.  Line  7  is  thus  figured:  Total  enlistments  (Army  and  Navy)  to  date  1,400,000; 
of  which,  those  about  30  are  estimated  at  10  per  cent,  or  140,000;  of  these,  120,000 
may  be  estimated  to  be  within  ages  32-40;  deduct  20,000  marrieds,  leaving  100,000 
now  enlisted;  add  50,000  more  probable  enlistments  before  liability  accrues  in  the 
new  draft,  equals  150,000. 

8.  Line  8  is  found  thus:  In  the  first  registration,  13  per  cent  were  aliens;  and  the 
census  report  shows  that  the  percentage  of  aliens  ages  20-30  and  30-40  or  45  is  not 


314 


APPENDIXES. 


substantially  different.  But  many  aliens  have  left  the  country,  and  12  per  cent  is 
u  safe  figure.  Of  these,  one-quarter  are  subjects  of  Great  Britain  and  Italy,  who  will 
presumably  become  liable  and  largely  available;  hence,  the  deduction  should  be  cor- 
rected to  9  per  cent.  This  might  seem  too  large,  by  a  considerable  factor,  because  in 
the  1917  draft  only  50  per  cent  of  called  aliens  obtained  exemption  on  that  ground, 
another  33  per  cent  obtaining  it  on  other  grounds,  while  17  per  cent  of  all  aliens  were 
certified  for  service;  this  would  seem  to  show  that  in  any  given  number  of  aliens  the 
net  number  to  be  deducted  on  that  ground  is  nearer  50  per  cent.  But  as  the  33  per 
cent  who  were  exempted  on  other  grounds  are  already  included  under  the  deferments 
already  deducted,  and  as  the  17  per  cent  volunteers  are  likely  not  to  reappear  (partly 
because  of  the  Slavic  and  Polish  legions,  etc.),  there  should  be  no  reduction  of  the 
9  per  cent,  which  is  the  figure  here  taken  on  line  7. 

Declarants  are  not  deducted;  the  neutrals  being  a  negligible  amount. 

9.  Line  9  is  based  on  recent  reports  in  this  office. 

11.  Line  11  (a)  is  based  on  the  returns  of  classification  of  1918,  showing  10  r>er  cent. 
Line  11  (6)  is  based  on  similar  figures,  which  show  not  quite  20  per  cent,  mclTiding 
camp  rejections.  To  this  must  be  added  10  per  cent  for  ages  32-40,  according  to  advices; 
from  the  Surgeon  General's  office.  This  gives  30  per  cent  in  all. 


Ages  19  and  20. 

1.  Totalmales 2,106,386 

2.  Less  married  (deferred) 163, 812 

3.  Less  deferred  solely  for  industry  or  agricul- 

ture     10,532 

4.  Less  other  deferments 2, 106 

5.  Less  delinquents 63. 191 

239, 641 

6.  Remainder  (gross  class  I) 1,866,745 

7.  Less  enlistments 207,  777 

8.  Lessaliens 56,634 

9.  Less  Emergency  Fleet 

264, 411 

10.  Remainder 1,602,334 

11.  Less  physical  rejects 480, 700 

(a)  Groups  B,  C 160,233 

(6)  GroupD 320,467 


12. 


Net  effective 1, 121, 634 


Source  of  figures. 

1.  Insurance  tables. 

2.  Insurance  tables. 

3.  i  of  1  per  cent  of  line  1. 

4.  •j'jof  1  per  cent  of  line  1. 

5.  3  per  cent  of  line  1 


7.  Special  estimate. 

8.  3  per  cent  of  line  6. 

9.  Not  allowed. 


11.  (a)  10  per  cent  of  line  10. 
11.  (6)  20  per  cent  of  line  10. 


EXPLANATION 

Lines  1  and  2  are  taken  from  the  same  tables  as  for  ages  32-40. 

Line  3  obviously  here  can  not  use  the  same  4  per  cent  as  for  ages  21-30;  the  ratio 
one-half  of  1  per  cent  is  here  taken. 

Line  4  similarly  is  taken  at  a  negligible  figure  of  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 

Line  5  is  reckoned  as  for  ages  32-40. 

Line  7  is  based  upon  reports  of  July  26, 1918,  from  The  Adjutant  General's  Office, 
as  set  forth  later  in  study  No.  3. 

Line  8  is  based  upon  census  figures  showing  that  the  numbers  of  aliens  of  ages  15 
to  19  are  less  than  one-half  the  number  for  the  next  5-year  period,  while  the  native 
born  are  10  to  20  per  cent  more  numerous  than  in  the  higher  age  period.  Thus  the 
9  per  cent  for  ages  21-30  should  here  be  reduced  to  3  per  cent. 

Line  9.  Emergency  Fleet  withdrawals  for  these  age  years  should  not  be  allowed. 

Line  11  is  based  on  the  percentage  for  ages  21-30.  Three  officers  of  the  Surgeon 
General's  Office  agree  in  believing  that  the  ages  19-20  or  18-20  do  not  permit  of  any 
lower  percentage  than  for  ages  21-30. 


ESTIMATES    OF    MAN    POWER. 


315 


STUDY   NO.  2. 


Ages  32-45  (inclusive) 601, 236 

19-20  (inclusive) 1, 121,  634 


Combined  ages 1,  722,  870 


Ages  32-45. 

1.  Total  males 10,028,973 

2.  Less  married  (deferred) 7, 734, 482 

3.  Less  deferred  solely  for  industry  and      401,159 

agriculture. 

4.  Less  other  deferments 200,579 

5.  Less  delinquents 300, 8C9 

8,637,089 

6.  Remainder  (gross  class  I) 1, 391, 884 

7.  Less  enlistments 170, 000 

8.  Lessaliens ; 125,270 

9.  Less  Emergency  Fleet 60,000 

355  270 

10.  Remainder 1, 036, 614 

11.  Less  physical  rejects 435, 378 

(o)  Groups  B,  C..: 103,661 

(6)  Group  D 331,717 


12. 


Net  effectives 601, 236 


Sources  of  figures 

1.  Insurance  tables. 

2.  Insurance  tables. 

3.  4  per  cent  of  line  1. 

4.  2  per  cent  of  lino  1. 

5.  3  per  cent  of  line  1. 


7.  Special  estimate. 

8.  9  per  cent  of  lino  6. 

9.  Special  estimate. 


(a)  10  per  cent  of  line  10. 
(6)  32  per  cent  of  line  10. 


EXPLANATION. 

Lines  1  to  6  are  reckoned  as  for  ages  32-^10  in  study  No.  1. 

Line  7  is  thus  reckoned :  Enlistments  above  age  30=140,000;  deduct  30,000  married, 
leaving  110,000;  add  60,000  more  probable  anticipatory  enlistments,  making  170,000 
in  all. 

Line  8  is  reckoned  as  for  ages  32-^0  in  study  No.  1. 

Line  9  is  based  on  reports  in  this  office. 

Line  11  is  reckoned  as  for  ages  32-40,  but  adding  5  per  cent  more  for  ages  40-45 
(as  recommended  by  the  Surgeon  General's  Office)  making  15  per  cent;  or  an  average 
of  12  per  cent  added  for  32-45;  or  32  per  cent  in  all. 


Ages  19  and  W. 

1.  Total  males 2,106,386 

2.  Less  married  (deferred) 163, 812 

3.  Less  deferred  solely  for  industry  or  agri-    10,532 

culture. 

4.  Less  other  deferments 2, 106 

5.  Less  delinquents 63, 191 

239,641 

6.  Remainder  (gross  class  I) 1, 866, 745 

7.  Less  enlistments 207, 777 

8.  Less  aliens 56, 634 

9.  Less  Emergency  Fleet 

264,411 

10.  Remainder 1, 602, 334 

11.  Less  physical  rejects 480,700 

(a)  GroupsB,C 160,2:13 

(6)  Group  D 320, 467 


12. 


Net  effectives 1,121,634 


Source  of  figures. 

1.  Insurance  tables. 

2.  Insurance  tables. 

3.  J  of  1  per  cent  of  line  1. 

4.  A  of  1  per  cent  of  line  1. 

5.  3  per  cent  of  line  1. 


7.  Special  estimate. 

8.  3  per  cent  of  line  6. 

9.  Not  allowed. 


11.  (a)  10  per  cent  of  lino  10. 
11.  (6)  20  per  cent  of  line  10. 


EXPLANATION. 

Lines  1  and  2  are  taken  from  the  same  tables  as  for  ages  32-40. 

Line  3  obviously  here  can  not  use  the  same  4  per  cent  as  for  ages  21-30;  the  ratio 
one-half  of  1  per  cent  is  here  taken. 

Line  4  similarly  is  taken  at  a  negligible  figure  of  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 

Line  5  is  reckoned  as  for  ages  32-40. 

Line  7  is  based  upon  reports  of  July  26,  1918,  from  The  Adjutant  General's  Office,  as 
set  forth  later,  in  study  No.  3. 


316 


APPENDIXES. 


Line  8  is  based  upon  census  figures  showing  that  the  numbers  of  aliens  of  ages  15  to 
19  are  less  than  one-half  the  number  for  the  next  5-year  period,  while  the  native  born 
are  10  to  20  per  cent  more  numerous  than  in  the  highest-age  period.  Thus  the  9  per 
cent  for  ages  21-30  should  here  be  reduced  to  3  per  cent. 

Line  9.  Emergency  Fleet  withdrawals  for  these  age  years  should  not  be  allowed. 

Line  11  is  based  on  the  percentage  for  ages  21-30.  Three  officers  of  the  Surgeon  Gen- 
eral's Office  agree  in  believing  that  the  ages  19-20  do  not  permit  of  any  lower  per- 
centage than  for  ages  21-30. 

STUDY  NO.  3. 

Ages  32^15  (inclusive) 601,.236 

Ages  18-20  (inclusive) 1,  797,  609 

Combined  ages 2,  398,  845 


Ages  32-45. 

1.  Total  males  .......................................  10,028,973 

2.  Less  married  (deferred)  .................  7,734,482 

3.  Less  deferred  solely  for  industry  and  agri-      401,  159 

culture. 

4.  Less  other  deferments  ...................      200,579 

5.  Less  delinquents  ........................      300,869 

-    8,637,089 


6.  Remainder  (gross  class  I)  ..  .................    1,391,884 

7.  Less  enlistments  .................  .  ......      170,000 

8.  Less  aliens  ..............................      125,  270 

9.  Less  Emergency  Fleet  ..................       60,  000 

--       355,  ?70 

10.  Remainder  ...........................................  1,  036,  614 

11.  Less  physical  rejects  ........................................      435,  378 

(a)  GroupsB,C  .....................      103,661 

(6)  GroupD  .........................      331,717 


12. 


Net  effectives 601, 236 


Sources  of  figures. 

1.  Insurance  tables. 

2.  Insurance  tables. 

3.  4  per  cent  of  line  1. 

4.  2  per  cent  of  line  1 . 

5.  3  per  cent  of  line  1. 


7.  Special  estimate. 

8.  9  per  cent  of  line  6. 

9.  Special  estimate. 


(a)  10  per  cent  of  line  10. 
(6)  32  per  cent  of  line  10. 


EXPLANATION. 

Lines  1  to  6  are  reckoned  as  for  ages  32^40  in  study  No.  1. 

Line  7  is  thus  reckoned :  Enlistments  above  age  30=140,000;  deduct  30,000  married, 
leaving  110,000;  add  60,000  more  probable  anticipatory  enlistments,  making  170,000 
in  all. 

Line  8  is  reckoned  as  for  ages  32-40  in  study  No.  1. 

Line  9  is  based  on  reports  in  this  office. 

Line  11  is  reckoned  as  for  ages  32^10,  but  adding  5  per  cent  more  for  ages  40-45 
(as  recommended  by  the  Surgeon  General's  Office),  making  15  per  cent;  or  an  average 
of  12  per  cent  added  for  32-45,  or  32  per  cent  in  all. 


Ages  18-SO. 

1.  Total  males 3,171,671 

2.  Less  married  (deferred) 158, 175 

3.  Less  deferred  solely  for  industry  and  agri-    15,858 

culture. 

4.  Less  other  deferments 3, 171 

5.  Less  delinquents .    95,150 

272,354 


6.  Remainder  (gross  class  I) 2, 899, 317 

7.  Less  enlistments 244,326 

8.  Less  aliens 86, 979 

9.  Less  Emergency  Fleet 

•      331,305 

10.  Remainder 2, 568, 012 

11.  Less  physical  rejects 770, 403 

(o)  GroupsB,C 256,801 

(6)  GroupD 513,602 


12. 


Net  effectives 1, 797, 609 


Sources  of  figures. 

1.  Insurance  tables. 

2.  Insurance  tables. 

3.  One-half  of  1  per  cent  of 
line  1. 

4.  One-tenth  of  1  per  cent  of 
line  1 . 

5.  Three  per  cent  of  line  1 . 


7.  Special  estimate. 

8.  Three  per  cent  of  line  6. 

9.  Not  allowed. 


11.  (a)  10  per  cent  of  line  10. 
11.  (6)  20  per  cent  of  line  10. 


ESTIMATES   OF    MAN    POWER. 


317 


EXPLANATION. 

Lines  1-5,  8,  and  11  are  obtained  as  for  ages  19-20,  in  study  No.  1. 

Line  9,  Emergency  Fleet  withdrawals  for  these  ages  should  not  be  allowed. 

Line  11  is  reckoned  as  for  ages  19-20,  in  study  No.  1. 

Line  7  is  based  on  The  Adjutant  General's  Office  estimates  of  July  26, 1918,  as  follows: 

1.  On  account  of  the  present  arrangement  of  records  in  the  several  offices  it  would 
require  the  services  of  some  hundred  clerks  for  months  to  obtain  an  accurate  count  of 
the  number  of  men  in  the  military  service  of  the  United  States  between  the  ages  of 
18  and  20.    An  accurate  count  can  only  be  had  from  a  study  of  all  enlistment  papers 
in  The  Adjutant  General's  Office,  the  Navy  Department,  and  the  Marine  Corps.    An 
estimate  may  be  made  from  the  actual  number  of  enlistments  since  January  1,  1917, 
and  the  number  in  this  age  group  in  service  at  the  present  time  is  244,326;  of  which 
number  36,549  are  estimated  to  be  under  19,  and  207,777  are  estimated  to  be  of  ages 
19-20. 

2.  This  estimate  has  been  arrived  at  in  the  following  manner: 

(a)  Enlisted  men  in  the  Regular  Army  and  National  Guard  between  18  and  20. — The 
chief  clerk  of  the  recruiting  department  of  The  Adjutant  General's  Office  makes  the 
statement  that  "due  to  the  Selective  Service  Regulations  practically  all  enlistments 
in  the  Regular  Army  and  National  Guard  since  January  1, 1918,  represent  men  outside 
of  the  draft  age  and  of  these  about  70  per  cent  are  under  the  age."     This  estimate  was 
verified  by  his  assistant,  who  thought  that  possibly  the  reenlistments  of  older  men 
might  place  as  many  as  75  per  cent  below  the  draft  age.    Another  assistant  in  the 
department,  at  First  and  B  Streets,  estimated  between  60  and  70  per  cent,  so  that  the 
average  estimate  of  70  per  cent  has  been  used  in  this  computation.    An  actual  count 
of  current  enlistment  papers  selected  at-random  revealed  80  out  of  115  to  be  below  the 
draft  age.    The  total  number  of  enlistments  in  the  Regular  Army  during  this  period 
was  113,794,  which  figure  it  is  estimated  is  abcut  90  per  cent  of  the  combined  figures 
for  the  Regular  Army  and  National  Guard.     Therefore,  the  total  enlistments  in  the 
above  would  be  approximately  126,436.    But  this  figure  includes  men  registered  on 
June  5,  1918,  the  percentage  of  which  is  estimated  to  be  45.    The  net  figure  then  for 
the  age  group  18-20  is  estimated  at  69,540.     Of  these  15  per  cent,  or  10,430,  are  under 
the  age  of  19.     For  the  years  1916  and  1917  an  average  estimate  by  the  same  experts 
divides  the  enlistments  into  three  age  groups  by  percentages,  as  follows: 

Per  cent. 

Under  21 27 

21-30 57 

Over  30 16 

On  the  basis  of  the  235,000  enlistments  for  1916-17,  exclusive  of  the  National  Guard, 
63,450  would  be  between  18  and  20.  Assuming  that  as  many  of  these  attained  age 
21  by  June  5,  1918,  as  were  enlisted  during  1916  under  age,  it  is  estimated  that  this 
figure,  63,450,  would  be  approximately  the  number  of  men  now  in  the  service  enlisted 
prior  to  January  1,  1918.  No  figures  for  the  National  Guard  are  available.  Hence, 
the  total  strength  of  the  Regular  Army  between  18  and  20  is  approximately  at  133,000, 
and  under  19  at  19,950. 

(b)  Navy. — The  approximate  strength  of  the  Navy  and  Naval  Reserve  forces  at  this 
time  is  400,000  enlisted  men,  or  a  little  over  about  half  in  each.     Of  the  200,000  men 
in  the  Navy  proper,  very  close  to  50  per  cent  are  between  the  ages  21-30.     Of  the 
100,000  men  outside  of  these  ages  it  is  estimated  that  75  per  cent  are  under  and  25 
per  cent  over.     In  the  Navy,  then,  75,000  are  to-day  under  21.     Of  the  200.000  in  the 
Naval  Reserves,  between  80  and  88  per  cent  are  within  the  ages  21-30.     Assuming 
170,000  to  be  a  fair  figure,  30,000  remain,  which  are  equally  divided  into  two  age 
groups — those  over  30  and  those  under  21.     Hence,  the  number  of  men  in  the  naval 
forces  under  21  is  approximately  97,500.     Of  these  it  is  estimated  that  15  per  cent, 
or  14,625,  are  under  the  age  of  19.     The  above  estimates  are  furnished  by  the  clerk  of 
the  enlisted-personnel  of  the  Navy. 

(c)  Marine  Corps. — Total  minors  enlisted  since  April  1,  1917,  13,826,  or  applying 
15  per  cent,  1,974  are  under  19. 

3.  Summarized  estimate: 


18  to  20. 

Under  19. 

19  and  20. 

Army  

133.000 

19,950 

113,050 

Navy  

97,500 

14,625 

82,875 

Marino  Corps  

1,974 

11,852 

Total... 

244,326 

36,549 

207,777 

APPENDIX  C. 


TERRITORIAL  RETURNS. 

I.  ALASKA. 

fFrom  a  report  on  the  operation  of  the  selective  service  law  in  Alaska,  from  July,  1917,  to  Sept.  30,  1918 
submitted  to  the  governor  of  Alaska  by  Capt.  J.  J.  Finnegan,  executive  officer,  Sept.  20,  1918.1 

By  proclamation  dated  June  30,  1917,  the  President  set  the  period  between  July  2 
and  September  2,  1917,  inclusive,  as  the  time  for  registration  in  the  Territory  under 
the  act  of  May  18,  1917. 

To  accomplish  the  purpose  of  the  act,  21  local  and  4  district  boards  (one  in  each 
judicial  division  of  the  Territory)  were  created.  Local  board  No.  15  at  Chena  was 
abolished  in  1917.  Local  board  No.  22  at  St.  Michael  was  created  in  1918.  Their 
jurisdiction  extended  over  an  area  which  is  one-fifth  that  of  the  United  States  proper 
and  is  handicapped  with  inadequate  and,  at  times,  primitive  means  of  transportation. 
In  the  greater  portion  an  unsatisfactory  and  intermittent  mail  service  prevails.  •  In 
many  instances  three  months  elapse  before  replies  to  communications  are  received. 
These  conditions  have  forced  the  omission  herefrom  of  compiled  data  relative  to  many 
interesting  features  in  connection  with  the  effect  of  the  draft  on  industries,  partic- 
ularly those  of  mining  and  fishing. 

Eleven  thousand  seventy-one  persons  were  registered  at  a  cost  of  $380.90,  or  3.2 
cents  per  registrant,  as  compared  to  the  national  average  of  54  cents  in  1917.  Thirty- 
eight  per  cent  of  the  above  were  aliens,  of  whom  approximately  1,000  were  alien 
enemies,  326  being  Germans.  One  hundred  eighteen  were  colored  persons.  No 
Indians  were  registered. 

Under  orders  from  the  Provost  Marshal  General  those  registrants  who  claimed  resi- 
dence in  other  States  or  Territories  or  who  gave  permanent  addresses  therein  were 
transferred  to  their  respective  jurisdictions.  Local  boards  state  that  these  transferred 
cases  have  caused  nearly  as  much  work,  investigation,  and  trouble  as  those  remain- 
ing. Transferred  cases  numbered  4,496,  leaving  our  net  registrants  at  6,575.  Exceed- 
ingly few  cards  of  Alaskans  who  registered  in  the  States  were  transmitted  to  the 
Territory,  although  their  number  was  considerable. 

The  registration  of  July-September,  1917,  and  the  inductions  to  November,  1918,  are 
as  follows: 


Local  board. 

Registra- 
tion July, 
1917. 

Accepted 
at 
camp. 

Local  board. 

Registra- 
tion July, 
1917. 

Accepted 
at 
,  camp. 

Anchorage 

1  739 

461 

Nenana 

210 

98 

Cordova  

412 

118 

Nome  

243 

62 

Chena.. 

1 

Petersburg 

135 

35 

Douglas.  ......  .. 

189 

43 

Ruby       

67 

31 

Eagle  

21 

9 

St.  Michael  

Fairbanks 

445 

186 

Seward  

477 

100 

Haines  

28 

8 

Sitka  

155 

54 

Iditarod  

122 

35 

Skagway  

92 

30 

Junftan  - 

801 

210 

33 

16 

Ketchikan  . 

•     796 

222 

Valdez  

293 

77 

McCarthy  . 

256 

64 

Wrangell 

96 

37 

On  September  I,  1918,  the  report  of  registrants  in  class  I  disclosed  the  following: 

Remaining,  finally  classified  in  class  I  and  examined  physically  and  accepted 

for  general  military  service 849 

Limited  military  service 278 

Remedial  defective  group 34 

Emergency  Fleet 120 

Delinquents •. 837 

Not  physically  examined 223 

Inducted  and  called  for  induction. .  295 


Total 2,  636 

To  this  number  should  be  added  the  following: 

Inducted  under  call  193 696 

Credits  for  enlistments,  voluntary  inductions,  etc 164 

Grand  total 3, 496 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  0.532  per  cent  of  our  registrants  have  been  classified  in 
class  I. 

318 


TERRITORIAL  RETURNS.  319 

The  837  delinquents  and  the  223  not  physically  examined  constitute  16  per  cent 
of  the  number  registered.  This  high  ratio  is  due  primarily  to  the  following  causes, 
listed  in  the  order  of  their  importance:  (1)  The  high  percentage  of  illiterate  and 
non-English-speaking  aliens  in  the  Territory.  (2)  Vast  extent  of  the  Territory.  Some 
registrants  are  from  500  to  1,000  miles  distant  from  the  nearest  local  board.  (3)  Infre- 
quent mail  service  to  remote  points  and  consequent  failure  to  receive  orders  within 
the  allotted  time.  (4)  The  absence  of  physicians  in  many  localities.  Many  regis- 
trants are  located  several  hundred  miles  from  the  nearest  medical  examiner.  Many 
have  traveled  hundreds  of  miles  at  their  own  expense  for  purposes  of  examination 
and  induction. 

By  October  1,  1918,  2,200  registrants  (or  33£  per  cent  of  the  gross  number)  will  have 
been  inducted.  In  addition  thereto  many  hundreds,  impatient  for  action,  enlisted 
prior  to  the  registration  period  or  joined  the  British  and  Canadian  forces.  Alaska 
nas  furnished  at  least  3,000  men  to  the  colors,  or  approximately  12  per  cent  of  its 
present  total  white  population. 

The  expense  of  accomplishing  the  draft  for  the  first  15  months  will  not  exceed 
$12,000,  or  $5.45  per  man  inducted.  The  national  average  for  1917  was  $4.93. 

Incomplete  returns  disclose  that  118  men  were  physically  rejected  out  of  1,220 
examined  by  local  boards,  an  average  of  10  per  cent,  as  compared  to  the  national 
average  of  29  per  cent.  Of  those  examined  by  local  boards  and  accepted,  who  were 
again  examined  at  mobilization  camps,  available  data  at  this  time  discloses  that  18 
out  of  681  were  rejected  by  the  camp  surgeons,  a  ratio  of  2.66  per  cent  as  compared 
to  the  national  ratio  of  5.8  per  cent.  When  this  data  is  complete  it  will  furnish  a  most 
interesting  medical  and  sociological  study. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  May,  1918,  persons  who  attained  the  age  of  21 
years  since  September  2,  1917,  were  registered  in  the  period  between  July  2  and  Sep- 
tember 3,  1918.  Returns  thereof  are  yet  incomplete.  It  is  estimated  the  number 
will  not  exceed  250,  including  Indians. 

By  proclamation  on  September  18,  1918,  the  President  set  the  period  between 
October  15  and  December  16,  1918,  inclusive,  as  the  time  for  registration  in  Alaska, 
under  the  act  of  August  31,  1918.  Indians  will  be  included. 

To  the  members  of  the  local  boards  too  much  credit  can  not  be  extended  for  their 
intelligent  and  loyal  efforts.  Their  labors  have  been  intense  and,  heretofore,  uncom- 
pensated.  The  district  boards,  medical  and  legal  advisory  boards,  and  their  asso- 
ciates, have  performed  a  great  work  with  efficiency  and  fidelity  and  deserve  the  grati- 
tude of  the  country. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  total  registration  between  October  15  and  December  16, 
1918,  was  approximately  9,800.  Incomplete  returns  from  all  but  three  boards  show 
the  registration  of — 

Citizens 4,  238 

Declarant  aliens 1,  500 

Nondeclarant  aliens 1, 483 


Total 7,  221 

Whites 6, 585 

Negroes ^ 26 

Orientals  and  Indians  (estimated) 610 

Total 7, 221 

II.  HAWAII. 

1.  REGISTRATION. 

First  registration  (July  31,  1917) 28, 851 


Second  registration  (July  31,  1918) 2,  349 

Third  registration  (Oct.  26,  1918) 41,  541 

Total..,  72,741 


Transfers 

First  registration  (net) 28,  675 

2.  MARRIED  AND  SINGLE. 

First  registration 28,  675 

Married 12,752 

Single 15,923 


320 


APPENDIXES. 
3.  AGE. 


Age. 


First 
registra- 
tion. 


Third 
registra- 
tion. 


Age. 


First 
registra- 
tion. 


Third 
registra- 
tion. 


18 2,090      32 1,258 

19 1,921      33 2,415 

20 2,300      34 2,465 

21. 2,713                591      35 1 2,514 

22 2,774                 173      36 2,492 

23 2,504                 119      37 2,411 

24 2,262                 103      38 2,642 

25 2,423                 102      39 2,340 

26 2,246                  86      40 2,473 

27 4,035                  83      41 2,366 

28 !        3,184                  77      42 2,684 

29 !        3,186                  79      43 2,580 

30 3.348                106      44 2,469 

31 ! 126      45 2,386 

4.  CLASSIFICATION  (FIRST  REGISTRATION). 

Class  1 7,028 

Class  II _ 1,  839 

Class  III 473 

Class  IV 2,  284 

Class  V 12,617 

5.  PHYSICAL  EXAMINATION  OP  CLASS  I  (FIRST  REGISTRATION). 

Failed  to  appear 1, 374 

Qualified  lor  general  service 4,  733 

Qualified  for  limited  service 793 

Remediable  defects 74 

Examination  postponed 54 

'  6.  INDUCTIONS. 

Called 5, 464 

Inducted 5,  529 

Rejected  at  camp 583 

7.  ACCEPTED  AT  CAMP. 
Local  board: 

Hawaii  County  No.  1 1,  759 

Hawaii  County  No.  2 .- 516 

Honolulu  County  and  city  No.  1 452 

Honolulu  County  and  city  No.  2 1, 164 

Kauai  County 450 

Mauii  County 753 

8.  NATIONALITY  OF  MEN  QUALIFIED  FOR  MILITARY  DUTY. 

Per  cent. 

American 11.  39 

Japanese 11. 08 

Chinese 4.  56 

Hawaiian 13.08 

Filipino 48.79 

Portuguese 8. 08 

Spanish 70 

Korean 1. 48 

Porto  Rican 83 

Colored  American. . .  01 


TERRITORIAL   RETURNS. 


321 


III.  PORTO  RICO. 

1.  REGISTRATION. 

First  registration  (July  5,  1917) 109,  706 

Second  registration  (July  5,  1918) 10, 744 

Third  registration  (Oct.  26,  1918) 116, 403 

Total 236,  853 

First  registration:  2'  PHY^AL  EXAMINATIONS. 

Called  for  examination 58,  209 

Failed  to  appear 2,  910 

Accepted 38,  932 

Rejected 16,  367 

First  registration:  3"  IN™CTIONS. 

Ordered  to  report  at  camp 17, 855 

Failed  to  report 139 

Rejected  at  camp 2,  733 

First  registration:  4'  CLAIMS  AND  EXEMPTIONS. 

Claims  made  for  exemption  or  discharge 7,  573 

Claims  allowed 2, 546 

Claims  disallowed 5,  027 

First  registration:  5"  CARRIED  AND  SINGLE. 

Married  registrants  called  and  accepted 18 

Single  registrants  called  and  accepted 26,  381 

First  registration:  6"  CITIZENS  AND  ALIENS. 

Citizens 107, 486 

Called  and  accepted 39,  688 

Aliens 2,  220 

Called  and  accepted 165 

Third  registration: 

Citizens 114,  330 

Aliens 2, 073 

Declarants 136 

Nondeclarants 1,  937 

First  registration:  7-  CoLOR- 

White 80,  551 

Colored 25,  627 

Third  registration: 

White 89,  773 

Colored 26,  611 

8.  AGE. 
(FIRST  REGISTRATION.) 

Age.  Number.  Age.  Number. 

21 16,333      26 7.974 

22 16,030      27 7,159 

23 16.357      28 8,407 

24 11,791      29 ti,920 

25 9,710      30 12,025 


97250°— 19 21 


322 


APPENDIXES. 


9.  REGISTRATION  JTTLY,  1917,  AND  INDUCTIONS  TO  NOVEMBER  11,  1918, 
BY  LOCAL  BOARDS. 


Local  board. 

Registra- 
tion 
July,  1917. 

Accepted 
at  camp. 

Local  board. 

Registra- 
tion 
July,  1917. 

Accepted 
at  camp. 

1  514 

146 

Laias  .  . 

855 

93 

1  164 

99 

1  857 

173 

1  980 

157 

Las  Marias            .  . 

'758 

22 

Aguas  Buenas        

766 

80 

Las  Peidras  

786 

57 

1  028 

90 

Loiza       ... 

1  160 

122 

1.298 

123 

Luguillo    

553 

51 

Arecibo     

4.497 

511 

Manati  

1,719 

150 

595 

57 

Maricao        

561 

52 

Barceloneta         

436 

143 

Maunabo  

534 

40 

828 

69 

Mavaeuez 

4  159 

497 

1.143 

109 

Moca  

1  194 

109 

2  960 

278 

1  093 

102 

Cabo  Rojo  

1  727 

174 

Naguabo        

1  408 

134 

Caguas        - 

3.447 

373 

Naranjito  

717 

85 

1  072 

131 

Patillas         

1  098 

118 

Carolina    

1,156 

98 

Penuelas  

997 

108 

2  211 

169 

Ponce         

6  607 

745 

Cefba    

484 

25 

Quebradillas  

669 

54 

dales 

1  407 

154 

Rincon    

714 

46 

Cidra        

1  128 

106 

Rio  Grande    

965 

84 

Coamo       

1,368 

138 

Rio  Piedras  

1,901 

169 

1  138 

119 

Sabana  Grande  

939 

86 

Corozal        

1.039 

113 

Salinas  

1,481 

157 

37 

1 

San  German    

1  788 

156 

567 

50 

San  Juan  

7,793 

839 

1  270 

125 

San  Lorenzo    

1  259 

137 

747 

81 

San  Sebastian  

1,595 

164 

1  942 

192 

Santa  Isabel  

822 

77 

927 

85 

Toa  Alta          

732 

84 

Guaynabo  

603 

63 

Toa  Baja  

529 

71 

1  066 

111 

Trujillo  Alto       

770 

10 

Hatillo        

1,046 

98 

Utnado  

2,637 

254 

Hormigueros          

425 

50 

Vega  Alta  

880 

57 

Humaco         .      .  . 

1  799 

160 

Vega  Baja  

1,263 

107 

1  377 

118 

Vieques  

1,040 

97 

970 

92 

Villalba  

1,008 

92 

1  722 

175 

Yabucoa  

1,459 

146 

1  090 

89 

Yauco  

2f286 

256 

APPENDIX  D. 

CONSCIENTIOUS  OBJECTORS— A  LOCAL  BOARD  VIEW. 

"  This  board  began  its  work  of  classification  with  the  conscientious  feeling  that  the 
selective  service  law  had  the  right  name,  in  that,  as  far  as  could  be  noted,  it  was  wholly 
impartial  in  its  treatment  of  the  registrants,  and  that  none  was  discriminated  against 
intentionally  nor  unjustly  impressed  into  active  soldier  life. 

"  Our  impression  was  that  the  framers  of  the  law  had  been  marvelously  wise,  honestly 
intent  and  soundly  just  in  their  considerations  of  what  the  Government  should  provide 
as  right  and  reasonable  requirements  of  a  citizen  in  taking  up  the  cause  of  his  country 
against  a  belligerent  nation. 

"With  these  convictions  we  entered  upon  our  onerous  work,  prompted  and  en- 
couraged by  the  realization  that  we  were  to  serve  the  department  loyally  and  without 
the  restraint  of  any  scruples  of  violating  the  principles  of  brotherhood,  fraternity,  and 
Christian  dealing  with  our  fellow  men. 

"  We  had  progressed  very  little  ere  we  found  an  obstacle  that  proved  to  us  that  there 
was  a  flaw  in  the  legal  enactment  that  made  an  open  question  of  the  just  application  of 
the  conscription  method  of  procuring  fighting  man-power. 

"We  refer  to  the  status  given  by  the  law  to  the  so-called  noncombatant  class,  who 
receive  special  classification  because  of  religious  objection  to  warfare  or  the  taking  up 
of  arms. 

"We  found  many  physically  fit  beyond  their  fellows  in  the  examination  classes, 
intelligent  beyond  compare,  and  in  every  way  constituted  to  develop  into  splendid 
fighting  men. 

"Simply  because  they  had  espoused  a  certain  religious  faith,  confession,  or  creed, 
whether  in  Christian  sincerity  or  not,  according  as  our  private  opinion  may  have  been 
formed,  we  were  compelled  to  deprive  Uncle  Sam  of  a  fit  soldier,  grant  the  examinee 
his  freedom,  and  impress  into  the  service  some  other  man,  who  in  sincerity  and  truth 
worshipped  the  Almighty  equally  as  acceptably  in  the  Divine  sight,  yet  not  trammeled 
nor  held  back  by  an  article  of  faith  that  said  in  BO  many  words,  '  Thou  shalt  not  kill.' 

"  We  remonstrated  with  our  consciences  before  we  freely  acquiesced  in  their  right  to 
plead  for  discrimination,  but  were  compelled  to  succumb  to  the  legal  force  of  the  argu- 
ment they  produced,  based  upon  the  point  in  the  selective  law. 

"Having  had  personal  contact  and  touch  with  supporters  of  the  church  notions  of 
the  Dunkards,  Amish,  Quakers,  Menonites,  etc.,  since  boyhood  days,  we  know  whereof 
we  spake  when  we  demurred  and  reluctantly  complied  with  the  draft  loophole  that 
gave  these  professed  religionists  'a  way  out  of  it.'  In  our  immediate  neighborhood 
we  had  tacit  knowledge  that  these  people  refrained  from  taking  part  in  any  of  the  war 
activities.  They  refused  to  buy  bonds,  stamps,  or  contribute  to  the  Red  Cross, 
Y.  M.  C.  A.,  or  any  patriotic  movement  that  meant  for  the  winning  of  the  war.  Sub- 
stantial proof  stared  us  in  the  face,  showing  that  they  even  withheld  their  crops  from 
the  market  with  the  thought  of  prospective  future  higher  prices. 

"  We  also  noted  that  the  young  men  who  were  trained  in  this  school  of  faith  attended 
church  services  since  the  war  started,  as  never  before,  as  a  camouflage  to  justify  their 
plea  for  exemption  or  special  rating. 

"That  they  were  'Sayers  of  the  Word,  and  not  doers,'  we  know  by  association  with 
them,  for  they  are  of  the  world,  worldly,  even  as  those  of  other  church  affiliations  are 
inconsistent  in  religious  living,  and  in  our  opinion,  for  them  to  take  up  arms  would  not 
lower  them  in  the  sight  of  their  heavenly  Father^as  much  as  would  their  hypocritical 
actions,  just  to  escape  the  military  service. 

"Fortified  as  they  were  additionally  by  the  assurance  from  our  President  that 
exoneration  was  theirs,  they  practically  demanded  the  full  granting  of  every  minute 
protection,  and  thereby  handicapped  us  more  fully  in  our  endeavors  to  seek  a  way  by 
which  we  could  get  them  to  do  their  duty  from  our  viewpoint. 

"These  few  reasons,  gained  from  practical  experience,  prompt  us  to  point  out  this 
section  of  the  law  as  being  pernicious,  unjust,  and  in  all  respects  a  mistake,  if  not  a 
blunder. 

"  Had  the  lawmakers  considered  that  once  a  nation  is  at  war  it  is  very  difficult  for 
dissenting  opinion  to  make  itself  known  or  felt,  the  regulation  would  have  been  made 
more  just,  we  opine.  '  My  country!  may  she  ever  be  right;  but  right  or  wrong,  My  coun- 
try!' is  a  sentiment  strong  in  America  and  in  many  other  nations  as  well.  It  evi- 
dences faith  in  and  loyalty  to  government  that  may  be  misguided,  as  far  as  the 
Scriptures  are  concerned,  but,  nevertheless,  praiseworthy  and  laudable. 

"  Nowhere  is  there  much  patience  with  the  '  conscientious  objector'  to  the  policies 
of  the  government  in  time  of  war,  and  our  experience  convinces  us  that  disregard  for 
his  scruples  would  have  made  the  law  definite  as  to  its  general  application  and  free 
from  criticism." 

323 


APPENDIX  E. 
SAMPLE  FORM  OF  REQUISITION  FOR  REGISTRANTS  TO  BE  MOBILIZED. 

From:  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army. 
To:  The  Provost  Marshal  General. 
Subject:  General  call  of  the  draft  (white). 

1.  The  Secretary  of  War  directs  that  requisition  be  made  on  you  for  the  calling  into 
the  service  on  October  21, 1918,  of  the  following  number  of  white  drafted  men  classified 
for  general  military  service,  at  the  camps  and  stations  as  indicated  below: 


Camps  and  stations. 

Number 
of  men  to 
report. 

Camps  and  stations. 

Number 
of  men  to 
report. 

Camp  McClellan,  Ala  

5  000 

Fort  Howard,  Md.                   

421 

Camp  Travis,  Tex  

8000 

Fort  Washington,  Md  

651 

Camp  fJrp.pTilp.afj  Ga 

15  000 

Fort  Monroe.  Va..                       

1.226 

Camp  McArthur  Tex 

10  000 

Fort  Caswell,  N  C  -  - 

1  485 

Camp  Kearny  .  Cal  .  . 

6  000 

Camp  Eustis,  Va  

2.000 

Camp  Cody,  N.  Mex  

6,080 

Fort  Moultrie,  S.  C.    . 

312 

Camp  Wadsworth  S  C 

12  000 

Fort  Screven,  Ga  

2,110 

Camp  Wheeler,  Ga 

5  000 

Key  West  Barracks,  Fla  

154 

P.amp  fihplhy  Kfjss 

5  000 

Fort  Bade,  Fla  

425 

Camp  Bowie,  Tex.    . 

5'  ooo 

Fort  Barrancas,  Fla  

55 

Camp  Forrest,  Ga 

5  000 

Fort  Morgan,  Ala  

222 

Fort  Williams,  Me  .... 

1*897 

Jackson  Barracks,  La  

2,142 

Fort  Constitution  N  H  

569 

Fort  Crockett,  Tex.  . 

1,202 

Fort  Warren,  Mass.  . 

877 

Fort  Tlosp^rans,  Cal  

1,531 

Fort  Rodman  Mass 

295 

Fort  McArthurJ  Cal  . 

2,233 

Fort  H  G.  Wright,  N  Y  

774 

Fort  Winfield  Scott,  Cal  

3,950 

Fort  Totten,  N.  Y     

987 

Fort  Stevens,  Oreg.  .  . 

236 

Fort  Hamilton,  N  Y  

2  117 

Fort  Worden,  Wash  

2,204 

Fort  Hancock  N  J 

1  714 

Fort  Du  Pont'  Del 

'eoe 

Total.  .  . 

114,395 

324 


(Signed)  PAUL  GIDDINGS, 

Adjutant  General. 


SPECIMEN    ENTEAINMENT  SCHEDULE. 


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Jefferson: 
Board  No 
Board  No 

| 

C 

t- 

1 

1 
1 

Lawrence  
Lee  

Lincohl  .  .  . 

Little  River  .  . 
Little  Rock  C 
Loian  .  .  . 

Lonoke  
Madison  

Marion  

Miller  
Mississippi  -  -  - 

Monrop. 

Montgomery  . 
Nevada  .  .  . 

Newton  

Ouachita..... 
Perry  

a. 
o 

''CO 

CO1O 

COM 

•0-*CO 

U3  CO-*  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO  •« 

WIN        ININ 

Schedule 
No. 

S"5 

«». 

., 

2S" 

^ 

otor-t-o 

coco     T-* 

ng  station.  Dumber 

sc°i  II 

g™" 

c. 

^ 

1 

IN 

'"§ 

2S52-* 

Spring)  1 

-H|«« 

County  seat  and  entraini 

Stuttgart  
Hamburg  
Mountain  Home  
(Entrain  Cotter.) 
Benton  ville  
Harrison  

Warren  
Hampton  
Berry  ville  
....  Lake  Village..  
Arkadelphia  

....  Plggott  
Heber  Springs  
Risen  
Magnolia  
Morrillton  

—  Jonesboro  
VanBuren  :  
—  Marion  
Wynne  
Ford.yce  

Arkansas  Citv  
Monticello  
Conway  
Ozark  

Salem  (entrain  Mammoth 

a 

Knenaan  
Paragould  

TTnnp 

•^ 
IS 

' 

Arkansas  ..... 

Ashlpv 

iri     '  S      '     ' 

M 

.9 
fe. 

1 
o 

« 

I  II 

P20000 

00060 

ooooQ 

ill 

Garland 
Grant  .  - 
Greene  . 

TTpmnstp 

APPENDIXES. 


SUD  O 

•;      •; 

-o- 

Schedule 
No. 

1        : 

-I  O 
H 

"j 

Number 
of  men. 

I  1  " 

2- 

1-1     e 
c 
iz 

; 

0 

i 

;| 

s 

1 

ll 

1 

:        :o 

0) 

•a 

•  ®     •  fl 

S 

il 

County  seat  an 

Evening  Shade  . 
(Entrain  Hare 
Forrest  City  
Mountain  View  . 
(Entrain  Sylaj 

VI  TlnroHn 

1 

'i 

(Entrain  Shirl 

Fayetteville  — 
Searcy  :  .  . 
Augusta  
(Entrain  New 
Danville  

!>> 

o 

O 

OQ       COM       t 

I 

•! 

> 

Wasllington 
White  
Woodruff.  . 

Yell  .  .  . 

~ 
c 
fe 

' 

t£Q 

NWCO      |CO 

^ 

J  10  >OiO 

d 

COCO 

Schedule 
No. 

^ 

;233 

:o 

Number 
of  men. 

CO  "3  00  _•  rt 

*i 

2 

••c 

G1"1           C 

0                    0 

fc              £ 

o  o              o 

1 

s 

£? 

d 

1 

2 

S 
1 

0 

O 

.  .  Helena.  
.  .  Murfreesboro  
.  .  Harrisburg..  
.  .  Mena  
.  .  Russellvllle  

i 
< 

\ 

P 

(Entrain  Deval 

o    •    •    •  a 

°   !   I   '  "*" 

• 

K 

.  .  Waldron  
.  .  Marshall  

..  Fort  Smith  
.  .  Greenwood  
.  .  De  Queen  

i-l  N^" 

:  :    ^ 

>. 

S 

°°  °'  c3  a 

'.    '.     do 

:  :   tt 

p 

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s. 

1 

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0 

7 
& 

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1 

C3 

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U 

B 


I 


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M  W 

III 


O  03 

^  d 

5-3 

.  (— i   C3 


SPECIMEN   ENTBAINMENT  SCHEDULE. 


327 


• 

'      ^^ 

s 

. 

d  d  d  d 

o             g 

.  ft 

asrsrs 

1             ^ 

0 

ON  SCHEDULE. 

,s  follows: 
.30  a.  m.  and  8.30  a 
11.30  a.m.  and  1.30 
(p.m.  and  8  p.m. 

d  d  d  d 

c,-   s  a  a  a 

N     dddd 

E-t         »O  O  -«i  O 

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a  ^  s 
d  ^   a 

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fed 

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s 

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1 

328 


APPENDIXES. 


25S 

ocoo 

.  d 

o  o  o 

o  o 

os'o   . 

III 

II 

"•O  P. 

£000 
c    .    .    . 

o  o 

sa 

g 

g,aaa 

aa 

<£> 

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jMs 

^  P.P.P, 

aiooo 

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fe    .    .    . 

::S 

llll 

fi  :  :  : 

eals  will  be  pr 
Breakfastb 
Luncheon  b 
Dinner  bet? 

Hi 
HmfQ 

Benton  
Little  Rock. 
.  Pac.  switch  t 

S 

^J^ 

^1 

rt<NCO 

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g 

a 
o 

„ 

1 

d 

a 

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li 

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cc  -^co 

" 

- 

County  seat  or 
headquarters. 

fil 

- 

! 

In 

^6  *-"  03 

ccw 

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o 

1.  Lv.  Ashdown  6.15  a.  m.  K.  C.  Sou.  No.l. 
2.  Ar.  Texarkana  6.55  a.  m.  K.  C.  Sou.  No.l. 
Breakfast  Texarkana. 

8 

>OIQ 

^C  ^r 
oboe 

ri 

1 

J 

O  tC  CD  ^ 

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c 
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fcfc 

c 

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£ 

c 

£ 

6  d  d  d 
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ci§ 

-- 

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t$ 
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c 

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a 

a 

a 

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t- 

03  03 
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t^od 

09 

0 
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06 

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s 

» 

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3 

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C3  03  03  P<« 

ss^s-j^ 

d^^rtis^ 

1  1  :8S 

:   :;f! 

.      >  •  BU 

•     :  :^° 

Texarkana.. 

.  Nashville... 
Hope  

i 

o 

M 

Womble  

•  Gurdon  

c-3fi«    t 
•§-§^^     ^ 

St-gS    8 

O<5S^l      PH 

> 

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> 

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2 

•< 

>  >  >  H      »2 

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50 

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oo 

o-.  c  —  c-<     « 

Texarkana  
Camp  Pike  

Camp  Pike  

• 
44 

s 

i 

a 

O 

§a 

re  a 

dd 

MS 

i 

m 

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PH  . 

1 

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i  i 

Ashdown  

Texarkana  .  .  . 
Washington.. 
(Entrain  at 

os      ; 

iJ 

»  E^> 
5|| 

U*^  O 

-<SS 

.  <s> 

:S 

i! 

Little  River. 

Miller  
Hempstead.. 

v  >.  a       • 

IN  1 

.Jli  H 
S€§S 
cwa 

SPECIMEN    ENTRAINMENT   SCHEDULE. 


329 


6622 
cd££ 

•    •  QJ£J 

OQ 

aaaa« 

«5  0  0  0  .t3 

"tcococoj    . 
^  ir*  u*  t~  ^  <» 

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0 

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0 

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1 

1 

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c 
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3 
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3 

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8 

2 

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00  06 

IO  IO 
0000 

|| 

000 

T'  -^  •& 

000000 

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!§! 

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o  o 

O  O 

o  o  o 

o  o 

o  o 

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pltS 

P4f£ 

£! 

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-- 

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c  d 

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P.  P. 

om 

P.  P. 

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^^ 

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•-1  0» 

:  :  :  s 

INi-l 

1.  Lv.  Lake  Village  
2.  Ar.  Montrose  

•  •  -.5 

>.  : 

i  i  !S5 

Hamburg  .  . 
Montrose.  .  . 

C  = 

;  •:•§  •§ 

Montrose 
Dermott  . 

Warren  . 
Monticell 
Dermott. 

Dermott. 
McGehee 

Arkansas 
McGehee 

i  i|  1 

^"^  g)         W 

033    § 

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>  >  tl 

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6 
S 

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£ 
1 

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1 

iJK?S^w 

# 

1 

•  -o 

Chicot  
Ashlev  
Bradley  
Drew  
Desha  
Lincoln  
(Entrain  at  Goul 

330 


APPENDIXES. 


I 


3 


o    g 

O      03 


CO 

TRAIN  SCHEDULE. 

Meals  will  be  provided  as  follows: 
Breakfast  between  6:30  a.  m.  and  8:30  a.  m. 
Luncheon  between  11:30  a.  m.  and  1:30  p.  m. 
Dinner  between  5:30  p.  m.  and  8:00  p.  m. 

.  .     °  ° 
PHP^  .8° 

gggggggg 

li 

gfffl 

oooooooo 

o  o 

d  d  o 

li 

III   . 

o  o  o  o  o  o  o  o^ 

o  o   . 

SS2 

o  6  o*(5 

a  a*  a  a 

aaaaa'a'aa'ti 

5:10  a.  m 
6:00  a.  m 
eakfast  at  WyE 

aaaj 

ooo  —  'Sf^ 

03  cS  C  c3  03 

r~*  ^H  .-.  CO  CO 

pkPifSiCkPifiiPiPfil 

rijj 

ejrH<N  «.*><£>  <=><*-££ 

.  :  o  D. 

Greenwood  
Fort  Smith  
Lunc 
Fayetteville  
Fort  Smith  

:  :  :  :  :  :  :  :°-2 

25-glf  1  Sa    M. 

"iSgSSog^    § 

Hamburg  
Wynne  

Br 

Wynne  

.  New  Augusta  
Little  Bock  
Lunc 
.  Pac.  switch  to  Ca 

5%    5% 

,5^,5^,5^^^  I 

g 

53 

>         a 

~HM            COT 

^as^ocoo;-^     co 

SCHEDULE  No.  8.  —  ENTRAIN  AUGUST  24,  ] 

-CM 

COTU5        CD 

« 

ate. 
Junction. 

Camp  Pike  

Fort  Smith  
Camp  Pike  

I 

03 

£ 

D, 

1 

„ 

5 

M 
M 

1 

d 

•r  d 

feS 

d 

a 

PH 
1 

CO 

|| 

CO 

<N 

St~  T  i-l  i-l  IN  f>        N 
1-H^H         O» 

30.-IOO 

T    CO    T—  < 

t^ 

„ 

County  seat  or 
headquarters. 

Harrisburg  
Wynne  
Augusta  

i 

Greenwood  
(Board  No.  2 

Fayetteville  — 

ll|  iflls? 

- 

ij 

o 

Sebastian  

Washington  

Poinsett  
Cross  

^Woodruff  

(Entrain  at  New  Augusta.) 

1         1 

SPECIMEN   ENTEAINMENT  SCHEDULE. 


331 


oo 
i-i 

05 

1-1 

8 


I 

P 

< 


K 


o 
& 

W 

>4 

5 

c 


*      .            •     •  CO  C*"^ 
CO         O  O  CO  CO 

£  £;    £  %  <8  cs 
•    •  to  •    •  o  o 

od 

.  Mammoth  Springs  1:21  p.  m.  Frisco  No.  101. 
Hoxie  3:18f>.  m.  Frisco  No.  101. 
Dinner  at  Hoxie. 
.  Hoxie  5:55  p.m.  Mo.  Pac.  No.  33. 
Little  Rock  11  :00  p.  m.  Mo.  Pac.  No.  33. 
.  Pac.  shuttle  train  to  Camp  Pike. 

06 

<°ii 

0000* 

oo 

d 

d  d  d«a 

888^ 

a  a  a  a 

03  03  OJ  03 

.  Ar.  Little  Rock  1:00  p.  m.  C.  R.  I.  &  P.  No.  45. 
.  Mo.  Pac.  switch  to  Camp  Pike. 
a  C.  R.  I.  &  P.  to  hold  train  No.  45  for  connection. 

odd 

d  d 

t)  0  0 

SJ  03  83 

SiK 

odd. 

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aaal 

OS  03  P.O 

aa« 
.  .^ 

.  ."Sji, 

;  ;aa 

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11|T:11? 

Blytheville  7 
Marion.  9 

Bridge  Junction  10 
Bridge  Junctiono  9 

|  1*  |  |  1  1 

El  Dorado  
Camden  
Gurdon  
Li 

Gurdon  
Little  Rock  
Dij 
.  Pac.  switch  to  Ca 

|| 

55  5353s 

O5 

. 

.   t>  t,      >•  t-  o 

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553 

>  ^     o 

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01 
i—  i 

»>!> 

SCHEDULE  No.  10.  —  ENTRAIN  AUGUST  22, 

CO". 

SCHEDULE  No.  11.  —  ENTRAIN  AUGUST  22, 

SCHEDULE  No.  12.  —  ENTRAIN  AUGUST  22, 

rt(NW* 

1050 

Kensett  
Camp  Pike  

Hoxie  
Camp  Pike  

c 

£ 
a, 
E 

a 
'       O 

Bridge  Junction. 
Little  Rock  
Camp  Pike  

Bridge  Junction. 
Little  Rock  
Camp  Pike  

k 

•go 

s 

PH 

c 

| 

fedS 

'•?co 

§8 

S 

s     1 

>-     §     •>.    "S 
1111 

a  a   i  ^ 

£    u    oa 

i 

o 

e!  1 

w3 

Osceola  

§    i 

1       ^ 

Newton  
(Entrain  at  Harrison.) 
Van  Buren  
(Entrain  at  Shirley.) 
White  

Fulton  

(Entrain  at  Mammoth 
springs.) 

Union  
Ouachita  

Mississippi  

(Entrain  at  Blytheville.) 

Crittenden  

APPENDIXES. 


O       W 
2      OQ 


§s 


odd 


C3  03  fl  O 
CC  "rf  CO  'S 


t>  >  i-I     5 


II 


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d  d 

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COCO 

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•§ 

ci  Cv 

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03 
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03  "^ 
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£ 

1 

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Stuttgart  

GO 

03 

s 

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as  .^ 

03  03  8(£ 


SPECIMEN    ENTRAINMENT   SCHEDULE. 


SniKin  I.K  No.  Hi.-  KNTKAIN  A  riirsT  22.  lf)18. 
(Page  5.) 

AUGUST  22. 

1.  Lv.  Magnolia  6:30  p.  m.  L.  &  N.  W.  No.  10. 
2.  Ar.  McNeil.  7*0  p.  m.  L.  &  N.  W.  No.  10. 
3.  Lv.  McNeil  8:26  p.  m.  St.  L.  S.  W.  No.  4. 

AUGUST  23. 

4.  Ar.  Pine  Bluff  12:42  a.m.  St.  L.  S.  W.  No.  4. 
5.  Lv.  Pmo  Bluff  7:35  a.  m.  St.  L.  S.  W.  No.  436. 
6.  Ar.  N.  Little  Rock  10:15  a.  m.  St.  L.  S.  W.  No.  436. 
7.  Md.  Pac.  shuttle  train  to  Camp  Pike. 

SCHEDULE  No.  17.  —  ENTRAIN  AUGUST  22,  1918. 

^  rfSS 

NOTE.  —  Lewisville  contmgent  will  secure  luncheon  at  Pine  Bluff.  Rison  contingent  will  secure  luncheon  before  departure. 
SCHEDULE  No.  18.  —  ENTRAIN  AUGUST  22,  1918. 

...^ 

1 
I 

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i 

o  d  o      o  o  o 

d  d  d  d  d 

fetfc&j  £££ 

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aD  CQCQ     CG  CCGQ 

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!    !    !    !    i  C 

;          ;   :  j 

> 

1 
1 

1 

^ 

3 
i 
\ 

3 

4 

5 

III  ||^.| 

Lv.  Jonesboro  
Lv.  Clarendon  
Ar.  Altheimer  
Lv.  Altheimer  
Ar.  N.  Little  Rock 

\Tn  T>on  ,.litiftln  *^ 

rt  <M  «      •«•  >n  »  t- 

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Hi 

g| 

l»l 

N.  Little  Rock  
Camp  Pike  

N.  Little  Rock  
Camp  Pike  

N.  Little  Rock.. 
Camp  Pike  

N.  Little  Rock.. 
Camp  Pike  

N.  Little  Rock.  . 
Camp  Pike  

I 

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.a 

Hampton  
Total  

Jonesboro  

Clarendon  

"a 

i 

E-I 

Columbia  

La  Fayette  

Cleveland  

Calhoun  
(Entrain  at  Thornton.) 

6 

Monroe  

334 


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APPENDIX  G. 

OFFICERS  ON  DUTY  IN  OFFICE  OF  PROVOST  MARSHAL  GENERAL, 

1917-18. 


Officer. 


Maj.  Gen.  ENOCH  H.  CROWDER,  Provost  Marshal  General 

Maj.  Gen.  CARROLL  A.  DEVOL,  retired 

Col.  HUGH  S.  JOHNSON,  Deputy  Provost  Marshal  General 

Col.  CHARLES  B.  WARREN,  judge  advocate 

Col.  JOHN  II.  WIGMORE,  judge  advocate 

Col.  JAMES  S.  EASBY-SMITH,  judge  advocate 

Col.  FRANK  R.  KEEPER,  Medical  Corps 

Lieut.  Col.  CASSIUS  M.  DOWELL,  judge  advocate 

Lieut.  Col.  EDWARD  A.  KREGER,  United  States  Military  Academy. . . 

Lieut.  Col.  ALLEN  W.  GULLION,  judge  advocate 

Lieut.  Col.  ROSCOE  S.  CONKLING,  judge  advocate 

Lieut.  Col.  HARRY  C.  KRAMER,  judge  advocate 

Lieut.  Col.  JOSEPH  FAIRBANKS,  judge  advocate 

Lieut.  Col.  GRANT  T.  TRENT,  judge  advocate 

Lieut.  Col.  HUBERT  WORK,  Medical  Corps 

Maj.  EDWIN  W.  FOLLAM,  Adjutant  General 

Maj.  WILLIAM  C.  McCHORD,  Cavalry 

Maj.  HENRY  L.  WATSON,  Cavalry 

Maj.  JAMES  B.  SCOTT,  judge  advocate 

Maj.  GEORGE  P.  WHITSETT,  judge  advocate 

Maj.  REDMOND  C.  STEWART,  judge  advocate 

Maj.  MALCOLM  A.  COLES,  judge  advocate 

Maj.  JAMES  C.  Fox,  judge  advocate 

Maj.  WILLIAM  O.  GILBERT,  judge  advocate 

Maj.  GUY  D.  GOFF,  judge  advocate 

Maj.  EDWARD  J.  BROUGHTON,  judge  advocate 

Maj .  JASPER  YEATES  BRINTON  ,  judge  advocate 

Maj.  HOWARD  W.  ADAMS,  judge  advocate 

Maj.  RICHARD  R.  KENNEY,  judge  advocate 

Maj.  DURAND  WHIPPLE,  judge  advocate 

Maj.  JOHN  A.  ELMORE,  judge  advocate 

Maj.  ALEXANDER  JOHNSTON,  Infantry 

Maj.  ALFRED  M.  CRAVEN,  judge  advocate  

Maj.  THOMAS  FINLEY,  judge  advocate 

Maj.  VICTOR  E.  RUEHL,  judge  advocate I  Oct.    16,1917 

Maj.  NEAL  POWER,  judge  advocate Oct.    24, 1917 

Maj.  SCOTT  HENDRICKS,  judge  advocate Nov.  15, 1917 

Maj .  GIST  BLAIR,  judge  advocate 1 do 

Maj.  TIMOTHY  J.  MAHONEY,  judge  advocate j  Nov.  16, 1917 

Nov.  17,1917 
Nov.  19,1917 


Reported. 


Apr.  26,1917 
June  14,1917 
Apr.  26,1917 
Apr.  27,1917 
July  15,1917 
Sept.  20, 1917 
Aug.  2, 1918 
Apr.  26,1917 
May  2,1917 
May  4, 1917 
Sept.  21, 1917 
Oct.  4,1917 
Oct.  7,1917 
Nov.  19,1917 
Mar.  22,1918 
Apr.  26,1917 
May  5, 1917 
May  7,1917 
May  15,1917 
May  28,1917 
July  20,1917 
July  28,1917 
Sept.  14, 1917 

....do 

....do 

Sept.  17,1917 
Sept.  18, 1917 
Sept.  19, 1917 
Oct.  6, 1917 
Oct.  9, 1917 

....do 

Oct.  11,1917 
Oct.  15,1917 
...do... 


Maj.  GEORGE  T.  WEITZEL,  judge  advocate 
Maj.  REGINALD  S.  HUIDEKOPER,  judge  advocate 

Maj.  CHARLES  B.  PARKHILL,  judge  advocate ' do 

Maj.  HENRY  B.  SHAW,  judge  advocate !  Nov.  20,1917 

Maj.  AUGUSTUS  R.  BRINDLEY,  judge  advocate Nov.  23, 1917 


Maj.  EDWARD  S.  THUUSTON,  judge  advocate. 
Maj.  IRA  K.  WELLS,  judge  advocate 


Nov.  25,1917 
Dec.     5,1917 


Relieved. 


Sept.    8,1917 
Mar.  31,1918 


Sept.  3,1917 
Mar.  8,1918 
Mar.  26,1918 
Dec.  4, 1918 


Dec.  12,1918 
Apr.  15,1918 
Dec.  4, 1917 
Mar.  7, 1918 
Feb.  7, 1918 
Aug.  23,1917 
Nov.  8,1917 
Feb.  10,1918 
Nov.  8,1917 
Sept.  20, 1917 

Do. 

Nov.  9,1917 
Mar.  20,1918 
Aug.  29,1918 
Dec.  29,1917 
Dec.  7, 1917 
Nov.  9,1917 
Mar.  2, 1918 
Dec.  29,1917 
Dec.  22,1917 
Dec.  30,1917 
Feb.  25,1918 
Dec.  17,1917 
May  1, 1918 
Sept.  16, 1918 
Jan.  3, 1918 
Mar.  25,1918 
Feb.  12,1918 

Do. 

Jan.  24,1918 
Feb.  20,1918 
335 


336 


APPENDIXES. 


Officer. 

Reported. 

Relieved. 

Maj  FREDERIC  C.  WOODWARD,  judge  advocate      ... 

Dec.     8,1917 

Ifi^.  HABOU>  X.  BTBVKBMW,  latertrjr. 

Jan.    14  1918 

Maj.  Louis  L.  KOBN,  judge  advocate  

Jan.    IS,  1918 

May   16,1918 

Maj.  FRANK  BILLINGS,  Medical  Corps  

Feb.     1,1918 

Mar.  14,1918 

Maj  J\MES  BERRY  KING,  judge  advocate 

Feb      5  1918 

Sept.  30,1918 

Maj.  WINFIELD  S.  PRICE,  Infantry  

Apr.  26,1918 

Maj.  EDWARD  M.  BAINTER,  Ordnance  

do 

Maj  DAVID  CHESTER  BROWN,  Medical  Corps        

July   27  1918 

Dec.   12,1918 

Maj  JOSHUA  REUBEN  CLARK,  jr.,  judge  advocate      

Aug      1  1918 

Dec.   18,1918 

Maj  CHARLES  T.  HENDLER,  judge  advocate      

Aug     7  1918 

Maj.  PEYTON  GORDON,  judge  advocate  

Sept     6  1918 

Maj.  JOHN  I).  LANGSTON,  Infantry  

do 

Maj.  FRED  K.  NIELSEN,  judge  advocate  

Sept    12,1918 

Capt.  PERRIN  L.  SMITH,  Infantry  

May   25,1917 

June  12,1917 

Capt.  DAVID  L.  ROSCOE,  Cavalry  

Apr    28,  1917 

Aug.  14,1917 

Capt.  EDWARD  W.  CHATTERTON,  Quartermaster  Corps  

Apr    30,  1917 

Mar.  26,1918 

Capt.  ROYAL  G.  JENKS,  Quartermaster  Corps  

Mav   26,  1917 

Mar.  23,1918 

Capt.  CHARLES  R.  MORRIS,  Quartermaster  Corps  ...              .    . 

Aug    22,  1917 

Capt.  DfyprsT.AS  D.  FF.i.nr,  Infantry,         ...... 

Oct.     3,1917 

Apr.   15,1918 

Capt.  CLAUDE  A.  HOPE  

do 

Capt.  ROBERT  E.  McCoRMiCK  

Oct.     5  1917 

Capt.  Lucius  B.  BARBOUE,  Infantry  

Nov.    6,  1917 

Capt.  RICHARD  H.  HILL,  Coast  Artillery  Corps  

Dec.    14,1917 

Capt.  JESSE  I.  MILLER  

Jan.    18,1918 

Capt.  JAMES  H.  HUGHES,  Infantry  

Jan.    23,1918 

Capt.  DORRANCE  D.  SNAPP  

Feb.     6,  1918 

Capt.  ROY  L.  DEAL  

Feb.  11,1918 

Capt.  DAVID  A.  PINE  

Mar.    6,  1918 

Capt.  CASTER  D.  STAMPER  

Mar.  10,1918 

Capt.  WEBSTER  W.  HOLLOW  AY,  judge  advocate  

Apr.     2,  1918 

Capt.  RAYMOND  O.  WH.MARTH,  Infantry,  adjutant  

Apr.     5,  1918 

Capt.  WILLIAM  G.  DE  ROSSET  

June  10,1918 

Capt.  BRECKINRIDGE  JONES,  Infantry  

June  17,1918 

Capt.  .Town  KVANS,  Infantry         .... 

Oct.    11,1918 

Dec      5  1918 

First  Lieut.  JOSEPH  J.  MACKAY,  jr.,  Infantry  

Oct.    17,  1917 

July   29  1918 

First  Lieut.  WALTER  B.  WHITE,  Infantry  

Jan.     1,1918 

First  Lieut.  MALCOLM  H.  LAUCHHEIMER,  Coast  Artillerv  Corps  

Feb.     6,  1918 

Sept     7,  1918 

First  Lieut.  CAREW  F.  MARTINDALE  

May   24,  1918 

First  Lieut.  HENRY  G.  STEPHENS  

Mar.   15,1918 

May   28,  1918 

First  Lieut.  STANLEY  H.  UDY  

Mar.  29,1918 

First  Lieut.  WILLIAM  K.  GILMORE  

May     6,  1918 

First  Lieut  >CHARLES  SCOTT  MILLER,  Medical  Corps  

Aug.  31,1918 

First  Lieut.  CHARLES  S.  DOUGLAS,  judge  advocate  

Oct.      1,1918 

First  Lieut.  DUDLEY  B.  SNOWDEN  

Nov.    9,  1918 

Second  Lieut.  Buz  M.  WALKER,  jr  

Mar.  11,1918 

CIVILIANS    IN    CHARGE    OF    SECTIOXS. 

Mr.  G.  Lyle  Hughes,  chief  clerk. 
Mr.  William  E.  Mattingly,  assistant  chief  clerk. 
Miss  Elmear  C.  Chinn,  senior  clerk,  Personnel  of  Boards  Section. 
Miss  Katherine  E.  Cowan,  senior  clerk,  Appeals  Division. 
Mr.  Clifton  F.  Balch,  statistician,  Statistics  and  Auxiliary  Agencies  Division. 
Mr.  Howard  E.  Marker,  senior  clerk,  Statistics  and  Auxiliary  Agencies  Division. 
Mr.  Samuel  R.  Hinwood,  senior  clerk,  Delinquency  and  Deserters  Section,  Classi- 
fication Division. 


OFFICERS    ON    DUTY.  337 

Miss  Mamie  S.  Crow,  senior  clerk,  Finance  Division. 
Miss  W.  Wellborn,  senior  clerk,  Information  Division. 

Mr.  Cecil  Scott,  senior  clerk,  Quota  Records  Section,  Mobilization  Division. 
Mr.  William  N.  Crymes,  senior  clerk,  Individual  Induction  Section,  Mobilization 
Division. 

Mr.  Percy  H.  Skinner,  senior  clerk,  Statistical  Section,  Mobilization  Division. 
Mrs.  Mary  L.  Noland,  senior  clerk,  Publications  Division. 
Mr.  George  T.  Cunningham,  senior  clerk,  Mail  Section. 
Miss  Orva  V.  Reynolds,  senior  clerk,  Stenographic  Section. 
Mr.  James  R.  Dimond,  senior  clerk,  Record  Section. 
Miss  Helen  C.  Vaughan,  supply  clerk. 
Miss  Edith  Campbell,  civilian  personnel  clerk. 

97250°— 19 22 


APPENDIX  H. 

LIST  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  FORMS  PRINTED  FOR  THE  PROVOST  MARSHAL 

GENERAL'S  OFFICE. 


Form  No. 


Title. 


Registration  card. 

Summarization  blank  (first  registration). 

Telegraphic  report  of  board  of  registration  to  governor  (first  registration). 

Telegraphic  report  of  governor  to  Provost  Marshal  General  (first  registration). 

Mailing  label. 

Registrar's  oath  (first  registration). 

Telegraphic  report  of  readiness  (first  registration). 

Regulations  governing  physical  examination. 

Regulations  governing  physical  examination  (modified  to  Aug.  27, 1917). 

Report  of  registration  board. 

Rules  and  regulations  prescribed  by  the  President  for  local  and  district  boards. 

Physical  examination  under  the  selective  service  act  of  May  18, 1917. 

Regulations  governing  disbursements  incident  to  the  registration  and  selective  draft. 

Instructions  to  local  boards. 

Estimates  of  population. 

Suggestions  to  local  boards. 

Amendments  to  Regulations,  Form  13. 

Information  for  persons  registered. 

Compiled  Rulings  No.  1. 

Letter  to  members  of  local  boards,  July  26, 1917. 

Compiled  Rulings  No.  2. 

Supplemental  Rules  and  Regulations,  No.  1.    (The  disposition  of  persons  called  for  examination 

who  fail  to  report  for  or  submit  to  examination.) 
Compiled  Rulings  No.  3. 

Letter  answering  inquiries,  used  in  office  of  Provost  Marshal  General. 
Letter  answering  inquiries,  used  in  office  of  Provost  Marshal  General. 
Compiled  Rulings  No.  4. 

Manual  governing  the  use  of  records  by  local  and  district  boards. 
Compiled  Rulings  No.  5. 
Mobilization  regulations. 
Compiled  Rulings  No.  6. 

Distribution  sheet  (used  when  moving  men  to  national  camps). 
Compiled  Rulings  No.  7. 

Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  accompany  marked  copy  of  bulletins. 
Compiled  Rulings  No.  8. 
Supplement  to  bulletin  of  information  concerning  appeals  for  discharge  of  persons  engaged  in 

industries,  including  agriculture. 
Compiled  Rulings  No.  9. 

Letter  by  the  President  relative  to  operation  of  the  selective  sen-ice  law,  with  particular  refer- 
ence to  its  effect  on  agriculture. 
Compiled  Rulings  No.  10. 
Statement  of  gratuitous  service. 
Compiled  Rulings  No.  11. 

Extracts  from  Selective  Service  Regulations,  relative  to  organization  of  legal  advisory  boards 
Compiled  Rulings  No.  12. 
Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  members  of  the  American  Bar  Association,  relative  to 

new  classification  system. 
Extracts  from  Selective  Service  Regulations,  relative  to  organization  of  medical  advisory 

boards. 

Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  physicians  of  the  United  States,  relative  to  the  new  sys- 
tem of  medical  examinations. 
Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  superintendents  and  principals  of  public  schools,  relative 

to  the  new  classification  system. 

Important  instructions  to  boards,  relative  to  the  Selective  Service  Regulations. 
Extracts  from  selective  service  regulations,  relative  to  clerical  assistance  to  medical  and  legal 
advisory  boards. 

Suggested  rules  of  procedure  for  medical  advisory  boards. 

Docket  of  examinations  of  medical  advisory  boards. 

Instructions  for  the  preparation  and  use  of  Forms  1029  (new),  1029-A-B,  and  1029-C-D. 

Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  members  of  all  local  boards,  relative  to  the  soldiers'  and 
sailors'  civil  rehef  act. 

Letter  of  secretary  of  the  American  Bar  Association  to  members  of  the  American  Bar  Asso- 
ciation and  toalljudges  of  superior  courts,  relative  to  the  soldiers'  and  sailors'  civil  relief  act. 

Relief  of  soldiers  and  sailors. 

Insurance  placards. 

Occupational  list,  indicating  kind  of  men  desired  in  the  branches  of  service  mentioned. 

Manual  of  instructions  for  Medical  advisory  boards. 

Amendment  to  Manual  of  Instructions  for  medical  advisory  boards. 

Correspondence  post  card. 

Inquiry  as  to  address  of  registrants. 

General  Orders,  No.  31,  relative  to  applications  for  farm  furloughs. 


338 


LIST  OF   THE   PRINCIPAL  FORMS  PRINTED. 


339 


Form  No. 


Title. 


66 

66-A 

66-B 

67 

68 

69 

69-A 

69-B 

70 

71 

72 

73 

74 

75 
76 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
87 


90 

90-A 
91 

92 
93 

94 
95 

100 
101 

101 

102 

102-A 

103 

103-A 

104 

107 

108 

110 

111 

112  to  144 

145 

146 

146-A 

146-B 

146-C 

147 
148 
149 

150 

151 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

158 

159 

159-A 

160 

161 

161-A 

162 

163 

164 


Notice  of  intended  requisitions  for  men. 

Requisition  for  men  classified  by  occupation. 

Requisition  for  men  unclassified. 

Registration  Regulations  No.  2. 

Registration  certificate. 

Placard  of  instructions  on  how  to  answer  questions  (second  registration). 

Placard  of  instructions  on  how  to  answer  questions  (for  second  registration  in  Alaska). 

Placard  of  instructions  on  how  to  answer  questions  (for  second  registration  in  Hawaii). 

Telegraphic  report  of  readiness  to  Adjutant  General  (  second  registration). 

Telegraphic  report  of  local  board  to  Adjutant  General  (second  registration). 

Mail  report  on  age  21  registration  (summarization  blank,  second  registration). 

Telegraphic  report  from  Adjutant  General  to  Provost  Marshal  General  (second  registration). 

Rules  and  regulations  prescribed  by  the  President  for  determining  the  order  of  liability  (mas- 
ter list  No.  2.  second  registration). 

Standards  of  physical  examination  (first  and  second  editions). 

Boards  of  instruction  to  be  appointed  by  selective  service  boards. 

Address  to  Class  I  selective  service  men. 

Physical  examination  chart. 

Standard  accepted  measurements. 

Telegraphic  report  o_f  readiness  to  Adjutant  General  (third  registration). 

Registrar's  oath  (third  registration). 

Telegraphic  report  of  local  board  to  Adjutant  General  (third  registration). 

Telegraphic  report  from  Adjutant  General  to  Provost  Marshal  General  (third  registration). 

Summarization  blank  (third  registration). 

Registration  Regulations  No.  3. 

Circular  to  medical  examiners  relative  to  physcial  examination  of  registrants. 

Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  members  of  all  selective  service  boards  relative  to  the 
classification  of  September,  1918,  registrants. 

Local  board  progress  chart. 

State  progress  chart. 

Rules  and  regulations  prescribed  by  the  President  for  determining  the  order  of  liability  (mas- 
ter list  No.  3,  third  registration). 

Index  to  master  list  No.  3. 

Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  employers  and  other  representatives  of  industry  rela- 
tive to  classification. 

A  manual  for  legal  advisory  boards. 

Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  local  boards  relative  to  allotments  and  allowances  of 
select!  ves. 

Chronicles  of  the  selective  draft. 

Receipt  for  records  delivered  to  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army. 

Appendix  to  rules  and  regulations  ( Form  13) . 

List  of  names  of  persons  whose  registration  cards  are  in  possession  of  a  local  board  (first  regis- 
tration). 

List  of  names  of  persons  whose  registration  cards  are  in  possession  of  a  local  board  (second 
and  third  registrations) . 

List  of  registrants  in  order  of  liability  ( first  and  third  registrations). 

List  of  registrants  in  order  of  liability  (second  registration) . 

mination. 
ixamination . 


lo 


Certificate  of  discharge  because  physically  deficient. 

Certificate  of  postponement  of  physical  examination  because  of  temporary  physical  deficiency. 

Claim  of  exemption  from  military  service  when  filed  by  person  claiming  exemption. 

Claim  of  exemption  from  military  service  when  filed  by  person  other  than  person  sought  to  be 
exempted.  • 

Affidavits,  certificates,  and  claims  for  exemption. 

Certificate  of  discharge  from  military  service. 

List  of  persons  calledinto  the  service  of  the  United  States  not  exempted  or  discharged. 

List  of  persons  called  by  local  board  who  failed  to  report  and  submit  to  examination. 

List  of  persons  who  are  in  military  service  and  who  have  failed  to  report  for  duty. 

Report  of  persons  ordered  to  report  to  local  boards  for  military  duty  who  have  failed 
report. 

List  of  persons  exempted  or  discharged  from  the  service  of  the  United  States. 

Notice  of  certification  to  district  boards  when  claim  of  exemption  or  discharge  has  been  denied. 

Notice  of  certification  to  district  board  when  claim  of  exemption  or  discharge  made  in  respect 
of  another  has  been  denied. 

Notice  of  certification  to  district  board  when  no  claim  of  exemption  or  discharge  has  been 
made. 

Notice  of  claim  of  appeal  by  person  certified  to  district  board. 

Notice  of  claim  of  appeal  by  person  other  than  person  certified. 

Claim  of  appeal  by  person  certified  to  district  board. 

Claim  of  appeal  by  another  in  respect  of  person  certified. 

Notice  of  extension  of  time  for  filing  claim  and  notice  of  appeal . 

Record  of  the  first  and  organization  meeting  of  the  district  board. 

Notice  of  decision  of  district  board  on  claim  of  appeal  filed  by  person  called . 

Notice  of  decision  of  district  board  on  claim  of  appeal  filed  in  respect  of  another. 

Certificate  of  exemption  issued  by  district  board  on  appeal. 

Certificate  of  discharge  issued  by  district  board  on  appeal. 

Notice  to  local  board  of  decision  of  district  board  on  claim  of  appeal  filed  by  Provost  Mar- 
shal General. 

Claim  for  discharge  filed  with  district  board  by  person  certified. 

Claim  for  discharge  of  person  certified  to  district  board  made  by  another. 

Certificate  of  discharge  because  engaged  in  a  necessary  industrial  or  agricultural  enterprise. 

Claim  of  appeal  to  the  President  by  person  certified  or  by  another  on  his  behalf. 

Partial  list  of  men  selected  for  military  service. 


340 


APPENDIXES. 


Form  No. 


Title. 


List  of  persons  ordered  to  report  to  the  local  board  for  military  service. 
Postal  card  (notification  of  selection  for  military  service). 
Postal  card  (notification  date  to  report  for  departure  for  mobilization  camp). 
Revocation  of  certificate  of  exemption  by  local  board. 
Notice  of  revocation  of  certificate  of  exemption  by  local  board. 
Revocation  of  certificate  of  discharge  by  local  board. 
Notice  of  revocation  of  certificate  of  discharge  by  local  board. 
Revocation  of  certificate  of  exemption  or  discharge  by  district  board. 
Notice  of  revocation  of  certificate  of  exemption  or  discharge  by  district  board. 
Revocation  of  certificate  of  discharge  granted  by  district  board  to  person  engaged  in  neces- 
sary industrial  or  agricultural  enterprise 
Notice  of  revocation  of  certificate  of  discharge  to  pers  )n  engaged  in  a  necessary  industrial  or 

agricultural  enterprise. 
Notice  of  denial  of  claim  for  discharge. 
Certificate  to  person  claiming  exemption  under  subdivision  (i)  of  section  20  of  the  rules  and 

regulations. 

Form  prepared  by  Provost  Marshal  General  that  maybe  used  for  application  to  be  filed  for 
an  order  that  another  local  board  be  designated  to  make  physical  examination  and  hear 
and  determine  any  claim  for  exemption  or  discharge  filed  by  or  in  respect  for  a  person,  under 
section  29  of  rules  and  regulations  of  June  30,  1917. 

Form  of  notice  prepared  by  Provost  Marshal  General  that  may  be  used  under  terms  of  sec- 
tion 29  of  rules  and  regulations  of  June  30, 1917. 

Form  of  notice  prepared  by  Provost  Marshal  General  that  may  be  used  under  section  29  of 
rules  and  regulations  of  June  30,  1917,  for  designation  of  another  local  board  to  make 
physical  examination  and  to  hear  and  determine  any  claim  for  exemption  or  discharge. 
Docket  for  local  board. 
Claim  of  appeal  by  _person  authorized  under  section  27,  rules  and  regulations  June  30, 1917, 

by  the  Provost  Marshal  General  to  take  an  appeal  from  the  decision  of  a  local  board. 
Notice  of  claim  of  appeal  by  person  authorized  under  section  27,  rules  and  regulations  June 
30, 1917,  by  the  Provost  Marshal  General  to  take  an  appeal  from  the  decision  of  a  local  board. 
Notice  to  local  board  of  decision  of  district  board  on  claim  of  discharge  filed  by  or  in  respect 

of  person  certified  to  the  district  board  by  local  board. 

Notice  to  local  board  of  exemption  or  discharge  granted  on  appeal  from  local  board. 
Notice  to  local  board  of  decision  of  district  board,  in  accordance  with  the  mandate  of  the 
President,  on  claim  of  discharge  filed  by  or  in  respect  of  person  certified  to  the  district  board 
by  local  board. 
Day  book  for  local  board. 
Docket  book  for  district  board. 
Day  book  for  district  board. 
Account  of  quotas. 

Report  of  accounts  of  quotas  by  local  board. 
Report  of  accounts  of  quotas  in  camp. 
Oath  of  office. 

Acceptance  of  appointment  by  the  President  as  a  member  of  the  local  board. 
Notification  of  appointment  as  member  of  local  board. 
Telegram  for  reporting  organization  of  local  boards  to  governor. 
Letter  to  member  of  local  board  directing  organization. 
Record  of  first  and  organization  meeting  of  local  board  (sheriff  member). 
Record  of  first  and  organization  meeting  of  local  board  (sheriff  not  member). 
Regulations  governing  the  apportionment  of  quotas  and  credits. 
Quota  form. 

Record  of  State  apportionment  of  quota. 
Record  of  county  or  city  apportionment  of  quota. 
Notice  of  governor  to  local  boards  of  apportionment  of  quota. 

:ribed  by  the  President  for  determining  the  order  of  liability  (master 


lations  prescr 
ristre 


Rules  and  re; 

list  No.  1,  first  registration). 
Selective  Service  Regulations  (edition  of  Nov.  8, 1917): 

Changes  No.  1. 

Changes  No.  2. 

Changes  No.  3. 

Changes  No.  4. 

Changes  No.  5. 

Changes  No.  6. 

Changes  No.  7. 

Selective  Service  Regulations  (second  edition). 
Classification  list. 
Questionnaire. 

Duplicate  01  first  page  of  questionnaire. 
Cover  sheet  ol  questionnaire. 
Duplicate  of  cover  sheet  of  questionnaire. 
Key  list  of  occupations. 
Explanatory  memorandum  for  questionnaire. 
Important  notice  to  registrants  and  public. 
Subpoena  to  witnesses  to  appear  before  district  and  local  boards. 
Minute  book  of  district  and  local  boards. 
Notice  of  classification. 
Docket  book  of  district  board. 
Notice  of  final  classification. 
Notice  of  exemption  from  combatant  service. 
Notice  to  appear  lor  physical  examination. 
Report  of  physical  examination. 
Notice  of  decision  on  physical  examination. 
List  of  delinquents  reported  to  local  police  authority. 

'  List  of  persons  who  failed  to  report  for  physical  examination  or  submit  questionnaires. 
1  Delinquent  classification  list. 


LIST   OF    THE   PRINCIPAL  FORMS   PRINTED. 


341 


Form  No. 


1014 

1015 

1016 

1017 

1018 

1019 

1020 

1021 

1021-A-B 

1022 

1022-A 

1023 

1024 

1025 

1026 

1027 

1028 

1028  and 
1028-A 
1028-A 
1029 

1029  New 
1029-A-B 
1029-C-D 
1029-E 
1029-F 
1030 
1031 
1032 
1033 
1034 
1035 
1036 
1037 

1038 

1039 

1040 

1041 

1042 

1043 

1044 

1045 

1045 

1046 

1050 

2000 

2001 

2002-A 

2002-B 

2003 

2004 

2005 

2006 

2006  New 
2007 

2007  New 
2007-A 
2008 
2008-A 
2009 
2010 
2011 
2012 
2013 
2014 
2015 
2017 
3006 

3050 

3051 

3051-A 

3052 

3052-A 

3053 

3053-A 

3054 

3054-A 

3055 

3055-A 

3056 

3056-A 

3057 


Title. 


Notice  to  delinquents  to  report  to  A.  G.  O.  S. 

Order  to  delinquent  to  report  to  local  board. 

Report  to  A.  G.  O.  S.  on  appearance  of  delinquent  ordered  to  report  to  local  board. 

Notice  from  Adjutant  General  suspending  order  inducting  delinquent  into  military  service. 

Report  of  deserters  to  A.  G.  A. 

Order  to  delinquent  to  report  to  local  board  for  entrainment. 

Report  by  State  Adjutant  General  to  Adjutant  Generalof  the  Army  of  appearance  of  deserter. 

Certificate  for  police  official  apprehending  a  willful  deserter. 

Report  of  disposition  of  deserters. 

Order  to  report  to  Medical  Advisory  Board  for  examination. 

Request  to  Medical  Advisory  Board  to  conduct  examination. 

Notice  of  transfer  for  classification. 

Request  for  transfer  of  registrant  to  E.  F.  C.  list. 

Report  on  registrant  transferred  to  E.  F.  C.  list. 

Application  for  passport  permit. 

Permit  for  passport. 

Order  of  induction  into  the  military  service  of  the  United  States. 

Order  of  induction  into  the  military  service  of  the  United  States. 

Notice  to  men  ordered  to  report  for  military  duty. 

List  of  men  ordered  to  report  for  military  duty:  Jacket  sheet:  Insert  sheet. 

List  of  men  ordered  to  report  for  military  duty. 

Notice  of  acceptance  or  rejection  tor  military  service. 

Notice  of  discharge  from  military  service. 

Request  for  additional  occupational  information. 

Notice  of  change  of  classification. 

Order  authorizing  employment  of  clerical  assistants . 

Travel  order  to  be  issued  by  governors. 

Travel  order  to  be  issued  by  district  boards. 

Oath  of  office. 

Estimate  of  expenses. 

Application  for  furlough  (agriculture). 

Notice  to  appear  for  reclassification  on  account  of  nonuseful  occupation. 

Important  notice  to  registrant  and  public  regarding  classification  on  account  of  nonuseful 

occupation. 
Certification  in  case  of  registrant  claimed  not  to  be  engaged  in  a  productive  occupation  or 

employment. 

Notice  of  reclassification  on  account  of  nonuseful  occupation. 

Report  of  registrants  whose  deferred  classification  or  order  numbers  have  been  withdrawn. 
Withdrawal  of  notices  to  become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States. 
Notice  to  neutral  declarants. 
Property  list. 

Supporting  affidavit  for  Federal,  State,  and  Municipal  employees. 
Certificate  for  reenlistment  in  Navy  or  Marine  Corps  (printed  copies  not  furnished) . 
Monthly  report  of  local  boards. 
Monthly  report  of  district  boards. 
Family  status  report  on  inducted  men. 
Regulations  governing  the  apportionment  of  quotas. 
Report  of  classification. 
Local  board  report  of  Class  I. 
State  report  of  Class  I. 
Quota  sheet. 
Notice  of  quota. 
Quota  ledger  sheet. 
Request  lor  individual  induction. 
Request  for  individual  induction. 
Competent  order  for  induction. 
Competent  order  for  induction. 
Competent  order  for  induction. 
Report  of  action  on  competent  order. 
Report  of  action  on  competent  order. 

Regulations  governing  drafted  men  en  route  to  mobilization  camps. 
Warrant  of  leader  or  assistant  leader  and  special  police  officer. 

Requests  for  release  of  registrant  to  volunteer  in  naval  service  for  training  as  an  officer. 
Order  to  release  registrant  for  enlistment  in  Navy  for  training  as  an  officer. 
Report  of  entrainment. 
Application  for  voluntary  induction. 
Permit  for  transfer  of  entrainment. 
Statement  of  final  account. 
Occupational  list  of  registrants. 
Annual  Report  (1918),  Statistical  Data  Forms: 

General  instructions  for  preparing  summary  cards,  1918. 

Tally  sheet  No.  1,  first  registration. 

Tally  sheet  No.  1,  second  and  third  registrations. 

Tally  sheet  No.  2,  first  registration. 

Tally  sheet  No.  2,  second  and  third  registrations. 

Tally  sheet  No.  3,  first  registration. 

Tally  sheet  No.  3,  second  and  third  registrations. 

Summary  card  No.  1,  first  registration. 

Summary  card  No.  1,  second  and  third  registrations. 

Summary  card  No.  2,  first  registration. 

Summary  card  No.  2,  second  and  third  registrations. 

Summary  card  No.  3,  first  registration. 

Summary  card  No.  3,  second  and  third  registrations. 

Summary  card  No.  4,  first,  second,  and  third  registrations. 


342 


APPENDIXES. 


Title. 


Notice  of  mailing  summary  cards. 

Reminder  post  card  No.  1. 

Reminder  post  card  No.  2. 

District  board  summary  card  A  (first  registration). 

District  board  summary  card  A  (second  and  third  registrations). 

District  board  summary  card  B  (first  registration). 

District  board  summary  card  B  (second  and  third  registrations). 

Emergency  fleet  data  card. 

Letter  from  Provost  Marshal  General  to  local  boards  relative  to  Emergency  Fleet  data  cards. 

Regulations  governing  the  disposition  of  records  of  district,  local,  and  medical  advisory' 

boards. 

Tags  for  district,  local,  and  medical  advisory  board  records 
Inventory  of  records  of  district,  local,  and  medical  advisory  boards. 
List  of  registrants  recorded  as  delinquents  or  deserters. 
Dummy  cover  sheet. 

Bulletin  A  of  May  24, 1917,  relative  to  persons  required  to  register. 
Boards  of  instruction: 

Letter  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General  to  local  boards  relative  to  organization.    (July  4, 

1918.) 
Letter  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General  to  local  boards  relative  to  class  of  June  5,  1918. 

(July  10,  1918.) 
Bulletin  No.  I  (see  Form  76). 
Bulletin  No.  II  (see  Form  77). 
Bulletin  No.  III. 
Bulletin  No.  IV-War  Aims. 

Bulletin  No.  V,  How  Selectives  Are  Treated  in  Camp. 
Bulletin  No.  VI,  Teaching  English. 
Bulletin  No.  VII. 
Bulletin  No.  VIII,  Hygiene. 

Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  members  of  local  boards  relative  to  disposition  of  regis- 
tration cards.    (June  26,  1917.) 
Occupational  card. 

Conventions  providing  for  reciprocal  military  service  with  Great  Britain  and  Canada. 
Convention  providing  for  reciprocal  military  service  with  France. 
Report  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General  to  the  Secretary  of  War  on  the  first  draft. 
Information  for  male  persons  of  military  age  desiring  to  leave  the  United  States. 
Instructions  No.  1,  for  preparing  voucher  for  personal  service. 

Instructions  No.  2,  for  preparing  voucher  for  services  and  duties  other  than  personal. 
Instructions  No.  3,  for  preparation  of  vouchers. 
List  of  district  boards. 
List  of  district  and  local  boards. 

Poster,  "The  New  American  Plan  of  Selective  Draft  and  Service." 
Registration  regulations,  first  registration. 

Placard  of  instructions  on  "How  to  Answer  Questions"  (first  and  third  registrations). 
Roster,  Provost  Marshal  General's  Office. 

The  selective  service  system,  its  aims  and  accomplishments — its  future. 
President's  foreword  to  the  selective  service  regulations. 

Circular  of  information  relative  to  deferred  classification  of  Government  employees. 
Extracts  from  the  revised  selective-service  regulations  relative  to  classification  with  respect 

to  engagement  in  industries,  occupations  or  employment,  including  agriculture. 
Eye-test  charts  "B"  and  "E." 

Powers  of  the  Congress  and  of  the  President  over  the  land  forces. 
President's  letter  relative  to  gratuitous  services. 
Governor's  letter  relative  to  gratuitous  services. 
The  Nation's  Want  Column. 
Bulletin  of  information  concerning  appeals  for  discharge  of  persons  engaged  in  industries 

including  agriculture.    (Sept.  24, 1917.) 
Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  local  boards  on  classification  of  December,  1917.    (Nov.  f>, 

1917.) 

Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  governors  relative  to  selection  of  men  for  special  train- 
ing.   (May  22, 1918.) 
Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  local  boards  relative  to  handling  individual  inductions. 

(June  14. 1918.) 
Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  draft  executives  relative  to  compensation  of  local  board 

members.    (Aug.  31, 1918.) 
Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  draft  executives  relative  to  individual  induction  of 

registrants  into  the  Students'  Army  Training  Corps.    (Sept.  5,  1918.) 
Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  governors  relative  to  classification  of  registrants  of  class 

of  September,  1918.    (Sept.  10, 1918.) 
Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  governors  re  advancement  of  classification  and  physical 

examination  of  certain  registrants  of  class  of  September,  1918.    (Sept.  25,  1918.) 
Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  members  of  district  boards  relative  to  classification  of 

registrants  of  class  of  September,  1918.     (Oct.  7,  1918.) 
Letter  of  Provost  Marshal' General  to  State  draft  executives  relative  to  monthly  reports  of 

local  boards.    (Nov.  2,  1918.) 
Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  boards  of  instruction  relative  to  their  activities. 

(Nov.  20,  1918.) 
Letter  of  Provost  Marshal  General  to  local  boards  relative  to  statement  of  final  account. 

(Nov.  25, 1918.) 


APPENDIX  I. 

LIST  OF  DISTRICT  BOARDS,  SHOWING  LOCATION  AND  JURISDICTION. 

ALABAMA. 

NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters^— Jefferson  County  Bank  Building,  Birmingham,  Ala. 

Jurisdiction — Counties, 

Bibb.  Clay.  Jefferson.  Sumter. 

Blount.  Cleburne.  Pickens.  Talladega. 

Calhoun.  Greene.  Shelby.  Tuscaloosa. 

NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Federal  Court  Building,  Huntsville,  Ala. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Cherokee.  Fayette.  Lauderdale.  Morgan. 

Colbert.  Franklin.  Limestone.  St.  Clair. 

Cullman.  Jackson.  Madison.  Walker. 

Dekalb.  Lamar.  Marion.  Winston. 

Etowah.  Lawrence.  Marshall. 

MIDDLE  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters, — 709  First  National  Bank  Building,  Montgomery,  Ala. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties. 

Autauga.  Coffee.  Geneva.  Montgomery. 

Barbour.  Coosa.  Henry.  Pike. 

Bullock.  Covington.  Houston.  Randolph. 

Butler.  Crenshaw.  Lee.  Russell. 

Chambers.  Dale.  Lowndes.  Tallapoosa. 

Chilton.  Elmore.  Macon. 

SOUTHERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Federal  Building,  Mobile,  Ala. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Baldwin,  Dallas,  Mobile.  Wilcox. 

Choctaw.  Escambia.  Monroe. 

Clarke.  Hale.  Perry. 

Conecuh.  Marengo.  Washington. 

ARIZONA. 

DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Room  2,  County  Courthouse,  Phoenix,  Ariz. 

Jurisdiction — Counties . 

Apache.  Maricopa.  Navajo.  Yavapai. 

Coconino.  Mohave.  Pinal.  Yuma. 

DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Tucson,  Ariz. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Cochise.  Graham.  Pima. 

Gila.         •  Greenlee.  Santa  Cruz 

343 


344 


APPENDIXES. 


ARKANSAS. 

EASTERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Pulaski  County  Courthouse,  Little  Rock,  Ark. 


Jurisdiction — Counties . 


Arkansas. 

Dallas. 

Jefferson. 

Ashley. 

Desha. 

Lawrence. 

Bradley. 

Drew. 

Lee. 

Chicot. 

Faulkner. 

Lincoln. 

Clark. 

Fulton. 

Lonoke. 

Clay. 

Garland. 

Mississippi. 

Cleburne. 

Grant. 

Monroe. 

Cleveland. 

Greene. 

Mongomery. 

Con  way. 

Hot  Spring. 

Perry. 

Craighead. 

Independence. 

Phillips. 

Crittenden. 

Izard. 

Poinsett. 

Cross. 

Jackson. 

Pope. 

WESTERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters.  —  Fort  Smith,  Ark. 

Jurisdiction 

—  Counties. 

Baxter. 

Franklin. 

Madison. 

Benton. 

Hempstead. 

Marion. 

Boone. 

Howard. 

Miller. 

Calhoun. 

Johnson. 

Nevada. 

Carroll. 

Lafayette. 

Newton. 

Columbia. 

Little  River. 

Ouachita. 

Crawford. 

Logan. 

Pike. 

CALIFORNIA. 

NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — 400  City  Hall,  San  Francisco,  Cal, 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 
San  Francisco  and  Alameda. 

NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — 704  Fourth  Street,  San  Rafael,  Cal. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Contra  Costa. 
Del  Norte. 
Humboldt. 
Lake. 


Marin. 
Mendocino. 
Monterey. 
Napa. 


San  Benito. 
Santa  Clara. 
Santa  Cruz. 
San  Mateo. 


NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters. — State  Capitol  Building,  Sacramento,  Cal. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Alpine. 

Amador. 

Butte. 

Calaveras. 

Colusa. 

Eldorado. 

Glenn. 


Lassen. 

Modoc. 

Mono. 

Nevada. 

Placer. 

Plumas. 

San  Joaquin. 


Sacramento. 

Shasta. 

Sierra. 

Siskiyou. 

Stanislaus. 

Sutter. 

Tehama. 


Prairie. 

Pulaski. 

Randolph. 

Saline. 

Sharp. 

Stone. 

St.  Francis. 

Van  Buren. 

White. 

Woodruff. 

Yell. 


Polk. 

Searcy. 

Scott. 

Sebastian. 

Sevier. 

Union. 

Washington. 


Solano. 
Sonoma. 


Trinity. 
Tuolumne. 
Yolo. 
Yuba, 


SOUTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Room  F.  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building,  100  South  Broadway, 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Los  Angeles. 


Orange. 


San  Diego. 


LIST   OF   DISTRICT   BOARDS. 


345 


SOUTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters, — Courthouse,  Bakersfield,  Cal. 


Jurisdictio  n —  Counties . 


Fresno. 
Imperial. 
Inyo. 
Kern. 


DIVISION  No.  1. 
Headquarters. 


Alamosa. 

Archuleta. 

Baca. 

Bent. 

Chaffee. 

Conejos. 

Costilla. 

Crowley. 

Custer. 

Delta. 

DIFISION  No.  2. 
Headquarters. 


Adams. 

Arapahoe. 

Boulder. 

Cheyenne. 

Clear  Creek. 

Denver. 

Douglas. 


DIVISION  No.  1 
Headquarters. 


Hartfield. 


Kings. 
Mad  era. 
Mariposa. 
Merced. 


Riverside. 
San  Bernardino. 
San  Luis  Obispo. 
Santa  Barbara. 


Tulare. 
Ventura. 


COLORADO. 


-Room  19,  Courthouse,  Pueblo,  Colo. 

Jurisdiction — Counties . 


Dolores. 

Eagle. 

El  Paso. 

Fremont. 

Garfield. 

Gunnison. 

Hinsdale. 

Huerfano. 

Kiowa. 

Lake. 


La  Plata. 
Las  Animas. 
Mesa. 
Mineral. 
Montezuma. 
Montrose. 
Otero. 
Ouray. 
Pitkin. 
Prowers. 


Pueblo. 
Rio  Blanco. 
Rio  Grande. 
Saguache. 
San  Juan. 
San  Miguel 
Teller. 


-244  Capitol  Building,  Denver,  Colo. 
Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Elbert. 

Gilpin. 

Grand. 

Jackson. 

Jefferson. 

Kit  Carson. 

Larimer. 


Lincoln. 

Logan. 

Moffat. 

Morgan. 

Park. 

Phillips. 

Routt. 


Sedgwick. 

Summit. 

Washington. 

Weld. 

Yuma. 


CONNECTICUT. 

-18  Asylum  Street,  Hartford,  Conn. 
Jurisdiction — Counties . 
Litchfield.  Tolland. 


Windham. 


DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — County  Courthouse,  Waterbury,  Conn. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Miidlesex.  New  London. 

New  Haven,  except  the  townsof  Ansonia,  Beacon  Falls,  Derby,  Middlebury,  Milford, 
Orange,  Oxford,  Seymour,  Middlesex,  New  London,  and  Southbury. 

DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters.— County  Courthouse.  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

Jurisdiction — Fairfield  County  and  that  part  of  New  Haven  County  embracing  the 
towns  of  Ansonia,  Beacon  Falls,  Derby,  Middlebury,  Milford,  Orange,  Oxford, 
Seymour,  and  Southbury. 


346 


APPENDIXES. 


DELAWARE. 

DISTRICT  BOARD  FOR  THE  STATE  OP  DELAWARE. 

Headquarters.— State  Capitol,  Dover,  Del. 
Jurisdiction. — Entire  State. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

DISTRICT!  BOARD  FOR  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

Headquarters. — Room  513,  District  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Jurisdiction. — District  of  Columbia. 


FLORIDA. 


NORTHERN  DISTRICT. 


Headquarters. — Pensacola,  Fla. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Alachua  Bay. 

Calhoun. 

Escambia. 

Franklin. 

Gadsden. 

SOUTHERN  DISTRICT. 


Holmes. 

Jefferson. 

Jackson. 

Lafayette. 

Levy. 


Liberty. 
Leon. 
Okaloosa. 
Santa  Rosa. 
Taylor. 


Headquarters. — Tampa,  Fla. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Baker. 

Bradford. 

Brevard. 

Broward. 

Citrus. 

Clay. 

Columbia. 

Dade. 

De  Soto. 


Duval. 

Flagler. 

Hamilton. 

Hernando. 

Hillsborough. 

Lake. 

Lee. 

Madison. 

Manatee. 


Marion. 

Monroe. 

Nassau. 

Okeechobee. 

Orange. 

Osceola. 

Palm  Beach. 

Pinellas. 

Polk. 


GEORGIA. 


NORTHERN  DISTRICT. 


Headquarters. — Fulton  County  Courthouse,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Banks. 

Barrow. 

Bartow. 

Campbell. 

Carroll. 

Catoosa. 

Chattahoochee. 

Chattooga. 

Cherokee. 

Clarke. 

Clay. 

Clayton. 

Cobb. 

Coweta. 

Dade. 

Dawson. 

Dekalb. 

Douglas. 


Early. 

Elbert. 

Fannin. 

Fayette. 

Floyd. 

Forsyth. 

Franklin. 

Fulton. 

Gilmer. 

Gordon. 

Greene. 

"Gwinnett. 

Habersham. 

Hall. 

Haralson. 

Harris. 

Hart. 

Heard. 


Henry. 

Jackson. 

Lumpkin. 

Madison. 

Marion. 

Meriwether. 

Milton. 

Morgan. 

Murray. 

Muscogee. 

Newton. 

Oconee. 

Oglethorpe. 

Paulding. 

Pickens. 

Polk. 

Quitman. 

Rabun. 


Walton. 

Washington. 

Wakulla. 


Pasco. 
Putnam. 
St.  Johns. 
St.  Lucie. 
Semtnole. 
Sumter. 
Suwannee. 
Volusia. 


Randolph. 

Rockdale. 

Schley. 

Spalding. 

Stephens. 

Stewart. 

Talbot. 

Taylor. 

Terrell. 

Towns. 

Troup. 

Union. 

Walker. 

Walton. 

Webster. 

White. 

Whitfield. 


LIST    OF    DISTRICT    BOARDS. 


347 


SOUTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Savannah  Fire  Insurance  Building,  Savannah,  Ga. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Apphng. 

Bacon. 

Baker. 

Ben  ffill. 

Berrien. 

Brooks. 

Bryan. 

Bulloch. 

Calhoun. 

Cam  den. 

Candler. 

Charlton. 


Chatham. 

Clinch. 

Coffee. 

Colquitt. 

Crisp. 

Decatur. 

Dougherty. 

Echols. 

Effingham. 

Emanuel. 

Evans. 

Glvnn. 


Grady. 

Irwin. 

Jeff  Davis. 

Jenkins. 

Lee. 

Liberty. 

Lowndes. 

Mclntosh. 

Miller. 

Mitchell. 

Montgomery. 

Pierce. 


SOUTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters.—  Public  Utility  Building,  Macon,  Ga. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Baldwin. 

Bibb. 

Bleckley. 

Burke. 

Butts. 

Columbia. 

Crawford. 

Dodge. 

Doolv. 


DIVISION  No.  1. 
Headquarters. 

Benewah. 

Bonner. 

Boundary. 

DIVISION  No.  2. 
Headquarters. 


Ada. 

Adams. 

Bannock. 

Bear  Lake. 

Bingham. 

Blaine. 

Boise. 

Bonneville. 


Glascock. 

Hancock. 

Houston. 

Jasper. 

Jefferson. 

Johnson. 

Jones. 

Laurens. 

Lincoln. 


Macon. 

McDuftie. 

Monroe . 

Pike. 

Pulaski. 

Putnam. 

Richmond. 

Sumter. 

Taliaferro. 


IDAHO. 


-Sandpoint,  Idaho. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Clearwater. 

Idaho. 

Kootenai. 


Latah. 
Lewis. 
Nez  Perce. 


-Boise,  Idaho. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Butte. 

Camas. 

Canyon. 

Cassis. 

Custer. 

Elmore. 

Franklin. 

Fremont. 


Gem. 

Gooding. 

Jefferson. 

Lemhi. 

Lincoln. 

Madison. 

Minidoka. 

Oneida. 


Screven. 

Tattnall. 

Thomas. 

Tift. 

Toombs. 

Turner. 

Ware. 

Wayne. 

Worth. 


Telfair. 


Upson. 

Warren. 

Washington. 

Wheeler. 

Wilcox. 

Wilkes. 

Wilkinson. 


Shoshone. 


Owyhee. 

Payette. 

Power. 

Teton. 

Twin  Falls. 

Valley. 

Washington. 


ILLINOIS. 

NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — 112  West  Adams  Street,  Chicago. 

Jurisdiction. — Local  Boards  Nos.  1-28,  inclusive;  44,  45,  67-77,  inclusive;  81,  82, 
and  83  of  the  city  of  Chicago. 

NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Room  1122,  112  West  Adams  Street,  Chicago. 
Jurisdiction. — Local  Boards  Nos.  29^43,  inclusive;  46-60,  inclusive;  78-80,  in- 
clusive; 84-86,  inclusive,  of  the  city  of  Chicago. 


348 


APPENDIXES. 


NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  3; 

Headquarters. — Room  721,  112  West  Adams  Street,  Chicago. 

Jurisdiction. — Local  Boards  Nos.  1-9,  inclusive,  of  Cook  County  outside  of  Chi- 
cago; and  the  counties  of  Boone,  Dekalb,  Dupage,  Grundy,  Kane,  Kendall, 
Lake,  La  Salle,  McHenry,  and  Will. 

NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  4. 

Headquarters. — Room  8,  Fry's  Block,  Freeport,  111. 
Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Carroll. 
Jo  Daviess. 


Lee. 
Ogle. 


Stephenson. 
Whiteside. 


SOUTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Room  601,  Lehman  Building,  Peoria,  111. 
Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Bureau. 
Fulton. 
Henderson. 
Henry. 


Knox. 
Livingston. 
Marshall. 
McDonough. 


Mercer. 
Peoria. 
Putnam. 
Rock  Island. 


SOUTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — State  arsenal,  Springfield,  111. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 
Headquarters. — Mount  Vernon,  111. 

Jurisdiction — Counties,, 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Robeson  Building,  Champaign,  111. 
Jurisdiction —  Co  unties. 


Winnebago. 


Stark. 
Tazewell. 
Warren. 
Woodford. 


Adams. 
Bond. 
Brown. 
Calhoun. 
Cass. 
Christian. 

Dewitt. 
Greene. 
Hancock. 
Jersey. 
Logan. 
Macon. 

Macoupin. 
Madison. 
Mason. 
McLean. 
Menard. 
Montgomery. 

Morgan. 
Pike. 
Sangamon. 
Schuyler. 
Scott. 

Alexander. 
Clinton. 
Franklin. 
Gallatin. 
Hamilton. 
Hardin. 

Jackson. 
Jefferson. 
Johnson. 
Marion. 
Massac. 
Monroe. 

Perry. 
Pope. 
Pulaski. 
Randolph. 
St.  Glair. 
Saline. 

Union. 
Washington. 
White. 
Williamson. 

Champaign. 
Clark. 
Clay. 
Coles. 
Crawford. 
Cumberland. 

Douglas. 
Edgar. 
Edwards. 
Emngham. 
Fayette. 
Ford. 

Iroquois. 
Jasper. 
Kankakee. 
Lawrence. 
Moultrie. 
Piatt. 

Richland. 
Shelby. 
Vermilion. 
Wabash. 
Wayne. 

LIST   OF   DISTRICT   BOARDS. 


349 


INDIANA. 


DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters.  —  Laporte,  Ind. 

Jurisdiction  —  Counties. 

Benton. 
Carroll. 
Cass. 
Clinton. 
Fountain. 
Fulton. 

Howard.                        Newton. 
Jasper.                           Porter. 
Lake.                            Pulaski. 
Laporte.                        St.  Joseph. 
Marshall.                       Starke. 
Miami.                           Tipton. 

Tippecanoe. 
Warren. 
White. 

DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters.  —  Physician's  Defense  Building,  Fort  Wayne, 

Ind. 

Jurisdiction  —  Counties  . 

Adams. 
Allen. 
Blackford. 
Dekalb. 
Delaware. 
Elkhart. 

Fayette.                        Kosciusko. 
Franklin.                       Lagrange. 
Grant.                            Madison. 
Henry.                           Noble. 
Huntington.                  Randolph. 
Jay.                              Rush. 

Steuben. 
Union. 
Wabash. 
Wayne. 
Wells. 
Whitley. 

DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters.  —  State  house,  Indianapolis. 

Jurisdiction  —  Counties. 

Bartholomew. 
Boone. 
Clark. 
Clay. 
Dearborn. 
Decatur. 
Floyd. 

Hamilton.                    Montgomery. 
Hancock.                      Morgan. 
Handricks.                    Ohio. 
Jefferson.                       Parke. 
Jennings.                       Putnam. 
Johnson.                       Ripley. 
Marion.                          Scott. 

Shelby. 
Switzerland. 
Vermilion. 
Vigo. 

DIVISION  No.  4. 

Headquarters.  —  Oliphant  Building,  Vincennes,  Ind. 

Jurisdiction  —  Counties. 

Brown. 
Crawford. 
Daviess. 
Dubois. 
Gibson. 
Greene. 

Harrison.                      Orange. 
Jackson.                       Owen. 
Knox.                           Perry.    . 
Lawrence.                    Pike. 
Martin.                         Posey. 
Monroe.                        Spencer. 

Sullivan. 
Vanderburg. 
Warrick. 
Washington. 

IOWA. 

NORTHERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Marsh  Place  Building,  Waterloo,  Iowa. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties . 


Allamakee. 

Benton. 

Blackhawk. 

Bremer. 

Buchanan. 

Buena  Vista. 

Butler. 

Calhoun. 

Carroll. 

Cedar. 

Cerro  Gordo. 

Cherokee. 

Chickasaw. 


Clay. 

Clayton. 

Delaware. 

Dickinson. 

Dubuque. 

Emmet. 

Fayette. 

Floyd. 

Franklin. 

Grundy. 

Hamilton. 

Hancock. 

Hardin. 


Howard. 

Humboldt. 

Ida. 

Iowa. 

Jackson. 

Jones. 

Kossuth. 

Linn. 

Lyon. 

Mitchell. 

Monona. 

O'Brien. 

Osceola. 


Palo  Alto. 

Pocahontas. 

Plymouth. 

Sac. 

Sioux. 

Tama. 

Webster. 

Winnebago. 

Winneshiek. 

Woodbury. 

Worth.     ' 

Wright. 


350 


APPENDIXES. 


SOUTHERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Statehouse,  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Adair. 

Adams. 

Appanoose. 

Audubon. 

Boone. 


Clarke. 

Clinton. 

Crawford. 

Dallas. 

Davis. 

Decatur. 


Des  Moines. 

Fremont. 

Greene. 

Guthrie. 

Harrison. 

Henry. 

Jasper. 

Jefferson. 

Johnson, 

Keokuk. 

Lee. 

Louisa. 


Lucas. 

Madison. 

Mahaska. 

Marion. 

Marshall. 

Mills. 

Monroe. 

Montgomery. 

Muscatine. 

Page. 

Polk. 

Pottawattamie. 


KANSAS. 

DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Statehouse,  Topeka,  Kans. 


Jurisdiction. — Counties. 


Allen. 

Anderson. 

Atchison. 

Bourbon. 

Brown. 

Chase. 

Chautauqu  a. 

Cherokee. 

Coffey. 


Cowley. 

Crawford. 

Doniphan. 

Douglas. 

Elk. 

Franklin. 

Greenwood. 

Jackson. 

Jefferson. 


Johnson. 

Labette. 

Leavenworth. 

Linn. 

Lyon. 

Marion. 

Miami. 

Morris. 

Montgomery. 


DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Federal  Building,  Wichita. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Barber. 

Barton. 

Butler. 

Cheyenne. 

Clark. 

Clay. 

Cloud. 

Comanche. 

Decatur. 

Dickinson. 

Edwards. 

Ellis. 

Ellsworth. 

Finney. 

Ford. 

Geary. 

Gove. 

Graham. 


Grant. 

Gray. 

Greeley. 

Hamilton. 

Harper. 

Harvey. 

Haskell. 

Hodgeman. 

Jewell. 

Kearny. 

Kingman. 

Kiowa. 

Lane. 

Lincoln. 

Logan. 

McPherson. 

Marshall. 

Meade. 


Mitchell. 

Morton. 

Ness. 

Norton. 

Osborne. 

Ottawa. 

Pawnee. 

Phillips. 

Pratt. 

Rawlins. 

Reno. 

Republic. 

Rice. 

Riley. 

Rooks. 

Rush. 

Russell. 

Saline. 


Poweshiek. 

Scott. 

Shelby. 

Story. 

Taylor. 

Union. 

Van  Buren. 

Ringgold. 

Wapello. 

Warren. 

Washington. 

Wayne. 


Nemaha. 

Neosho. 

Osage. 

Pottawatomie. 

Shawnee. 

Wabaunsee. 

Wilson. 

Woodson. 

Wyandotte. 


Scott. 

Sedgwick. 

Seward. 

Sheridan. 

Sherman. 

Smith. 

Stafford. 

Stan  ton. 

Stevens. 

Sumner. 

Thomas. 

Trego. 

Wallace. 

Washington. 

Wichita. 


LIST   OF   DISTRICT   BOARDS. 


351 


KENTUCKY. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT. 


Headquarters. — Phoenix  Hotel,  Lexington,  Ky. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Anderson. 

Fleming. 

Lawrence. 

Bath. 

Floyd. 

Lee. 

Bell. 

Franklin. 

Leslie. 

Boone. 

Gallatin. 

Letcher. 

Bourbon. 

Garrard. 

Lewis. 

Boyle. 

Grant. 

Lincoln. 

Boyd. 

Greenup. 

McCreary. 

Bracken. 

Harlan. 

Madison. 

Breathitt. 

Harrison. 

Mason. 

Campbell. 

Henry. 

Magoffin. 

Carroll. 

Jackson. 

Martin. 

Carter. 

Jessamine. 

Mercer. 

Clark. 

Johnson. 

Menifee. 

Clay. 

Kenton. 

Morgan. 

Elliott. 

Knott. 

Montgomery. 

Estill. 

Knox. 

Nicholas. 

Fayette. 

Laurel. 

Owen. 

WESTERN  DISTRICT, 

DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters.  —  Federal  Building, 

Louisville,  Ky. 

Jurisdiction  —  Counties. 

Adair. 

Edmonson. 

Larue. 

Barren. 

Grayson. 

Marion. 

Breckenridge. 

Green. 

Meade. 

Bullitt. 

Hardin. 

Metcalfe. 

Clinton. 

Hart. 

Monroe. 

Cumberland. 

Jefferson. 

Nelson. 

WESTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 
Headquarters. — Madisonville,  Ky. 


Jurisdiction — Coun  ties . 


Allen. 

Ballard. 

Butler. 

Caldwell. 

Galloway. 

Carlisle. 

Casey ._ 

Christian. 


Crittenden. 

Daviess. 

Fulton. 

Graves. 

Hancock. 

Henderson. 

Hickman. 

Hopkins. 


Livingston. 

Logan. 

Lyon. 

McCracken. 

McLean. 

Marshall. 

Muhlenberg. 

Ohio. 


LOUISIANA. 


Owsley. 

Perry. 

Pendleton. 

Pike. 

Powell. 

Pulaski. 

Robertson. 

Rockcastle. 

Rowan. 

Scott. 

Shelby. 

Trimble. 

Wayne. 

Whitley. 

Wolfe. 

Woodford. 


Oldham. 

Russell. 

Spencer. 

Taylor. 

Washington. 


Simpson. 

Todd.    ' 

Trigg. 

Union. 

Warren. 

Webster. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Room  300,  Federal  Building,  New  Orleans,  La. 


Jurisdiction — Parishes . 


Jefferson. 
Orleans. 


Plaquemines. 
St.  Bernard. 


St.  Charles. 

St.  John  the  Baptist. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — The  capitol,  Baton  Rouge,  La. 


Jurisdiction — Parishes. 


Ascension. 

Assumption. 

East  Baton  Rouge. 

East  Feliciana. 

Iberia. 


Iberville. 
Lafourche. 
Livingston. 
Pointe  Coupee. 
St.  Helena. 


St.  James. 

St.  Mary. 

St.  Tammany. 

Tangipahoa. 

Terrebonne. 


Washington. 

West  Baton  Rouge. 

West  Feliciana. 


352 


APPENDIXES. 


WESTERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — City  National  Bank  Building,  Shreveport,  La. 

Jurisdiction — Parishes 


Allen. 
Avoyelles. 
Acadia. 
Beauregard. 
Bossier. 
Bienville. 
Catahoula. 
Caldwell. 
Concordia. 
Caddo. 

Claiborne. 
Calcasieu. 
Cameron. 
De  Soto. 
East  Carroll. 
Evangeline. 
Franklin. 
Grant. 
Jackson. 
Jefferson  Davis. 

La  Salle. 
Lincoln. 
Lafayette. 
Madison. 
Morehouse. 
Natchitoches. 
Ouachita. 
Rapides. 
Riqhland. 
Red  River. 

St.  Landry. 
St.  Martin. 
Sabine. 
Tensas. 
Union. 
Vermilion. 
Vernon. 
Winn. 
West  Carroll 
Webster. 

MAINE. 

DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — State  house,  Augusta,  Me. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties . 


Androscoggin. 
Cumberland. 


Franklin. 
Kennebec. 


Oxford. 
Sagadahoc. 


DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Federal  Building,  Bangor,  Me. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties . 

Aroostook.  Lincoln.  Piscataquis. 

Hancock.  Penobscot.  Somerset. 

Knox. 

MARYLAND. 
DIVISION.  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — American  Building,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Jurisdiction. — Baltimore  city. 

DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Annapolis,  Md. 


Jurisdiction — Counties . 


Allegany.  Carroll. 

Anne  Arundel.  Charles. 

Baltimore.  »     Frederick. 

Calvert.  Garrett. 

DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters. — Den  ton,  Md. 


Harford. 
Howard. 
Montgomery. 
Prince  Georges. 


York. 


Waldo. 
Washington. 


St.  Marys. 
Washington. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Caroline.  Kent.  Somerset.  Wicomico. 

Cecil.  Queen  Annes.  Talbot.  Worcester. 

Dorchester 

MASSACHUSETTS. 
DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — 31  Elm  Street,  Springfield,  Mass. 

Jurisdiction. — Chicopee,  Holyoke,  Pittsfield,  Springfield,  and  Divisions  No.  1,  2, 

3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  and  9  or  the  State  of  Massachusetts. 
DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — 1020  Slater  Building,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Jurisdiction. — Fitchburg,  Worcester,  and  Divisions  No.  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,  15,  16, 

17,  18,  32,  33,  and  34  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts. 
DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters. — Essex  County  courthouse,  Lawrence,  Mass. 

Jurisdiction. — Haverhill,  Lawrence,  Lowell,  Maiden,  Medford,  Waltham,  and 
Divisions  No.  19,  20,  21,  22,  24,  26,  27,  28,  29,  and  30  of  the  State  of  Massachu- 
setts. 


LIST  OF   DISTRICT   BOARDS. 


353 


DIVISION  No.  4. 

Headquarters. — 514  Tremont  Building,  Boston,  Mass. 

Jurisdiction . — Boston . 
DIVISION  No.  5. 

Headquarters. — 702  Tremont  Building,  Boston,  Mass. 

Jurisdiction. — Brookline,  Cambridge,  Chelsea,  Everett,  Lynn,  Newton,  Salem, 

Somervillej  and  Divisions  No.  23,  25,  and  31  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts. 
DIVISION  No.  6. 

Headquarters. — County  courthouse,  Taunton,  Mass. 

Jurisdiction. — Brockton,    Fall    River,    New    Bedford,    Quincy,    Taunton,    and 
Divisions  No.  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  40,  41,  42,  and  43  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts. 


MICHIGAN. 

EAST  RUN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters, — Municipal  Courts  Building,  St.   Antoine  and  Clinton,   Detroit, 

Mich. 
Jurisdiction. — City  of  Detroit,  village  of  Highland  Park. 

EASTEUN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — 2130  Penobscot  Building,  Detroit,  Mich. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties . 


Lapeer. 


Macomb. 
Monroe. 


Oakland. 
St.  ('lair. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  3. 

llmdquarters. — Post  office,  Lansing.  Mich. 


Branch. 

Calhoun. 

Clinton. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Genesee.  Ingham. 

Gratiot.  Jackson. 

Hillsdale.  Livingston. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  4. 

Headquarters. — -City  Hall,  Bay  City,  Mich. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 


WESTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Hindquarters. — 409  Peck  Building,  Kalamazoo,  Mich. 


Allegan. 
Barry. 


Jurisdiction— Counties. 

Berrien.  Eaton. 

Cass.  Kalamazoo. 


WESTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — City  Hall,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 


97250°— 


Exclusive  of  Detroit  and  Highland  Park. 


Washtenaw. 
Wayne. ' 


Saginaw. 
Shiawassee. 


Alcona. 
Alpena. 
Arenac. 
Bay. 
Cheboygan. 

Clare. 
Crawford. 
Glad  win. 
Huron, 
losco. 

Isabella. 
Midland. 
Montmorency. 
Ogemaw. 
Oscoda. 

Otsego. 
Presque  Isle. 
Roscommon. 
Sanilac. 
Tuscola. 

St.  Joseph. 
Van  Buren. 


Antrim. 

Kalkaska. 

Mecosta. 

Osceola. 

Beuzie. 

Kent. 

Missaukee. 

Ottowa. 

Charlevoix. 

Lake. 

Montcalm. 

Wexford. 

Emmet. 

Jveelanau. 

Muskegon. 

Grand  Traverse. 

Manistee. 

Newaygo. 

Ionia. 

Mason. 

Oceana. 

-23 


354 


APPENDIXES. 


WESTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters. — Michigan  College  of  Mines,  Houghton,  Mich. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Alger. 
Baraga. 
Chippewa. 
Delta. 


DIVISION  No.  1. 
Headquarters. 


Blue  Earth. 

Brown. 

Cotton  wood. 

Dodge. 

Faribault. 

Fillmore. 

Freeborn. 

Goodhue. 

DIVISION  No.  2. 
Headquarters. 


Anoka. 
Carver. 
Chippewa. 
Hennepin. 


Dickinson. 
Gogebec. 
Houghton. 
Iron. 


Keweenaw. 
Luce. 
Mackinac. 
Marquette. 


Menominee. 
Ontonagon. 
Schoolcraft. 


MINNESOTA. 

-Federal  building,  Mankato,  Minn. 
Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Houston. 

Jackson. 

Lac  qui  Parle. 

Le  Sueur. 

Lincoln. 

Lyon. 

Martin. 

Mower. 


Murray. 

Nicollet. 

Nobles. 

Olmsted. 

Pipestone. 

Redwood. 

Rice. 

Rock. 


-Federal  office  building,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Jurisdiction — Counties 


Minneapolis  City. 
Isanti. 
Kandiyohi. 
McLeod. 


Meeker. 
Renville. 
Sherburne. 
Swift. 


Scott. 

Sibley. 

Steele. 

Waseca. 

Wabasha. 

Watonwan. 

Winona. 

Yellow  Medicine. 


Wright. 


DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters. — Fourth  floor  new  post-office  building,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Benton. 
Big  Stone. 
Chisago. 
Dakota. 
Douglas. 

DIVISION  No.  4.1 
Headquarter  s.- 


Aitkin. 
Cass. 
Carl  ton. 


Grant. 
Kanabec. 
Mille  Lacs. 
Morrison. 
Otter  Tail. 


Pine. 

Pope. 

Ramsey. 

St.  Paul  City. 

Stearns. 


-Duluth. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties . 


Cook. 
Crow  Wing. 


Itasca. 
Koochiching. 


Stevens. 

Todd. 

Traverse. 

Washington. 

Wilkin. 


Lake. 

St.  Louis. 


DIVISION  No.  5.2 

Headquarters. — Crookston. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Becker. 
Beltrami. 
Clay. 
Clearwater. 


Hubbard. 
Kittson. 
Marshall. 
Mahnomen. 


Norman. 
Pennington. 
Polk. 
Red  Lake. 


Roseau. 
Wadena. 


i  Board  No.  4  was  created  October  2, 1918,  prior  to  which  date  Board  No.  4  with  headquarters  at  Duluth, 
had  jurisdiction  of  the  entire  territorial  area  now  under  Boards  Nos.  4  and  5. 

»  Board  No.  5  was  created  Oct.  2,  1918,  prior  to  which  date  Board  No.  4,  with  headquarters  at  Duluth, 
had  jurisdiction  of  the  entire  territorial  area  now  under  Boards  Nos.  4  and  6. 


LIST   OF   DISTRICT   BOARDS. 


355 


MISSISSIPPI. 

NORTHERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Professional  Building,  Tupelo,  Miss. 

Jurisdiction — Coun  ties . 


Alcorn. 

Attala. 

Benton. 

Bolivar. 

Calhoun. 

Carroll. 

Chickasaw. 

Choctaw. 

Clay. 


Coahoma. 

De  Soto. 

Grenada. 

Itawamba. 

Lafayette. 

Lee. 

Leflore. 

Lowndes. 

Marshall. 


Monroe. 

Montgomery. 

Oktibbeha. 

Panola. 

Pontotoc. 

Prentiss. 

Quitman. 

Sunflower. 

Tallahatchie. 


Tate. 

Tippah. 

Tishomingo. 

Tunica. 

Union. 

Webster. 

Winston. 

Yalobusha. 


SOUTHERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters.—  Government  Building,  Vicksburg,  Miss. 

Jurisdiction — Coun  ties . 


Adams. 

Amite. 

Claiborne. 

Clarke. 

Copiah. 

Covington. 

Forrest. 

Franklin. 

George. 

Greene. 

Hancock. 

Harrison. 


Hinds. 

Holmes. 

Humphreys. 

Issaquena. 

Jackson. 

Jasper. 

Jefferson. 

Jeff  Davis. 

Jones. 

Kemper. 

Lamar. 

Lauderdale. 


Lawrence. 

Leake. 

Lincoln. 

Madison. 

Marion. 

Neshoba. 

Newton. 

Noxubee. 

Pearl  River. 

Perry. 

Pike. 

Rankin. 


Scott. 

Sharkey. 

Simpson. 

Smith. 

Stone. 

Walthall. 

Warren. 

Washington. 

Wayne. 

Wilkinson. 

Yazoo. 


MISSOURI. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Boatmen's  Bank  Building,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Jurisdiction. 


St.  Louis  County. 

EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 
Headquarters. — Canton,  Mo. 


St.  Louis  city. 


Adair. 

Audrain. 

Chariton. 

Clark. 

Knox. 


"  Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Lewis.  Monroe. 

Lincoln.  Montgomery. 

Linn.  Pike. 

Macpn.  Rails. 

Marion.  Randolph. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  3 
Headquarters. — Poplar  Blu%,  Mo. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Butler. 

Bollineer. 

Cape  Girardeau. 

Carter. 

Crawford. 

Dent. 

Dunklin. 


Franklin. 

Gasconade. 

Iron. 

Jefferson. 

Madison. 

Maries. 

Mississippi. 


New  Madrid. 

Pemiscot. 

Perry. 

Phefps. 

Reynolds. 

Ripley. 

St.  Francois. 


St.  Charles. 

Schuyler. 

Scotland. 

Shelby. 

Warren. 


Ste.  Genevieve. 

Scott. 

Shannon. 

Stoddard. 

Washington. 

Wayne. 


356 


APPENDIXES. 


WESTERN  DISTRICT.  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — 201  Railway  Exchange  Building,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 


Andrew. 

Atchison. 

Bates. 

Buchanan. 

Caldwell. 

Carroll. 


Clay. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Clinton.  Jackson. 

Daviess.  Johnson. 

Dekalb.  Lafayette. 

Gentry.  Livingston. 

Grundy.  Mercer. 

Harrison.  Nodaway. 

Henry.  Platte. 

Holt.  Putnam. 


WESTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Federal  Building,  Jefferson  City,  Mo. 
Jurisdiction — Co  unties. 


Barry. 

Barton. 

Benton. 

Boose. 

Callaway. 

Camden. 

Cedar. 

Christian. 

Cole. 

Cooper. 


Dade. 

Dallas. 

Douglas. 

Greene. 

Hickory. 

Howard. 

Howell. 

Jasper. 

Laclede. 

Lawrence. 


McDonald. 

Miller. 

Monitau. 

Morgan. 

Newton. 

Oregon. 

Osage. 

Ozark. 

Pettis. 

Polk. 


MONTANA. 


DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — State  Capitol,  Helena,  Mont. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Beaverhead. 

Big  Horn. 

Broadwater. 

Carbon. 

Custer. 

Dawson. 

Deer  Lodge. 


Fallon. 

Gallatin. 

Granite. 

Jefferson. 

Lewis  and  Clark. 

Madison. 

Mineral. 


Missoula. 

Park. 

Powell. 

Prairie. 

Ravalli. 

Rosebud. 

Sanders. 


DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Great  Falls,  Mont. 

Jurisdiction- — Counties. 


Blaine. 

Cascade. 

Chouteau. 

Ferges. 

Flathead. 


Hill. 

Lincoln. 

Meagher. 

Musselshell. 

Phillips. 


Richland. 

Sheridan. 

Teton. 

Toole. 

Valley. 


Ray. 
St.  Clair. 
Saline. 
Sullivan. 
Worth. 


Pulaski. 

Stone. 

Taney. 

Texas. 

Vernon. 

Webster. 

Wright 


Silver  Bow. 
Stillwater. 
Sweet  Grass. 
Wibaux. 


Wheatland. 
Yellowstone. 


LIST   OF   DISTRICT   BOARDS. 

NEBRASKA. 

DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Courthouse,  Omaha,  Nebr. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 


357 


Antelope. 

Cuming. 

Howard. 

Platte. 

Arthur. 

Custer. 

Keith. 

Rock. 

Banner. 

Dakota. 

Keyapaha. 

Sarpy. 

Elaine. 

Dawes. 

Kimhall. 

Scotts  Bluff. 

Boone. 

Dawson. 

Knox. 

Sheridan.     . 

Box  Butte. 

Deuel. 

Lincoln. 

Sherman. 

Boyd. 

Dixon. 

Logan. 

Sioux. 

Brown. 

Dodge. 

Loup. 

Stanton. 

Buffalo. 

Garden. 

Madison. 

Thomas. 

Burt. 

Garfield. 

McPherson. 

Thurston. 

Cedar. 

Grant. 

Merrick. 

Valley. 

Cherry. 

Greeley. 

Morrill. 

Washington. 

Chevenne. 

Holt. 

Nance. 

Wayne. 

Colfax. 

Hooker. 

Pierce. 

Wheeler. 

Divisio\7  No.  2. 

Headquarters  .  —  I 

federal  Building, 

Lincoln,  Nebr. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Adams. 
Butler. 
Case. 
Chase. 
Clay. 
Dundy. 
Fillmore. 
Frontier. 
Franklin. 

Furnas. 
Gage. 
Gosper 
Hall. 
Hamilton. 
Harlan. 
Hayes. 
Hitchcock. 
Jefferson. 

Johnson. 
Kearney. 
Lancaster. 
Nemaha. 
Nuckolls. 
Otoe. 
Pawnee. 
Perkins. 
Phelps. 

Polk. 
Red  Willow. 
Richardson. 
Saline. 
Saunders. 
Seward  . 
.    Thayer. 
Webster. 
York. 

NEVADA. 

DISTRICT  BOARD  FOR  STATE  OF  NEVADA. 

Headquarters.— Law  library,  county  courthouse,  Reno,  Nev.' 
Jurisdiction. — Entire  State. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

DISTRICT  BOARD  FOR  STATE  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

n<'(idqua.rtcrs. — State  House,  Concord,  N.  H. 
Jurisdiction. — Entire  State. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — City  Hall.  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties. 
Bergen.  Hudson.  Passaic. 

DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Mutual  Benefit  Building.  752  Broad  Street,  Newark. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Essex. 
Morria 


Somerset. 

Sussex. 


Union. 


Warren. 


358  APPENDIXES. 

DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters.— 119  West  State  Street,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Atlantic.  Cape  May.  Huntingdon  Monmouth 

Burlington.  Camden.  Mercer.  Ocean. 

Cumberland.  Gloucester.  Middlesex.  Salem. 

NEW  MEXICO. 

DISTRICT  FOR  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  MEXICO.  1 


Headquarters. — Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex. 
Jurisdiction. — Entire  State. 


NEW  YORK. 

NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 
Headquarters. — Malone,  N.  Y. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties. 

Clinton.  Fulton.  St.  Lawrence.  Warren. 

Essex.  Hamilton.  Saratoga.  Washington. 

Franklin.  Herkimer. 

NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Special  term  room,  county  courthouse,  Albany.  N.  Y. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Albany.  Montgomery.  Rensselaer.  Schoharie. 

Delaware.  Otsego.  Schenectady. 

NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters. — Room  311,  county  courthouse,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Broome.  Cortland.  Madison.  Oswego. 

Cayuga.  Jefferson.  Oneida.  Tioga. 

Chenango.  Lewis.  Onondaga.  Tompkins. 

WESTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Glen  Springs  Hotel,  Watkins,  N.  Y 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Allegany.  Chautauqua.  Schuyler.  Yates. 

Cattaraugus.  Chemung.  Steuben. 

WESTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Grand  jury  room,  county  courthouse,  Rochester.  N.  Y. 

Jurisdiction — Counties . 

Livingston.  Ontario.  Seneca.  Wayne. 

Monroe. 

i  District  Boards  Nos.  1  and  2  for  the  State  of  New  Mexico,  with  headquarters  at  Santa  Fe  and  Ros- 
well,  respectively,  formerly  had  jurisdiction  over  the  area  now  covered  by  this  board.  The  two  former 
boards  were  consolidated  Sept.  25, 1918,  into  the  District  Board  for  the  State  of  New  Mexico. 


LIST  OF   DISTRICT   BOARDS. 


359 


WESTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters. — 804  Iroquois  Building,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


Erie. 
Genesee. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 
Niagara.  Orleans. 


Wyoming. 


SOUTHERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Room  200,  courthouse,  White  Plains,  N.  Y. 


Columbia. 
Dutchess. 
Greene. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Orange.  Rockland. 

Putnam.  Sullivan. 


Ulster. 
Westchester. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Nassau  County  Trust  Co.  Building,  Mineola,  N.  Y. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Nassau. 


Suffolk. 


DISTRICT  BOARD  FOR  THE  CITY  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Headquarters. — Room  411,  Federal  building,  New  York  City. 

building.) 
Jurisdiction. — New  York  City. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

EASTERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Goldsboro,  N.  C. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


(Old  post-office 


Beaufort. 

Bertie. 

Bladen. 

Brunswick. 

Camden. 

Carteret. 

Chatham. 

Chowan. 

Columbus. 

Craven. 

Cumberland. 

Currituck. 

Dare. 


Duplin. 

Durham. 

Edgecombe. 

Franklin. 

Gates. 

Granville. 

Greene. 

Halifax. 

Harnett. 

Hertford. 

Hyde. 

Hoke. 

Johnston. 


Jones. 

Lee. 

Lenoir. 

Martin. 

Moore. 

Nash. 

New  Hanover. 

Northampton. 

Onslow. 

Pamlico. 

Pasquotank. 

Pender. 

Perquimans. 


Person. 

Pitt. 

Richmond. 

Robeson. 

Sampson. 

Scotland. 

Tyrrell. 

Vance. 

Wake. 

Warren. 

Washington. 

Wayne. 

Wilson. 


WESTERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Statesville,  N.  C. 


Jurisdiction. — Counties. 


Alamance. 

Alexander. 

Alleghany. 

Anson. 

Ashe. 

Avery. 

Buncombe. 

Burke. 

Cabarrus. 

Caldwell. 

Caswell. 

Catawba. 


Cherokee. 

Clay. 

Cleveland. 

Davidson. 

Davie. 

Forsyth. 

Gaston. 

Graham. 

Guilford. 

Hay  wood. 

Henderson. 

Iredell. 


Jackson. 

Lincoln. 

Macon. 

Madison. 

McDowell. 

Mecklenburg. 

Mitchell. 

Montgomery. 

Orange. 

Polk. 

Randolph. 

Rockingham. 


Rowan. 

Rutherford. 

Stanly. 

Stokes. 

Surry. 

Swain. 

Transylvania. 

Union. 

Watauga. 

Wilkes. 

Yadkin. 

Yancey. 


360 


APPENDIXES. 


NORTH  DAKOTA. 

DISTRICT  BOARD  FOR  THE  STATE  OF  NORTH  DAKOTA. 
Headquarters. — Federal  building,  Bismarck,  N.  Dak. 


Jurisdiction. — Entire  State. 


OHIO. 


NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Post  office,  Canton,  Ohio. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Carroll. 

Columbiana. 

Holmes. 


Mahoning. 

Portage. 

Stark. 


Summitt. 
Trumbull. 


NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Old  courthouse,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


Ashland. 
Ash  tabula. 
Ouyahoga. 


Erie. 

Geauga ' 
Huron. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Lake. 
Lorain. 


NORTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters. — Courthouse,  Findlay,  Ohio. 


Allen. 

Auglaize. 

Crawford. 

Defiance. 

Fulton. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Hancock.  Mercer. 

Hardin.  Ottawa. 

Henry.  Paulding. 

Lucas.  Putnam. 

Marion.  Sandusky. 


SOUTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Post-office  building,  Cambridge,  Ohio 


Belmont. 
Coshocton. 

Guernsey. 


Harrison. 
Jefferson. 
Monroe. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties . 

Morgan. 
Muskingum. 


Tuscarawas. 
Wayne. 


Media. 
Richland. 


Seneca. 
Van  Wert. 
Williams. 
Wood. 
Wyandot. 


Noble. 
Washington. 


SOUTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Room  15,  Federal  building,  Columbus,  Ohio. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties. 

Athens.  Franklin.  Licking. 

Champaign.  Gallia.  Logan. 

Clark.  Hocking.  Madison. 

Delaware.  Jackson.  Meigs. 

Fairfield.  Knox.  Morrow. 

Fayette.  Lawrence.  Perry. 


Pickaway. 

Pike. 

Ross. 

Scioto. 

Union. 

Vinton. 


SOUTHERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters. — Room  710,  Neave  Building,  Fourth  and  Race  Streets,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties . 


Adams. 
Brown. 
Butler. 
Clermont. 


Clinton. 
Darke. 
Greene. 
Hamilton. 


Highland. 

Miami. 

Montgomery 


Preble. 
Shelby. 
Warren. 


LIST    OP    DISTRICT    BOARDS. 


361 


OKLAHOMA. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 
Headquarters. — Muskogee,  Okla. 


Adair. 

Atoka. 
Bryan. 
Cherokee. 
Choctaw. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 

Oraig.  McOurtain. 

Delaware.  Mclntosh. 

Haskell.  Marshall. 

Latimer.  Mayes. 

Le  Flore.  Muskogee. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 
Headquarters. — Tulsa,  Okla. 


Carter. 
Coal. 
Creek. 
Garvin. 

Hughes. 


Jurisdiction — Counties . 

Jefferson.  Nowata. 

Johnston.  Okfuskee. 

Love.  Okmulgee. 

McClain.  Pontotoc. 

Murray.  Rogers. 


WESTERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Oklahoma  City,  Okla. 


Alfalfa. 

Beaver. 

Beckham. 

Blaine. 

Caddo. 

Canadian. 

Cimarron. 

Cleveland. 

Comanche. 


DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. 


Clackamas. 

Clatsop. 

Columbia. 

DIVISION  No.  2. 
Headquarters. 


Benton. 

Coos. 

Curry. 

DIVISION  No.  3. 
Headquarters. 


Baker. 
Crook. 
Gilliam. 


Cotton. 

Custer. 

Dewey. 

Ellis. 

Garfield. 

Grant. 

Greer. 

Harmon. 

Harper. 


Jurisdiction— Counties. 

Jackson. 

Kay. 

Kingfisher. 

Kiowa. 

Lincoln. 

Logan. 

Major. 

Noble. 

Oklahoma. 


OREGON. 


'ourthouse,  Portland,  Oreg. 

Jurisdiction — Counties . 


Deschutes. 
Hood  River. 
Jefferson. 


Marion. 

Mnltnomah. 

Tillainook. 


-Eugene,  Oreg. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties. 

Douglas.  Klamath. 

Jackson.  Lake. 

Josophine.  Lano. 

-La  Grande,  Oreg. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties. 

Grant.  Morrow. 

Harney.  Sherman. 

Malheur.  Umatilla. 


Ottawa. 

Pittsburg. 

Pushmataka. 

Sequoyah. 

Wagoner. 


Seminole. 
Stephens. 
Tulsa. 
Washington. 


Pawnee. 

Pottawatomie. 

Roger  Mills. 

Texas. 

Tillman. 

Washita. 

Woods. 

Woodward. 


Wasco. 

Washington. 

Yamhill. 


Lincoln. 

Linn. 

Polk. 


Union. 

Wallowa. 

Wheeler. 


362 


APPENDIXES. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

CITY  AND  COUNTY  OF  PHILADELPHIA  (EASTERN  JUDICIAL  DISTRICT).  1 
Headquarters. — 401  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Jurisdiction. — City  and  county  of  Philadelphia. 

EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters. — Lehigh  County  courthouse,  Allentown,  Pa. 


Berks. 
Bucks. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 
Lehigh.  Northampton. 


Schuylkill. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  4. 

Headquarters. — Courthouse,  Lancaster,  Pa. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Chester. 


Delaware. 


Lancaster. 


Montgomery. 


WESTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Allegheny  County  courthouse,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 
Jurisdiction. — Allegheny  County. 

WESTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 
Headquarters. — Erie,  Pa. 

Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Armstrong. 
Beaver. 
Butler. 
Clarion. 


Clearfield. 
Crawford. 
Elk. 
Erie. 


Forest. 
Indiana. 
Jefferson. 
Lawrence. 


McKean. 
Mercer. 
Venango. 
Warren. 


WESTER  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters. — Courthouse,  Greensburg,  Pa. 


Bedford. 
Blair. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties. 

Cambria.  Greene. 

Fayette.  Somerset. 


Washington. 
Westmoreland. 


MIDDLE  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Federal  Building,  Scranton,  Pa. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Bradford. 
Cameron. 
Carbon. 
Clinton. 


Lackawanna. 
Luzerne. 
Lycoming. 
Monroe. 


Pike. 
Potter. 
Sullivan. 
Susquehanna. 


Tioga. 

Wayne. 

Wyoming. 


MIDDLE  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — State  Capitol  Building,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Adams. 

Center. 

Columbia. 

Cumberland. 

Dauphin. 


Franklin. 
Fulton. 
Huntington. 
Juniata. 


Lebanon. 
Mifflin. 
Montour. 
Northumberland . 


Perry. 
Snyder. 
Union. 
York. 


i  District  Boards  Nos.  1  and  2  of  the  eastern  judicial  district  of  Pennsylvania  formerly  had  jurisdiction 
of  the  area  now  covered  by  this  board.  These  two  divisions  were  consolidated  Sept.  4, 1918,  into  the  District 
Board  for  the  city  and  county  of  Philadelphia,  eastern  judicial  district  of  Pennsylvania. 


LIST   OF   DISTRICT   BOARDS. 


363 


RHODE  ISLAND. 

DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — 103  Smith  Street,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Jurisdiction. — Local  Boards  for  Divisions  Nos.  1,  2,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10  of  the  city 
of  Providence;  Divisions  Nos.  5  and  6,  State  of  Rhode  Island,  and  the  city  of 
Newport.  , 

DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — 103  Smith  Street,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Jurisdiction. — Local  Boards  for  Divisions  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  7,  8  of  the  State  of  Rhode 
Island ;  Local  Board  for  Divisions  Nos.  1  and  2,  city  of  rawtucket;  Local  Board 
for  Division  No.  3,  city  of  Providence;  and  Local  Board  for  the  city  of  Woon- 
socket. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 
EASTERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Union  Bank  Building,  Columbia,  S.  C. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties . 


Aiken. 

Bamberg. 

Barn  well. 

Beaufort. 

Berkeley. 

Calhoun. 

Charleston. 


Chesterfield. 

Clarendon. 

Colleton. 

Darlington. 

Dillon. 

Dorchester. 

Florence. 


Georgetown. 

Hampton. 

Horry. 

Jasper. 

Kershaw. 

Lee. 

Lexington. 


Marion. 

Marlboro. 

Orangeburg. 

Richland. 

Sumter. 

Williamsburg. 


WESTERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Greenwood,  S.  C. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Abbeville. 

Anderson. 

Cherokee. 

Chester. 

Edgefield. 


Fairfield. 

Greenville. 

Greenwood. 

Lancaster. 

Laurens. 


McCormick. 
Newberry. 
Oconee. 
Pickens. 


Saluda. 
Spartanburg. 
Union. 
York. 


SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


DISTRICT  BOARD  FOR  STATE  OF  SOUTH  DAKOTA. 
Headquarters. — Sioux  Falls,  S.  Dak. 
Jurisdiction. — Entire  State. 

TENNESSEE. 
MIDDLE  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — First  National  Bank  Building,  Nashville,  Tenn. 


Jurisdiction — Counties . 


Bedford. 

Cannon. 

Cheatham. 

Clay. 

Coffee. 

Cumberland. 

Davidson. 

Dekalb. 

Dickson. 

Fentress. 


Franklin. 

Gilos. 

Grundy. 

Hickman. 

Houston. 

Humphreys. 

Jackson. 

Lawrence. 

Lewis. 

Lincoln 


Macon. 

Marshall. 

Maury. 

Montgomery. 

Moore. 

Overton. 

Pickett. 

Putnam. 

Robertson. 

Rutherford. 


Smith. 

Stewart. 

Sumner. 

Trousdale. 

Van  Buren. 

Warren. 

Wayne. 

White. 

Williamson. 

Wilson. 


364 


APPENDIXES. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Federal  Building,  Knoxville,  Term. 


Anderson. 

Bledsoe. 

Blount. 

Bradley. 

Campbell. 

Carter. 

Claiborne. 

Cocke. 

Grainger. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties. 

Greene.  London. 

Hamblen.  McMinn. 

Hamilton.  Marion. 

Hancock.  Meigs. 

Hawkins.  Monroe. 

James.  Morgan. 

Jefferson.  Polk. 

Johnson.  Rhea. 
Knox. 


WESTERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building,  Memphis,  Tenn. 


Jurisdiction —  Co  un  ties . 


Benton. 

Carroll. 

Chester. 

Crockett. 

Decatur. 

Dyer. 


Fayette. 

Gibson. 

Hardeman. 

Hardin. 

Hay  wood. 

Henderson. 


Henry. 

Lake. 

Lauderdale. 

McNairy. 

Madison. 


TEXAS. 


NORTHERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Fort  Worth,  Tex. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Armstrong. 

Archer. 

Baylor. 

Borden. 

Briscoe. 

Brown. 

Callahan. 

Carson. 

Castro. 

Childress. 

Clay. 

Coke. 

Coleman. 

Collingsworth. 

Comanche. 

Concho. 

Cottle. 

Crockett. 

Crosby. 

Dallam. 

Dallas. 

Dawson. 

Deaf  Smith. 

Dickens. 

Donley. 


East  land. 

Ellis. 

Erath. 

Fisher. 

Floyd. 

Foard. 

Garza. 

Glasscock. 

Gray. 

Hale. 

Hall. 

Hansford. 

Hardeman. 

Hartley. 

Haskell. 

Hemphill. 

Hood. 

Howard. 

Hunt. 

Hutchinson. 

Irion. 

Jack. 

Johnson. 

Jones. 


Kaufman. 

Kent. 

King. 

Knox. 

Lamb. 

Lipscomb. 

Lubbock. 

Lynn. 

Menard. 

Mills. 

Mitchell. 

Montague. 

Moore. 

Motley. 

Navarro. 

Nolan. 

Ochiltree. 

Oldham. 

Palo  Pinto. 

Parker. 

Farmer. 

Potter. 

Randall. 

Real. 


Roane. 

Scott. 

Sequatchio. 

Sevier. 

Sullivan. 

Unicoi. 

Union. 

Washington. 


Obion. 

Perry. 

Shelby. 

Tipton. 

Weakley. 


Reagan. 

Roberts. 

Rockwall. 

Runnels. 

Schleicher. 

Scurry. 

Schackelford. 

Sherman. 

Stephens. 

Sterling. 

Stonewall. 

Sutton. 

Swishcr. 

Tarrant. 

Taylor. 

Terry. 

Throckmorton. 

Tom  Green. 

Wheeler. 

Wichita. 

Wilbarger. 

Wise. 

Yoakurn. 

Young. 


LIST   OF    DISTRICT    BOARDS. 


365 


SOUTHERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Room  622,  Binz  Building,  Houston,  Tex. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties . 


Aransas. 

Austin. 

Bee. 

Brazos. 

Brazoria. 

Brooks. 

Calhoun. 

Cameron. 

Chambers. 

Colorado. 

De  Witt. 


Duval. 

Fayette. 

Fort  Bend. 

Galveston. 

Goliad. 

Grimes. 

Harris. 

Hidalgo. 

Jackson. 

Jim  Hogg. 

Jim  Wells. 


Kleberg. 

La  Salle. 

Lavaca. 

Live  Oak. 

McMullen. 

Madison. 

Ifatagorda. 

Montgomery. 

Nueces. 

Polk. 

Refugio. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Federal  Building,  Tyler,  Tex.: 


Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Anderson. 

Angelina. 

Bowie. 

Camp. 

Cass. 

Cherokee. 

Collin. 

Cooke. 

Delta. 

Denton. 

Fannin. 


Franklin. 
Grayaon. 

Gregg. 

Hardin. 

Harrison. 

Henderson. 

Hopkins. 

Houston. 

Jasper. 

Jefferson . 


Lamar. 

Liberty. 

Marion. 

Morris. 

Nacogdoches. 

Newton. 

Orange. 

Panola. 

Rains. 

Red  River. 


\V  K  ST  E  It  N    D ISTRICT . 

Headquarters. — Federal  Building,  Austin,  Tex. — 
Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Andrews. 

Atascosa. 

Bandera. 

Bastrop. 

Bell. 

Bexar. 

Blanco. 

Bosque. 

Burleson. 

Brewster. 

Burnett. 

Ctilrhvell. 

Comas. 

Coryell. 

Culberson. 

Dimmit. 

Ector. 


Edwards. 

El  Paso. 

Falls. 

Freestone. 

Frio. 

Gaines. 

Gillespie. 

Gonzales. 

Guadahipe. 

Hamilton. 

Hays. 

Hill. 

Hudspeth. 

Karnes. 

Kendall. 

Kerr. 

Kimble. 


Kinney. 

Jeff  Davis. 

Lampasas. 

Lee. 

Leon. 

Llano. 

Limestone. 

McCulloch. 

McLennan. 

Martin. 

Mason . 

Maverick. 

Medina. 

Midland. 

Milam. 

Pecos. 


UTAH. 


San  Jacinto. 

San  Patricio. 

Starr. 

Trinity. 

Vitoria. 

Walker. 

Webb. 

Wharton. 

Willacy. 

Zapata. 


Rusk. 

Sabine. 

San  Augustine. 

Shelby. 

Smith. 

Titus. 

Tyler. 

Upshur. 

Van  Zandt. 

Wood. 


Presidio. 

Reeves. 

Robertson. 

San  Saba. 

Somervell. 

Terrell. 

Travis. 

Upton. 

Uvalde. 

Valverde. 

Ward. 

Washington. 

Williamson. 

Wilson. 

Winkler. 

Zavalla. 


DISTRICT  BOAED  FOR  THE  STATE  OF  UTAH. 

Headquarter s.— Room  207,  Federal  Building,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 


Jurisdiction. — Entire  State. 


VERMONT. 


DISTRICT  BOARD  FOR  THE  STATE  OP  VERMONT. 
Headquarters. — Statehouse,  Montpelier,  Vt. 
Jurisdiction. — Entire  State. 


366 


APPENDIXES. 


VIRGINIA. 

EASTERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Richmond,  Va. 

Jurisdiction — Counties . 


Accomac. 

Gloucester. 

Lunenburg. 

Prince  George. 

Alexandria. 

Goochland. 

Mathews. 

Prince  William. 

Amelia. 

Greenesville. 

Mecklenburg. 

Princess  Anne. 

Brunswick. 

Hanover. 

Middlesex. 

Richmond. 

Caroline. 

Henrico. 

Nansemond. 

Southampton. 

Charles  City. 

Isle  of  Wight. 

New  Kent. 

Spotsylvania. 

Chesterfield. 

James  City. 

Norfolk. 

Stafford. 

Culpeper. 

King  and  Queen. 

Northampton. 

Surry. 

Dinwiddie. 

King  George. 

Northumberland. 

Sussex. 

Elizabeth  City. 

King  William. 

Not  to  way. 

Warwick. 

Essex. 

Lancaster. 

Orange. 

Westmoreland. 

Fairfax. 

Loudoun. 

Powhatan. 

York. 

Fauqu,rer. 

Louisa. 

Prince  Edward. 

WESTERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Roanoake,  Va. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Albemarle. 

Alleghany. 

Amherst. 

Appomattox. 

Augusta. 

Bath. 

Bedford. 

Bland. 

Botetourt, 

Buchanan. 

Buckingham. 

Campbell. 

Carroll. 


Charlotte. 

Clarke. 

Craig. 

Cumberland. 

Dickenson. 

Floyd. 

Fluvanna. 

Franklin. 

Frederick. 

Giles. 

Gray  son. 

Greene. 


Halifax. 

Henry. 

Highland. 

Lee. 

Madison. 

Montgomery. 

Nelson. 

^e- ,  - 
Patrick. 

Pulaski. 

Pittsylvania. 

Rappahannock. 


WASHINGTON. 


Roanoke. 

Rockbridge. 

Rockingham. 

Russell. 

Scott. 

Shenandoah. 

Smyth. 

Tazewell. 

Warren. 

Washington. 

Wise. 

Wythe. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Room  208,  Federal  Building,  Spokane,  Wash. 


Chelan. 

Douglas. 

Ferry. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties . 

Grant.  Okanogan. 

Lincoln.  Pend  Oreille. 


Spokane. 
Stevens. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 
Headquarters. — Yakima,  Wash. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Adams. 
Asotin. 
Benton. 


Columbia. 
Franklin. 
Garfield. 


Kittitas. 

Klickitat. 

Yakima. 


Walla  Walla. 
Whitman. 


WESTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — Room  118,  Public  Safety  Building,  Seattle,  Wash. 


Clallam. 

Island. 

Jefferson. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 

King.  San  Juan. 

Kitsap.  Skagit. 


Snohomish. 
Whatcom. 


LIST   OF   DISTRICT   BOARDS. 


367 


WESTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — 1607  National  Realty  Building,  Tacoma,  Wash. 


Clarke. 
Cowlitz. 
Grays  Harbor. 


Lewis. 
Mason. 
Pacific. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties . 

Pierce. 
Skamania. 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 

NORTHERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Federal  Building,  Clarksburg,  W.  Va. 

Jurisdiction —  Counties . 

Barbour.  Hancock.  Monongahelia. 

Berkeley.  Hardy.  Morgan. 

Brooke.  Harrison.  Ohio. 

Calhoun.  Jefferson.  Pendleton. 

Doddridge.  Lewis.  Pleasants. 

Gilmer.  Marion.  Preston. 

Grant.  Marshall.  Randolph. 

Hampshire.  Mineral.  Ritchie. 

SOUTHERN  DISTRICT. 

Headquarters. — Federal  Building,  Charleston,  W.  Va. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Braxton. 

Boone. 

Clay. 

Cabell. 

Fayette. 

Greenbrier. 


Jackson. 

Kanawha. 

Lincoln. 

Logan. 

Mason. 

Mercer. 


McDowell. 

Mingo. 

Monroe. 

Nicholas. 

Pocahontas. 

Putnam. 


WISCONSIN. 


WESTERN  DISTRICT.  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — State  Capitol,  Madison,  Wis. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 

La  frosse. 

Lafayette. 

Monroe. 

Portage. 

Richland. 


Thurston. 
Wahkiakum. 


Taylor. 

Tucker. 

Tyler. 

Upshur. 

Wetzel. 

Wirt. 

Wood. 


Raleigh. 

Roane. 

Summers. 

Wayne. 

Webster. 

Wyoming. 


Adams.  Green. 

Buffalo.  Iowa. 

Columbia.  Jackson. 

Crawford.  Jefferson. 

Dane.  Juneau. 
Grant. 

WESTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — United  States  Government  Building,  Eau  Claire,  Wis. 


Rock. 

Sauk. 

Trempealeau. 

Vernon. 

Wood. 


Jurisdiction —  Co  u  nties . 


Ashland. 

Barron. 

Bayfield. 

Burnett. 

Chippewa. 

Clark. 


Douglas. 

Dunn. 

Eau  Claire. 

Iron. 

Lincoln. 

Marathon. 


Oneida. 

Pepin. 

Pierce. 

Polk. 

Price. 

Rusk. 


St.  Croix. 

Sawyer. 

Taylor. 

Vilas. 

Washburn. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. — United  States  Government  Building,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Jurisdiction. — County  of  Milwaukee. 


368 


APPENDIXES. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — County  Courthouse,  Racine,  Wis. 


Jurisdiction — Counties. 


Dodge. 
Fond  du  Lac. 
Green  Lake. 


Kenosha. 

Marquette. 

Ozaukee. 


Racine. 
Sheboygau. 
Wai  worth. 


EASTERN  DISTRICT,  DIVISION  No.  3. 

Headquarters. — City  Hall,  Oshkosh,  Wis. 


Jurisdiction —  Counties. 


Brown. 
Calumet. 
Door. 
Florence. 


Forest. 
Kewaunee. 
Langlade. 
Manitowoc. 


Marinette. 
Oconto. 
Outagamie. 
Shawano. 


WYOMING. 

DISTRICT  BOARD  FOR  STATE  OF  WYOMING. 

Headquarters. — State  Capitol,  Cheyenne,  Wyo. 
Jurisdiction. — Entire  State. 


DIVISION  No.  1. 

Headquarters. - 


Douglas. 
Haines. 


ALASKA. 

-Juneau.  Alaska. 

Jurisdiction — Local  Boards. 


Juneau. 
Ketchikan. 


Petersburg. 
Skagway . 


DIVISION  No.  2. 

Headquarters. — Nome,  Alaska. 

Jurisdiction — Local  Boards. 


Nome. 

DIVISION  No.  3. 
Headquarters. - 


Anchorage. 
Cordova. 


Washington. 
Waukesha. 


Waupaca. 
Waushara. 
Winnebago. 


Sitka. 
Wrangell. 


St.  Michael. 

-Valdez,  Alaska. 

Jurisdiction — Local  Boards. 

McCarthy.  Valdez. 

Seward. 


DIVISION  No.  4. 

Headquarters. — Fairbanks,  Alaska. 

Jurisdiction — Local  Boards. 


Chena. 
Eagle. 


Fairbanks. 
Iditarod. 


Nenana. 
Ruby. 

HAWAII. 


Tanana. 


The  District  Board  of  Hawaii  has  jurisdiction  over  the  territory  of  Hawaii. 
Headquarters. — Executive  Building,  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 

PORTO  RICO. 

The  District  Board  of  Porto  Rico  has  jurisdiction  over  the  territory  of  Porto  Rico. 
Headquarters. — Allen  No.  86,  San  Juan,  P.  R. 


APPENDIX  J. 

A  SUMMARY  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR  DRAFT.1 

1.  PRE-CONSCRIPTION  ACTIVITIES. 

When  the  forces  of  the  Confederacy  fired  on  Fort  Sumter,  the  total  strength  of  the 
Union  Army  was  16,402  officers  and  men.  On  April  15,  1861,  President  Lincoln, 
under  authority  of  the  act  of  March  3,  1803,  issued  a  call  for  75,000  militia  to  serve 
for  a  period  of  three  months.  This  number  was  promptly  forthcoming,  but  before 
they  could  be  properly  organized  their  enlistment  terms  began  to  expire.  The 
disastrous  engagement  at  Bull  Run  constituted  their  only  service  of  military 
importance. 

On  May  3,  1861,  the  President  issued  a  second  call  for  39  regiments  of  volunteer 
infantry  and  1  regiment  of  volunteer  cavalry,  totaling  42,034  men,  for  three  years' 
service.  At  the  same  time  a  call  was  made  for  22,714  volunteers  to  recruit  8  addi- 
tional Regular  regiments  and  for  18,000  seamen.  No  quotas  were  assigned  to  the 
loyal  States,  but  more  than  the  required  number  were  quickly  offered.  Few  men 
were  obtained  for  the  Regular  Army  regiments,  but  71  volunteer  regiments  of  infan- 
try, 1  volunteer  battery  of  heavy  artillery,  and  10  volunteer  batteries  of  light  artil- 
lery were  secured.  The  behavior  of  these  then  untrained  units  at  the  first  battle  of 
Bull  Pain  is  notorious. 

Following  the  initial  reverses  of  the  Union  forces  in  the  spring  of  1861,  on  July  22 
and  25,  1861,  Congress,  in  several  acts,  authorized  the  President  to  accept  not 
more  than  1,000,000  volunteers  for  terms  of  enlistment  not  less  than  six  months  nor 
more  than  3  years.  To  the  call  for  500,000  men  made  pursuant  to  this  authority 
there  was  a  ready  and  eager  response.  Regiments  and  individual  companies  were 
organized  and  accepted  through  the  States,  although  in  many  instances  acceptance 
of  units  by  the  Federal  Government  was  made  without  reference  to  the  State 
authorities. 

By  virtue  of  the  foregoing  acts  and  the  calls  detailed  above,  807,557  men  were 
secured  for  the  service.  However,  a  large  number  of  these  men  had  enlisted  for 
short  terms  only,  and  included  18,000  seamen.  As  a  result,  in  the  spring  of  1862 
there  were  in  the  field  637,126  men,  which  was  deemed  a  sufficient  number  for  the 
expeditious  subjugation  of  the  southern  forces.  Therefore,  on  April  3,  1862,  by  gen- 
eral order,  volunteer  recruiting  was  discontinued.  But  the  unfavorable  events  of  the 
next  two  months,  which  included  the  disastrous  peninsular  campaign,  depleted  the 
armies  in  the  lield  and  necessitated  a  revival  of  the  recruiting  services.  On  June  5, 
1862,  the  order  of  April  3  was  rescinded,  and  active  recruiting  was  again  comment  ed. 
But  the  unfavorable  outcome  of  military  operations  in  the  interval  of  two  months 
exercised  a  most  discouraging  effect  upon  prospective  recruits  and  impeded  seri- 
ously the  progress  of  recruiting. 

Up  to  this  time,  calls  had  been  made  upon  the  loyal  States  at  large,  and  no  effort 
had  been  made  to  distribute  equally  the  burden  of  contribution.  As  a  result,  the 
initial  strength  of  the  Union  armies  was  made  up  of  contributions  by  the  several 
States  with  no  equalizing  results  and  with  the  further  effect  that  some  States  contrib- 
uted much  more  than  their  just  share  and  other  States  exceedingly  less.  Since  it 
hud  bee  ome  apparent  in  June,  1862,  that  the  progress  of  volunteering  had  reached 
a  stage  where  ready  response  to  calls  was  no  longer  to  be  had,  it  became  necessary  to 
issue  calls  with  a  view  to  equalizing  the  contributions  of  the  several  States.  Hence, 
on  July  2,  1862,  the  President  called  for  an  additional  300,000  men  and  made  his 
demands  upon  the  States  to  furnish  quotas  in  proportion  to  their  respective  popu- 
lations. Population  was  employed  as  the  basis  of  contribution  at  this  time  for  the 
reason  that  the  act  of  July  22,  1861,  which  authorized  the  enlistment  of  1,000,000 
volunteers,  provided  that  they  be  furnished  by  the  several  States  in  proportion  to 
population.  This  was  the  only  guide  to  be  had  at  the  time,  and  the  call  of  July  2. 
1862,  was,  therefore,  made  upon  a  population  basis. 

1  Based  on  the  "Final  Report  by  the  Provost  Marshal  General  of  the  Operations  of  the  Bureau  of  the 
Provost  Marsha]  General  of  tho.  United  States,"  from  Mar.  17,  1863,  to  Mar.  17,  1866.  (Washington,  1866.) 

97250°— 19 24  369 


370  APPENDIXES. 

2.  DRAFT  or  THE  STATE  MILITIA. 

On  August  4,  1862,  it  became  apparent  that  the  call  of  July  2  would  not  be  filled, 
and  that  if  a  portion  of  the  number  called  was  furnished  it  would  be  made  up  largely 
of  new  organizations  rather  than  of  individual  recruits  for  replacements  in  old  units, 
to  fill  which  the  call  had  been  made.  The  President,  therefore,  on  August  4  directed 
a  draft  of  300,000  militia  to  serve  for  nine  months,  and  ordered  the  governor  of  each 
State  to  fill  his  quota  with  volunteers,  but  if  the  quota  of  the  State  was  not  filled 
on  or  before  August  15  by  this  method,  to  fill  the  deficiencies  existing  by  a  special 
draft  from  the  militia  forces.  .This  was  the  first  effort  of  the  Federal  Government  to 
resort  to  compulsory  methods  in  its  efforts  to  secure  troops. 

On  September  3,  1862,  the  draft  under  the  call  of  August  4  was  commenced.  Of 
the  300,000  men  called  for,  about  87,000  men  were,  credited  as  having  been  drafted. 
Of  this  number,  however,  so  many  desertions  and  discharges  for  various  reasons 
occurred  that  only  a  very  small  and  negligible  number  ever  joined  the  Arm'y.  This 
constituted  the  first  and  last  effort  of  the  Government  to  raise  men  by  draft  prior  to 
the  organization  of  the  conscription  system  in  the  following  spring. 

It  should  be  noted  that  while  more  than  half  a  million  volunteers  were  in  the  field 
in  the  spring  of  1862  their  enlistments  had  been  accomplished,  in  a  large  measure, 
by  the  offer  and  pay  of  bounties.  During  this  period  the  Federal  Government  paid 
a  bounty  of  $100  to  every  volunteer  who  enlisted  for  a  period  of  two  years.  After  the 
enactment  of  the  draft  act  as  later  detailed,  bounties  were  materially  increased  by 
the  Federal  Government  and  a  system  of  State  and  local  bounties  incorporated  into 
the  general  scheme.  The  whole  subject  of  bounties,  however,  will  be  more  fully 
discussed  hereinafter,  and  at  this  point  nothing  further  need  be  said  upon  this  point. 

3.  THE  DRAFT  ACT  OF  MARCH  3,  1863. 

With  the  failure  of  the  call  of  July  2,  1862,  and  the  call  and  draft  of  August  4  and 
September  3,  1862,  it  was  apparent  that  the  volunteer  system  had  collapsed  and  was 
incapable  of  furnishing  further  recruits  even  though  the  dire  necessity  of  the  Nation 
made  the  raising  of  large  numbers  of  men  immediately  imperative.  It  should  be 
remembered  that  the  failure  of  the  volunteer  system  occurred  at  the  very  time  when 
the  cause  of  the  Confederacy  was  in  the  ascendency  and  when  the  military  reverses 
of  the  Union  had  been  of  the  most  appalling  and  disastrous  nature. 

Since  it  had  become  apparent  that  the  necessary  number  of  troops  could  not  be 
raised^by  volunteering,  and  since  it  was  essential  that  the  armies  in  the  field  be  replen- 
ished immediately  and  that  means  for  keeping  them  recruited  to  full  strength  be  em- 
ployed, the  enrollment,  or  draft,  act  was  passed  by  Congress  on  March  3,  1863. 

Its  purposes  were  threefold.  First,  to  hold  liable  for  military  service  all  citizens' 
between  the  ages  of  20  and  45  capable  of  bearing  arms  and  not  exempted  therefrom  by 
its  provisions;  second,  to  call  out  the  national  forces  by  draft;  and,  third,  to  arrest 
deserters  and  return  them  to  their  respective  commands.  On  March  17,  1863,  Col. 
J.  B.  Fry  was  appointed  Provost  Marshal  General  pursuant  to  the  terms  of  said  act, 
which  imposed  upon  him  the  duty  of  raising  troops  by  draft.  However,  on  May  1  an 
order  was  issued  giving  to  the  Provost  Marshal  General  the  supervision  of  the  entire 
volunteer  recruiting  service  to  be  operated  in  connection  with  the  draft  organization. 

At  this  point  it  may  be  well  to  examine  briefly  the  salient  features  of  the  act  of  March 
3.  After  declaring  in  section  1  that  all  males  between  the  ages  of  20  and  45,  except  as 
therein  exempted,  constituted  the  national  forces  and  became  liable  to  perform 
military  duty  in  the  service  of  the  United  States  when  called  out  by  the  President 
for  that  purpose,  the  act  provided  for  exemption  to  seven  classes  of  persons  upon  the 
grounds  of  dependency  and  employment  in  official  capacities. 

Section  3  provided  as  follows: 

"That  the  national  forces  of  the  United  States  not  now  in  the  military  service, 
enrolled  under  this  act,  shall  be  divided  into  two  classes,  the  first  of  which  shall  com- 
prise all  persons  subject  to  military  duty  between  the  ages  of  20  and  35  and  all  unmar- 
ried persons  subject  to  military  duty  above  the  age  of  35  and  under  the  age  of  45;  the 
second  class  shall  comprise  all  other  persons  subject  to  do  military  duty,  and  they 
shall  not,  in  any  district,  be  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States  until  those  of 
the  first  class  shall  have  been  called." 

It  therefore  appears  that  registrants  under  the  act  of  March  3,  1883,  were  divided 
into  two  classes,  and  that  members  of  the  second  class  could  not  be  called  for  service 
in  any  district  until  the  first  class  in  that  district  had  been  exhausted.  This  provi- 
sion was  later  rescinded  by  the  amendment  of  February  24, 1864,  which  made  members 
of  both  classes  equally  liable  for  service. 


A   SUMMARY    OF    THE   CIVIL   WAE  DRAFT.  371 

Section  12  of  the  act  provided  as  follows: 

"That  whenever  it  may  be  necessary  to  call  out  the  national  forces  for  military 
service,  the  President  is  hereby  authorized  to  assign  to  each  district  the  number  of 
men  to  be  furnished  by  said  district;  and  thereupon  the  enrolling  board  shall,  under 
the  direction  of  the  President,  make  a  draft  of  the  required  number,  and  50  per  cent 
in  addition,  and  shall  make  an  exact  and  complete  roll  of  the  names  of  the  persons 
so  drawn  and  of  the  order  in  which  they  are  drawn,  so  that  the  first  drawn  may  stand 
first  upon  the  said  roll  and  the  second  may  stand  second,  and  so  on.  And  the  persons 
BO  drawn  shall  be  notified  of  the  same  within  10  days  thereafter  by  written  or  printed 
notice  to  be  served  personally  or  by  leaving  a  copy  at  the  last  place  of  residence 
requiring  them  to  appear  at  a  designated  rendezvous  to  report  for  duty.  In  assigning 
to"  districts  the  number  of  men  to  be  furnished  therefrom  the  President  shall  take 
into  consideration  the  number  of  volunteers  and  militia  furnished  by  the  several 
States  in  which  such  districts  are  situated  and  the  period  of  their  service  since  the 
commencement  of  the  present  rebellion,  and  shall  so  make  said  assignment  as  to 
equalize  the  numbers  among  the  districts  of  the  said  States,  considering  and  allowing 
for  the  numbers  already  furnished  as  aforesaid  and  the  time  of  their  service." 

It  has  been  noted  that  all  calls  prior  to  August,  18G2,  had  been  made  upon  the 
Nation  as  a  whole,  and  that  no  effort  had  been  made  to  equalize  the  number  furnished 
by  each  State.  The  act  of  March  3,  therefore,  provided  that  in  alloting  quotas  under 
calls  made  pursuant  thereto,  the  whole  progress  of  the  volunteer  system  should  be 
reviewed  and  subsequent  quotas  assigned  with  an  eye  to  the  equalization  of  all  con- 
tributions from  the  commencement  of  hostilities  in  April,  1861.  In  other  words, 
draft  calls  were  to  take  into  consideration  all  volunteers  and  militia  furnished  by  the 
several  States  since  the  commencement  of  the  war.  The  situation  was  further  com- 
plicated by  the  provision  quoted  above  that  in  making  the  equalization  among 
the  States  the  President  was  to  make  allowances  not  only  for  the  number  of  men 
already  furnished,  but  also  for  the  time  of  their  respective  services.  It  will  be 
noted  that  volunteers  had  been  called  for  and  furnished  for  terms  of  enlistment  vary- 
ing from  three  months  to  three  years,  and  the  act  made  it  mandatory  that  the  equali- 
zation be  accomplished  only  after  taking  into  consideration  wide  discrepancies  in 
enlistment  periods.  The  act  of  March  3  made  no  provision  for  allowing  credits  for 
naval  enlistments,  but  credit  for  such  enlistments  was  later  authorized  by  the  amend- 
ment of  February  24,  1864. 

Section  13  of  said  act  provided  as  follows: 

"That  any  person  drafted  and  notified  to  appear  as  aforesaid  may  on  or  before  the 
day  fixed  for  his  appearance,  furnish  an  acceptable  substitute  to  take  his  place  in  the 
draft;  or  he  may  pay  to  such  person  as  the  Secretary  of  War  shall  authorize  to  receive 
it,  such  sum,  not  exceeding  $300,  as  the  Secretary  of  War  may  determine-fcr  th.3 
procuration  of  such  substitute,  which  sum  shall  be  fixed  at  a  uniform  rate  by  a  gen- 
eral order  made  at  the  time  of  ordering  a  draft  of  any  State  or  Territory,  and  thereupon 
such  persons  so  furnishing  a  substitute,  or  paying  money,  shall  be  discharged  from 
further  liability  from  that  draft."  N 

It  will  be  noted  that  section  13  prescribed  three  options,  any  one  of  which  might 
be  exercised  by  the  registrant  called  for  service,  i.  e.,  (1)  he  might  appear  and,  having 
been  accepted,  contribute  his  personal  services  to  the  Army;  (2)  having  been  accepted 
he  might  procure  a  substitute  to  serve  in  his  place  and  thereby  escape  personal  service 
otherwise  made  requisite;  or,  (3)  he  might  pay  a  sum  of  money  not  to  exceed  $300 
($300  was  fixed  as  the  sum  to  be  paid  for  commutation)  and  thereby  be  discharged 
from  any  further  liability  to  the  draft  under  which  he  had  been  called. 

Construing  the  sections  quoted  together,  the  general  scheme  employed  in  the  allo- 
cation and  filling  of  quotas  by  the  several  States  was  as  follows:  The  number  of  men 
required  under  the  call  was  distributed  among  the  several  States  in  proportion  to  the 
population  of  the  States.  This  rule  was  later  changed  so  that  the  distribution  of 
quotas  was  made  upon  the  basis  of  men  enrolled;  that  is,  upon  the  basis  of  those  within 
tne  States  who  were  liable  for  military  service.  The  adoption  of  the  latter  plan  fol- 
lowed bitter  complaint  on  the  part  of  certain  localities  whose  enrollment  was  pro- 
portionately greater  in  respect  of  population  than  the  enrollment  of  other  jurisdic- 
tions. After  much  discussion  the  equitable  rule  was  stated  by  the  Provost  Marshal 
General  to  be: 

"That  the  number  of  men  to  be  taken  at  any  one  time  from  a  community,  whether 
they  go  voluntarily  or  be  drafted,  shall  be  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  men  liable 
to  military  duty  in  that  community  and  not  to  the  number  of  its  residents,  in- 
cluding men,  women,  and  children." 

After  quotas  had  been  assigned  to  the  several  States  they  were  then  allocated  by  the 
draft  executives  within  the  States  to  the  various  subdivisions  thereof.  Quotas  were 
first  credited  with  the  number  of  prior  voluntary  enlistments.  After  quotas  had  been 


372    •  APPENDIXES. 

announced  they  were  required  to  be  filled  on  or  before  a  certain  day  by  volunteers. 
If  the  full  number  of  volunteers  had  not  come  forward  on  or  before  the  day  set,  then  a 
draft  was  held  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  deficit. 

It  is  evident  that  the  basic  principle  employed  in  the  execution  of  the  draft  was  to 
secure  the  filling  of  allotments  by  volunteering  and  to  resort  to  conscription  only  in 
the  event  a  quota  could  not  be  otherwise  filled.  Conscription  was  used  as  a  spur  to 
voluntary  enlistment.  Local  communities  immediately  upon  the  announcement  of  a 
quota  began  the  most  vigorous  efforts  to  fill  their  allotments  with  volunteers  and  to 
escape  what  was  conceived  to  be  the  stigma  of  conscription.  In  order  to  fill  their 
quotas  by  volunteers  large  sums  of  money  were  raised  by  the  communities  and  offered 
as  bounties  in  addition  to  the  bounties  paid  by  the  Federal  Government  for  volun- 
teers. Bounties  offered  by  the  Federal  Government  varied  from  $100  to  $400  accord- 
ing to  the  character  and  term  of  enlistment.  Bounties  offered  by  the  States  and  sub- 
divisions varied  greatly  and  in  some  States  exceeded  $500  per  man.  It  is  apparent, 
therefore,  that  a  man  enrolled  and  liable  for  draft,  upon  the  announcement  of  a  call, 
hajl  several  options,  any  one  of  which  he  might  elect  to  take.  First,  he  might  offer 
himself  as  a  volunteer  and  thus  escape  threat  of  conscription  and  in  addition  secure 
the  Federal,  State,  and  local  bounties  offered  for  those  volunteering.  Second,  he 
might  refuse  the  opportunity  to  volunteer  and  await  the  result  of  conscription.  If 
drawn  as  a  selected  man  and  accepted  for  service,  he  might  either  furnish  a  substitute 
or  might  by  the  payment  of  $300  avoid  entirely  his  military  obligations.  Failing  to 
exercise  any  of  the  foregoing  options,  he  would  be  held  for  personal  service. 
^  It  is  apparent  therefore  that  the  man  liable  to  military  service  had  the  choice 
either  of  volunteering  and  receiving  a  bounty  or  of  being  conscripted  and  receiving 
nothing.  Naturally  by  far  the  largest  portion  of  men  raised  under  the  operation  of 
the  act  of  March  3,  1863,  consisted  of  volunteers,  eo  called. 

On  May  25, 1863,  the  enrollment  of  all  men  between  the  ages  of  20  and  45  was  begun 
and  was  completed  as  rapidly  as  possible  in  the  several  States.  However,  since  the 
enrollment  progressed  at  varying  rates  of  speed  in  the  different  jurisdictions,  it  was 
impossible  on  July  2  to  determine  the  number  of  men  who  would  be  finally  enrolled. 
Therefore,  on  that  day  a  call  was  made  by  the  President-upon  the  States  to  furnish  20 
per  cent  of  the  enrollment  completed  on  that  date. 

4.  THE  CALL  OP  JULY  2,  1863. 

No  quotas  were  allotted  to  the  States  under  this  call ;  neither  were  credits  contem- 
plated under  the  call,  since  it  was  not  for  a  definite  number  of  men,  but  was  merely 
for  a  drawing  of  20  per  cent  of  the  enrollment.  Credits  and  adjustments  under  this 
call  were  subsequently  accounted  for  under  the  draft  of  March  14, 1864. 

Accordingly,  on  July  7?  the  first  drawing  was  made  and  292,441  names  were  taken 
from  the  wheel,  from  which  number  the  States  were  to  produce  whatever  number 
they  could.  The  results  of  the  drawing  were  as  follows: 

Number  of  names  drawn 292, 441 

Failed  to  report 39, 417 

Discharged. 460 

39, 877 

Number  examined 252,  564 

Number  exempted 164,  394 

Number  found  liable  for  duty 88, 170 

Paid  commutation 52, 288 

Remaining  liable  for  service 35,  882 

Found  substitutes 26, 002 


Held  to  personal  service 9,  880 

It  will  be  noted  that  from  the  drawing  of  292,441  names  only  9,880  men  were  actu- 
ally held  for  personal  service.  The  number  who  furnished  substitutes  and  paid 
commutation  were  treated  as  a  credit  under  subsequent  drafts  and  adjusted  under 
the  draft  of  March  14,  1864,  together  with  the  9,880  men  who  had  been  held  for  per- 
sonal service. 

Fifty-two  thousand  two  hundred  and  eighty-eight  men  secured  exemption  by  the 
payment  of  $300  each.  Under  the  act  of  March  3,  the  money  thus  collected  was  to 
be  used  in  the  procuration  of  substitutes,  which  was  done  under  the  call  of  Octo- 
ber 17,  1863. 


A   SUMMARY    OF    THE   CIVIL   WAR  DRAFT.  373 

The  weakness  of  the  law,  disclosed  by  the  iirst  draft,  was  apparent,  yet  the  Nation 
was  awakened  to  the  fact  that  the  Government  was  at  last  committed  to  a  determined 
effort  to  reinforce  its  armies  by  measures  as  stringent  as  were  necessary  to  the  securing 
of  the  requisite  numbers.  While  the  first  draft  thus  produced  but  meager  returns 
in  men,  it  furnished  the  basis  for  stimulating  volunteering,  which  had  up  to  that 
timc3  been  practically  at  an  end. 

Having  applied  the  draft  in  the  call  of  July,  1863,  and  having  increased  bounties 
materially,  the  Government  on  October  17,  1863,  issued  a  call  for  300,000  volunteers. 

5.  THE  CALL  OP  OCTOBER  17,  1863. 

It  has  been  noted  that  the  call  of  July,  1863,  was  a  draft  of  20  per  cent  of  the  enroll- 
ment and  that  no  quotas  were  assigned  in  pursuance  of  its  execution.  However,  the 
call  of  October,  1863,  was  a  call  for  volunteers  amounting  to  300,000  men  with  the 
proviso  that  if  the  call  was  not  filled  on  or  before  January  5,  18G4,  the  deficiencies, 
if  any,  were  to  be  supplied  by  conscription.  Under  this  call  was  credited  the  num- 
ber of  men  secured  under  the  call  of  July,  1863;  that  is,  those  who  had  been  held  to 
personal  sendee,  those  furnishing  substitutes,  and  those  paying  commutation,  amount- 
ing in  all  to  88,170.  Under  the  draft  of  July,  1863,  over  $15,000,000  had  been  secured 
from  the  52.288  men  paying  commutation.  Under  the  law  this  sum  was  to  be  employed 
in  the  procuration  of  substitutes,  and  the  men  so  secured  were  to  be  applied  as  a  fur- 
ther credit  under  the  call  of  October,  1863. 

The  anxiety  of  towns  and  cities  to  fill  their  quotas  without  conscription  became 
great,  and  large  sums  of  money  were  raised  in  all  communities  to  induce  the  volun- 
tary enlistment  of  men  prior  to  the  time  set  for  drafting.  Contrary  to  the  system 
employed  by  the  Federal  Government,  which  contemplated  the  payment  of  only  a 
portion  of  the  bounty  upon  enlistment  and  the  remainder  upon  discharge,  the  cities 
and  towns  in  their  anxiety  to  secure  volunteers  paid  the  entire  bounty  upon  enlist- 
ment not  only  under  this  call  but  under  subsequent  calls.  As  a  result,  an  unlimited 
field  for  fraud  and  collusion  was  opened  up.  The  procuring  of  volunteers  and  sub- 
stitutes became  a  regular  business  among  certain  elements,  and  it  is  reported  that 
many  men  volunteered  and  collected  bounties  many  times  over,  deserting  upon 
receiving  their  bounty  money  and  employing  a  portion  of  it  to  travel  elsewhere  for 
reenlistment.  It  is  reported  that  one  bounty  jumper  enlisted  32  times  within  a  short 
period. 

As  a  result  of  the  increased  bounty  and  the  dread  of  conscription  on  the  part  of 
citizens,  the  call  of  October  17  had  progressed  so  well  on  January  5,  1864,  the  date 
set  for  the  draft,  that  the  drawing  was  postponed  and  on  February  1  an  additional 
call  for  200,000  men  was  ordered,  making  a  total  called  under  the  calls  of  October 
17,  1863,  and  February  1,  1864,  of  500,000  men. 

6.  THE  CALL  OP  FEBRUARY  1,  1864. 

This  call  was  treated  as  a  combination  of  the  draft  of  July,  1863,  the  call  of  October, 
1863,  and  the  call  of  February  1,  1864,  and  the  total  quotas  were  500,000  men. 
Against  this  levy  were  credited  the  men  raised  under  the  draft  of  July,  1863,  and 
under  the  call  of  October,  1863.  On  February  24,  1864,  the  act  of  March  3,  1863, 
was  amended.  In  addition  to  the  changes  noted,  it  was  further  provided  that  quotas 
were  to  be  credited  by  naval  enlistments  accomplished  prior  and  subsequent  to  the 
call.  The  amendment  also  rescinded  the  provision  of  the  original  act  permitting 
the  payment  of  commutation  in  lieu  of  personal  service.  However,  it  continued  in 
effect  the  privilege  of  hiring  substitutes  to  perform  personal  military  service  required 
of  the  drafted  man. 

Before  the  draft  was  resorted  to  under  this  combination  call  of  February  an  addi- 
tional call  was  made  on  March  14,  1864. 

7.  THE  CALL  OF  MARCH  14,  1864. 

Under  the  authority  of  the  amendment  of  February  24,  1864,  which  authorized 
the  President  to  raise  a  number  of  men  limited  only  by  military  necessity,  the  calls 
of  October,  1863,  and  February  1,  1864,  were  increased  by  200,000  men,  making  a 
total  of  700,000  men  to  be  raised.  This  increase  was  made  in  order  to  secure  a  suf- 
ficient number  of  men  for  the  army  after  allowing  for  naval  enlistments  prescribed 
in  the  amendment  of  February  24  and  in  order  to  create  a  substantial  and  available 
reserve  force.  The  call  of  March  14  directed  that  quotas  amounting,  as  stated  above, 
to  700,000  were  to  be  filled  on  or  before  April  15,  1864,  by  volunteers,  but  unless 


374  APPENDIXES. 

quotas  were  filled  on  or  before  such  date   the   deficiencies  were  to  be  raised  by 
conscription. 

In  order  to  raise  the  largest  possible  number  by  volunteering  withoiit  resort  to  the 
draft,  bounties  were  raised  and  the  increase  authorized  until  April  1, 1864,  after  which 
date  only  bounties  of  $100  were  to  be  paid  by  the  Federal  Government  to  one-year 
volunteers.  On  April  15  drafting  was  begun  to  fill  deficiencies  under  these  calls. 
The  results  of  the  calls  which  are  treated  collectively  as  a  joint  call  for  700,000  men 
were  as  follows: 

Number  called  for 700, 000 

Reduced   by  reduction  in  quotas  after  distribution  among  the 

States 45,  274 

Reduced  by  credits  on  account  of  excess  over  all  quotas  previously 

assigned J  162, 901 

Reduced  by  number  who  paid  commutation 2  84, 733 

292,908 


Balance  to  be  obtained 407, 092 


Volunteers  (white) 325,  366 

Volunteers  (colored) 11, 378 

Veteran  volunteers 136,  507 

Regulars ' 7,  776 

Seamen 7,  697 

Marines. .  738 


Total  volunteer  credits 489, 462 

Number  held  to  personal  service 13,  296 

Number  substitutes  for  drafted  men 34,  913 


Total  drafted 48, 209 

Total  secured 537,  671 

Number  required 407, 092 

Excess 130,  579 

It  will  be  noted  that  under  these  calls  there  was  an  excess  of  contribution  amounting 
to  130,579,  which  was  credited  on  the  next  call,  made  on  July  18,  18G4. 

8.  THE  CALL  OP  JULY  18,  1864. 

This  call  was  for  500,000  men,  to  serve  for  terms  varying  from  one  to  three  years. 
The  levy  of  500,000  was  to  be  reduced  by  authorized  credits  for  naval  enlistments 
and  by  the  excess  of  130,579  men  under  the  preceding  call.  The  results  of  this  call, 
which  was  filled  partly  by  volunteers  and  the  deficiency  by  conscription,  were  as 
follows: 

Number  called 500, 000 

Reduced  by  excess  on  former  calls 130,  579 

Reduced  by  correction  of  enrollment 22,  675 

Reduced  by  naval  credits ' 64,  882 

Reduced  by  veterans  not  before  allowed 11,  869 

Reduced  by  credits  allowed  by  adjustment *  35,  290 

Paid  commutation.  .  378 


Total  reductions 265,  673 


Number  to  be  obtained 234, 327 


Volunteers  (white) 146, 392 

Volunteers  (colored) 15, 961 

Regulars 6,  339 

Seamen 17,  606 

Marine  Corps 1, 874 

-  188,172 

1  Includes  excess  on  all  calls  previously  made  since  April,  1861. 
s  Includes  call  of  July,  1863. 


A   SUMMARY    OF    THE   CIVIL   WAR  DRAFT.  375 

Number  held  to  personal  service 26,  205 

Number  of  substitutes  for  drafted  men 28,  502 

Number  of  substitutes  for  enrolled  men 29,  584 


Total  drafted 84,  291 

Total  secured 272, 463 

Number  required 234, 327 


Excess 38, 136 

Conscientious  objectors  only  were  allowed  to  purchase  commutation  under  amend- 
ment of  February  24,  1864. 

It  will  be  noted  that  under  this  call  there  was  an  excess  of  38,136  men. 

9.  THE  CALL  OP  DECEMBER  19,  1864. 

This  call  was  for  300,000  men  net.  Since  there  was  an  excess,  the  excess  was  added 
to  the  number  to  be  furnished,  making  a  gross  quota  to  be  furnished  by  the  Nation. 
From  this  gross  quota,  as  distributed,  was  deducted  the  excess  of  credits  under  the 
previous  call,  and  the  remainder,  amounting  to  300,000,  was  required  to  be  furnished  by 
the  several  States  as  allotted.  The  results  of  this  call,  which,  as  in  all  previous  calls, 
was  credited  with  volunteers  up  to  a  certain  date  and  thereafter  filled  by  draft,  were 
as  follows: 

Net  number  desired 300, 000 

Volunteers  (white) 130,  620 

Volunteers  (colored") 10, 055 

Regulars ' 6, 958 

Seamen 9, 106 

Marine  Corps 319 

Total  volunteers 157, 058 

Number  held  to  personal  service r l  12,  566 

Number  substitutes  for  drafted  men 12,  014 

Number  substitutes  for  enrolled  men 12, 997 


Number  drafted 37,  577 


Number  secured 194,  635 

Number  desired. . . ; 300,  000 


Deficiency 2  105,  365 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  only  credits  for  volunteers  allowed  under  this  call  against 
the  net  quota  of  the  State  were  those  volunteers  who  entered  the  service  after  the 
call  had  been  announced.  In  other  words,  this  call  differed  from  preceding  calls  in 
that  it  did  not  reduce  the  number  to  be  furnished  by  reason  of  excess  enlistment 
credits  created  prior  to  the  date  of  call. 

10.  RESULT  OP  THE  SEVERAL  DRAFT  CALLS. 

It  appears  that  the  aggregate  calls  from  April  16,  1861,  to  April  14,  1865,  were  for 
2,759,049  men;  that  the  number  placed  in  the  Army,  Navy,  and  Marine  Corps  was 
2,690,401,  leaving  a  deficiency  of  68,648  when  recruiting  and  drafting  were  ordered 
discontinued  owing  to  the  cessation  of  hostilities. 

The  entire  operation  of  the  Civil  War  draft  may  be  accurately  and  concisely  shown 
by  the  following  four  tables: 

TABLE  I. — Source  of  armed  forces. 

1.  Number  of  men  secured  for  the  fighting  forces  April,  1861-April,  1865. .     2,  690,  401 

2.  Number  who  entered  the  service  by  volunteering  prior  to  March  3, 

1863 »  1, 358,  470 


3.  Number  claimed  as  furnished  by  Provost  Marshal  General  (subtract  line 

2  from  line  1) 1, 331, 931 

1 1,404  of  this  number  were  not  sent  to  the  service  on  account  of  the  termination  of  hostilities. 

2  No  effort  was  made  to  fill  this  deficiency  due  to  cessation  of  hostilities. 

3  Many  of  this  number  were  short-term  who  reenksted  one  or  more  times  and  are  therefore  included 
more  than  once  in  this  number. 


376  APPENDIXES. 

4.  Number  secured  as  volunteers  March  17,  1863-April,  1865  l 1, 076,  558 

5.  Number  drafted  (subtract  line  4  from  line  3) 255, 373 

6.  Number  paid  commutation '86,  724 

7.  Number  whose  personal  services  were  demanded  (subtract  line  6  from 

line  5) 168,  649 

8.  Furnished  substitutes 117,  986 

9.  Remainder,  being  number  whose  personal  services  were  actually  con- 

scripted  - 2  50,  663 

TABLE  II. — Distribution  of  "volunteers"  after  passage  of  the  conscription  act,  March  S, 
1863,  as  shown  in  line  4  of  Table  I. 

Call  of  October,  1863,  and  February  and  March,  1864 489, 462 

Call  of  July  18,  1864 188,172 

Call  of  December  19,  1864 157,058 

Actual  number  of  volunteers 834,  692 

Credits  for  naval  enlistments  and  excesses  on  quotas  under  calls  prior  to 
March  3,  1863 241,866 

Total  credits  for  volunteers  under  act  of  March  3,  1863 1, 076,  558 

1  None  of  this  number  ever  served,  but  commuters  were  counted  as  credits  in  furnishing  quotas. 
1  Of  this  number  only  46,347  men  were  actually  delivered  to  the  Army. 

TABLE  III. — Disposition  of  men  "drafted,"  as  shown  in  line  5  of  Table  I. 


Callof- 


Number 
held  to 
personal 
service. 


Furnished 

substi- 
.    tutes. 


Total 

number 

furnishing 

personal 

service. 


Paid 

commuta- 
tion. 


July,  1863 

October,  1863;  February  and  March,  1864. 

July,  1864 

December,  1864 


9,880 

3,416 

26,205 

» 11, 162 


26,002 

8,887 

158,086 

1  25,  Oil 


35,882 
12,303 
84,291 
36,173 


52,288 

32,678 

1,298 

460 


Total.. 


«  50, 663 


117,986 


168,649 


86,724 


1  Includes  substitutes  for  enrolled  men  as  well  as  substitutes  for  drafted  men. 
J  Of  this  number  only  6,845  were  delivered,  due  to  termination  of  hostilities. 
3  Of  this  number  only  46,347  were  actually  delivered  to  the  Army  for  duty. 

TABLE  IV. — Results  of  the  several  drafts  which  secured  men  appearing  in  Table  III. 


Call. 


Number 
drawn. 


Failed 
to  report. 


Dis- 
charged, 
quota 
full. 


Dis- 
charged 

per 
order. 


Ex- 
empted. 


Held  to 

personal 
service. 


Fur- 
nished 
substi- 
tutes. 


Paid 
commu- 
tation. 


July,  1863 

March,  1864 

July,  1864 

December,  1864. 

Total.... 


292,441 
113, 446 
231,918 
139,024 


39,415 
27, 193 
66,159 
28, 477 


447 

1,227 

26,416 

18,011 


13 

69 

807 

46, 408 


164,395 
39,952 
82,531 
28,631 


9,881 

3,416 

26,205 

6,845 


26,002 
i  8,911 
28,502 
10, 192 


52,288 

32, 678 

1,298 

460 


776,829 


161,244 


46, 101 


47,297 


315,509 


46^47 


*  73, 607 


8(5,724 


1  This  figure,  taken  from  Provost  Marshal  General's  report  is  27  greater  than  the  corresponding  item 
appearing  elsewhere  in  the  report. 

2  In  addition  to  these  men  who  were  furnished  as  substitutes  for  drafted  men,  44,379  men  were  furnished 
as  substitutes  for  enrolled  men. 


A    SUMMARY    OF    THE    CIVIL   WAR  DRAFT.  377 

11.  SUMMARY  OF  RESULTS. 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  the  total  forces  raised  by  the  Union  during  the  Civil 
War  were  2,690,401,  and  that  of  this  number  1,358,470  entered  the  service  as  volunteers 
prior  to  March  3,  1863,  and  that  1,076,558  entered  as  volunteers  after  that  date.  In 
other  words,  the  total  fighting  forces  included  2,435,028  volunteers.  The  remainder, 
255,373  men,  can  be  properly  credited  as  conscripted.  Of  this  last  number  86,724 
avoided  military  service  by  payment  of  commutation,  leaving  168,649  actually 
drafted.  Of  this  number,  however,  117,  986  were  substitutes  for  drafted  men  or 
enrolled  men,  leaving  a  balance  of  50,653  whose  personal  service  in  the  military 
establishment  was  conscripted.  But  of  this  number,  only  46,347  men  actually 
entered  the  ranks  of  the  Army.  Therefore,  it  is  apparent  that  while  the  total  effec- 
tives were  2, 690,401,  conscription  secured  directly  the  personal  service  of  .only  46,347 
men  or  less  than  2  per  cent  of  the  total  fighting  forces. 

12.  BOUNTIES. 

Any  discussion  of  the  draft  act  of  1863  would  be  incomplete  without  a  reference  to 
the  enormous  cost  entailed  in  the  effort  to  secure  volunteers  by  the  payment  of 
bounties.  Casual  reference  to  this  subject  has  been  made  in  the  preceding  pages  but 
it  is  now  proposed  to  deal  with  it  more  fully. 

As  has  been  seen,  prior  to  March  3,  1863,  the  Government  depended  solely  upon 
voluntary  enlistment  for  the  recruitment  of  its  armies.  It  was  soon  found  necessary 
to  stimulate  recruiting  by  offering  to  recruits  inducements  intended  to  compare 
favorably  with  the  price  of  ordinary  labor  and  at  the  same  time  to  provide  some  sup- 
port for  the  dependents  of  the  volunteer.  With  this  object  in  view  bounties  were 
allowed  by  the  Federal  Government  from  time  to  time  as  follows: 

(1)  From  the  commencement  of  the  war  to  July  18,  1864,  a  bounty  of  $100  was 
allowed  to  all  volunteers  who  served  a  period  of  two  years  or  during  the  war,  $25  of 
which  was  paid  upon  muster  in  and  the  remainder  upon  discharge. 

(2)  From  June  25,  1863,  to  April  1,  1864,  a  bounty  of  $400  was  paid  to  all  veterans 
reenlisting  for  three  years  of  the  war,  $25  being  paid  upon  muster  in  and  $75  at  the 
expiration  of  three  years'  service,  and  the  remainder  distributed  during  the  interval 
of  service  in  $50  amounts. 

(3)  From  October  24  to  April  1,  1864,  a  bounty  of  $300  was  paid  to  all  recruits  enlist- 
ing for  three  years  in  old  organizations,  $60  being  paid  upon  muster  in,  $40  at  the 
expiration  of  three  years'  service  and  the  remainder  distributed  in  sums  of  $40  during 
the  interval  of  service. 

(4)  From  December  24  to  April  1,  1863,  a  bounty  of  $300  was  paid  to  new  recruits 
enlisting  for  three  years  in  organizations  already  in  service. 

(5)  From  July  19,  1864,  to  the  end  of  the  war  $100,  $200,  and  $300  was  paid  to 
recruits  enlisting  for  one,  two  or  three  years  respectively.    One-third  of  this  bounty 
was  paid  on  muster  in,  one  third  after  the  expiration  of  one-half  the  term  of  service 
and  the  remaining  one-third  upon  discharge  or  expiration  of  the  period  of  enlistment. 

(6)  On  November  28,  1864,  a  special  bounty  or  $300  from  the  draft  and  substitute 
funds  was  paid  to  men  enlisting  in  the  first  Army  Corps  upon  being  mustered  into  the 
service.    This  bounty  was  in  addition  to  the  bounties  already  authorized.     It  will 
be  noted  that  the  Federal  bounties  were  distributed  over  a  period  of  enlistment  and 
that  a  substantial  portion  thereof  was  paid  only  after  the  completion  of  the  enlistment 
period. 

On  the  other  hand,  while  the  Government  distributed  bounties  over  the  whole 
period  of  enlistment,  local  authorities  almost  uniformly  paid  in  advance.  It  should 
be  remembered  that  the  bounties  paid  by  the  local  authorities  were  in  addition  to 
the  sums  paid  by  the  Government  and  that  the  sums  paid  by  the  former  were  at 
least  e  [ual  to  and  more  often  in  excess  of  the  sums  offered  and  paid  by  the  Federal 
Government.  The  payment  of 'large  sums  was  prompted  by  the  nervous  desire  on 
the  part  of  communities  to  fill  their  quotas  completely  before  the  arrival  of  the  date 
for  draft.  >  Under  the  pressure  of  conscription,  local  authorities  did  not  take  into 
consideration  the  encouragement  which  large  cash  bounties  offered  to  desertion. 
The  only  object  in  mind  was  the  securing  of  recruits  and  the  fact  that  the  payment 
of  large  sums  of  money  in  advance  offered  easy  means  of  escape  from  the  loca'ify  in 
which  a  recruit  had  pledged  his  enlistment  was  entirely  overlooked.  In  many  dis- 
tricts exorbitant  bounties  were  paid,  while  neighboring  districts,  unable  to  pay  large 
sums,  frequently  lost  men  of  their  own  districts  who  volunteered  in  other  localities. 
The  enormous  profits  which  the  system  of  local  bounties  yielded  to  those  engaged  in 
it  soon  produced  a  class  of  persons  known  as  substitute  brokers  who  sprang  up  in  the 
various  towns  and  cities  and  who  finally  monopolized  the  business  of  finding  volun- 


378  APPENDIXES. 

teers  and  substitutes.  The  corrupt  practice  of  many  of  those  agents  constituted  one 
of  the  most  vicious  outgrowths  of  the  draft  system. 

Taken  as  a  whole,  the  Federal  Government  expended  in  bounties,  prior  to  the 
enactment  of  the  act  of  March  3,  1863,  $90,586,900  and  from  October  17,  1863,  to  the 
end  of  the  war,  expended  $209,636,600  for  the  same  purposes.  In  other  words,  the 
total  expended  by  the  United  States  during  the  period  of  the  war  for  bounties  alone 
amounted  to  the  enormous  sum  of  $300,233,500. 

In  addition  to  this,  the  State  and  local  bounties  during  the  same  period  of  time 
amounted  to  $285,941,028.  It  is  thus  seen  that  during  the  period  of  the  Civil  War 
there  was  expended  by  the  loyal  States  and  the  Federal  Government  for  bounties 
to  secure  the  voluntary  enlistment  of  recruits  §586,164,528. 

The  total  number  of  men  raised  during  the  period  of  the  war  was  2,690,401.  It 
follows  that  the  per  capita  cost  for  bounties  alone  was  $217.87. 

In  his  report  (p.  2),  Acting  Provost  Marshal  General  Fry  states  that  the  per  capita 
cost  of  recruitment  under  the  act  of  March  3,  1863,  was  $9.84,  exclusive  of  bounties. 
However,  when  there  is  added  to  the  per  capita  cost  as  estimated  by  the  Provost 
Marshal  General,  the  per  capita  cost  of  $217.87  for  bounty,  the  result  does  not  argue 
well  for  the  methods  of  economy  employed  in  recruiting  under  the  volunteer- 
conscription  system  then  in  operation. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  during  the  Civil  War  period  2,690,401  men  were  secured, 
with  an  expenditure  in  bounties  alone  of  $586,164,528,  and  that  during  the  first  14 
months  of  actual  operation  under  the  present  selective  service  law,  2,552,173  men 
had  been  furnished  the  Army  at  a  cost  of  approximately  $20,175,000. 

13.  CONCLUSION. 

A  consideration  of  the  foregoing  discloses  that  conscription,  as  utilized  in  the  Civil 
War  period,  produced  in  personal  service  of  draftees  less  than  2  per  cent  of  the  total 
Union  forces,  and  that  primarily  the  draft  act  was  mainly  employed,  in  connection 
with  the  expenditure  of  enormous  sums  of  bounty  money,  to  coerce  so-called  volun- 
tary enlistments  in  the  fighting  forces. 


APPENDIX  K. 

A  STUDY  OF  CONSCRIPTION  IN  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM,  1914-1918. 
I.    The  British  Legislation  on  Conscription. 

By  CHALLEN.  B.  ELLIS,  of  the  District  of  Columbia  Bar. 

The  striking  characteristic  of  British  conscription,  in  contrast  to  the  American, 
is  that  it  was  at  first  bound  up  with  the  idea  that  the  war  must  be  carried  on  by 
those  who  were  willing  to  serve.  The  need  for  controlling  and  regulating  entry  into 
military  service,  so  as  to  preserve  the  industries  essential  to  maintaining  the  military 
establishment  and  to  adjust  the  demands  of  the  army  to  the  demands  of  industry, 
was  not  apparent  until  the  indiscriminate  volunteering  from  all  lines  of  business 
threatened  disruption  of  the  industrial  structure.  The  recognition  of  the  necessity 
for  compelling  all  to  serve,  leaving  to  the  State  the  selection  of  those  who  should  be 
first  used  for  the  army^  came  even  more  slowly.  Conscription,  passed  by  Parliament 
nearly  a  year  and  a  half  after  the  war  began,  was  brought  about,  not  because  consid- 
ered wise  or  essential  for  its  own  sake,  but  because  of  its  relation  to  voluntary  enlist- 
ment: and  the  first  conscription  act,  limited  to  single  men  of  military  age,  was  sup- 
ported because  it  was  merely  the  redemption  of  the  pledge  to  married  men  given  in 
the  previous  recruiting  campaign,  that  if  the  'single  men  did  not  enlist  they  would 
be  compelled.  So  the  extension  of  the  military  service  act  to  all  men  of  military  age, 
married  or  single,  was  supported  rather  on  the  ground  of  fairness  to  those  who  had 
enlisted  than  on  the  ground  that  bringing  to  the  service  of  the  State  all  men  capable 
of  serving  would  be  the  wisest  way  to  utilize  the  man-power  resources  of  the  country. 

1.  COMPOSITION  OF  THE  ARMY  IN  AUGUST,  1914. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  the  British  Army  consisted  of  some  700,000  men  made 
up  of  the  first  line,  composed  of  the  regular  army,  the  army  reserve,  and  the  special 
reserve;  and  the  second  line,  composed  of  the  territorial  force.  The  professional 
soldiers  making  up  the  regular  army  were  men  enlisted  for  12  years,  part  of  the  time 
with  the  colors  and  the  remainder  in  the  reserve.  The  period  with  the  colors  varied 
according  to  the  arm  of  the  service  and  was  generally  7  years.  The  age  limit  for 
enlistment  was  from  18  to  25  and,  in  some  cases,  from  18  to  30.  depending  also  upon 
the  branch  in  which  enlistment  was  made. 

The  army  reserve  consisted  of  trained  regular  soldiers  who  had  returned  to  civil 
life  after  service  in  the  army  and  who  remained  liable  to  be  called  out.  It  was  com- 
posed of  those  volunteering  to  serve  when  called  to  complete  units,  those  liable  to  be 
called  only  on  general  mobilization,  and  those  who  enlisted  for  a  further  4  years  after 
12  years'  service,  and  who  were  to  be  called  only  after  the  other  reserves  mentioned 
had  been  called. 

The  special  reserve  consisted  of  a  fixed  number  of  battalions  constituting  reserve 
battalions  trained  by  the  regular  establishment,  whose  function  was  to  act  as  a  feeder 
to  battalions  in  the  field  and  to  assist  in  the  work  of  coast  defense. 

The  territorial  force  was  a  body  for  home  service  only  (although  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  war  practically  all  the  force  agreed  to  foreign  service).  Enlistment  in  the  terri- 
torial force  was  for  4  years  and  the  age  limit  was  17  to  35  years,  inclusive. 

As  shown  by  the  records,  the  British  pre-war  strength  was  247,434  regulars, 
214,834  in  the  army  reserve  and  the  special  reserve,  and  271,189  in  the  territorial 
force;  or  733,457  in  all. 

In  the  navy  there  was  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war  approximately  150,000  men. 

2.  VOLUNTARY  ENLISTMENT,  1914-15. 

In  the  first  few  days  of  the  war  there  was  an  enthusiastic  rush  to  the  colors,  much 
greater  than  the  facilities  for  dealing  with  recruits  could  take  care  of.  On  August  6 
Lord  Kitchener  was  appointed  secretary  of  state  for  war,  and  the  next  day  he  made 
his  first  call  for  100,000  men.  As  set  forth  in  the  notice  in  the  press,  enlistment  was 
asked  for  a  period  of  three  years  or  for  the  duration  of  the  war,  and  the  age  limit  was 

379 


380  APPENDIXES. 

stated  to  be  between  19  and  30  years,  with  the  provision  that  those  having  previous 
service  in  the  army  would  be  accepted  up  to  the  age  of  42.  Although  not  at  first 
clearly  indicated,  it  was  later  apparent  that  this  additional  force  was  not  merely  to 
increase  the  size  of  the  regular  army,  but  was  to  be  a  body  in  new  formations  called 
service  battalions.  Members  of  the  territorial  force  were  asked  to  transfer  to  the 
new  army  and  for  this  purpose  county  associations  were  urged  to  cooperate  in  making 
a  division  of  the  territorial  force  into  those  who  were  able  and  willing  to  serve  abroad 
and  those  who  were  precluded  "on  account  of  their  affairs  "  from  volunteering.  Many 
of  the  territorials  did  join  the  new  army,  and  by  August  26,  69  whole  battalions  had 
volunteered  for  service  abroad. 

There  was  no  adequate  provision  for  taking  care  of  the  great  number  of  men  who 
enlisted.  The  war  office,  accustomed  to  dealing  under  the  old  system  with  about 
30,000  recruits  per  year,  was  suddenly  confronted  with  the  task  of  taking  care  of  many 
thousands  per  day,  and  the  recruiting  force  was  totally  insufficient  for  the  task.  Civil- 
ian volunteers  were  called  on  to  help,  but  even  with  their  assistance  the  situation 
merely  of  enrolling  the  men  with  the  formalities  required  under  the  army  act  could  not 
be  met,  not  to  speak  of  the  provisions  for  taking  care  of  men  in  camps.  There  was  no 
organization  for  distributing  the  food;  there  were  no  barracks,  and  not  even  sufficient 
tents  to  take  care  of  the  men. 

On  August  25  Lord  Kitchener  stated  in  the  House  of  Lords  that  the  first  hundred 
thousand  recruits  had  been  practically  secured.  On  August  28  Lord  Kitchener 
called  for  another  hundred  thousand  men.  This  time  the  age  Jimit  was  raised,  and 
enlistments  were  asked  of  those  from  19  to  35  years  and  of  all  ex-soldiers  up  to  45  and 
of  certain  selected  noncommissioned  officers  up  to  50.  Enlistment  was  required  for 
the  period  of  the  war.  Then  began  a  more  organized  effort  to  stimulate  recruiting. 
Mr.  Asquith,  in  a  communication  to  the  lord  mayor  of  London  and  others,  proposed 
that  meetings  should  be  held  throughout  the  United  Kingdom  for  explaining  the  "  jus- 
tice of  our  cause  "  and  ' '  the  duty  of  every  man  to  do  his  part. ' '  There  followed  recruit- 
ing rallies  in  all  parts  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  A  parliamentary  committee  took 
charge  of  this  campaign  and  representatives  of  all  opposing  factions  joined  in  supplying 
speakers  and  in  the  organized  efforts  to  reach  prospective  recruits.  Political  organi- 
zations in  every  county,  city,  and  village  assisted  in  the  campaign  and  the  voters  were 
canvassed  very  much  as  in  a  political  campaign  except  that  all  parties  united  in  the 
same  appeal.  A  canvass  by  mail  was  conducted,  and  it  was  said  that  some  8,000,000 
letters  were  sent  out  to  men  of  military  age.  The  work  of  speaking  at  rallies  and 
individual  canvassing  was  supplemented  by  advertising  posters  urging  men  to  join 
the  army,  and  the  moving  picture  theaters  were  made  use  of  to  display  advertisements. 

In  a  little  over  a  month  after  the  beginning  of  the  war  (September  10),  it  was  an- 
nounced by  the  prime  minister  that  over  438,000  men  had  joined  the  new  army, 
exclusive  of  those  who  had  enlisted  in  the  territorial  force,  which  had  been  recruiting 
up  to  its  maximum  strength  and  replacing  men  who  had  enlisted  in  the  new  army. 
But  the  time  had  not  come  when  recruiting  efforts  could  safely  be  relaxed.  Although 
the  new  recruits  could  not  be  adequately  taken  care  of,  and  the  facilities  for  handling 
the  men  were  being  blocked,  yet  the  prime  minister  stated,  "We  shall  need  more 
rather  than  less;  let  us  get  the  men."  He  added,  however,  that  thereafter  the  men 
who  enlisted  would  not  be  required  to  go  at  once  to  the  training  fields  but  would  be 
permitted  to  return  to  their  homes  until  needed  and  sufficient  accommodations  could 
be  found.  But  the  authorities  were  still  "blocked"  with  recruits  and  on  September 
11  the  standard  for  enlistment  was  raised  by  requiring  a  height  of  5  feet  6  inches.  The 
moral  effect  of  this  doubtless  was  to  suggest  that  more  men  were  being  received  than 
were  needed.  At  any  rate  toward  the  end  of  October  recruiting  had  considerably 
fallen  off.  A  general  appeal  was  issued  by  the  recruiting  committee  stating  that  the 
standard  had  again  been  lowered  and  that  the  age  limit  had  been  raised  to  38  and, 
in  the  case  of  ex-soldiers,  to  45.  The  efforts  of  the  parliamentary  committee  were 
supplemented  meanwhile  by  the  action  of  municipalities  and  private  individuals 
in'  raising;  local  battalions,  for  which  the  municipalities  and  individuals  assumed 
responsibility  for  clothing,  eating,  housing,  and  early  training,  to  be  afterwards  reim- 
bursed by  the  war  office.  This  plan  was  sanctioned  by  Lord  Kitchener  and  numerous 
units  of  this  character  were  raised. 

Various  expedients  were  resorted  to  in  the  succeeding  months  to  stimulate  recruit- 
ing. In  addition  to  an  extensive  advertising  campaign  with  every  conceivable  form 
of  poster  there  was  a  direct  appeal,  signed  by  Mr.  Asquith  and  later  by  the  parlia- 
mentary committee,  sent  to  every  householder  in  the  country  requesting  a  reply 
stating  the  number  of  members  of  the  household  who  would  be  willing  to  enlist. 
It  is  said  that  by  the  middle  of  December  some  4,400;000  of  such  appeals  had  been 
sent  out  and  2,500,000  replies  had  been  received,  of  which  225,000  contained  promises 
to  enlist.  About  the  middle  of  November  the  prime  minister  stated  in  the  House 


A    STUDY    OF    CONSCRIPTION   IN    THE   UNITED   KINGDOM.        381 

of  Commons  that  no  lees  than  700,000  recruits  had  been  received,  not  including  those 
in  the  territorial  force.  On  March  1,  1915,  the  prime  minister  declared  the  Govern- 
ment had  no  reason  to  be  dissatisfied  with  the  progress  of  recruiting  and  in  the  latter 
part  of  April,  Lord  Derby,  in  a  speech  at  Manchester,  declared  the  Government  might 
be  satisfied  for  the  moment,  but  the  time  would  come  soon  when  there  would  have 
to  be  additional  and  redoubled  efforts.  On  May  18  Lord  Kitchener  appealed  for 
300,000  more  recruits,  and  the  next  day  the  age  limit  was  raised  to  40  years  and  the 
height  standard  reduced  to  5  feet  2  inches.  Toward  the  end  of  June  it  was  realized 
by  the  Government,  as  had  been  frequently  urged  before,  that  the  best  way  to  utilize 
the  resources  of  the  country  was  to  take  an  inventory  of  the  man  power  so  as  to  ascertain 
what  men  were  available.  This  suggestion  culminated  in  the  introduction  in  Parlia- 
ment of  a  bill  for  the  registration  of  all  males  and  females  between  the  ages  of  15  and  65. 
Almost  from  the  beginning  of  the  recruiting  campaigns,  suggestions  had  been  made 
that  conscription  ought  to  be  introduced;  but  the  war  office  announced  from  time 
to  time  during  the  progress  of  recruiting  that  the  question  of  compulsion  was  not 
under  consideration  and  conscription  would  not  be  necessary.  On  August  25  Lord 
Kitchener  stated  in  the  House  of  Lords,  "While  other  countries  engaged  in  this  war 
have,  under  a  system  of  compulsory  service,  brought  their  full  resources  of  men  into 
the  field,  we,  under  our  national  system,  have  not  done  so.  I  can  not  at  this  stage 
eay  what  will  be  the  limit  of  the  forces  required  or  what  measures  may  eventually  be 
necessary  to  supply  and  maintain  them."  On  August  26  the  prime  minister,  in 
answer  to  a  question  in  the  House  of  Commons  as  to  whether  some  measure  of  com- 
pulsory service  should  not  be  brought  into  force,  answered  in  the  negative.  In  a  mani- 
festo issued  September  3  by  the  parliamentary  committee  of  the  Trade  Union  Con- 
gress, it  was  stated:  "In  the  event  of  the  voluntary  system  of  military  service  failing 
the  country  in  its  time  of  need,  the  demand  for  a  national  system  of  compulsory  mili- 
tary service  will  not  only  be  made  with  redoubled  vigor,  but  may  prove,  too,  so  per- 
sistent and  strong  as  to  become  irresistible."  On  January  8  it  was  declared  in  the 
House  of  Lords  by  Lord  Haldane  that,  while  the  Government  saw  no  reason  to  antic- 
ipate the  breakdown  of  the  voluntary  system,  "compulsory  service  was  not  foreign 
to  the  constitution,  and  it  might  become  necessary  to  resort  to  it."  On  April  27  Lord 
Derby,  in  his  speech  before  referred  to,  stated  that  in  a  short  time  there  would  be  an 
appeal  which  none  could  resist,  and  that  compulsory  demand  of  the  services  of  the 
country  would  be  brought  about.  On  May  18  Lord  Haldane  said  in  the  House  of 
Lords,  "Although  we  may  think,  under  ordinary  conditions  in  a  time  of  peace,  that 
the  voluntary  system  is  a  system  from  which  it  will  be  most  difficult  for  us  to  depart, 
yet  we  may  find  that  we  have  to  reconsider  the  situation  in  the  light  of  the  tremendous 
necessities  of  the  nation.  We  are  not  face  to  face  with  the  problem  at  present,  but  I 
think  that  the  time  may  come."  On  the  following  day  it  was  stated  in  the  debates 
in  Parliament  that  "the  problem  is  here  now  "  and  that  it  was  time  "to  take  stock  of 
what  we  have  got  in  the  way  of  men  in  this  country  and  the  manner  in  which  they 
may  be  most  usefully  applied." 

3.  THE  REGISTRATION  OF  AUGUST,  1915. 

A  national  registration  act  was  passed  July  15, 1915.  It  provided  that  "a  register 
shall  be  formed  of  all  persons,  male  and  female,  between  the  ages  of  16  and  65  (not 
being  members  of  His  Majesty's  naval  force  or  of  His  Majesty's  regular  or  territorial 
forces)."  It  provided  that  the  registrar  general  should  be  the  central  registration 
authority  in  England  and  the  common  council  of  the  city  of  London  and  the  councils 
of  the  metropolitan  and  municipal  boroughs  and  of  the  urban  and  rural  districts  and 
the  councils  of  the  Scilly  Islands  should  be  local  registration  authorities  for  their 
respective  areas;  that  each  area  should  be  a  registration  district;  that  the  registrar 
general  for  Scotland  should  be  the  registrar  general  and  the  councils  of  counties 
and  town  councils  of  parliamentary  burghs  should  be  local  registration  authorities 
for  their  respective  areas.  1  he  act  did  not  apply  to  Ireland,  except  as  it  was  made  to 
apply  to  certain  small  areas  by  order  of  the  lord  lieutenant.  It  required  that  the 
local  registration  authorities  should  cause  to  be  distributed  to  every  household,  forms 
prepared  by  the  registrar  general  showing  the  name,  residence,  age,  married  state, 
dependents,  occupation,  employer,  skill  in  other  employment,  and  nationality,  if 
not  British,  of  every  person  of  the  ages  mentioned,  and  should  cause  such  forms  to 
be  collected  and  filed  and  registration  certificates  issued  to  the  persons  registering. 
Under  authority  of  regulations  issued  by  the  local  government  board  and  the  secre- 
tary of  Scotland,  registration  was  begun  as  of  August  15,  1915.  Enumerators  were 
appointed  in  each  registration  district  to  distribute  the  cards  about  a  week  before 
August  15  and  to  collect  the  cards  within  a  week  or  10  days  after  August  15,  and 
thereafter  to  check  them  and  tabulate  the  result.  It  is  said  that  approximately 


382  APPENDIXES. 

150,000  voluntary  workers  were  engaged  in  this  task.  The  forms  received  from  the 
registrants  were  subsequently  sorted  and  divided  into  groups  according  to  occupa- 
tions, and  the  men's  groups  divided  also  between  the  married  and  single.  The  men's 
occupations  were  divided  into  46  groups  and  the  women's  occupations  divided  into 
30  groups  and  a  code  number  assigned  to  each  group,  which  number  was  shown  also 
on  the  registration  certificates. 

As  to  the  military  purpose  of  this  national  registration ,  Lord  Kitchener  said ,  on  Jul  y  9 , 
of  the  proposal  to  pass  such  an  act:  "When  this  registration  is  completed,  we  shall  be 
able  to  know  the  men  between  the  ages  of  19  and  40  not  required  for  munitions  or 
other  necessary  industrial  work,  and  therefore  available,  if  physically  fit,  for  the 
fighting  line.  Steps  will  then  be  taken  to  approach,  with  a  view  to  enlistment,  all 
possible  candidates  for  the  army — unmarried  men  to  be  preferred  to  married  men  as 
far  as  may  be." 

Carrying  out  this  idea,  after  the  national  registration  was  completed,  the  cards  of 
all  men  between  the  ages  of  19  and  41  (that  is,  those  who  had  become  19  but  had  not 
attained  41  on  August  15)  were  copied  upon  so-called  "pink  forms"  for  the  use  of 
the  military  authorities.  Meanwhile,  during  the  checking  and  tabulation  of  the  regis- 
tration, organized  efforts  were  made-  to  decide  upon  the  comparative  needs  of  the 
army  and  of  industry.  Various  committees  were  appointed  to  determine  essential 
industries  and  the  requirements  of  men  in  munition  work,  agriculture,  and  other 
occupations.  Lists  of  trades  were  prepared  in  the  order  of  their  national  importance 
and  were  classified  as  "reserved  occupations."  With  these  suggestions  as  to  neces- 
sary industries  and  industrial  requirements  before  them  the  registration  authorities 
examined  the  list  of  men  of  military  age  for  the  purpose  of  making  tentative  alloca- 
tions of  the  men  necessary  for  industry  and  the  men  who  were  available  for  military 
service.  The  cards  of  those  considered  necessary  for  industry  were  marked  or 
"starred."  This  was  to  indicate  that  such  men  were  to  be,  at  least  for  the  present, 
exempt  from  recruitment.  This  process  of  starring  was  slow  and  tedious.  Further, 
the  number  of  reserved  occupations  and  starred  trades  was  changed  from  time  to 
time  and  largely  increased.  Generally  speaking,  starring  was  brought  about  by  the 
reservation  of  various  trades  as  a  whole,  followed  by  the  starring  of  all  men  engaged 
in  such  trades. 

For  the  month  or  more  during  which  registration  and  tabulation  was  proceeding 
there  had  been  a  decided  lull  in  recruiting.  When  copies  of  the  "pink  forms"  were 
ready  to  be  turned  over  to  the  recruiting  staffs  there  began  a  very  intensive  effort  to 
induce  all  men  of  military  age  who  were  in  the  unstarred  class  to  enlist.  The  parlia- 
mentary recruiting  committee,  by  means  of  its  organizations  in  every  county,  under- 
took to  canvass  systematically  all  the  available  men  of  military  age  who  were  now 
definitely  known  by  the  national  registration  and  the  process  of  starring.  The  adver- 
tising campaign  began  with  renewed  vigor.  Recruiting  marches,  parades,  and  a 
series  of  meetings  were  held  to  call  the  attention  of  the  men  to  the  nesds  of  the  army. 
Enlistments,  however,  did  not  greatly  increase  and  the  results  were  disappointing. 
The  total  number  of  enlistments,  however,  since  August  2, 1914,  had  probably  been 
over  2,000,000.  On  September  30  the  war  office  directed  all  recruiting  officers  to 
take  whatever  steps  were  considered  most  effective  to  induce  unstarred  men  to  join  the 
army  and  to  report  the  number  of  those  who  refused.  Subsequently,  upon  the  public 
announcement  of  this  order,  the  drastic  method  of  recruiting  the  unwilling  was 
abandoned. 

4.  LORD  DERBY'S  AGE-GROUP  ATTESTATION  PLAN. 

On  October  5,  1915,  Lord  Derby  was  appointed  director  of  recruiting.  Shortly 
after  his  appointment  he  proposed  an  innovation  in  the  method  of  securing  enlistments 
for  the  army.  His  proposal  was,  in  brief,  that  all  men  of  military  age  should  be 
divided  into  classes  according  to  age  and  whether  married  or  single — that  is,  unmarried 
men  from  18  to  41  would  be  divided  into  23  groups,  and  the  married  men  from 
18  to  41  into  another  23  groups,  a  group  for  each  age — and  that  all  men  were  to  be  given 
an  opportunity  to  "attest,"  that  is,  signify  their  willingness  to  serve  if  needed.  It 
was  understood  that  men  so  attesting  would  not  be  called  up  for  service  until  the  age 
group  in  which  they  were  placed  was  called,  and  that  the  single  men  and  unstarred 
men  would  be  called  before  the  married  men.  He  also  proposed  that  tribunals  be 
appointed  and  set  up  in  each  registration  district  before  whom  any  man  about  to  be 
called  up  for  service  could  appear  and  consideration  would  be  given  and  determina- 
tion reached  as  to  his  postponement  to  a  later  group  if  considered  desirable.  He 
explained  that  his  system  contemplated  that  recruiting  should  in  the  future  be  done 
by  civilians  instead  of  by  the  military  authorities  aided  by  civilians,  and  that  in  every 
registration  district  recruiting  would  be  conducted  by  the  parliamentary  recruiting 


A   STUDY    OF    CONSCRIPTION   IN    THE    UNITED   KINGDOM.        383 

committee  and  the  joint  labor  recruiting  committee  and  their  agents,  and  a  direct 
appeal  would  be  sent  by  mail  to  every  unstarred  man.  In  a  letter  to  the  press  on 
November  3,  Lord  Derby  said:  "I  hope  by  the  present  scheme  not  only  to  ascertain 
what  is  each  man's  right  position,  but  to  induce  him  voluntarily  to  take  it.  But 
before  this  can  be  done  a  man  must  actually  enlist,  not  merely  promise  to  do  so.  By 
enlisting  men  in  groups,  only  to  come  up  when  called  upon,  and  allowing  them  before 
actually  joining  to  appeal  to  local  tribunals  to  be  put  in  later  groups  for  reasons  which 
can  be  specially  urged,  we  shall  be  able  to  allot  proper  places  to  all  men  in  the  'un- 
starred' list.  Then  we  must  carefully  examine  the  whole  of  the  'starred'  list,  and 
where  we  find  a  man  wrongly  placed  in  that  list,  or  a  man  who,  though  rightly  placed 
in  it,  can  be  spared  from  his  industry,  that  man  must  be  placed  in  the  '  unstarred ' 
list  and  dealt  with  accordingly.  *  *  *  There  is  no  necessity  under  this  scheme 
for  a  man  when  he  enlists  to  join  his  regiment  immediately.  He  can  do  so  if  he  wishes; 
but  if  he  prefers  to  be  placed  in  such  a  group  as  his  age  and  condition — i.  e.,  married 
or  single — entitled  him  to  enter,  and  only  come  to  the  colors  when  his  group  is  called 
up  for  service,  he  can  request  the  recruiting  officer  to  do  this.  He  has  this  assurance: 
Groups  will  be  called  up  strictly  in  their  order,  the  younger  unmarried  men  before 
the  older  men,  and  all  unmarried  men,  except  those  who  may  be  proved  to  be  indis- 
pensable to  their  businesses,  before  any  of  the  married  men.  The  recruiting  officer 
will  inform  the  recruit  of  the  number  of  his  group,  which  is  determined,  as  stated 
above,  by  age  and  whether  married  or  single.  Be  it  understood,  however,  that  any 
man  who  has  married  since  the  date  of  registration  will  be  placed  in  a  group  as  if 
unmarried."  No  man  was  to  be  called  up,  however,  until  he  attained  the  age  of  19. 

In  short,  under  the  Derby  scheme  the  men  of  military  age  had  the  option  either 
of  joining  the  army  at  once  for  immediate  training  or  service,  or  of  attesting  and  being 
placed  in  the  group  appropriate  to  their  age  and  condition  (whether  married  or  un- 
married) .  In  the  latter  case  they  would  be  "posted  to  the  army  reserve,  section  B," 
would  receive  pay  for  one  day's  "service  "  and  would  be  immediately  returned  to  their 
civilian  occupations,  to  be  called  up,  upon  reasonable  notice,  when  the  group  in  which 
they  belonged  because  of  age  and  condition  or  in  which  they  had  been  placed  by 
action  of  the  local  tribunals  was  called.  The  men  so  attesting  under  the  group 
system  were  in  an  anomalous  position.  Though  theoretically  in  the  reserve,  their 
civilian  status  was  in  all  respects  preserved,  they  received  no  army  pay,  could  apply 
to  tribunals  to  be  excused  from  being  called  up  or  postponed  to  later  groups,  and  their 
actual  military  status  did  not  begin  until  they  were  called  up,  had  not  been  exempted 
or  postponed,  and  the  time  to  report  arrived. 

The  plan  did  not  apply  to  Ireland. 

Canvassing  under  Lord  Derby's  scheme  began  October  23.  The  previous  day  an 
army  order  was  issued  publishing  the  royal  warrant  necessary  before  the  plan  could 
be  carried  out  of  having  men  enlisted  in  the  army  transferred  to  the  reserve  with  their 
consent  and  without  pay  while  theoretically  in  "service." 

Canvassers  had  been  appointed  by  local  subcommittees  of  the  parliamentary 
recruiting  committee  and  the  joint  labor  recruiting  committee.  The  canvassing  was 
carried  out  to  a  large  extent  by  volunteer  civilians,  both  men  and  women.  Public 
halls,  offices,  and  schools  were  used  as  district  headquarters.  The  information  on 
the  "pink  forms"  was  copied  on  blue  and  white  cards — the  blue  cards  for  the  use  of 
the  canvassers  and  the  white,  on  which  results  were  recorded,  for  filing.  The  can- 
vassers were  instructed  to  canvass  for  the  regular  army,  the  new  army,  the  special 
reserve,  or  the  territorials;  to  call  personally  upon  each  man  listed  on  the  card  given 
them,  to  "put  before  him  plainly  and  politely  the  need  of  the  country,"  to  record 
his  reasons  if  he  hesitated  or  refused  and  to  report  results  daily  at  the  district  head- 
quarters. 

The  rush  of  recruits  came  even  before  the  plan  could  be  put  into  full  operation. 
Some  uncertainty  existed  in  the  beginning,  however,  regarding  the  Government's 
intent  as  to  the  order  in  which  the  men  would  actually  be  called  for  service  and  whether 
the  married  men  were  to  be  really  deferred ,  as  suggested  by  Lord  Derby.  On  November 
2  the  prime  minister  stated  in  Parliament  that  "the  obligation  of  the  married  men  to 
serve  ought  not  to  be  enforced  or  held  binding  unless  and  until — I  hope  by  voluntary 
effort,  if  it  be  needed  in  the  last  resort  by  other  means,  the  unmarried  men  are  dealt 
with."  On  November  12,  in  a  formal  announcement  by  Lord  Derby,  this  was  inter- 
preted as  a  definite  pledge  of  the  Government  that  if  single  men  (afterwards  stated 
to  mean  the  "vast  majority  ")  not  indispensable  to  industry  of  national  importance  did 
not  come  forward  to  serve,  compulsion  would  be  used  before  the  married  men  would 
be  called  upon  to  fulfill  their  engagement  to  serve.  And  it  was  added  that  whether 
the  men  attesting  were  indispensable  for  industry  would  be  decided  by  local  tribunals 
which  were  being  set  up. 

The  request  for  the  appointment  of  the  local  tribunals  referred  to  was  made  in  a 
circular  of  the  local  government  board  about  October  27.  Such  tribunals  were  to  be 


384  APPENDIXES. 

appointed  by  town  councils,  metropolitan  borough  councils,  and  urban  and  rural 
district  councils.  On  November  16  the  composition  of  the  tribunals  was  definitely 
decided  on.  The  members  were  to  be  five  in  number,  three  chosen  from  the  council 
and  two  from  outside,  one  of  whom  should  be  ajrepresentative  of  labor.  Subsequently 
regulations  for  procedure  before  these  tribunals  were  issued  and  a  central  appeal  tri- 
bunal to  sit  in  London  was  decided  upon  and  its  members  appointed. 

At  first,  attesting  was  confined  to  the  "unstarred"  men  on  the  national  register, 
but  later  the  "starred"  men  and  those  wearing  badges  showing  they  were  in  govern- 
ment work  were  asked  to  attest.  As  decided  shortly  after  the  campaign  began,  armlets 
bearing  the  royal  crown  were  issued  to  all  men  who  attested,  but  they  were  not  at 
first  generally  worn. 

Medical  examination  of  all  the  men  presenting  themselves  was  not  possible,  and 
although  examination  was  attempted  and  to  some  extent  carried  out,  hundreds  of 
thousands  were  attested  without  any  examination  at  all. 

"When  the  group  plan  of  recruiting  began,  it  was  announced  that  a  time  limit  would 
be  fixed  for  the  campaign.  This  time  was  originally  set  for  November  30,  but  was 
subsequently  extended  to  December  12. 

During  the  progress  of  recruiting  under  the  Derby  plan,  enlistments  directly  in 
the  army  continued  and  some  215,400  men  were  taken  for  immediate  training  and 
service. 

Lord  Derby's  complete  report  an  the  results  of  the  group  recruiting  system  was  sub- 
mitted December  20,  1915,  but  was  not  made  public  until  several  days  later.  It 
showed  that  the  number  of  men  of  military  age,  18-40,  on  the  national  register  as  of 
August  15  (exclusive  of  those  already  enlisted  and  those  enlisting  directly  in  the 
army  between  that  date  and  October  23)  was  5,011,441  (2,179,231  single,  2,832,210 
married).  Of  these  it  was  reported  that  2,184,979  men  (840,000  single  and  1,344,979 
married)  had  attested  under  the  Derby  plan  up  to  the  formal  close  of  the  campaign. 
This  did  not  include  61,651  men  whose  attestations  were  received  after  the  tabulation 
was  made  up.  In  addition,  428,853  men  offered  to  attest  but  were  rejected  on  physical 
examination.  Inasmuch  as  only  a  part  of  the  men  attesting  had  been  physically 
examined  and  such  examination  as  was  made  was  not  considered  final  or  complete, 
and  as  large  numbers  of  the  men  taken  were  in  "reserved  occupations"  or  would 
likely  be  held  "indispensable"  to  vital  industries,  the  number  reported  did  not 
represent  the  men  really  available  for  call  to  military  service.  Lord  Derby  estimated 
that  out  of  the  total,  after  making  allowance  for  probable  future  rejections  on  physical 
grounds  and  exemptions  on  industrial  grounds,  about  831,062  men  (343,386  single, 
487,676  married)  would  be  actually  available  to  be  called  up. 

On  December  20  there  was  issued  a  proclamation  calling  up  groups  2,  3,  4,  and  5 — 
that  is,  unmarried  men  between  the  ages  of  19  and  23,  inclusive.  The  men  of  18 
were  to  be  postponed  until  they  were  older.  The  men  called  were  required  to  report 
in  batches,  beginning  January  20,  1916.  Between  the  time  of  the  call  and  the  time 
to  report  the  men  were  given  the  opportunity  to  present  claims  for  postponement 
to  later  groups  or  for  exemption  from  call.  Regulations  governing  procedure  for  such 
claims  had  been  prepared  and  sent  out.  Claims  had  to  be  presented  on  printed 
forms  and  before  January  20.  Men  who  were  "starred"  on  the  national  register 
by  reason  of  their  occupation,  men  authorized  to  wear  a  government  badge  showing 
they  were  engaged  on  essential  work  and  men  engaged  in  any  one  of  the  "reserved 
occupations,"  lists  of  which  had  been  published,  were  not  to  be  called  with  their 
groups  (unless  it  was  decided  in  the  future  that  their  employment  in  civil  life  was 
no  longer  necessary),  and  such  men  could  apply  to  the  tribunals  for  certificates  of 
temporary  exemption.  Such  men  remained  in  the  age  groups  to  which  they  belonged 
but  were  for  the  time  exempt  from  call.  Men  could  also  apply  for  postponement  to 
later  groups  upon  grounds  of  domestic  or  business  hardship,  but  postponement  would 
be  for  not  more  than  10  groups. 

The  local  tribunals  which  were  to  pass  upon  such  claims  had  no  legal  sanction, 
but  were  unofficial  committees  appointed  by  local  governmental  bodies  at  the  sug- 
gestion of  the  local  government  board.  It  was  arranged  with  the  military  authorities, 
however,  that  the  men  whose  claims  for  exemption  or  deferment  were  allowed  would 
not  be  called  for  military  service.  As'both  "starred"  and  "unstarred"  men  had 
attested,  these  local  tribunals  were  to  be  called  upon  to  do  over  again,  largely,  the 
work  that  had  been  attempted  at  the  time  the  national  register  was  completed. 

As  shown  by  Lord  Derby's  report,  of  the  5,011,441  men  of  military  age  on  the  national 
register,  2,182,178  had  neither  attested,  enlisted  directly,  or  been  rejected — 1,029,231 
of  these,  single  men.  Lord  Derby  said  in  his  report:  "I  am  very  distinctly  of  the 
opinion  that  it  will  not  be  possible  to  hold  married  men  to  their  attestation  unless 
and  until  the  services  of  the  single  men  have  been  obtained  by  other  means,  the 
present  system  having  failed  to  bring  them  to  the  colors. ' ' 


A   STUDY    OF    C'ONSl   KII'TIOX    IX    THE    UXITKI)    KINGDOM.         385 

5.  THE  CONSCRIPTION  MEASURES. 

On  December  27  and  28  the  cabinet  debated  Lord  Derby's  report  and  the  question 
of  redeeming  the  pledge  to  married  men.  On  January  4,  1916,  the  prime  minister 
stated  in  the  House  of  Commons  that  a  measure  which  it  was  proposed  to  introduce, 
providing  for  compulsory  enlistment  of  single  men,  could  be  "sincerely  supported 
by  those  who  either  on  principle,  or  *  *  ''  on  grounds  of  expediency,  are  opposed 
to  what  is  commonly  called  conscription."  This  bill,  he  said,  was  "confined  to  a 
specific  purpose — the  redemption  of  a  promise  publicly  given  by  me  in  the  House  in 
the  early  days  of  Lord  Derby's  campaign."  The  bill  referred  to  was  introduced 
January  5,  191G,  and  was  passed  and  received  the  royal  assent  January  27.  It  was 
provided  to  come  into  operation  on  such  day  as  should  be  fixed  by  royal  proclamation. 
After  its  passage  and  before  it  became  operative,  the  groups,  under  the  Derby  scheme, 
were  reopened,  and  many  additional  men  attested  or  enlisted  directly.  The  new  act 
became  operative  February  10 — just  about  a  year  and  a  half  after  Great  Britain's 
entrance  into  the  war. 

In  this  period  of  a  year  and  a  half  before  compulsory  service  became  law  there  had 
been  a  tremendous  increase  of  the  military  forces  through  voluntary  enlistments. 
But  though  there  had  been  various  kinds  of  designations  of  men  as  free  from  the 
attentions  of  the  recruiting  officers,  there  had  not  been  developed  and  put  in  practice 
any  systematic  plan  for  surveying  the  entire  man-power  of  the  nation  and  making 
the  necessary  allocations  to  the  respective  needs  of  the  army  and  the  vital  industries. 

(a)  The  first  act  of  1916. — The  first  conscription  law  in  Great  Britain,  known  as  the 
"military  service  act,"  was  passed  January  24,  1910,  and  became  operative  by  royal 
proclamation  February  10,  1916.  It  applied  to  single  men  between  the  ages  of  18 
and  41 — that  is,  men  who  had  attained  18  August  15,  1915,  but  had  not  attained  41 
at  the  appointed  date.  The  law  made  such  men  liable  to  military  service  by  providing 
that  they  should  be  "deemed  from  the  appointed  date  to  have  been  duly  enlisted  in 
His  Majesty's  regular  forces  for  general  service  or  in  the  reserve  and  to  have  been 
forthwith  transferred  to  the  reserve."  The  appointed  date  was  fixed  on  the  twenty- 
first  day  after  the  act  came  into  operation,  which  made  it  March  2,  1916. 

It  should,  therefore,  be  remembered  that  the  term  ' '  enlistment "  was  applied  equally 
to  those  drafted  under  this  act  and  to  those  already  voluntarily  entered.  "Enlis- 
ment"  signified  merely  the  act  of  entering  military  service. 

The  law  provided  for  exemptions  by  application  to  local  tribunals,  which  were 
established  for  each  registration  district  as  defined  in  the  national  registration  act  of 
]  915.  Exemptions  were  allowed  on  four  grounds:  (1 ).  Expediency  in  national  interest, 
of  retention  in  present  work,  or  other  work  desired,  or  continuation  of  education  or 
training;  (2)  hardship,  because  of  "business  obligations"  or  "domestic  position"; 
(3)  physical  disability;  and  (4)  conscientious  objection. 

Exemption  was  allowed  to  be  granted  also  by  "any  government  department"  to 
men  or  classes  or  bodies  of  men  in  the  service  of  the  department,  or  "employed  or 
qualified  for  employment  in  any  work  certified  by  the  department  to  be  work  of 
national  importance."  Certificates  of  exemption  were  provided  to  be  given  to  the 
men.  Such  certificates  were  to  provide  for  absolute,  conditional,  or  temporary  exemp- 
tion, as  the  authority  granting  them  might  think  best;  and  there  were  also  to  be 
certificates  of  exemption  from  combatant  service  only,  for  conscientious  objectors. 
All  certificates  issued  on  the  ground  of  exceptional  financial  or  business  obligations 
or  domestic  position  or  on  the  ground  of  continuance  of  education,  were  to  be  con- 
ditional or  temporary  only.  No  certificate  should  be  conditioned  on  continuance 
in  the  employ  of  any  specified  employer  or  establishment.  Provision  was  made  for 
withdrawal  of  certificates  on  account  of  change  of  status,  etc.,  and  also  for  renewal  of 
temj>orary  certificates.  • 

Local  tribunals  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  registration  authority  of  each  district 
under  the  national  registration  act.  Each  local  tribunal  consisted  of  from  5  to  25 
members. 

Appeal  tribunals  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  king  (for  such  areas  as  might  be  desig- 
nated), to  which  appeals  would  lie  from  decisions  or  the  local  tribunals.  A  central 
tribunal  for  Great  Britain,  appointed  by  the  king,  was  also  provided  for  to  which  appeals 
would  lie  from  the  appeal  tribunals.  Appeals  could  be  taken  either  by  the  individual 
aggrieved  or  by  a  government  agent  authorized  by  the  army  council.  Regulations 
governing  the  constitution,  functions,  and  procedure  of  the  local  tribimals,  appeal 
tribunals,  and  the  central  tribunals  were  authorized  to  be  made  by  order  in  council. 

As  a  matter  of  practice  both  men  who  had  attested  under  Lord  Derby's  scheme  and 
men  who  were  conscripted  by  virtue  of  the  military  service  act  were  dealt  with  by 
these  tribunals.  The  procedure  relating  to  the  former  was  governed  by  "instruc- 
tions" to  the  tribunals  and  procedure  relating  to  the  latter  by  the  "regulations'' 
made  by  the  local  government  board.  The  "instructions"  were  modifications  of 
the  former  rules  made  for  the  old  \inofficial  tribunals  acting  under  the  Derby  scheme. 
!)7250°— 19 25 


386  APPENDIXES. 

In  strictness  men  who  had  attested  under  the  Derby  scheme  were  not  within  the 
provisions  of  the  military  service  act  (as  being  already  in  the  reserve),  and  therefore 
were  not  authorized  to  make  claims  before  the  tribunals  set  up  by  the  act.  It  was 
arranged,  however,  that  applications  of  such  men  would  be  received  and  certificates 
granted  to  them  were  recognized  as  valid. 

The  instructions  for  cases  of  attested  men  and  the  regulations  for  those  conscripted 
in  the  act,  did  not  materially  differ.  The  regulations  (and  the  instructions)  provided 
for  the  appointment  of  the  local  tribunals  by  the  local  registration  authorities  as  re- 
quired by  the  act.  Applications  for  exemption  were  to  be  made  to  the  local  tribunals 
by  mail  or  delivery  at  the  office  of  the  clerk;  all  applications  were  to  be  heard  in  public; 
except  that  under  certain  circumstances  the  public  might  be  excluded.  Disposition 
of  applications  upon  papers  submitted  was  the  exception  and  not  the  rule ;  in  ordinary 
cases  oral  hearings  were  to  be  conducted;  a  military  representative  had  the  right  to 
appear  as  a  party  to  every  application ;  applications  to  any  tribunal  were  confined  to 
those  persons  within  the  jurisdiction  of  such  tribunal,  with  certain  exceptions  in  the 
case  of  employers  within  the  jurisdiction  having  employees  both  within  and  without 
the  jurisdiction.  Notice  of  hearing  was  sent  to  the  applicant  and  to  the  military  repre- 
sentatives; the  applicant  had  the  right  to  be  represented  by  counsel  and  cross-examina- 
tion could  be  conducted  by  a  representative  of  a  government  department  interested; 
decision  was  to  be  communicated  to  the  applicant  and  to  the  military  representative 
immediately  after  the  hearing;  record  of  the  decision  was  entered  on  the  form  of 
application  and  a  register  of  applications  and  decisions  kept.  The  hearing  on  appeal 
was  very  similar  to  the  hearing  before  the  local  tribunal,  and  the  appeal  tribunal  was ' 
authorized  either  to  grant  or  refuse  exemption  direct  or  return  the  papers  to  the  local 
tribunal  for  such  action  as  was  required.  One  of  the  important  features  was  the  with- 
drawal from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  local  tribunals  of  all  cases  of  men  employed  in  coal 
mines  and  men  engaged  in  certain  prescribed  occupations  otherwise  dealt  with.  No 
general  rules  were  laid  down  to  govern  the  tribunals  in  determining  what  business  was 
in  the  national  interest,  what  employee  of  such  business  was  necessary,  or  whether 
the  continuation  of  education  or  training  of  any  man  was  necessary  in  the  national 
interest  or  what  would  be  considered  a  hardship  because  of  exceptional  financial  and 
business  obligations  or  domestic  position,  except  that  in  the  last  case  it  was  suggested 
that  the  ground  of  hardship  would  apply  to  the  case  of  a  man  who  was  the  sole  proprie- 
tor of  a  business  upon  which  the  support  of  his  family  mainly  depended.  Provisions 
were  made  for  proceedings  with  reference  to  applications  for  withdrawal  or  variation  of 
certificates  of  exemption,  and  somewhat  the  same  procedure  was  followed  in  disposing 
of  such  cases. 

The  instructions  and  regulations  were  varied  from  time  to  time  by  circulars,  orders, 
etc. 

In  the  appointment  of  the  local  tribunals  established  by  the  act,  there  was  a  con- 
tinuation largely  of  the  former  unofficial  tribunals  erected  under  Lord  Derby's  scheme. 
There  were  about  1,400  such  bodies  in  Great  Britain.  Applications  to  the  local 
tribunals  were  required  to  be  made  between  the  effective  date  of  the  law  and  the 
"appointed  date,"  with  power  to  allow  later  applications  in  exceptional  cases. 

Much  dissatisfaction  with  the  action  of  the  tribunals  in  various  instances  was  voiced 
in  Parliment. 

On  April  25,  1916,  the  prime  minister  gave  in  Parliment  the  proposals  of  the  govern- 
ment with  reference  to  further  plans  for  recruiting.  He  reviewed  the  expansion  of  the 
army  from  the  beginning  of  the  war,  the  various  inquiries  which  had  been  conducted, 
and  the  number  of  men  who  could  be  safely  spared  from  industry  for  military  purposes, 
and  the  effect  of  calling  out  these  numbers.  It  was  shown  that  the  results  obtained  to 
date  had  fallen  short  of  the  requirements;  that  this  was  not  due  to  an  overestimate  of 
the  number  of  men  available,  but  to  the  length  of  time  involved  in  settling  individual 
cases.  To  meet  the  situation,  the  government  proposed  to  continue  the  service  of  time 
expired  men,  to  transfer  men  enlisted  for  territorial  battallions  to  other  units,  to  render 
exempted  men  liable  for  service  immediately  upon  the  expiration  of  the  certificate 
of  exemption,  and  to  bring  under  the  terms  of  the  military  service  act  all  men  who  had 
attained  military  age  as  such  age  was  attained.  Further,  the  government  proposed  an 
immediate  effort  to  obtain  more  men  by  voluntary  enlistment  from  among  the 
unattested  married  men,  promising  that,  if  at  the  end  of  four  weeks  50,000  men  had 
not  been  secured,  the  government  would  ask  for  compulsory  powers.  It  was  still  not 
proposed  to  apply  the  military  service  act  to  Ireland. 

(6)  The  second  Act  of  1916. — On  May  2, 1916,  the  prime  minister  in  proposing  a  second 
military  service  bill,  stated: 

"There  is  the  immense  advantage  of  getting  rid  of  the  piece-meal  treatment  to  which 
so  much  objection  was  taken  in  all  quarters  of  the  house  and  of  the  temporary  injustice 
and  inequality  which  that  mode  of  treatment  is  apt  to  engender." 


A  STUDY   OF    CONSCRIPTION   IN    THE   UNITED   KINGDOM.        387 

The  second  military  service  act  was  passed  May  16,  1916,  and  became  a  law  May  25, 
1916. 

The  new  act  provided  that  every  male  British  subject  resident  in  Great  Britain  who 
had  attained  the  age  of  18  years  and  had  not  attained  the  age  of  41  years  (except  men 
resident  temporarily  for  education,  those  already  in  service,  ministers,  men  discharged 
from  service,  and  men  holding  certificates  of  exemption)  should  be  deemed  after  thirty 
days  to  be  "enlisted  in  His  Majesty's  regular  forces  for  general  service  with  the  colors 
or  in  the  reserve  for  the  period  of  the  war  and  to  have  been  transferred  forthwith  to  the 
reserve."  The  act  contained  a  provision  that  steps  should  be  taken  to  prevent  so  far 
as  possible  sending  men  to  serve  abroad  before  they  had  attained  the  age  of  19. 

In  addition  the  act  extended  the  time  of  men  in  service,  recalled  to  service  time 
expired  men  under  41,  required  a  review  of  medical  certificates  of  those  rejected  since 
August  14,  1915,  required  a  review  of  exemption  certificates,  required  the  transfer  of 
the  territorials  into  other  corps  or  to  the  regulars  without  their  consent  and  provided 
that  the  army  council  could  transfer  to  the  reserve  any  member  of  the  regular  forces  or 
temporarily  demobilize  any  member  of  the  territorials  in  any  case  where  the  transfer 
or  demobilization  should  appear  expedient  in  the  national  interest. 

(c)  The  acts  of  1917. — The  next  military  service  act  was  the  "review  of  exceptions  " 
act,  passed  about  a  year  later,  April  5,  1917.    That  was  an  act  "to  enable  the  exemp- 
tion from  military  service  of  men  exempted  on  the  ground  of  previous  rejection  or 
the  previous  relinquishment  of  or  discharge  from  military  or  naval  service  or  unsuit- 
ability  for  foreign  service  to  be  reviewed."     The  act  provided  that  the  army  council 
might  by  written  notice  require  any  man  who  was  a  member  of  the  territorial  forces, 
as  not  suited  for  foreign  service,  a  man  discharged  from  service  for  ill  health,  or  a 
man  rejected  on  any  grounds,  either  after  attesting  or  after  becoming  subject  to  the 
military  service  acts,  to  present  himself  for  reexamination.    There  were  excepted 
from  the  act  men  engaged  in  agriculture,  certified  as  necessary,  and  men  discharged 
from  the  service  because  of  wounds.    The  effect  of  the  notice  to  appear  for  reexami- 
nation was  to  make  the  man  to  whom  the  notice  was  sent  come  within  the  operation 
of  the  previous  military  service  acts,  and  procedure  with  reference  to  him  then  took 
place  as  though  no  previous  action  had  been  taken. 

The  next  act  was  that  relating  to  conventions  with  allied  States,  effective  July  10, 
1917.  This  act  provided  in  brief  that  after  order  in  council  signifying  that  a  con- 
vention had  been  made  with  the  allied  country  imposing  mutual  liability  to  mili- 
tary service,  subjects  of  the  allied  country  with  which  convention  had  been  made, 
should  within  21  days  after  the  convention  be  liable  to  service  under  the  military 
service  acts  in  the  same  manner  as  British  subjects.  There  were  certain  modifica- 
tions not  necessary  to  be  noted. 

The  next  act  of  importance  was  the  ministry  of  national  service  act,  effective  March 
28,  1917.  This  provided  that  "for  the  purpose  of  making  the  best  use  of  all  persons, 
whether  men  or  women,  able  to  work  in  any  industry,  occupation,  or  service"  there 
should  be  appointed  a  minister  of  national  service  with  the  title  of  director  general 
of  national  service.  He  should  have  certain  powers  and  duties  theretofore  conferred 
upon  various  Government  departments. 

The  work  of  the  ministry  was  divided  among  eight  departments — recruiting,  medi- 
cal, registration,  labor  supply,  trade  exemptions,  statistics,  finance,  and  women's 
corps.  For  administrative  purposes,  the  country  was  divided  into  11  regions  and 
each  region  into  a  number  of  areas.  In  each  region,  and,  to  some  extent,  in  each 
area,  the  organization  of  the  ministry  was  reproduced  in  miniature.  For  each 
administrative  department  there  was  created  an  advisory  board  of  representative 
men  in  touch  with  professional  and  industrial  organizations. 

By  order  in  council,  as  authorized  by  the  act,  certain  -powers  theretofore  exer- 
cised by  the  army  council  and  the  secretary  of  state  were  formally  conferred  upon 
the  director  general  of  national  service,  including  powers  with  reference  to  recruit- 
ing, enlistment  of  aliens,  certificates  of  exemption,  etc. 

In  the  war  cabinet  report  for  1917  it  is  said  of  the  establishment  of  the  ministry 
of  national  service:  "Henceforth  a  single  agency  will  be  responsible  at  once  for  pro- 
viding the  army  with  approved  complement  or  fighting  men  for  home  and  foreign 
service  and  at  the  same  time  for  meeting — to  the  limits  of  what  is  possible — the  essen- 
tial demands  of  vital  industries. ' ' 

It  is  said  in  the  same  report  that,  up  to  the  end  of  1917,  not  far  from  5,000,000  men, 
excluding  those  already  serving  in  the  navy  and  army  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities 
in  August,  1-914,  had  been  raised  in  the  United  Kingdom  for  military  service  in 
the  pending  war.  A  further  2,797,000  were  engaged  in  the  latter  part  of  1917  on  work 
in  connection  with  the  production  of  munitions  and  other  war  supplies.  The  num- 
ber of  enlistments  in  1917  was  820,646. 

(d)  The  acts  of  1918. — The  first  military  service  act  of  1918  was  passed  February  6. 
Its  purpose  was  to  secure  greater  equality  and  greater  speed.     It  withdrew  certain 


388  APPENDIXES. 

privileges  which  had  attached  to  certificates  of  exemption,  repealing  the  sections  of 
the  previous  acts  of  1916  authorizing  renewal  of  certificates.  The  effect  of  this  was  to 
prevent  a  renewal  of  certificates  on  occupational  grounds.  It  further  authorized 
the  director  general  of  national  service  to  withdraw,  by  order,  certificates  of  exemp- 
tion from  military  service,  whether  granted  by  a  tribunal  or  by  a  Government  depart- 
ment, where  the  certificate  was  granted  or  renewed  on  occupational  grounds.  The 
order  of  the  director  general  of  national  service  could  either  withdraw  an  individual 
certificate  or  withdraw  certificates  of  any  class  or  body  of  men  and  could,  as  to  such 
class  or  body  of  men.  specify  particular  ages  as  to  which  the  withdrawal  of  certifi- 
cates of  exemption  would  apply.  This  still  left  to  local  tribunals  the  power  to  decide 
exemptions  on  grounds  other  than  occupational. 

The  power  of  the  director  general  was  widely  used,  but  statistics  showing  the 
extent  to  which  certificates  were  withdrawn  are  not  available.  Two  "de-certification 
orders"  were  issued  by  the  director  general  of  national  service  on  April  9  and  June  6, 
1918,  by  which  the  policy  of  withdrawing  men  from  industry  by  age  blocks  was 
applied  to  a  large  number  of  industries. 

During  the  same  period  when  the  certificates  of  exemption  were  being  withdrawn 
by  age  blocks,  men  were  also  being  withdrawn  from  the  army  to  be  put  into  industry. 
For  example,  on  February  14,  1918,  it  was  announced  in  Parliament  that  arrange- 
ments had  been  made  whereby  men  in  the  army,  whose  services  could  be  utilized 
for  ship-building  purposes,  could  be  transferred  to  the  reserve  and  sent  to  shipyards, 
which  could  use  them.  Under  this  plan  20,000  men  were  to  be  released  at  the  rate 
of  1,000  a  week. 

The  second  military  service  act  of  1918  was  passed  April  18,  1918,  after  the  opening 
of  the  German  offensive  of  March.  It  conferred  further  and  more  drastic  powers 
than  any  of  the  previous  acts.  The  principal  features  were:  (1)  To  raise  the  age 
limit  to  51  years  and  to  56  years  in  the  case  of  medical  practitioners,  with  the  power 
to  raise  to  56  in  all  cases  by  order  in  council;  (2)  to  render  men  liable  to  be  called 
immediately  upon  attaining  military  age  instead  of  thirty  days  later  as  theretofore; 
(3)  to  authorize  by  royal  proclamation  declaring  a  national  emergency  to  exist,  the 
withdrawal  of  certificates  of  exemption  held  on  any  specified  grounds;  (4)  to  author- 
ize by  order  in  council  the  extension  of  the  military  service  act  to  Ireland ;  and  (5) 
to  empower  the  local  government  board  and  the  Scottish  office  (as  to  Scotland)  to 
make  the  necessary  variation  in  the  constitution  and  procedure  of  local  and  appeal 
tribunals.  The  act  further  provided  that  any  man  holding  a  certificate  of  exemption 
which  had  been  withdrawn  or  had  expired  should  transmit  the  certificate  to  the  local 
office  of  the  ministry  of  national  service.  It  further  required  that  every  person  to 
whom  a  certificate  of  exemption  should  be  granted  after  April  30  should  be  liable  to 
attend  such  drill,  and  undergo  such  training,  and  perform  such  military  duty  as  a 
member  of  the  "voluntary  forces"  as  might  be  prescribed  by  order  in  council.  It 
also  repealed  the  "review  of  exceptions  act"  of  1917.  Subject  to  the  military  exi- 
gencies, it  was  proposed  by  the  war  office  to  assign  the  older  men  to  the  home  defense 
infantry  and  garrison  battalions,  and  to  certain  auxiliary  services,  at  home  and 
abroad.  Several  proclamations  were  issued  under  the  act  declaring  a  national 
emergency  and  withdrawing  certain  certificates  of  exemption  held  by  men  of  certain 
ages. 

6.  SUMMARY  OF  RESULTS. 

The  results  of  the  various  methods  resorted  to  in  Great  Britain  to  expand  the  armed 
forces  of  the  nation  for  the  requirements  of  the  world  war  are  best  viewed  by  dividing 
the  epoch  into  two  periods.  The  first,  extending  from  the  beginning  of  the  war  to  the 
institution  of  Lord  Derby's  scheme,  may  be  considered  the  period  of  the  voluntary 

Sstem,  carried  out  under  the  stimulus  or  extensive  recruiting  campaigns  but  without 
e  certainty  of  conscription,  and  relying  upon  the  traditional  method  of  raising 
armies.  During  this  time,  comprising  the  first  year  and  a  quarter  of  the  war,  Great 
Britain  added  to  her  armed  forceSj  by  enlistments  in  the  army  and  navy,  2,289,774 
men.  The  second  period,  comprising  the  remainder  of  the  war,  was  that  during 
which  compulsion,  either  as  a  pledge  or  as  existing  law,  was  the  dominant  factor  in 
recruiting.  While  the  first  conscription  act  did  not  become  a  law  until  February, 
1916,  yet  some  form  of  compulsion  had  become  a  practical  certainty  during  the  early 
part  of  Lord  Derby's  scheme.  Further,  during  the  progress  of  that  plan,  the  machinery 
of  local  and  appeal  tribunals,  for  selecting  from  those  within  military  age  the  men 
deemed  necessary  for  the  army,  and  exempting  those  deemed  necessary  for  industry, 
had  been  set  up.  During  this  second  period,  that  is,  from  the  last  of  October  until 
November  11,  1918;  the  number  of  enlistments  totaled  2,681,128. 

Out  of  the  total  increment  of  4,970,902  to  the  British  army  since  the  outbreak  of 
hostilities,  nearly  half  had  been  raised  under  the  voluntary  system  and  before  the 
pressure  of  conscription  had  been  effectively  used. 


A  STUDY    OF    CONSCRIPTION    IN    THE    UNITED    KINGDOM. 


389 


II.  THE  INDUSTRIAL  MAN-POWER  SITUATION,  1917-18. 

[From  a  memorandum  by  Sir  A.  C.  GEDDES,  minister  of  national  service,  June  17, 1918.) 

On  August  1,  1917,  it  was  decided  to  transfer  the  functions  of  recruiting  from  the 
war  office  to  a  civil  department  of  state  which,  under  the  war  cabinet,  should  be 
generally  responsible  for  the  man-power  polity  of  Great  Britain.  The  exact  status 
and  the  functions  of  the  reorganized  ministry  of  national  service  were  settled  on 
October  8,  3917. 

In  November,  1917,  the  director  general  of  national  service  presented  to  the  war 
cabinet  a  review  of  the  man-power  situation.  This  stated  in  detail  the  demands  of 
the  armed  forces  for  recruits  in  1918,  amounting  to  no  less  than  1,250,000  men,  and  the 
labor  reinforcement  asked  for  by  the  principal  war  industries,  and  submitted 
recommendations  as  to  legislative  and  administrative  measures  to  meet  these  require- 
ments so  far  as  was  possible.  This  report  formed  the  subject  of  prolonged  investi- 
gation by  the  war  cabinet  in  the  course  of  a  series  of  meetings  attended  by  representa- 
tives of  the  war  office,  the  ministry  of  national  service,  and  by  the  ministers  repre- 
senting other  departments  during  such  parts  of  the  discussion  as  affected  their 
interests. 

In  spite  of  difficulties  with  trade-unions,  and  of  steady  resistance  during  the  winter 
mouths  to  recruiting  on  the  part  of  certain  sections  of  the  community,  much  has  been 
done.  The  following  numbers  of  men  have  been  raised  as  recruits  month  by  month: 


Year  and  month. 

Army. 

Navy. 

Royal  air 
force.' 

Total. 

1917. 
May 

88.  494 

4,502 

92,996 

June     .                                                            ...                   .  . 

81.  714 

5,  371 

88,085 

July 

60,367 

5  724 

66,091 

A  ujjust    . 

49,  359 

5,565 

54,924 

Kept  ember...              ..        . 

37,  342 

5,368 

42,  710 

October 

36,543 

4,711 

41,254 

November  . 

30,  823 

4,162 

34,985 

December  

24,  923 

3,986 

28,909 

1918. 
January  

35,150 

2,021 

37,  171 

February 

33,722 

10,  074 

43,796 

March  

30,  197 

7,832 

38,029 

April... 

78,  298 

5,296 

4,647 

88,241 

May.... 

84,019 

7,443 

9,228 

100,690 

June  1-13  

32  340 

2  53-1 

5  591 

40  462 

Total  

70  !,291 

74,  586 

19,466 

798,  343 

i  The  royal  air  force  as  a  separate  service  dates  from  Apr.  1, 1918.  The  figures  of  the  army  and  the  navy 
prior  to  that  date  include  the  figures  of  the  royal  flying  corps  and  the  royal  naval  air  service,  respectively. 

Simultaneously  the  home  production  of  commodities  formerly  imported  has  been 
expanded.  Timber,  ore,  and  food  production  have  each  demanded  large  numbers  of  men. 
The  output  of  new  mercantile  tonnage  has  been  developed.  The  material  equipment 
for  the  air  service  has  been  largejy  increased.  The  output  of  munitions  of  all  sorts, 
of  clothing  and  equipment  for  the  armies  and  the  allies,  has  not  been  permitted  to 
decline. 

By  administrative  action  heavy  quotas  have  been  and  are  being  levied  from  among 
the  men  engaged  in  vital  industries.  The  nicety  of  the  adj  ustmente  required  to  secure 
such  levies  without  disorganizing  the  industries  on  which  they  are  imposed  is  a  matter 
requiring  the  most  careful  review  of  the  whole  position  of  an  industry.  To  enable 
such  reviews  to  be  carried  out  the  ministry  of  national  service  has  constructed  and 
maintains  a  register  of  all  males  of  military  age  in  civil  life.  Some  of  the  adminis- 
trative arrangements  whereby  the  man-power  requirements  for  these  industries 
have  been  met  and  the  numbers  being  withdrawn  from  them  for  military  service  are 
detailed  in  Appendix  IV,  under  heading  "Essential  industries  and  special  quotas.  " 

New  legislative  powers  have  also  been  obtained  by  the  passage  of  the  first  and  second 
military  service  acts  of  1918,  and  extended  use  is  being  made  of  the  powers  thereby 
conferred.  (Appendix  V.) 

The  position  disclosed  by  the^complete  review  of  man-power  which  the  director 
general  of  national  service  has  been  able  to  obtain  makes  it  clear  that  if  the  flow  of 
recruits  to  the  forces  is  to  be  maintained  without  serious  dislocation  of  the  civil  side 
of  the  national  war  effort,  it  is  necessary  that  far  greater  control  must  be  exercised 
over  the  choice  by  men  in  civil  life  of  the  place  and  the  nature  of  their  employment 


390  APPENDIXES. 

than  has  been  attempted  in  the  past.  Steps  have  been  taken  to  secure  this.  (Appendix 
VI.)  Apart  from  such  control  over  civilians  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  employ 
a  certain  amount  of  military  labor  on  civil  work.  The  Canadian  Forestry  Corps 
is  an  example  of  this  type  of  organization.  Comparable  British  organizations  exist 
in  the  docks  and  transport  works,  units  with  an  aggregate  strength  of  17,000,  and  in 
the  agricultural  companies  with  an  aggregate  strength  of  66,345. 

In  circumstances  like  these  of  to-day  prophecy  is  idle,  and  even  carefully  considered 
forecasts  are  not  infrequently  falsified  by  the  event.  But,  looking  forward,  it  seems 
not  unreasonable  to  hope  that  during  1918,  as  in  1917,  Britain  will  be  able,  provided 
there  is  no  overwhelming  disaster,  to  produce  sufficient  recruits  to  prevent  a  decline 
in  the  aggregate  personnel  of  the  forces  raised  within  her  borders.  How  those  recruits 
after  they  have  been  raised  are  apportioned  between  arms  of  the  sen-ice  is  a  matter 
with  which  the  ministry  of  national  service  is  not  concerned. 

******* 

APPENDIX  IV. — ESSENTIAL  INDUSTRIES  AND  SPECIAL  QUOTAS.  - 

The  effort  which  Great  Britain  has  made  in  recruiting  has  to  a  large  extent  ex- 
hausted the  reservoir  of  the  less  essential  industries,  and  the  great  bulk  of  the  men,  of 
what  may  be  called  the  old  military  age,  who  are  still  in  civil  life,  are  to  be  found  in 
the  essential  industries  which  contribute  directly  to  the  war  effort  of  the  country. 
The  following  levies  have  accordingly  been  authorized  by  the  Government  and  are 
being  raised  from  these  industries  at  the  present  time: 

(a)  Admiralty  and  munitions  work 108,  500 

(6)  Coalmines • 75,000 

(c)  Railways  and  transport 18,  000 

(<J)  Agriculture 35,  500 

(a)  Admiralty  and  munitions  work  (108,500). — Shipbuilding,  admiralty  and  muni- 
tions work  together  retain  in  civil  life  a  larger  number  of  young  and  fit  men  than  any 
other  group  of  essential  industries.  In  the  department  of  ship  construction  and  repair 
it  has  been  found  necessary  to  protect  all  the  skilled  men  employed.  This  has  been 
done  in  view  of  the  absolute  necessity  of  safeguarding  the  food  supply  of  the  country 
and  of  providing  the  maximum  of  tonnage  both  for  this  purpose  and  for  the  transport 
of  American  troops.  In  March  it  was  decided  to  release  skilled  men  from  the  navy  and 
army  to  reinforce  the  shipyards.  The  process  of  releasing  the  men  has  been  continued 
as  and  when  possible.  Up  to  the  present  date  upwards  of  10,000  men  have  been 
returned  to  shipyard  work.  The  bulk  of  the  men  to  be  withdrawn  from  this  group 
must  therefore  be  provided  from  munitions  factories  and  every  endeavor  is  made  by 
careful  administrative  arrangements  to  secure  that  the  necessary  supplies  shall  not  be 
affected  by  their  removal. 

The  basis  of  the  withdrawal  of  men  from  the  munitions  industries  is  one  of  occupa- 
tion conditioned  by  age.  In  May,  1917,  when  the  present  system  was  inaugurated, 
a  schedule  of  the  various  occupations  was  drawn  up  showing  the  ages  in  each  occu- 
pation above  which  skilled  men  should  not  be  taken  for  the  forces.  These  ages  were 
revised  in  February,  1918.  From  the  unskilled  men  and  the  skilled  men  below  the 
ages  in  the  schedule  the  men  who  are  fit  for  general  service  are  chosen,  whom  the  expert 
officials  of  the  Admiralty  and  the  Ministry  of  Munitions  consider  can  best  be  spared. 
Even  after  such  selection,  the  men  called  up  have  a  right  to  appeal  to  special  ^com- 
mittees, known  as  the  enlistment  complaints  committees,  in  addition  to  their  ordinary 
tribunal  rights.  No  right  of  exemption  is  conferred  by  the  schedule;  it  is  merely  a 
safeguard  against  the  depletion  of  occupations  necessitating  a  certain  degree  of  skill 
in  the  interests  of  production.  From  this  it  follows  that  no  man  can  be  retained  upon 
work  which  can  be  performed  by  women  or  by  mates  not  fit  for  general  service  or  over 
the  military  age.  Similarly  a  man  who  is  a  bad  timekeeper  forfeits  all  right  to  pro- 
tection. The  demands  for  skilled  men  for  the  artificer  corps  are  met  for  the  most  part 
from  this  type  of  recruit. 

(6)  (700^(75,000).— The  release  of  men  from  the  coal-mining  industry-  is  conditioned 
by  the  heavy  liabilities  of  the  country  in  respect  of  production.  For  its  own  purposes 
it  has  to  provide  for  the  coaling  of  the  fleet  and  mercantile  marine,  for  the  supplies 
necessary  for  munition  making  and  other  industries,  and  for  the  domestic  needs  of  the 
civil  population.  Among  the  allies  Italy  is  almost  entirely,  and  France  to  a  great  ex- 
tent, dependent  on  the  produce  of  British  mines.  The  German  occupation  of  the 
industrial  districts  of  France  has  cut  off  a  great  part  of  the  French  home  supply;  and 
the  difficulties  of  the  position  have  recently  been  aggravated  by  the  threat  to  the 
Pas  de  Calais  coal  fields,  the  loss  of  which  would  further  seriously  diminish  the  re- 
maining French  output.  In  addition  to  these  vital  requirements  the  British  Govern- 
ment has  in  the  allied  interest  undertaken  obligations  to  supply  coal  to  certain  neutrals 


A   STUDY   OF    CONSCRIPTION   IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM.        391 

in  return  for  material  and  political  advantages.  For  example,  the  Swedish  Govern- 
ment, in  consideration  of  the  delivery  of  a  certain  quantity  of  coal,  has  agreed  to  place 
shipping  at  our  disposal. 

Production  can  not  be  maintained  at  a  sufficient  level  to  meet  all  these  claims 
without  severe  economies  and  the  strictest  rationing  of  coal  for  both  industrial  and 
domestic  requirements;  and  these  are  being  carried  to  a  point  which  will  involve 
discomfort  and  even  hardship  to  the  civil  population  in  the  coming  winter.  But  in 
spite  of  all  difficulties  a  further  quota  of  75,000  miners  is  being  withdrawn,  all  of  whom 
have  already  been  called  to  the  colors. 

(c)  Railways  and  transport  (18,000). — Very  large  drafts  have  been  made  on  the 
personnel  of  our  railways  system  since  the  beginning  of  the  war,  both  by  way  of 
general  enlistment  and  in  the  shape  of  railway  troops,  for  use  in  making  and  maintain- 
ing the  gigantic  system  of  communications  necessary  to  our  armies  in  France.     The 
strain  on  the  home  railways  has  also  been  exceedingly  severe;  and  the  demands  on 
them  for  the  transport  of  troops  and  munitions  are  not  likely  to  diminish  while  the 
war  lasts.    Severe  restrictions  have  b«en  placed  on  all  ordinary  traffic,  bpth  of  pas- 
sengers and  goods. 

The  pressure  on  the  docks  owing  to  the  submarine  campaign  and  the  consequent 
adoption  of  the  convoy  system  has  been  equally  great  and  at  the  same  time  irregular. 
To  meet  the  difficulties  experienced  by  a  depleted  staff  in  dealing  with  recurring 
periods  of  stress,  specially  constituted  battalions  of  the  Home  Defense  Forces  are  drawn 
upon  for  assistance  in  any  locality  when  it  is  found  impossible  to  provide  sufficient 
emergency  dock  labor  from  civilian  sources. 

In  the  circumstances,  the  quota  of  18,000  men  is  the  utmost  that  can  now  be  taken 
from  these  sources  consistently  with  the  efficiency  of  the  transport  services  which  are 
vital  to  the  successful  conduct  of  the  war. 

(d)  Agriculture  (35,500). — In  the  earlier  phase  of  the  war  the  recruitment  of  men 
engaged  in  agriculture  followed  a  normal  course;  but  the  greatly  increased  production 
necessitated  by  the  submarine  campaign  created  a  demand  for  such  additional  labor, 
and  special  measures  had  to  be  taken  to  preserve  a  large  and  permanent  body  of 
skilled  workers  on  the  land  and  in  the  auxiliary  industries  on  which  agriculture 
depends,  and  also  to  meet  seasonal  demands  by  temporary  assistance. 

These  needs  are  met  from  various  sources.  Men  of  low  category,  surplus  to  immediate 
army  requirements,  are  formed  into  companies  and  distributed  according  to  the  needs 
of  the  county  agricultural  committees.  The  nucleus  of  these  companies  consists  of 
men  with  previous  training  on  the  land,  the  numbers  being  made  up  by  men 
whom  it  is  thought  would  benefit  physically  by  occupation  in  the  open  air  and  by 
those  whom  it  is  hoped  will  readily  acquire  a  certain  degree  of  skill.  The  maximum 
of  elasticity  is  maintained  in  this  form  of  permanent  reinforcement.  The  men  are 
employed  in  every  occupation  of  the  agricultural  industry,  and  not  only  are  the  benefits 
of  organized  parties  obtained  but  men  are  employed  singly  where  necessary. 

There  are  now  at  work  on  the  land  over  250,000  women  who  have  for  the  most  part 
been  engaged  through  the  employment  exchanges,  the  war  agricultural  committees, 
and  the  Women's  Land  Army.  The  majority  of  the  members  of  the  Women's  Land 
Army,  whose  strength  is  now  over  12,000,  have  been  specially  trained,  not  only  for  the 
form  of  work  which  it  is  intended  that  they  should  take  up,  but  also  wherever  possible 
in  the  locality  in  which  they  will  be  employed.  Considerable  opposition  to  this  form 
of  labor  was  at  first  shown  by  farmers  in  some  districts;  but  the  experiment  has  been 
so  successful  that  pressing  applications  are  now  being  received  for  a  very  large  num- 
ber of  recruits. 

Prisoners  of  war  have  been  extensively  used  for  certain  forms  of  agricultural  work 
for  which  it  was  found  difficult  to  obtain  labor  or  which  were  of  a  more  arduous  nature 
than  can  be  satisfactorily  performed  by  women.  The  use  of  prisoners  has  been 
found  particularly  successful  in  the  cases  of  work  requiring  large  organized  bodies  of 
men,  both  because  labor  is  thereby  economized  and  because  the  administration  and 
guarding  of  workers  of  this  kind  is  simplified  when  they  can  be  concentrated  in  a  rel- 
atively small  area.  In  all,  about  12,000  prisoners  of  war  have  been  actually  placed 
on  agricultutal  work,  and  a  further  8,000  have  been  allocated.  Those  who  have  had 
previous  experience  of  a  particular  form  of  employment  have,  if  possible,  been  put  to 
similar  work. 

A  further  military  reenforcement  is  obtained  by  the  release  of  individual  soldiers 
from  the  colors  in  order,  for  the  most  part,  that  they  may  return  to  the  occupations  in 
which  they  were  employed  before  the  war.  Throughout  the  year,  but  particularly 
for  the  harvest,  soldiers  are  also  sent  on  agricultural  furlough.  Very  considerable 
assistance  has  been  given  to  agriculture  by  the  release  of  men  from  the  troops  of  the 
dominions.  Men  from  these  sources  have  not  only  been  employed  for  prolonged 
periods,  but  times  of  emergency  have  been  tided  over  by  the  loan  of  highly  skilled 
farmer-soldiers  used  to  undertaking  work  on  the  largest  scale. 


392  APPENDIXES. 

The  special  seasonal  calls  of  the  industry  are  met  by  volunteers  of  all  sorts  and  by  the 
holiday  labor  of  schoolboys  and  students.  Both  for  this  seasonal  work  and  for  general 
assistance  throughout  the  year  the  organization  of  part-time  workers  has  been  found 
to  produce  excellent  results,  particularly  in  the  neighborhood  of  great  centers  of  popu- 
lation, from  which  large  groups  of  workers  can  be  conveniently  transported  to  work 
on  the  land. 

The  permanent  nucleus  of  skilled  labor  and  its  distribution  throughout  the  country 
have  been  carefully  considered  and  regulated  with  a  view  to  the  release  of  the  maxi- 
mum number  of  young  and  fit  men  for  the  armed  forces.  The  control  of  agricultural 
exemptions  by  tribunals  did  not  in  practice  work  smoothly  or  uniformly,  and  there 
was  some  danger  of  a  surplus  of  agricultural  laborers  being  left  in  some  districts  while 
others  were  disproportionately  depleted.  When,  therefore,  the  quota  of  35,500  men 
to  be  released  for  military  service  in  May  and  June  had  been  agreed  upon  with  the 
boards  of  agriculture  in  England  and  Scotland,  a  decertification  order  under  the  mili- 
tary service  actj  1918  (see  Appendix  V),  was  made  withdrawing  all  exemptioning 
of  men  engaged  in  agriculture  and  collateral  industries  and  the  retention  in  civil  life 
of  indispensable  men  is  now  controlled  administratively  by  committees  appointed  by 
the  board  of  agriculture  in  England  and  in  Scotland  by  the  Scottish  office.  These 
committees  operate  in  each  county  to  which  a  proportionate  share  of  the  total  quota 
is  assigned,  and,  subject  to  this  share  of  the  men  required  being  secured,  the  com- 
mittees are  empowered  to  protect  such  men  as  are  shown  to  be  indispensable  for  work 
on  the  land  which  is  necessary  in  the  national  interest. 

(e)  The  civil  service. — The  increase  in  the  civil  service  which  has  been  found  neces- 
sary in  order  to  meet  the  enormous  development  of  its  work  since  the  outbreak  of  war 
has  been  met  by  the  increased  employment  of  women.  At  the  present  time  the  num- 
ber of  men  employed  is  less  by  57,000  than  in  August,  1914.  In  spite  of  very  numerous 
voluntary  enlistments  in  the  early  stages  of  the  war,  and  consequent  depletion  of  the 
skilled  staff,  the  civil  service,  by  direction  of  the  war  cabinet,  provided  a  further 
quota  of  2,000  grades  1  and  2  men  during  1917.  It  is  not  at  present  proposed  to  fix  a 
further  quota  of  men  to  be  released  from  the  civil  service,  but  all  exemptions  held 
by  men  of  the  old  military  age  are  at  present  being  reviewed  by  military  service 
committees  appointed  by  the  minister  of  national  service. 

APPENDIX  V. — THE  MILITARY  SERVICE  ACTS  OP  1918. 

The  object  of  the  first  military  service  act  of  1918,  which  became  law  on  February  6, 
was  to  equalize  the  incidence  01  recruiting,  and  to  accelerate  procedure.  It  withdrew 
certain  privileges  which  attached  to  certificates  of  exemption  held  by  particular 
classes  of  men,  and  placed  all  men  in  the  same  position  in  respect  of  tribunal  rights. 
It  further  conferred  upon  the  minister  of  national  service  the  power  by  decertification 
order  to  cancel  certificates  of  exemption  granted  by  tribunals  on  occupational  grounds. 
This  power,  which  has  already  been  widely  used,  is  of  great  value  in  standardizing 
the  policy  on  which  occupational  exemptions  can  be  granted  in  the  national  interest, 
while  reserving  to  tribunals  the  power  to  use  their  special  knowledge  of  local  conditions 
in  cases  in  which  exemption  is  sought  on  personal  grounds. 

By  two  decertification  orders  issued  on  April  9  and  June  6,  the  policy  of  taking  men 
by  age  blocks  according  to  occupations  has  been  applied  to  a  very  wide  range  of  indus- 
tries, which,  while  not  essentially  and  directly  connected  with  the  conduct  of  the  war, 
are  required  even  under  war  conditions  for  the  maintenance  of  the  fabric  of  the  nation. 
The  selection  of  the  industries  and  the  adjustment  of  the  ages  of  the  men  affected  by 
the  orders  has  been  a  highly  intricate  and  complicated  task  in  which  the  ministry  of 
national  service  has  been  in  long  and  close  consultation  with  the  Government  depart- 
ments responsible  for  the  interests  of  the  industries  affected  and  with  representative 
associations  of  the  industries  themselves.  Both  in  London  and  in  the  provinces  the 
close  cooperation  of  the  chambers  of  commerce  and  trade  is  of  the  greatest  assistance 
in  the  administration  of  the  orders. 

The  military  service  (No.  2)  act,  1918,  was  passed  after  the  opening  of  the  German 
offensive  on  March  21 ,  when  it  became  apparent  that  a  rapid  acceleration  of  the  rein- 
forcement of  the  armies  in  France  would  be  necessary  and  that  the  further  and  more 
drastic  powers  foreshadowed  in  the  debates  on  the  previous  act  would  immediately 
be  required  in  order  that  measures  might  be  taken  to  deal  with  the  crisis. 

Its  principal  provisions  are  (1)  to  render  all  men  liable  to  be  called  to  the  colors  on 
attaining  the  age  of  18  instead  of  30  days  later  as  heretofore,  to  raise  the  military  age 
to  51,  and  in  the  case  of  medical  practitioners  to  56,  with  power  to  raise  by  order  in 
council  to  56  in  all  cases;  (2)  by  royal  proclamation  to  withdraw  certificates  of  exemp- 
tion held  on  any  specified  grounds;  (3)  to  apply  the  provisions  of  the  military  service 
acts  to  Ireland;  (4)  to  empower  the  local  government  board  and  the  Scottish  office 
to  make  necessary  variation  in  the  constitution  and  procedure  of  tribunals. 


A   STUDY    OF    CONSCRIPTION    IN    THE    UNITED    KINGDOM.        393 

Special  consi  leration  had  previously  been  given  by  administrative  concession  to 
men  discharged  from  the  armed  forces  by  reason  of  wounds  or  disability  in  respect 
to  immunity  from  further  service.  Statutory  force  was  given  to  this  by  definite 
provisions  in  the  act,  which  under  certain  conditions  excepted  such  men  from  its 
operation. 

Two  proclamations,  dated  respectively  April  20  and  June  4,  have  been  made  under 
the  act,  the  effect  of  which  is  to  make  it  impossible  for  any  man  in  the  higher  medical 
categories  between  the  ages  of  18  and  23  to  obtain  a  tribunal  exemption  except  on 
very  narrow  personal  grounds.  By  an  instruction  of  the  war  cabinet  the  same  prin- 
ciple has  been  extended  to  practically  all  men  fit  for  general  service  of  the  same  ages 
in  the  munitions  industries,  who  are  in  possession  of  any  form  of  administrative  pro- 
lection  granted  by  a  Government  department. 

Meanwhile  the  process  of  bringing  the  older  men  to  the  colors  under  the  provisions 
of  the  act  is  already  advanced.  Men  up  to  51  have  been  summoned  for  medical 
examination,  and  the  calling  up"  of  the  earlier  years  of  the  new  military  age  has 
already  begun. 

Special  arrangements  have  been  made  for  the  medical  examination  of  the  older 
men  to  insure  that  the  examination  may  be  carried  out  with  the  greatest  considera- 
tion and  tact  and  that  they  may  be  fairly  and  scientifically  graded,  having  regard 
to  their  age  and  relative  fitness  for  service. 

It  has  been  decided  that,  subject  to  military  exigencies,  the  corps  to  which  the 
war  office  will  post  the  older  men  are  as  follows:  (a)  Combatant  service;  home  defence 
infantry  and  garrison  battalions  at  home  and  abroad;  royal  field  artillery  and  royal 
garrison  artillery  at  home.  (6)  Auxiliary  services  at  home  and  abroad,  such  as  royal 
army  medical  corps,  army  service  corps,  e.  g.,  motor  and  horse  transport,  remounts, 
supplies,  etc.,  army  ordnance  corps,  army  veterinary  corps,  inland  water  transport 
and  dock,  railway  troops,  roads,  and  quarries. 

Such  men  will  also  be  posted  to  the  air  force  for  duty  with  the  squadrons. 

APPENDIX  VI.— ECONOMY  AND  MOBILITY  OP  LABOR. 

The  need  of  the  army  for  men  and  the  measures  which  have  been  taken  to  meet 
it  have  created  a  shortage  of  skilled  labor  at  a  time  when  it  is  of  paramount  importance 
to  maintain  and  even  to  increase  the  production  of  ships,  munitions,  and  food,  and  to 
keep  up  the  other  essential  nat  ional  industries.  The  situation  demands  that  the  skilled 
labor  which  remains  in  the  count  ly  should  be  available  for  diversion  to  those  industries 
or  firms  whose  needs  are  for  the  moment  imperative.  It  is  no  longer  possible  to 
allow  a  skilled  men  to  find  himself  employment  where  he  pleases  without  any  reference 
to  the  claims  of  his  country;  still  less  to  allow  an  employer  to  keep  in  his  works  a  man 
whose  skill  is  not  being  fully  utilized,  or  who  is  surplus  to  the  minimum  requirements 
of  his  business. 

The  government  has  therefore  decided  to  take  steps  (a)  to  increase  the  supply  of 
mobile  labor  by  every  possible  mc?ans;  and  (ft)  to  restrict  the  freedom  of  the  employer 
to  engage  labor  as  and  when  he  pleases. 

With  a  view  to  securing  the  economic  use  of  labor  employed  on  essential  work, 
instructions  have  been  given  to  the  responsible  departments  to  make  careful  investi- 
gation into  the  labor  conditions  in  munitions  and  other  firms  and  that,  when  in  the 
opinion  of  the  investigating  officers,  men  are  surplus  to  requirements,  or  their  skill 
is  being  inadequately  used,  they  should  be  transferred  where  their  services  are 
required. 

There  are  already  in  existence  two  main  schemes  for  transferring  workmen  in  this 
way.  These  are  the  war  munition  volunteer  scheme.  The  former  scheme  applies  to 
skilled  men  of  certain  trades  and  was  started  in  1916  by  the  ministry  of  munitions, 
both  in  order  to  create  a  mobile  body  of  skilled  labor,  and  also  to  form  a  reservoir 
which  would  be  drawn  upon  when  the  need  arose  in  any  locality.  The  latter  scheme 
provides  for  workmen  not  qualified  to  become  war  munition  volunteers  and  was 
brought  into  operation  by  the  ministry  of  national  service  in  October,  1917.  Under 
either  scheme  men  receive  subsistence  and  traveling  allowances  where  necessary, 
and  as  compensation  for  removal,  any  loss  of  wages  is,  within  certain  limits,  made  lip 
to  them. 

When,  after  inspection,  it  is  decided  that  certain  men  are  available  for  transfer 
elsewhere,  such  men,  if  not  already  enrolled,  will  be  asked  to  enroll  as  war  munition 
volunteers  or  war  work  volunteers,  and  so  place  their  services  at  the  disposal  of  the 
government  for  transfer,  or  alternatively,  to  satisfy  the  local  enlistments  complaints 
committee  that  such  enrollment  would  in  their  particular  case  involve  great  personal 
hardship  or  that  there  are  adequate  reasons  why  they  should  not  be  transferred  to  a 
distance  from  their  homes.  In  cases  where  a  man  who  is  of  an  age  and  grade  which 


394  APPENDIXES. 

is  being  called  up  for  the  army  refuses  to  enroll  and  fails  to  satisfy  the  enlistments 
complaints  committee  that  he  has  no  real  ground  for  the  refusal,  the  protection  from 
recruiting,  which  he  holds  merely  because  he  is  indispensable  to  the  work  on  which 
he  is  engaged,  will  be  withdrawn. 

It  should  be  carefully  noted  that  every  possible  protection  is  given  under  this 
scheme  to  the  individual  workmen  against  victimization.  No  man  will  be  asked  to 
move  until  (a)  a  responsible  officer  of  the  department  concerned  has  decided  that  on 
technical  grounds  his  skill  would  be  better  employed  elsewhere;  (6)  a  special  enroll- 
ment officer  has  put  the  case  clearly  before  him  and  appealed  to  him  to  enroll;  (c)  the 
enlistment  complaints  committee  has  had  an  opportunity  of  deciding  on  any  conten- 
tion the  man  may  wish  to  put  forward  that  he  should  not  be  required  to  enroll. 

As  regards  employers,  it  is  the  intention  of  the  government  to  use  the  powers  they 
possess  under  the  defense  of  the  realm  regulations  to  regulate  and  restrict  the  employ- 
ment of  any  men  or  classes  of  men  in  any  firm  engaged  upon  war  work.  This  will 
mean  that  instructions  will  be  issued  to  firms  forbidding  them  to  engage  labor  without 
a  license  from  the  department  of  state  by  which  they  are  controlled.  In  this  way 
firms  will  be  prevented  from  accumulating  labor,  and  it  will  be  possible  to  control  the 
diversion  of  labor  to  the  national  purposes  for  which  it  is  from  time  to  time  most 
required. 

The  government  is  not  unaware  of  the  difficulties  it  may  encounter  in  carrying  out 
this  scheme  or  of  the  strain  which  it  may  necessarily  impose  both  on  employers  and 
workmen.  The  exigencies  of  the  situation,  however,  not  only  entitle  but  compel 
them  to  make  a  demand  on  the  patriotism  of  the  country  which,  after  all,  must  be 
regarded  as  moderate,  at  a  time  when  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  male  population  is 
being  called  up  for  service  in  the  army. 


APPENDIX  TABLES 

AND 

CHARTS. 


395 


APPENDIX  TABLES. 

APPENDIX  TABLE  1-A — Total  r<  gistration. 


Total 
registra- 
tion. 

Registra- 
tion of 
June  5, 
1917. 

Registra- 
tion of 
June  5,  and 
Aug.  24, 
1918. 

Registra- 
tion of 

Sept.  12, 
1918. 

United  States  and  Territories  

24,234,021 

9,  925,  751 

912,564 

13,395,706 

Alabama       .             ;.-. 

444,842 

187,063 

19,  185 

238,594 

94,310 

38,308 

2,209 

53,793 

365,904 

152,216 

16,086 

197,  602 

California                

839,614 

310,  123 

22,470 

507,021 

Colorado  

216,820 

84,223 

7,590 

125,007 

Connecticut  .         

374,400 

162,472 

12,554 

199,  374 

Delaware     

55,277 

22,322 

2,241 

30,  714 

District  of  Columbia  

90,361 

33,472 

3,269 

53,620 

Florida     .  .  «  

209,248 

87.390 

7,402 

114,456 

Georgia  

549,235 

238,  184 

'  22,  112 

288,939 

Idaho    

105,  337 

42,325 

3,657 

59,355 

1,574,877 

653,587 

54,375 

866,  915 

Indiana  

639,834 

259,837 

24,003 

355,991 

Iowa  

524,456 

219,  297 

21,637 

283,522 

Kansas       

382,065 

152.  064 

15,422 

214  579 

Kentucky  

-86,739 

193,988 

21,948 

270,803 

392,  316 

163  062 

17,  164 

212  090 

Maine    

159,631 

62,  176 

6,038 

91,417 

Maryland  

313,  489 

124,  068 

12,  484 

176,  937 

Massachusetts  

886,728 

368  064 

30,300 

488  364 

Michigan    

873,383 

380,  752 

30,844 

461,787 

541  607 

227  600 

22,  337 

291  670 

Mississippi  

344,  724 

143  030 

14.577 

187,117 

Missouri  

765,  045 

304,400 

30,612 

430,  033 

201  256 

92  555 

5,207 

103  494 

Nebraska  

287,414 

120  811 

11,647 

154,956 

30  808 

12  319 

725 

17  764 

New  Hampshire  

95  158 

38  355 

53,415 

New  Jersey  

762,  485 

307  998 

24,  897 

429,590 

New  Mexico  

81  013 

34  652 

2,648 

43  713 

New  York  

2  511  046 

1,034  599 

85,733 

1,  390,  714 

North  Carolina  

482  463 

208  430 

20  414 

253  619 

North  Dakota  

160  292 

67  238 

6,103 

86,  951 

Ohio              

1  389  474 

564  834 

52  537 

772  103 

Oklahoma  ...".  

435  668 

173'  744 

19  492 

242,432 

Oregon  

179  436 

64  905 

5,644 

108,  887 

Pennsylvania  

2  069  407 

823  187 

76  809 

1  166  411 

Rhode  Island  

134  515 

54  254 

4,805 

75,456 

South  Carolina  

307  350 

131  643 

13,058 

162  649 

South  Dakota  

145  706 

60  121 

6,068 

79,  517 

Tennessee  

474  347 

191  726 

21,701 

260,920 

Texas  

990  522 

418  160 

42,166 

530,  196 

Utah  

103  052 

43,  214 

3,687 

56,151 

Vermont  

71  484 

28  003 

2,881 

40,600 

Virginia  

465  439 

1S7  711 

18,  479 

259,  249 

Washington  

328  466 

116  113 

9  595 

202,  758 

West  Virginia  

325  266 

127,994 

14,  180 

183,  092 

Wisconsin  

586  290 

241,658 

25  033 

319  599 

Wyoming  .... 

59  977 

23  288 

1  863 

34  826 

United  States  

23,908,576 

9,780,535 

899,279 

13,  228,  762 

Alaska  

15  851 

6  6.59 

192 

'  9,000 

Hawaii      

72  741 

28  851 

2  349 

41,541 

Porto  Rico  

236,  853 

109.706 

10,744 

116.403 

396 


Telegram  of  Dec.  25, 1918,  estimates  this  figure  at  9,800. 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 
APPENDIX  TABLE  10-A — Presidential  appeals  to  Dec.  20,  1918. 


397 


' 

Appeals 
received. 

Appeals 
affirmed. 

Appeals     Appeals 
reversed,   modified. 

Returned 
without 
action. 

Total  United  States 

1,584 

452 

29               78 

1,025 

96 

29 

2                  3 

62 

1 

1 

20 

5 

15 

23 

2 

2    

19 

10 

3 

6 

2 

1 

3 

District  of  Columbia                                              .   . 

2 

2 

19 

7 

12 

97 

25 

4  1               6 

62 

6 

6 

46 

5 

1                   1 

39 

95 

41 

15 

39 

24 

24 

32 

8 

24 

Kentucky  .          

37 

2                  1 

27 

18 

1 

17 

6 

3 

3 

9& 

3 

24 

5 

2 

3 

11 

3 

8 

24 

19 

23 

4 

19 

198 

81 

6                  6 

105 

50 

1 

49 

161 

49 

:               2 

110 

2 

2 

New  Hampshire  

3 

3 

New  Jersey  .   .                       .... 

14 

4 

10 

New  York  .                    .. 

211 

89 

6               33 

83 

North  Carolina.  .  .  . 

o 

1 

8 

North  Dakota  

41 

1 

1    

39 

Ohio       

47 

20 

2 

25 

Oklahoma  

14 

1 

4 

8 

3 

1 

13 

Pennsylvania  .          

31 

24 

Rhode  Island  

1 

1 

South  Carolina  

5 

1 

4 

South  Dakota  

3 

|                1 

2 

9 

1 

8 

Texas   

36 

2 

34 

Utah             

(5 

1 

2                .   . 

3 

Vermont  

Virginia  

49 

22 

i 

26 

Washington  

7 

2 

1 

4 

West  Virginia  

21 

7 

3 

11 

Wisconsin  

8 

2 

1 

5 

Wyoming  

20 

20 

Alaska.  

1 

1 

Hawaii    ... 

1 

1 

Porto  Rico  



398  APPENDIX    TABLES. 

APPENDIX  TABLE  23-A. — Registration  of  aliens  and  enemy  aliens,  by  States. 


Total 
regis- 
trants 
June  5, 
1917,  to 
Sept.  12, 
1918. 

Alien 

regis- 
trants 
June  5, 
1917,  to 
Sept.  11, 
1918. 

Alien 

regis- 
trants 
Sept.  12, 
1918. 

Total 
alien 
regis- 
trants 

Per  cent 
of  aliens 
to  total 
regis- 
tration. 

German 
males 
(ages  18- 
45)  reg- 
istered 
June  5, 
1917,  to 
Sept.  12, 
1918. 

Depart- 
ment of 
Justice 
registra- 
tions of 
German 
males 
(ages  14 
upward). 

United  States         

23,908,576 

1,703,006 

2,174,077 

3,877,083 

16.22 

158,809 

257,578 

Alaham^, 

444,842 

1,558 

2,812 

4,370 

.98 

189 

457 

Arizona  

94,  310 

15.283 

22,326 

37,609 

39.87 

357 

459 

Arkansas                             

365,904 

652 

1,583 

2,235 

.61 

329 

932 

California  

839,614 

86,954 

144,326 

231,280 

27.55 

7,735 

12,205 

Colorado  

216,820 

10,144 

18,940 

29,090 

13.42 

841 

1,277 

Connecticut     

374,400 

64.924 

74,396 

139,  320 

37.21 

2,558 

3,178 

Delaware  

55,277 

3.892 

4,283 

8,175 

14.79 

184 

256 

Distiict  of  Columbia.      .  . 

90,  361 

1,590 

3,515 

5,105 

5.65 

108 

89 

Florida  

209,248 

4,543 

8,061 

12,604 

6.02 

326 

648 

Georgia 

549,  235 

1,383 

2,131 

3.514 

.64 

177 

355 

Idaho    -  .                       

105,  337 

4,622 

7,071 

11,693 

11.10 

433 

594 

1,  574,  877 

143,299 

174.740 

318,  039 

20.19 

14,801 

20,811 

Indiana 

639,  834 

22,  751 

30,202 

52,953 

8.28 

3,212 

10,849 

Iowa  

524,  456 

16,847 

18,278 

35,125 

6.70 

4,459 

5,964 

Kansas 

382,065 

5,441 

13,079 

18,520 

4.85 

1,447 

3,225 

Kentucky  

486.739 

1.256 

2,713 

3,969 

.82 

323 

1,029 

392,  316 

2,829 

7,113 

9,942 

2.53 

437 

1,021 

Maine  

159.  631 

9,413 

15,072 

24,485 

15.34 

148 

324 

Maryland 

313,  489 

9  546 

13,921 

23,467 

7.49 

1,963 

3,334 

Massachusetts  .  .        .... 

886,728 

139,  766 

152,  521 

292,287 

32.96 

2,799 

3,836 

Michigan  

873,383 

106,830 

104,  275 

211,105 

24.17 

10,675 

16,875 

Minnesota 

541,607 

40.260 

46,225 

86,485 

15.97 

4,887 

7.859 

Mississippi  

344,  724 

572 

1,180 

1,752 

.49 

69 

160 

765,045 

11,719 

22,367 

34,086 

4.46 

3,044 

5,890 

Montana       

201.256 

19,  793 

19,  943 

39,736 

19.74 

1,335 

1,493 

Nebraska  

287,414 

8,897 

13,923 

22,820 

7.94 

3,500 

7,167 

Nevada                   

30,808 

4,030 

5,500 

9,530 

30.93 

218 

32  i 

95  158 

10,896 

12,429 

23,325 

24.51 

183 

238 

New  Jersey 

762,  485 

80,932 

126,  772 

207,  704 

27.24 

11,936 

16,226 

81,013 

4,364 

7,288 

11,652 

14.38 

141 

233 

New  York  

2,  511,  046 

374,308 

410,131 

784,  439 

31.24 

36,609 

50,467 

North  Carolina 

482  463 

597 

2,103 

2,700 

.56 

47 

139 

North  Dakota  

160.292 

9,245 

11,503 

20,748 

12.94 

1,124 

1,141 

Ohio  

1,389,474 

113,000 

139,964 

252,9i  il 

18.21 

7,446 

9,259 

Oklahoma    

435.668 

2,684 

6,330 

9,014 

2.07 

449 

778 

Oregon  

179,  436 

11,048 

17,337 

28,385 

15.82 

1,133 

2,227 

Pennsylvania  

2,  069,  407 

215,  070 

280,167 

495,  237 

23.93 

10,  713 

14,620 

Rhode  island  

134,515 

20,037 

21,580 

41,617 

30.94 

429 

412 

South  Carolina.          .  .        

307,350 

654 

2,704 

3,358 

1.09 

92 

221 

South  Dakota 

145,  706 

4,532 

6,787 

11,319 

7.77 

1,458 

1,814 

Tennessee  

474,  347 

745 

2,239 

2,984 

.63 

141 

385 

Texas  

990,522 

35,  437 

52,  431 

87,868 

8.87 

2,799 

6,290 

Utah  

103,  052 

7,502 

10,627 

18,129 

17.59 

527 

725 

Vermont  

71,  484 

2,472 

4,991 

7,463 

10.44 

100 

122 

Virginia  

465,439 

2,500 

6,031 

8,531 

1.83 

256 

473 

Washington  

328,466 

19,287 

46,049 

65,336 

19.89 

2,125 

3,441 

West  Virginia  

325.266 

10,  744 

18,  574 

29,318 

9.01 

646 

386 

Wisconsin  

586,290 

35,068 

50,901 

85,969 

14.66 

13,  558 

32,899 

Wyoming  

59,  977 

3,090 

6,637 

9,727 

18.37 

343 

392 

Alaska                          ... 

313 

Hawaii  

207 

Porto  Rico  

Not  allocated  

•    3,482 

APPENDIX    TABLES. 
APPENDIX  TABLE  23-B. — Registration  of  aliens,  by  nationalities. 


399 


• 

Total 
aliens 
registered. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
aliens 
regis- 
tered. 

Aliens 

registered 
June  5, 
1917. 

Aliens 
registered 
June  and 
August, 
1918. 

Aliens 

registered 
Sept.  12, 
1918. 

Total  

3,877,083 

100.00 

1,616,812 

86,194 

2,174,077 

Cobelligerents  

2,228,980 

57.49 

966,  754 

54,  3(W 

1,207,917 

Belgium                                                 

16,  701 

.43 

6,684 

309 

9,708 

China                                              

23,599 

.61 

7,815 

979 

14,805 

France   ...        .          

18,314 

.47 

6,178 

368 

11,768 

Canada                                               

151,691 

3.91 

63,970 

3,486 

84  235 

England                                   

138,979 

3.58 

46,  764 

1,867 

90,  348 

Ireland  

98,800 

2.55 

44,  656 

1.166 

52.978 

New  Zealand                                  

1,186 

.03 

834 

35 

317 

Scotland  .                          

28,408 

.73 

12,830 

394 

15,  184 

Wales  

5,672 

.15 

2,503 

74 

3,095 

Other  British                                  

42,  732 

1.10 

16,  137 

1,047 

25  548 

Greece  

88,831 

2.30 

84,949 

3,882 

Italy 

652,971 

16.84 

230,  352 

20,682 

401  937 

Japan  

56,  697 

1.46 

13,647 

935 

42,115 

Portugal                                                .... 

62,  434 

1.61 

24,081 

1,444 

36  909 

Roumania                                   

18,428 

.48 

8,935 

593 

8  900 

Russia  

808,503 

20.85 

389,  896 

16,  670 

401,937 

Serbia                                              

13,  386 

.35 

5,062 

191 

8  133 

United  States  Indians  (non-citizen)  

1,648 

,04 

1,461 

187 

Neutrals         .                             

636,  601 

16.42 

235,746 

13,288 

387  567 

Central  and  South  America        

11,386 

.29 

4,474 

541 

6  371 

Denmark  .          

33,  457 

.86 

16,149 

804 

16  504 

Mexico  

192,617 

4.97 

72,723 

3,098 

116,  196 

Netherlands                                 

27,190 

.70 

12,007 

785 

14  398 

Norway  ...                     

62,656 

1.62 

29,876 

1,426 

31  354 

Spain  

44,320 

1.14 

18,629 

1,405 

24  286 

Sweden                                                

99,995 

2.58 

44,251 

2,622 

53  122 

Switzerland             

21,888 

.57 

8,090 

322 

13,  476 

Allother  

143,092 

3.69 

29,547 

1,685 

111,860 

Enemv  

1,011,502 

26.09 

414,312 

18,  597 

578  593 

Austria-Hungary  .                     

751,212 

19.38 

307,400 

13,342 

430  470 

Bulgaria  

19,  873 

.52 

7,065 

650 

12,  158 

Germany 

158,809 

4.09 

58  479 

2,794 

97  536 

Turkey  

81,608 

2.10 

41,368 

1,811 

38  429 

400  APPENDIX    TABLES. 

APPENDIX  TABLE  2&-A. — Classification  of  aliens,  by  nationalities. 


Aliens 
registered 
June  5, 
1917,  to 
Septem- 
ber 11, 
1918. 

Class  I 
aliens. 

Percent- 
age of 
total 

aliens. 

Nonde- 
clarants, 
Class  I. 

Percent- 
age of 
Class  I 
aliens. 

De- 
ferred 
classes, 
aliens. 

Nonde- 
clarants, 
deferred. 

Percent- 
age 
deferred 
classes, 
aliens. 

Total  

1,703,006 

414,389 

24.33 

253,795 

61.25  |1,288,617 

910,  848 

70.68 

Cobelligerents  

1,021,063 

311,895 

50.55 

194,053 

62.22       709,168 

505,683 

71.31 

6,993 
8,794 
6.546 
67,456 
48,631 
45.822 
869 
13,224 
2,577 
17,184 
88.831 
251,034 
14,  582 
25,525 
9,528 
406,566 
5,253 

1,648 

2,500 
1,313 
2,081 
24,077 
15,693 
20,639 
378 
4,714 
943 
5,540 
22,090 
104,  358 
983 
3,391 
2,430 
98,473 
1,802 

490 

35.75 
14.76 
31.79 
35.69 
32.27 
45.04 
43.50 
35.64 
36.59 
32.24 
24.87 
41.57 
67.41 
13.29 
25.50 
24.22 
34.30 

29.73 

1,256 
1.015 
1,174 
16,944 
8,875 
8,704 
157 
2,486 
501 
4,149 
13,123 
69,028 
751 
2,543 
1,185 
60,700 
1,121 

341 

50.24 
77.30 
56.42 
70.37 
56.55 
42.17 
41.53 
52.74 
53.13 
74.89 
59.41 
66.15 
76.40 
74.99 
48.77 
61.64 
62.21 

69.  51 

4,493 
7,481 
4,465 
43,379 
32,938 
25,183 
491 
8,510 
1,634 
11,644 
66,741 
146,  676 
13,599 
22,134 
7,098 
308,093 
3,451 

1,158 

2,617 
7,079 
2,660 
30,  919 
18,472 
11,901 
288 
4,415 
1,007 
9,517 
56,933 
89,591 
12,  114 
19,847 
4,420 
230,  215 
2,746 

942 

58.25 
94.63 
59.57 
71.28 
56.08 
47.26 
58.66 
51.88 
61.63 
61.73 
85.30 
61.08 
89.08 
89.67 
62.27 
74.72 
79.57 

81.35 

China  

Canada         

England  

New  Zealand  

Scotland  

Wales  

Other  British  

Greece  

Italy         

Japan  

Portugal  

Russia  

Serbia  

United  States  Indians 
(non-citizen)  

Neutrals        

249,034 

61,942 

24.87 

25,918 

41.84 

187,092 

135,366 

72.35 

Central  and  South  Amer- 
ica   

5,015 
16,953 
76,  421 
12,  792 
31,302 
20,034 
46,  873 
8,412 
31,232 

1,093 
6,561 
10,129 
3,307 
10,897 
3,455 
15,  113 
2,  138 
9,249 

21.79 
38.70 
13.25 
25.85 
34.81 
17.25 
32.24 
25.42 
29.61 

804 
3,019 
8,477 
1,529 
4,826 
2,621 
6,382 
956 
7,410 

73.56 
46.01 
83.69 
46.24 
44.29 
75.86 
42.22 
44.71 
80.12 

3,922 
10,392 
66,292 
9,485 
20,405 
16,  579 
31.760 
6,  274 
21,983 

3,307 
5,775 
50,784 
5,794 
12,  446 
15,  112 
19,811 
3,993 
18,344 

84.32 
55.57 
76.61 
61.09 
60.99 
91.15 
62.  38 
54.08 
83.45 

Mexico    

Netherlands  

Norway  

Spain  '.   

Sweden  

Switzerland  

All  other  

Enemy  

432,909 

40,552 

9.37 

23,718 

58.  49 

392,357 

209,  799 

68.76 

Austria-Hungary  

320,  742 
7,715 
61,273 
43,179 

23,596 
1,256 
5,278 
10,422 

7.36 
16.28 
8.61 
24.14 

14,3S3 
870 
2,727 
5,738 

60.96 
69.27 
51.67 
55.06 

297,  146 
6,  459 
55,995 
32,  757 

208,265 
5,819 
29,  469 
26,  246 

70.09 
90.09 
52.63 
80.12 

Bulgaria               

Germany  

Turkey  

APPENDIX  TABLE  30-A.—  Number  of  diplomatic  requests  received  for  discharge  oj  aliens, 
by  countries. 

Argentina  

•> 

62 
5 
12 
304 
2 
5 
7 
23 
241 
4 
3 

Germany  

8 
22 
119 
3 
2 
166 
13 
109 
85 
404 
4 
61 

Peru  

4 
66 

1  -133 

Great  Britain 

Portugal 

Belgium  

Greece     

Russia  

Brazil 

Guatemala 

Santo  Domingo 

1 

2 
592 
216 
99.5 
971 
4 

Bulgaria    

Honduras  

Siam    

Chile 

Italy 

China  

Japan  

Sweden 

Colombia  

Mexico  

Switzerland  

Cuba  

Xot  herlands      

Turkey  

Denmark  .   . 

Norway 

Venezuela 

Ecuador 

Total 

France  

Persia      .     . 

5,852 

APPENDIX    TABLES.  401 

APPENDIX  TABLE  31-A. — Married  registered,  deferred,  and  deferred  for  dependency. 


Total  regis- 
trants June 
5.  1917,  to 
Sept.  11, 
191  x. 

Total 
married. 

Percent- 
age of 
total 
regis- 
trants. 

Total 
married 
deferred. 

Percent- 
age of 
total 
married  . 

Total 
married 
deferred 
for  de- 
pendency. 

Percent- 
age of 
total 
married 
deferred. 

United  States  

10,  (•>:<).  si  4 

4,883,213 

45.72 

4,394,676 

90.00 

3,619,466 

82.36 

Alabama           

206,  248 

111,886 

54.  26 

93,  786 

83.82 

80,629 

85.97 

Arizona  

40,517 

15,  776 

38.93 

14,499 

91.90 

7,963 

54.92 

Arkansas      

168,302 

92,188 

54.78 

76,925 

83.44 

74,049 

96.26 

332  593 

126  364 

37  99 

112  758 

89  23 

91  440 

81  09 

Colorado           .        

91,813 

40,369 

43.97 

37,240 

92.25 

31,067 

83.42 

Connecticut       

175,026 

70,  251 

40.14 

65,  354 

93.03 

40,  273 

61.62 

Delaware                      

24,663 

11,227 

45.71 

10,005 

89.12 

7,364 

73.60 

District  of  Columbia  
Florida     

36,  741 
94,  792 

16,358 
47,362 

44.52 
49.96 

13,  533 
38,988 

82.73 
82.32 

10,  188 
30,501 

75.28 
78.23 

0  eor^ia                      .  

260,  296 

144,090 

55.36 

122,  468 

84.99 

111,311 

90  89 

Idaho         

45,  982 

18,555 

40.35 

17,077 

92.03 

14,993 

87.80 

Illinois   

707,962 

314,150 

44.37 

286,200 

91.10 

220,  777 

77.14 

Indiana               

283,843 

146,342 

51.57 

133,981 

91.55 

113,096 

84.41 

Iowa               

240,  934 

106,  873 

44.36 

98,  227 

91.91 

88,388 

89.98 

Kansas 

167,  486 

79,  660 

47.56 

73,162 

91.84 

63,162 

86  33 

Kentucky  

215  936 

114,548 

53.06 

97,088 

84.76 

91,  797 

94.55 

Louisiana  

180,226 

88,789 

49.27 

74,2«9 

83.67 

70,  751 

95.24 

Maine                     

68,214 

30,  405 

44.57 

28,211 

92.78 

25,  129 

89  08 

Maryland  

136,  552 

65,  485 

47.94 

59,  987 

91.60 

49,  176 

81.98 

Massachusetts           

398,  364 

158,988 

39.91 

145,906 

91.77 

104,270 

71  46 

Michigan        

411,596 

185,485 

45.06 

168,  913 

91.06 

134,  116 

79.40 

Minnesotn 

249,9^7 

85,537 

34.  23 

79,337 

92.75 

69,  019 

86  99 

Mississippi            

157,  607 

82,  544 

52.38 

70,376 

85.26 

64.659 

91  88 

Missouri        

335,012 

163,  191 

48.71 

145,495 

89.16 

121,209 

83.31 

Montana  

97,  762 

31,721 

32.45 

28,816 

90.84 

25,  766 

89  41 

Nebraska  . 

132,  458 

57,  246 

43.20 

52,  205 

91.19 

44,903 

86  01 

Nevada 

13,  044 

3,588 

27.52 

2,977 

82  97 

2,346 

78  80 

New  Hampshire. 

41,743 

17,860 

42.79 

16,  404 

91.85 

12,923 

78  77 

New  Jersev  

332,  895 

152,  770 

45.89 

141,686 

92.74 

107,  397 

75  80 

New  Mexico 

37,  300 

17,547 

47  04 

14,  628 

83  36 

11,615 

79  40 

New  York. 

1,120,332 

459,  176 

40.99 

421,933 

91.89 

32S,  496 

77  86 

North  Carolina       

228,  844 

122,922 

53.  72 

111,554 

90.75 

101,147 

90  67 

North  Dakota  

73,341 

24,970 

34.05 

23,917 

95.78 

20,600 

86  13 

Ohio  .  .       •            

617,371 

289,  997 

46.97 

265,  731 

91.63 

211.644 

79  65 

Oklahoma  

19i,236 

104,  831 

54.26 

90,  953 

86.76 

Si,  291 

91.58 

Oregon 

70,  549 

28,38? 

40  23 

25,  905 

91  27 

87  56 

Pennsylvania 

902  996 

412  581 

45  69 

380  832 

92  30 

29s'l"9 

78  29 

Rhode  Island 

59  0.59 

25  452 

43  10 

23,  774 

93  41 

18  768 

78  94 

South  Carolina 

144,  701 

78,  %S 

54.57 

66,  232 

83  87 

56  153 

84  78 

Sou  fli  Dakota. 

66,  189 

24,  625 

37.20 

23,  220 

94  29 

19,001 

81.83 

Tennessee 

213  427 

115  654 

54  20 

102  151 

88  32 

94  845 

92  85 

Texas 

460,  326 

238,  276 

51  77 

211,485 

88  76 

161,768 

76.49 

Utah      

46,901 

21,470 

45.78 

19,  905 

92.71 

17,  819 

89.52 

Vermont     

30,884 

14,912 

48.29 

12,819 

85.96 

10,  978 

85.64 

Virginia 

206,190 

95,  596 

44  22 

85,852 

89.81 

75  136 

87.52 

Washington 

125/708 

47,313 

36.64 

41,569 

87.86 

34,815 

83.75 

West  Virginia  

142,174 

69,841 

49.11 

63,253 

90.57 

56,  421 

89.20 

Wisconsin 

266,  691 

101,912 

OQ      O1 

94,  876 

93.10 

80,  636 

84.99 

Wyoming 

25  151 

9,179 

36  50 

8  195 

89  27 

6  849 

83  58 

97250°- 19 20 


402 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


Chart  A.—  P 

Nevada 
Montana 
North  Dakota 
Minnesota 
Wyoming 
Washington 

ER  CENT  OF  MARRIED  REGISTRANTS  TO  TOTAL  REGISTRANTS 

PER  CENT 
0       4        8       12      16      20      24       28      32      36      40       44      48      52      56     60 

5 

1 

California 
Wisconsin 
Arizona 
Massachusetts 
Connecticut 
Oregon 
Idaho 
New  York 
New  Hampshire 

ksssss 

s 

*j 

Rhode  Island 
•Nebraska 
Colorado 
Virginia 
Iowa 
Illinois 

—  — 

E 



Dist  Columbia 
Maine 
Michigan 
Pennsylvania 
Delaware 
Utah 
New  Jersey 
Ohio 
New  Mexico 
Kansas 

Maryland 
Vermont 
Missouri 

= 

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm 

•• 

mm 
mm 

mm 

mm 

— 

- 

: 

• 

8 

3 

West  Virginia, 

Louisiana 
Florida 
Indiana 
Texas 

'Mississippi 

Kentucky 
North  Carolina 
Tennessee 
Oklahoma 
Alabama 
South  Carolina 
Arkansas 
Georgia 

? 

: 

1 

APPENDIX   TABLES. 


403 


Chart  B.-RAT10  OF  DEPENDENCY  DEFERMENTS  AND  DEFERMENTS  ON  OTHER  GROUNDS  TO  TOTAL  MARRIED 

PER  CENT 
30          40          50.     ,  60          70 


(f —    !«.!  Mimed  Dtfcnri  , 

'•f-fcmrf  fcfc.-rtd  (o.  DtpndfK?  -^ 


404 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  36-A. — Single  men  registered,    deferred  for  dependency,  and  recent 

marriages. 


Total  reg- 
istrants 
June  5. 
1917,  to 
Sept.  11, 
1918. 

Single  ' 
regis- 
trants. 

Per- 
centage 
of  total 
regis- 
trants. 

Single 
deferred 
for 
depend- 
ency. 

Per- 
centage 
of  single 
regis- 
trants. 

Recent 
mar- 
riages. 

Per- 
centage 
of  total 
regis- 
trants. 

Reclas- 
sifled 
to 
Class  I. 

Per- 
centage 
of  re- 
cent 
mar- 
riages. 

United  States  

10,679,814 

5,  796,  601 

54.28 

284,267 

4.90 

344,  872 

3  23 

122,  563 

35  54 

Alabama                  

208,  248 

94,  362 

45.76 

5,018 

5  32 

10,223 

4  96 

3  851 

37  67 

Arizona  

40,517 

24,  741 

61.06 

692 

2.79 

1,040 

2.57 

293 

28  18 

Arkansas 

168,  302 

76,114 

45.23 

3,500 

4  60 

9,858 

5  85 

2  475 

25  11 

California  

332,593 

206,  229 

62.01 

11,257 

5.46 

8,0c9 

2.42 

3,136 

38  91 

Colorado  

91,813 

51,444 

56.03 

3,212 

6.24 

2,540 

2.77 

1,059 

41.69 

Cnrmfip.tifMit.  ,    .. 

175,026 

104,  775 

59.87 

4,694 

4.48 

3,140 

1  79 

1,076 

34  27 

Delaware  

24,563 

13,336 

54.30 

495 

3.71 

851 

3.46 

229 

26  91 

District  of  Columbia  
Florida  

36,  741 
94,  792 

20,383 
47,  430 

55.48 
50.04 

834 
2,630 

4.09 
5.55 

1,390 
2,128 

3.78 
2.24 

732 
751 

52.66 
35  29 

Georgia  

260,  296 

116,206 

44  64 

6,788 

5  84 

10,  828 

4  16 

7  650 

70  65 

Idaho  

45,  982 

27,  427 

59.65 

762 

2  78 

1,565 

3.40 

576 

36.81 

Illinois  

707,962 

393,812 

55.62 

20,  127 

5.11 

18,  749 

2.65 

7,452 

39.75 

Indiana 

283,  843 

137,501 

48.45 

5,352 

3  89 

9,379 

3  30 

2,976 

31  73 

Iowa  

240,934 

134,061 

3,265 

2.44 

8,982 

3.73 

2,891 

32.19 

Kansas  .  . 

167,486 

87,  826 

52  43 

3,348 

3  81 

7,695 

4  59 

2  153 

27  98 

Kentucky  

215,936 

101,388 

46.96 

5,283 

5.21 

9,563 

4.43 

4,941 

51.67 

T-nYli^ifma- 

180,226 

91,437 

50  74 

5,001 

5  47 

6.871 

3.81 

2  658 

38  68 

Maine     

68,214 

37,809 

55  43 

1,470 

3.89 

1,646 

2.41 

760 

46.17 

Maryland  . 

136  552 

71  067 

52  03 

3  525 

4  96 

4,881 

3.57 

>  694 

34  71 

Massachusetts 

39S,  :-,('A 

239,  376 

60  08 

11,326 

4  73 

9,027 

2.27 

4,037 

44.72 

Michigan  

411,596 

226,111 

54.93 

9,443 

4.18 

11,118 

2.70 

4,089 

36.78 

Minnesota  ..  , 

249,937 

164,400 

65  79 

5,991 

3.64 

6,872 

2.75 

2,625 

38.20 

Mississippi  

157,607 

75,063 

47.63 

2,977 

3.97 

6,2C8 

3.98 

2,466 

39.34 

Missouri  

335,012 

171,821 

51.29 

10,  440 

6.08 

12,395 

3.70 

1,096 

8.84 

Montana  

97,  762 

66,041 

67.55 

2,334 

3.53 

2,373 

2.43 

972 

40.96 

Nebraska 

132  458 

75  212 

56  76 

1  754 

2  33 

4  641 

3.50 

1,335 

28.77 

Nevada.... 

13.044 

9,456 

72.52 

288 

3.05 

231 

1.77 

88 

38.10 

New  Hampshire  

41,  743 

23,883 

57.23 

1,118 

4.68 

937 

2.24 

424 

45.25 

New  Jersey.  .  . 

332,  895 

180,  125 

54  11 

10  241 

5  69 

7,556 

2.27 

2,752 

36.42 

New  Mexico  

37,300 

19,753 

52.96 

702 

3.55 

1,093 

2.93 

537 

49.13 

New  York 

1  120  332 

661  156 

59  03 

44  999 

6  81 

27,893 

2.49 

9  744 

34.93 

North  Carolina  , 

228,  844 

105,  922 

46.29 

5,844 

5.52 

7,552 

3.30 

2,540 

33.63 

North  Dakota  

73,341 

48,371 

65.95 

1,061 

2.19 

1,501 

2.05 

482 

32.11 

Ohio  

617,371 

327  374 

53.02 

17,526 

5.35 

24,490 

3.97 

7,349 

30.01 

Oklahoma  

193,230 

88,405 

45.76 

3,277 

3.71 

8,588 

4.45 

2,710 

31.56 

Oregon 

70,  549 

42  166 

59  77 

1,168 

2.77 

2,148 

3.04 

846 

39.39 

Pennsylvania  . 

902,996 

490,  415 

54.31 

24,  153 

4.93 

25,  148 

2.78 

8,558 

34.03 

Rhode  Island..  . 

59,  059 

33,607 

56  90 

2  164 

6  44 

1,179 

2.00 

432 

36.64 

South  Carolina  

144,  701 

65,  733 

45.43 

2,946 

4  48 

4,572 

3.16 

1,707 

37.34 

South  Dakota 

60,189 

41  564 

62  79 

832 

2  00 

2,017 

3.05 

933 

46.26 

Tennessee  

213,  427 

97,  773 

45.82 

6,044 

6.18 

13,449 

6.30 

2,848 

21.18 

Texas 

460,  326 

222  050 

48  24 

12  397 

5  58 

18,  753 

4  07 

7,853 

41.88 

Utah 

46,901 

25,  431 

54.22 

883 

3  47 

2,165 

4.62 

838 

38.  71 

Vermont  

30,88-1 

15,972 

51.72 

479 

3.00 

577 

1.87 

157 

27.21 

Virginia 

206,190 

110,594 

53.63 

6,443 

5.83 

7,224 

3.50 

2,090 

28.93 

Washington  

125,  708 

78,  395 

62.37 

2,464 

3.14 

3,978 

3.16 

1,536 

38.61 

West  Virginia 

142,  174 

72,333 

50.87 

2,617 

3.62 

5,154 

3.62 

1,362 

26.43 

Wisconsin  

266,  691 

164,  779 

61.78 

4,860 

2.95 

6,033 

2.26 

2,G47 

43.88 

Wyoming 

25,  151 

15,  972 

63.51 

243 

1.52 

552 

2.19 

157 

28.44 

APPENDIX    TABLES.  405 

APPENDIX  TABLE   42-A. — INDUSTRIAL   INDEX — STATISTICAL  SUMMARY  OF  OCCUPA- 
TIONS, BY  CLASSES. 

1.  The  following  table  (Appendix  Table  42-A)  shows  the  occupational  distribu- 
tion of  registrants,  as  between  Class  I  and  the  deferred  classes,  by  totals  for  each 
occupation;    there  is  also  shown,  for  each  of  the  occupations  represented,  the  total 
number  of  persons  of  all  ages  and  both  sexee;   tliis  was  obtained  by  projection  from 
the  thirteenth   census,    1910,   Volume   IV,    "Population;     Occupation   Statistics." 
These  three  series  of  figures  will  exhibit  the  ratio  of  the  entire  body  of  registrants  to 
persons  of  all  ages,  within  each  occupation,  and  also  the  ratio  of  Class  I,  for  each 
occupation,  both  to  the  total  number  of  registrants  and  to  the  total  number  of  per- 
sons of  all  ages. 

The  registration  represented  is  only  the  first  registration,  viz,  that  of  June  5,  1917, 
covering  ages  21-30,  beginning  with  December  15,  1917,  and  thus  excluding  all  those 
who  before  that  date  were  sent  to  camps,  deceased,  deserters,  etc.;  the  second  regis- 
tration, covering  ages  21  on  June  5,  1918,  and  the  third  registration,  covering  ages 
is  -0  and  32-45,  on  September  12,  1918,  are  not  represented. 

2.  The  first  line  of  the  Table  shows  the  above  figures  and  ratio  for  the  total  of  all 
occupations.     In  this  line,  as  in  all  the  specific  occupations,  it  must  be  noted  that 
Class  I  exceeds  in  numbers  the  actual  facts,  by  about  10  per  cent.     This  is  because 
the  cards  for  the  industrial  index  were  transcribed  between  January  and  April,  1918, 
and  during  that  period  the  physical  examinations  in  Various  regions  had  not  been 
completed;    therefore,  assuming  that  one-half  of  the  Class  I  men  thus  carded  had 
not  been  physically  examined,  and  taking  25  per  cent  as  the  probable  figure  for 
physical  rejections  from  Class  I  to  Class  V,  Class  I  figures  are  not  less  than  10  per  cent 
and  probably  12  per  cent  too  high.     This  will  bring  it  down  to  a  figure  consonant 
with  the  final  classification  figures  shown  in  the  text  of  this  report.     The  number 
thus  discounted  from  Class  I  should  be  transferred  to  Class  V,  thereby  increasing 
correspondingly  the  total  in  the  column  for  deferred  classes. 

3.  The  industrial  index  was  compiled  for  four  main  purposes.     The  first  was  to 
assist  in  the  individual  selection,  by  local  boards,  under  directions  from  the  Provost 
Marshal  General's  Office,  of  registrants  qualified  by  occupational  experience  to  meet 
the  needs  of  the  several  staff  corps  and  also,  to  a  limited  extent,  of  the  line  divisions. 
The  second  main  purpose  was  to  enable  the  selective  service  officials  to  defec  the 
calling  of  specific  occupational  groups,  whenever  either  the  Army  needs  required 
them  to  be  held  in  reserve  for  future  calls  or  the  industrial  needs  required  them  to  be 
deferred  permanently.     The  third  main  purpose  was  to  enable  the  local  quotas,  levied 
upon  the  principle  of  the  joint  resolution  of  May  16,  1918  ("to  call  into  immediate 
military  service  persons  classed  as  skilled  experts  in  industry  or  agriculture  however 
classified  and  wherever  residing")  to  be  so  equitably  adjusted,  if  the  need  arose,  as  to 
interfere  least  with  the  variant  industrial  conditions.     The  fourth  main  purpose  was 
to  provide  an  accurate  survey  of  the  effect  of  the  war  upon  industries  and  occupations 
for  whatever  purpose  of  policy  might  prove  important. 

The  industrial  index  was  used  to  only  a  small  extent  for  the  first  two  of  these  pur- 
poses, partly  because  it  could  not  be  made  completely  ready  in  season,  but  mainly 
because  the  special  requisitions,  issuing  from  the  General  Staff,  for  registrants  of 
occupational  skill  proved  to  be  comparatively  small  in  number  (as  shown  in  Chapter 
VIII  of  this  report),  and  also  because  the  industrial  situation  never  reached  such  a 
point  when  measures  of  temporary  or  permanent  deferment  of  specific  occupational 
groups  proved  to  be  necessary.  The  index  was  not  used  for  the  third-named  purpose, 
because  the  rapidity  with  which  the  large  levies  of  May,  June,  July  and  August  were 
raised,  and  the  consequent  impossibility  of  sparing  any  numbers  of  Class  I  from  mili- 
tary service,  made  any  such  allotment  of  quotas  useless;  nor  did  the  industrial  situa- 
tion call  for  SIK  h  allowances. 


406  APPENDIX   TABLES. 

For  the  fourth-named  purpose  the  industrial  index  is  now  given  publicity.  How 
far  the  historian,  the  economist,  and  other  investigators  may  find  a  use  for  it  can 
not  be  foretold.  But  as  it  represents  the  only  existing  calculation  of  its  kind  for 
the  United  States,  it  seems  necessary  to  place  it  here  at  the  disposal  of  all  the  persons 
who  may  have  use  for  it. 

4.  The  data  on  which  the  industrial  index  was  based  were  contained  in  the  ques- 
tionnaires filed  by  the  registrants;  from  those  questionnaires  were  extracted  the  facts 
as  to  age,  education,  occupation,  etc.,  and  these  were  transcribed  onto  an  occupational 
card,  so-called,  at  the  respective  local  boards.    These  cards  were  forwarded  to  the 
Provost  Marshal  General's  Office,  and  were  there  assembled  by  occupations. 

5.  For  the  classification  of  occupations  the  Census  "Index  of  Occupations,  Alpha- 
betical and  Classified,"  1915,  was  used.     The  key  numbers  given  in  the  following 
statistical  summary  correspond  to  the  key  numbers  in  the  census  index ;  and  the  totals 
given  in  column  3  (persons  of  all  ages  and  sexes)  are  made  up  from  the  figures  given 
in  Volume  IV  ("Population;  Occupation  Statistics")  of  the  thirteenth  census.     Thus, 
and  thus  only,  was  it  possible  to  establish  correct  ratios  between  the  registrants  in  a 
given  occupation  to  the  total  persons  of  all  ages  in  that  occupation,  forming  the  basis 
of  the  percentage.     No  compilation  of  statistics  as  to  the  effect  of  the  draft  on  industry 
can  be  of  reliable  service  (certainly  not  for  the  entire  national  body  of  occupations), 
unless  the  classification  employed  is  identical  with  the  Census  Bureau  classification; 
and  this  was  the  reason  for  adopting  and  adhering  exclusively  to  this  system  of  classi- 
fication. 

In  the  actual  filing  of  the  occupational  cards  the  respective  occupations  were  further 
subdivided,  by  adding  a  fourth  digit,  so  as  to  make  possible  the  accurate  location  of 
persons  possessing  the  requisite  kind  of  detailed  skill ;  for  example,  under  ' '  machinists  " 
it  was  possible  within  a  few  hours  to  locate  200  automatic  screw  machine  operators  for 
the  purposes  of  an  ordnance  factory.  In  any  practical  use  of  an  index  like  this  one, 
such  a  further  subdivision  by  a  fourth  digit  would  be  necessary.  The  possibilities 
of  the  system  are  extensive;  but  it  requires  necessarily  a  coordination  with  the 
classification  employed  by  any  other  agency  whose  needs  are  to  be  served.  The 
committee  on  classification  of  personnel,  in  the  Office  of  The  Adjutant  General  of  the 
Army,  did  not  employ  the  census  classification,  and  coordination  with  their  work 
was,  therefore,  impracticable. 

The  key  number  lines  bearing  the  suffix  A  (122A,  etc.)  represent  special  combina- 
tions of  partial  occupational  groups  prepared  for  certain  purposes,  and  do  not  enter 
into  the  national  total  for  each  column. 

For  the  precise  meaning  and  scope  of  the  occupational  descriptive  names  used, 
reference  should  be  made  to  the  census  index  above  cited.  For  the  study  of  the 
results  for  an  entire  industry,  it  is  indispensable  to  refer  to  that  index. 

6.  The  occupational  cards  were  placed  in  the  files  first  by  occupations,  and  then 
within  each  occupation  by  States  and  by  local  boards;  the  entire  mass,  however, 
being  first  divided  into  two  parts,  one  representing  Class  I  and  the  few  deferred  classes 
which,  under  the  law,  were  liable  to  call  irrespective  of  deferment  (Pile  1),  and  the 
second  part  representing  the  remainder  of  the  deferred  classes  (Pile  2).     The  national 
totals  represented  in  the  ensuing  table  were  made  up  by  adding  the  totals  for  each 
of  these  two  parts  or  "piles."    The  totals  for  these  separate  piles  were  carried  in  a 
statistical  summary  known  as  the  "interim  ledger;"  the  combined  totals  for  the  two 
piles  were  carried  in  the  "final  ledger."    The  figures  given  in  the  ensuing  table 
reproduce  the  final  ledger.     The  occupational  cards  forming  the  industrial  index  will 
be  retained  in  the  custody  of  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army. 


APPENDIX   TABLES.  407 

APPENDIX  TABLE  42-A. — Industrial  index— Statistical  summary    of  occupations,    by 


Key 

No. 

(1) 

Occupation. 
(2) 

Male  em- 
plovees 
of'all 
ages. 

(3) 

Ages  21-30 
within  selec- 
tive service 
law  as  classi- 
fied, 1918. 

Deferred    classes 
within  selective 
service  law. 

Class  I  within  selec- 
tive service  law. 

Num- 
ber. 

(4) 

Per 
cent 
of  all 

ages. 

(5) 

Num- 
ber. 

(6) 

Per 

cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(7) 

Per 
cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(8) 

Num- 
ber. 

(9) 

Per 
cent 
of 

ages 
21-30. 

(10) 

Per 

cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(11) 

>000 
010 

022 
023 

035 
s  Of  3 

045 

066 
075 

<079 
086 

086 

087 
088 

6089 
100 

101 
110 
111 
112 
6  122 
'133 
"144 

'155 
10  160 
•122A 
7133A 
8  144  A 
9  155  A. 
"166 
1*167 

188 
189 

"190 

Alk  occupations  

43,206,912 

8,577,719 

20 

5,897,722 

69 

14 

2,  679,997 

31 

6 

Unknown 

(2) 

112,603 
13,633,161 

31,690 
4,982 

314,497 

4,360 
168,  164 

9,120 
132,  820 
2,467 

6,460 
17,477 

17,  692 

(2) 

25,463 
1,375 
11,268 
1,321 
16,430 
706,012 
45,  160 

63,751 
57,043 
(2) 
706,012 
45,  160 
63,  751 
57,043 
22,  409 

31.  930 

29,396 

5,020 
f*l 

277,  121 

26,362 
2,478,802 

4,534 
1,312 

21,004 

689 
42,358 

261 
31,258 
147 

1,112 
1,247 

2,341 

808 

2,213 
219 
1,359 
104 
472 
58,472 
2,468 

899 
4,117 
356 
199,148 
11,  109 
13,  075 
15,115 
928 

8,023 
6,951 

672 
173 

185,527 

19,647 
1,734,729 

1,924 
883 

14,570 

414 
26,363 

206 

19,64,3 
25 

678 
665 

1,503 
429 

1,786 
143 
1,055 
79 
337 
35,768 
1,495 

479 
2,810 
284 
147,004 
8,328 
10,  107 
11,506 
390 

1,606 
4,546 

508 
143 

67 

75 
70 

42 
67 

69 

60 
62 

79 
63 
17 

61 
53 

64 
53 

80 
65 
78 
76 
71 
61 
60 

53 
68 

80 
74 
75 
77 
76 
42 

20 

65 

76 
82 

91,594 

6,715 
744,073 

2,610 
429 

6,434 

275 
15,995 

55 
11,615 
122 

434 
582 

838 
379 

427 
76 
304 
25 
135 
22,  704 
973 

420 
1,307 
72 
52,  144 
2,781 
2,968 
3,609 
538 

6,417 
2,405 

164 
30 

33 

25 
30 

58 
33 

31 

40 

38 

21 
37 
83 

39 

47 

36 

47 

20 
35 
22 
24 
29 
39 
40 

47 
32 
20 
26 
25 
23 
24 
58 

80 
35 

24 
18 

Dairy    farmers,    foremen 
and  laborers  

23 

18 

14 
26 

7 

16 
25 

2.9 

24' 
6 

17 

7 

13 

17 
13 

6 

18 

5 

9 
16 

2.3 
15 
1 

10 
4 

8 

6 
5 

8 
8 

2 

6 
9 

.6 
9 
5 

7 
3 

5 

Farmers  

Turpentine  farmers  and 
laborers  

Foresters  

Fruit     growers,     florists, 
orchard  men  

Landscape  gardeners  and 
architects 

Lumbermen  and  raftsmen. 
Owners  and  managers  of 
timber  and  log  camps.  .  . 
Stock  raisers  

Apiarists.  . 

Corn  shelters,  hay  balers, 
grain  thrashers  . 

Farm  ditchers... 

Poultry  raisers  and  poultry 
yard  laborers. 
Pigeon  fanciers  and  per- 
sons n.  o.  s. 
Foremen  mines,   oil  and 
gas  wells,  salt  works  
Inspectors,  mine,  quarry  .  . 
Managers,  mine  . 

9 
16 
12 
8 
2.8 
8 
5 

1.4 

7 

7 
10 
9 
6 
2 
5 
3 

.8 
5 

2 
6 
3 
2 
.8 
3 
2 

.6 
2 

Officials,  mine  

Operators,  mine.. 

Coal  mine  operatives  .  . 

Copper  mine  operatives  .  .  . 
Gold    and    silver    mine 
operatives... 

Iron  mine  operatives  . 

Coal  mine  repairmen 

All  coal  mine  operatives.  .  . 
All  copper  mine  operatives 
All  gold  and  silver  miners. 
Iron  miners  

28 
24 
20 

26 
4 

25 
24 

13 

21 
18 
15 
20 
2 

5 
16 

10 

7 
6 
5 
6 
2 

20 
8 

3 

Lead  and  zinc  operatives.  . 
Mines  not  otherwise  speci- 
fied   

Oil  and  gas  well  operatives. 
Salt  wells  and  works  oper- 
atives   

Crusher  operators.  .  . 

1  No  census  figure  given. 

2  No  data. 

3  Includes  027,  028,  042,  044,  054,  055,  056,  and  057. 
<  Includes  077. 

&  Cards  were  combed  from  088  and  089  (Census  title  "Other  and  not  specified  pursuits"). 

6  To  obtain  122A  (all  coal  mine  operatives)  enter  in  columns  4,  6,  and  9,  the  I.  L.  items  of  Key  No.  122 
plus  71}  per  cent  of  the  I.  L.  totals  of  the  corresponding  items  of  Key  Nos.  190-199,  inclusive,  plus  the  cor- 
responding items  of  Key  No.  160. 

7  To  obtain  133A  (all  copper  mine  operatives)  enter  in  columns  4,  6,  and  9,  the  I.  L.  items  of  Key 
No.  133  plus  4.4  per  cent  of  the  I.  L.  totals  of  the  corresponding  items  of  Key  Nos.  190-199,  inclusive. 

8  To  obtain  144A  (all  gold  and  silver  operatives)  enter  in  columns  4,  6,  and  9,  the  I.  L.  items  of  Key 
No.  144  plus  6.2  per  cent  of  the  I.  L.  totals  of  the  corresponding  items  of  Key  Nos.  190-199,  inclusive. 

9  To  obtain  155A  (all  iron  mine  operatives)  enter  in  columns  4,  6.  and  9,  the  I.  L.  items  of  Key  No. 
155  plus  5.6  per  cent  of  the  I.  L.  totals  of  the  corresponding  items  of  Key  Nos.  190-199,  inclusive. 

10  Combed  from  Key  No.  122. 

11  To  obtain  106A  (all  lead  and  zinc  mine  operatives)  enter  in  columns  4,  6,  and  9,  the  I.  L.  items  of 
Key  No.  166  plus  2.2  per  cent  of  the  I.  L.  totals  of  the  corresponding  items  of  Key  Nos.  190-199,  inclusive. 

12  To  obtain  167A  (all  other  mine  operators)  enter  in  columns  4, 6,  and  9,  the  I.  L.  items  of  Key  No.  167 
plus  3.1  per  cent  of  the  I.  L.  totals  of  the  corresponding  items  of  Key  Nos.  190-199,  inclusive. 

is  Combed  from  122,  133, 144,  155,  166,  and  177. 


408 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  42-A. — Industrial  index — Statistical  summary    of  occupations,    by 

classes — Continued. 


Key 
No. 

(i) 

1 

Occupation. 

(2) 

Male  em- 
ployees 
of  all 
ages. 

(3) 

Ages  21-30 
within  selec- 
tive service 
law  as  classi- 
fied, 191S. 

Deferred    classes 
within      selective 
service  law. 

Class  I  within  selec- 
tive service  law. 

Num- 
ber. 

(4) 

Per 

cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(5) 

Num- 
ber. 

(6) 

Per 
cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(7) 

Per 

cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(85 

Num- 
ber. 

(9) 

Per 
cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(10) 

Per 

cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(11) 

1166A 
M67A 
191 
192 
193 

194 
195 
196 
197 
198 
199 
202 

<203- 
311 
5209- 
511 
210    . 
211 
212 
213 
214 
215 

216 
217 
218 
219 
220 
221 

222 
6223 
6229 
^223 
229 
224 
225 
226 
227 
228 
230 

231 
232 
233 
234 
235] 
238  1 
322  f 
32f>J 
239 
240 

241 
242 

All  lead  and  zinc  miners... 
All  other  mine  operatives.. 
Diggers  and  muckers  

22,409 
31,930 
(3) 
(3) 

(') 
(3) 
(3) 
92,966 

3) 
3) 

90,760 
550,604 

}    (3) 
102,960 
267,  736 
8,660 
51,  475 
194,812 

200,585 
18,803 
48.  175 
939,688 
146,  727 
29,094 

516,  743 
16,  157 

5,249 
14,111 
54,024 
7,696 

1,982 
26,371 
92,  787 
5,  S97 
4,556 
486 
2,723 

1,023 
251,933 

95,466 

40,479 
47,727 
6,991 
25,264 
33,279 

8,699 
2,275 
19,  675 
144,  794 
47,370 
5,221 

176 
3,007 
72,287 

23 
44 

3,807 
6,420 
37,  105 
6,407 

1,191 
22,922 
78,  462 
3,678 
3,378 
259 
1,746 

129 
190,379 

58,571 

29,546 
35,908 
5,471 
18,522 
23,176 

6,441 
926 
14,  670 
101,206 
31,200 
3,651 

146 
2,273 
50,148 
6,352 

56,500 

1,443 
1,626 
6,363 
32,851 
3,354 

8,921 
1,779 
2,719 
27,070 
23,434 

54,224 

1,999 
664 
1,674 
5.090 

72 
45 
69 
83 

60 
87 
85 
65 
74 
53 
64 

12 
75 

61 

73 
75 

78 
73 
70 

74 
41 
74 
70 
66 
70 

83 
75 
69 

77 

70 

-    65 

65 
81 
70 
72 

99 

11 
67 
81 

78 

72 
67 
71 
65 

17 
20 

1.442 
7,691 
16.919 
1,289 

791 
3,449 
14,325 
1,919 
1,178 
227 
977 

894 
61,554 

36,  895 

10,933 
11,817 
1,520 
6,742 
10,  103 

2,258 
1,349 
5,005 
43,588 
16,  170 
1,570 

30 
734 
22.139 
1,948 

24,087 

763 
868 
1,455 
13,  532 
1,246 

92 

680 
1,375 
13,456 
5,537 

15,496 

774 
327 
681 
2.745 

28 
55 
31 
17 

40 
13 
15 
35 
26 
47 
36 

88 
25 

39 

27 
25 
22 
27 
30 

26 
59 
26 
30 
34 
30 

17 
25 
31 

23 

30 

35 
35 

19 
30 
28 

1 
28 
34 
33 
19 

22 

28 
33 
29 
35 

6 
24 

Drift  runners              

Blasters,  demolition,  and 
powder  men          

Laborers  

Miners         .                ...  . 

Quarrvmen      

6 

4 

2 

Timbermen 

Topmen     

Tracklayers  

Apprentices   to   building 
and  hand  trades  

1.1 

46 

.2 

35 

.9 
11 

^Machinists  

fAuto  and  gas  engine  me- 

Bakers  

29 
18 
80 
49 
18 

4 
12 
40 
15 
32 
18 

.03 
19 

29 
13 
63 
36 

12 

3 
4 
30 
10 
21 
13 

.02 
14 

10 
5 
17 
13 
6 

1 
8 
10 
5 
11 
5 

.01 
5 

Blacksmiths       

Forgemen  

Boilermakers  

Brick  or  stone  masons  
Builder  and  building  con- 
tractors   

Butchers. 

Cabinetmakers    

Carpenters  

Printers  .  .                   ... 

Coopers  ...              

Dressmakers  and  milliners 
(not  in  factory)  

Dyers  

Electricians. 

Electrical  engineers  

8,300 

/Electricians  and  electrical 
\    engineers  

j.  155,847 

5,023 
9,358 
16,691 
265,  697 
16,062 

35,070 
11,  771 
10,  112 
127,  935 
201,  362 

|  180,  714 

17,898 
6,620 
12,225 
IS.  614 

80,587 

2,206 
2,494 
7,818 
46,383 
4,600 

9,013 
2,459 
4,094 
40,526 
28,971 

69,720 

2,773 
991 
2,355 
7.835 

52 

44 
27 
47 
17 

28 

26 
21 
40 
32 
14 

39 

15 
15 
19 
42 

36 

28 
17 

38 
12 
21 

25 
16 
27 

21 
11 

30 

11 
10 

14 
27 

16 

16 
10 
9 
5 
7 

2 
5 
13 
11 
3 

9 

4 
5 
5 
15 

Electrotypers  

Lithographers  ... 

Mechanical  engineers  

Enginemen  ... 

Engravers  .  . 

Buffers     and     polishers 
(metal)  

Filers  (metal)  

G  rinders  

Firemen  

Construction  foremen  

Holders,  casters,  puddlers, 
heaters,  etc  

Glass  blowers  

Goldsmiths    and    silver- 
smiths   

Jewelers    and    lapidaries 
(factory)  

Jewelers  and  watchmakers 
(not  in  factory).  .  . 

1  To  obtain  166A  (all  lead  and  zinc  mine  operatives)  enter  in  columns  4,  6,  and  9,  the  I.  L.  items  of  Key 
No.  166  plus  2.2  per  cent  of  the  I.  L.  totals  of  the  corresponding  items  of  Key  Nos.  190-199,  inclusive. 

2  To  obtain  167A  (all  other  mine  operators)  enter  in  columns  4,  6,  and  9,  the  I.  L.  items  of  Key  No.  167 
plus  3.1  per  cent  of  the  I.  L.  total  of  the  corresponding  items  of  Key  Nos.  190-199,  inclusive. 

3  No  data. 

«  Combed  from  202,311,  and  31H. 
0  Census  figure  not  given. 

•  In  census  223  and  229  are  given  as  one  group.     For  statistical  purposes  they  have  been  combined  in 
Provost  Marshal  General's  inrlox.    In  census  index,  229  appears  as  a  newly  created  number. 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


409 


APPENDIX  TABI,K  -12-A. — Industrial  index — Statistical  summary    of  occupations,   by 

classes — Continued . 


Key 

No. 

(1) 

Occupation. 

(2) 

Male  em- 
ployees 
of  all 
ages. 

(3) 

Ages  21-30 
within  selec- 
tive service 
law  as  classi- 
fied, 1918. 

Deferred     classes 
within      selective 
service  law. 

Class  I  within  selec- 
tive service  law. 

•  Num- 
ber. 

(4) 

Per 

cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(V 

Num- 
ber. 

(6) 

Per 

cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(7) 

Per 

cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(«) 

Num- 
ber. 

(9) 

Per 
cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(10) 

Per 
cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(11) 

243 
244 
245 
255 
256 
257 
258 
259 

263 

204 
265 

266 

270 
271 

275 
276 
277 

278 
280 
281 
282 
283 
284 

290 
291 

292 
293 
294 
295 
296 
297 

300 
301 

302 
305 
309 
310 
312 

313 

General  and  not  specified 
laborers  

9W,  S<» 
72,  245 
11,324 
18,150 
232,750 
55,  593 
14,250 

234,638 
12,517 
13,  324 

9,136 

S,  725 
32,288 

299,163 
41,974 
4,367 

14,  133 
38,  242 
13,163 
18,850 
11,776 
9,402 

13,  149 
5,186 

5,538 
5,600 
10,629 
5,370 
38,988 
10,068 

12,935 

17,881 

21,685 
12,897 
15,  578 
172,899 
15,  242 

10,652 

119,841 

214,  117 
12,852 
2,004 
7,561 
53,975 
3,685 
894 

55,153 
4,441 
3,328 

1,814 
2,497 
3,547 

35,996 
8,576 
921 

2,411 

6,878 
1,148 
3,385 
896 
2,267 

4,644 
1,440 

823 
252 
1,994 
711 
11,714 
2,960 

3,664 

2,592 

2,916 
6,205 
7,517 
22,268 

2.  5X4 

is,  ass 

22,901 

21 
17 
18 
42 
23 
7 
6 

24 
35 
25 

20 
29 
11 

12 
20 
21 

17 

18 
9 
18 
8 
24 

35 
27 

15 
5 
19 
13 
30 
29 

28 
14 

13 
48 
48 
13 
17 

19 

122,081 
5,621 
975 
5,979 
41,017 
2,776 
609 

40,825 
2,938 
2,  791 

1,444 
1,  854 
2,386 

18,221 
5,945 
585 

2,054 
4,973 
827 
1,692 
543 
1,443 

3,471 
939 

561 
145 
1,376 
461 
8,409 
2,108 

2,392 
1,948 

1,883 
4,103 
5,451 
14.  239 
2;i39 

13,500 
18,  191 

57 
44 
49 

79 
76 
75 
68 

74 
66 

84 

80 
74 
67 

51 
69 

64 

'  85 
72 
72 
50 
61 
63 

75 
65 

68 
57 
69 
65 
72 
71 

65 

75 

65 
66 
73 
64 
83 

73 
79 

12 

9 
33 
IS 
5 

4 

17 
23 
21 

16 
21 

7 

6 
14 
13 

15 
13 
6 
9 
5 
15 

26 
18 

10 
3 
13 
9 
22 
21 

IS 
11 

9 
32 
35 
8 
14 

15 

92,036 
7,231 
1,029 
1,582 
12,958 
909 
285 

14,328 
1,503 
537 

370 
643 
1,161 

17,  775 
2,631 
336 

357 
1,905 
321 
1,693 
353 
824 

1,178 
501 

262 
107 
618 
250 
3,305 
852 

1,272 
644 

1,033 
2,102 
2,066 
8,019 
445 

4,888 

4,710 

43 
56 
51 
21 
24 
26 
32 

26 
34 
16 

20 
26 
33 

49 
31 
36 

15 
28 
28 
50 
39 
37 

25 
35 

32 
43 

151 
35 
28 
29 

35 
25 

35 
34 
27 
36 
17 

27 
21 

9 
10 
9 
9 
'5 
2 
2 

7 
12 
4 

4 
8 
4 

6 
6 
8 

2 
5 
3 
9 
3 
9 

9 
9 

5 
2 
6 
4 

8 
8 

10 
3 

4 
16 
13 
5 
3 

4 

Building  and  hand  trades, 
laborersand  helpers  

Fertilizer  factories  (labor- 
ers)   

Automobile  factories  (la- 
borers) 

Blast  furnaces  and  rolling 
mills  (laborers)  

Car  and  railroad  shop  (la- 
borers) 

Wagon  and  carriage  fac- 
tory (laborers)  

(Laborers)  other  iron  and 
steel  factories     

(Laborers)  brass  mills  
(  Laborers)  copper  factories 
(Laborers)  lead  and  zinc 
factories  

(Laborers)  tin  and  enamel 
ware  factory  

(Laborers)  furniture,  pi- 
ano, organ  factories  . 

(Laborers)  saw  and  plan- 
ing mills  

(Laborers)  cotton  mills  
(Laborers)  silk  mills       .  . 

(Laborers)    woolen    and 
worsted  mills  

(Laborers)   other   textile 
mills             

(Laborers)  charcoal  and 
coke  works  

(Laborers)  cigar  and  to- 
bacco factories  .    .  . 

(Laborers)  clothing  indus- 
tries      

(Laborers)   electric  light 
and  power  plants  .      .  . 

(Laborers)  electrical  sup- 
ply factories  

(Laborers)  bakeries  ... 

(Laborers)     butter     and 
cheese  factories  

(Laborers)  fish  curing  and 
packing  

(Laborers)  flour  and  grain 
mills. 

(Laborers)  fruit  and  vege- 
table, canning,  etc.  .    .  . 

(Laborers)  slaughter  and 
packinghouses  

(Laborers)  sugar  factories 
and  refineries  

(Laborers)  other  food  fac- 
tories   

(Laborers)  gas  works  . 

(Laborers)  liquor  and  bev- 
erage industries        .  .  . 

(Laborers)  oil  refineries  
(Laborers)rubber  factories. 
(Laborers)  other  factories.. 
Loom  fixers 

Tool  makers  and  die  sink- 
ers 

Managers    and    superin- 
tendents, manufacturing 

410 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  42-A. — Industrial  index — Statistical  summary    of  occupations,    by 

classes — Continued . 


Key 
No. 

(1) 

Occupation. 
(2) 

Male  em- 
ployees 
of  all 
ages. 

(3) 

Ages  21-30 
within  selec- 
tive service 
law  as  classi- 
fied, 1918. 

Deferred     classes 
within     selective 
service  law. 

Class  I  within  selec- 
tive service  law. 

Num- 
ber. 

(4) 

Per 

cent- 
of  all 

ages. 

(5) 

Num- 
ber. 

(6) 

Per 
cent 
of 

ages 
21-30. 

(7) 

Per 
cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(8) 

Num- 
ber. 

(9) 

Per 
cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(10) 

Per 
cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(11) 

314 
315 
316 
317 
1318 
*  319 
320 

321 

326 
327 

»328 
330 
331 

332 
333 

334 
335 
336 
337 
340 
341 

342 
344 
345 

346 
347 

348 

349 
355 

356 

357 

360 
361 

362 
363 

364 
365 
366 

<368 
369 

370 

Manufacturers 

270,  373 
24,706 
3,738 
4,292 
31,974 
No  data. 

26,624 

6,277 
16,115 
3,449 

384,509 
29,423 

27,093 
54,834 

170,  549 
23,096 
21,168 
16,  189 
49,  767 
4,508 

6,052 

24,750 
174,  247 

15,428 
48,158 

9,828 

.      9,820 
18,  698 
30,561 

62,342 

73,394 
10,278 

13,337 
35,584 

4,590 
6,083 
10,865 

21,  118 

(5) 

26,047 
24,037 

8,120 
1,840 
2,050 
1,097 
32,118 
8,287 

3,386 

761 
5,594 
1,026 

78,268 
3,660 

7,870 
10,061 

72,034 
8,328 
7,880 
2,793 
7,855 
1,390 

14,946 
15,  136 
16,747 

14,261 
20,088 

6,637 

2,222 
5,515 
6,227 

4,840* 

10,  718 
870 

5,809 
6,204 

1,203 
727 
3,  16J 

5.  733 
2,093 

5,684 
11,259 

3 

7 
54 
25 

6,169 
1,476 
1,452 
764 
21,908 
6,511 

2,623 

615 

3,927 
798 

53,680 
2,403 

6,081 
6,954 

48,585 
5,564 
6,494 
1,761 
5,310 
1,003 

9,879 
11,544 
11,761 

9,821 
13,539 

5,022 

1,740 

3,885 
4,802 

3,645 

8,086 
408 

4,316 

4,254 

689 
482 
2,276 

3,979 
1,792 

3,966 
9,527 

76 
80 
71 
70 
68 
78 

77 

81 
70 

78 

69 
66 

77 
60 

67 
67 
82 
63 
68 
72 

66 
76 
71 

69 
67 

75 

78 
70 

77 

75 

75 
47 

74 
69 

57 
66 
72 

69 
86 

70 

84 

2.3 
6 

38 
18 

1,951 
364 
598 
333 
10,  210 
1,776 

763 

146 
1,667 
228 

24,588 
1,257 

1,789 
3,107 

23,449 
2,764 
1,386 
1,032 
2,545 
387 

5,067 
3,592 
4,986 

4,440 
6,549 

1,615 

482 
,-1,630 
'     1,425 

1,195 

2,632 
462 

1,493 
1,950 

514 
245 

888 

1,754 
301 

1,718 
1,732 

24 

20 
29 
30 
32 
22 

22 

19 
30 
22 

31 
34 

23 

31 

33 
33 
18 
37 

32 
28 

34 
24 
29 

31 
33 

25 

22 
30 
23 

25 

25 
53 

26 
31 

43 
34 
28 

31 
14 

30 

16 

.7 
1 
16 

7 

Manufacturing  officials  
Gunsmiths     

Wheelwrights  

Miscellaneous  mechanics.  . 
Millwrights   

Miller,  grain,  flour,  feed, 
etc  

13 

12 
35 
29 

20 
12 

29 
18 

42 
36 
37 
17 
15 
31 

10 

10 
24 
23 

14 
8 

22 
12 

28 
24 
31 
11 
10 
22 

3 

2 
11 
6 

6 

4 

6 
6 

14 
12 
6 
6 
5 
9 

Milliners   and    millinery 
dealers  

Oilers  of  machinery  

Enamelers  .  lacquerers,  and 
japanners  

Painters 

Paper  hangers  

Pattern  and  model  makers, 
wood  and  metal    .... 

Plasterers  

Plumbers,  gas  and  steam 
fitters  

Pressmen,  printing  

Roller  and  roll  hands  

Roofer  and  slaters    .... 

Sawyers  

(Semiskilled)  paint  factory 
(Semiskilled)powder,car- 
cartridge,  etc.,  factory.  .  . 
(Semiskilled)  other  chem- 
ical factories 

61 
9 

92 
41 

67 

23 
29 
20 

8 

15 
8 

44 
17 

26 
12 
29 
27 

22 
47 

46 
6 

63 
28 

51 

18 
21 
16 

6 

11 

4 

32 
12 

15 
8 
21 
19 

15 

40 

15 
3 

29 
13 

16 

5 
8 
4 

2 

4 
4 

12 
50 

11 

4 
8 
8 

7 

9 

(Semiskilled)  cigar  and  to- 
bacco factory  

(Semiskilled)  brick,  tile, 
or  terra-cotta  factory  
(Semiskilled)  glass  factory  . 
(Semiskilled)    lime,     ce- 
ment, gypsum  factory.  .  . 
(Semiskilled)  marble  and 
stone  yards  

(Semiskilled)  potteries  
(Semiskilled)  hat  factory.  . 
(Semiskilled)  suit,   coat, 
cloak,  overall  factory  
(Semiskilled)  other  cloth- 
ing factories  

(Semiskilled)  bakery  . 

(Semiskilled)  butter  and 
cheese  factory 

(Semiskilled)  confectioner. 
(Semiskilled)    flour    and 
grain  mills 

(Semiskilled)    fruit    and 
vegetable  canning,  etc.  .  . 
(Semiskilled)      slaughter 
and  packing  houses  
(Semiskilled)   other  food 
factories  . 

(Semiskilled)  gas  makers.  . 
(Semiskilled)         leather- 
workers      

(Semiskilled)  automobile 
factorv... 

1  Census  figures  lower  than  classified  men  of  1918. 

2  Combed  from  311  and  318. 

3  In  census  code  book,  328  and  329  were  combined  under  328.    Hence  the  combination  of  building  ana 
factory  painters  above. 

«  Combed  from  463  and  750. 
6  No  data. 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


411 


APPENDIX  TABLE  42-A. — Industrial  index — Statistical  summary    of  occupations,    by 

classes — Continued . 


Key 

No. 

(1) 

Occupation. 

(2) 

Male  em- 
ployees 
of  all 

ages. 

(3) 

Ages  21-30 
within  selec- 
tive service 
law  as  classi- 
fied, 191S. 

Deferred    classes 
within     selective 
service  law. 

Class  I  within  selec- 
tive service  law. 

Num- 
ber. 

(4) 

Per 
cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(•r>) 

Num- 
ber. 

(6) 

Per 
cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(7) 

Per 
cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(8) 

Num- 
ber. 

(9) 

Per 

cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(10) 

Per 

cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(11) 

371 
372 
373 
»375 
380 
381 
382 
383 
384 
385 

390 
391 
392 

394 
395 
396 
400 
401 

402 
403 
408 

413 
418 
423 

428 
433 
438 

443 
>445 

«446 
460 
461 
462 
463 
»464 

(Semiskilled)    blast    fur- 
naces and  rolling  mills  .  .  . 
(Semiskilled)  machinists  or 
mechanics  

80.649 
54,836 
25,  509 
(2) 
19,417 
17,  972 
19,  148 
2.  143 
12,202 

9.327 
25.  104 
3,960 

7,163 
72,233 
75,  969 
44,410 
41,840 

77,589 
208,161 
38,  566 

19,  197 

25,  891 
28,549 

34,494 
85,  513 
234,275 

73,983 
247,240 
(2) 
(2) 
28,  378 
20,580 
34,  825 
271,416 

w 

28,826 
26,718 
2,166 
2,300 
3,642 
2,483 
2,886 
732 
2,850 

8,233 
3,859 
387 

2,610 
13,660 
37,431 
15,  162 
19,  127 

10,565 
42,542 
10,  705 

1,901 
1,320 
2,537 

2,335 
7,366 
28,  597 

639 
47,  111 
1,276 
828 
9,438 
2,431 
18,627 
54,387 
5,275 

35 

48 
8 

23,575 
19,  754 
1,695 
1,674 
2,766 
2,051 
1,979 
608 
1,  819 

4,549 
2,814 
264 

1,732 
9,808 
23,418 
10,217 
13,888 

7,358 
28,786 
7,964 

1,368 
969 
2,028 

1,836 
5,453 
21,997 

438 
38,  057 
881 
668 
6,823 
1,737 
13,256 
39,  823 
4,492 

81 
74 
78 
73 
76 
83 
69 
83 
64 

55 

73 
68 

66 
72 
63 
67 
73 

70 
68 
74 

72 
73 
80 

78 
74 

77 

69 
81 
69 
81 
73 
71 
71 
73 
85 

29 
36 
6 

5,251 
6,964 
471 
626 
876 
432 
907 
124 
1,031 

3,684 
1,045 
123 

878 
2,852 
14,013 
4,945 
5,239 

3,207 
13,756 
2,741 

533 
351 

509 

499 
1,913 
6,600 

203 
9,054 
395 

160 
X 

2,615 

694 
5,371 
14,564 
783 

19 
26 
22 
27 
24 
17 
31 
17 
36 

45 
27 
32 

34 
28 
37 
33 
27 

30 
32 
26 

28 
27 
20 

22 
26 
23 

31 
19 
31 
19 
27 
29 
29 
27 
15 

6 
12 
2 

(Semiskilled)  wagon  and 
carriage  factory  

(Semiskilled)        airplane 
mechanics  

(Semiskilled)  metal 
finishers,  brass  mills  
(Semiskilled)    clock    and 
watch  factory      

19 
14 
15 
34 
23 

88 
15 
10 

36 
19 
49 
34 
46 

14 
20 

28 

10 
5 
9 

7 
8 
12 

.8 
19 

14 

12 
10 
28 
15 

48 
11 

7 

24 
14 
31 
23 
33 

9 
14 
21 

7 
4 

7 

5 
8 

9 

.6 
16 

5 
2 
5 
6 
8 

40 
4 
3 

12 
5 

(Semiskilled)     gold    and 
silver  and  jewelry  factory. 
(Semiskilled)lead  and  zinc 
factory  

(Semiskilled)     tin     and 
enamel  ware  factory  
(Semiskilled)  metal 
finishers  

(Semiskilled)  breweries.  .  . 
(Semiskilled)  distilleries.  .  . 
(Semiskilled)  other  liquor 
and  beverage  factories... 
(Semiskilled)     furniture, 
piano,  organ  factories  
(Semiskilled)  saw  and  plan- 
ing mills  ... 

(Semiskilled)  other  wood- 
workinpfcfactories 

11 
13 

5 
6 

7 

3 
1 
2 

2 
2 
3 

.2 
3 

(Semiskilled)   paper  and 
pulp  mills  

(Semiskilled)  printing  and 
publishing  

(Semiskilled)  shoe  factory. 
(Semiskilled)  tanneries  
(Semiskilled  beamers, 
workers,  slashers  .  .  . 

(Semiskilled)  bobbinboys, 
doffers,  carriers  .  . 

(Semiskilled)  textile  mills, 
carders,  doffers,  lappers.. 
(Semiskilled)       drawers, 
roverSj  and  twisters  

(Semiskilled)  spinners  
(Semiskilled)  weavers  
(Semiskilled)       winders, 
reelers,  spoolers  . 

(Semiskilled)  other  occu- 
pations   

(Semiskilled)  canvas  work- 
ers ... 

(Semiskilled)    cordage 
workers  

33 
12 

53 
20 

24 
8 
38 
15 

9 
4 
15 
5 

(Semiskilled)       electrical 
supply  factory  

(Semiskilled)   paper   box 
factory  

(Semiskilled)    rubber 
workers  

(Semiskilled)  other  fac- 
tories 

(Semiskilled''  instrument 
makers  or  repairers  

1  Census  figure  not  given. 

2  No  data. 

»  Combed  from  443,  470,  and  790. 


4  Combed  from  443. 

6  Combed  from  312  and  463. 


412 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  42-A. — Industrial  index — Statistical  summary    of  occupations,    by 

classes — Continued . 


Key 
No. 

(1) 

Occupation. 

(2) 

Male  em- 
ployees 
of'all 
ages. 

(3) 

Ages  21-30 
within  selec- 
tive service 
law  as  classi- 
fied, 191  8. 

Deferred     classes 
within     selective 
service  law. 

Class  I  within  selec- 
tive service  law. 

Num- 
ber. 

(4) 

Per 
cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(*) 

Num- 
ber. 

(6) 

Per 
cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(7) 

Per 

cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(8) 

Num- 
ber. 

(9) 

Per 
cent 
of 

ages 
21-30. 

(10) 

Per 
cent 

of  ail 
ages. 

(11) 

470 

471 
472 

473 

474 
475 
480 
J481 
482 
483 
484 
485 
"-  486 
<487 
6  488 
«489 
»  490 
«491 

9492 
500 

502 

504 
506 

5065 
374 

508 
510 
512 
514 
516 

518 
520 
522 

524 
525 
527 

529 
530 
532 

534 

536 

537 
539 
540 
542 
544 

(Semiskilled)  sewers  and 
sewing  machine  opera- 
tors   

334,  890 
80,005 

2,186 

7,628 
6,173 
3,342 
41,090 
13,  141 
235,  299 
3,921 
64,886 
23,254 

8 

(3) 
(3) 
(3) 

(3) 
(3) 

6,099 

'     27,  878 
72,285 
53,486 

I  238,531 

40,682 
52.652 

}  469,739 

6,070 
72,896 
40,014 

17,937 
14,114 
5,474 

11,970 
106,  457 
75,  444 
65,471 

80,423 

624,  643 
31,978 
110,663 
87,838 
67,855 

22,773 

15.647 
27,042 

966 

1,496 
506 
1,869 
5,  321 
13.802 
72',  265 
2,056 
15,858 
6,575 
15,964 
15,435 
839 
1,998 
4,218 

746 
5,036 

1,962 

3,447 
12,829 
38,251 

74,860 

1,058 
152,253 

161,503 

4,565 
10,283 
840 

736 
1,829 
938 

2,462 
49,409 
8,967 
17,  777 

9,934 

83,221 
28,872 
15,975 
48,462 
15,  777 

2,305 

5 
34 

44 

19 
8 
56 
12 

13,  463 
20,400 

.      760 

1,129 
395 
1,419 
3,908 
9,545 
55,801 
1,609 
10,  678 
4,720 
13,  123 
12,  389 
487 
1,328 
3,088 

614 
3,759 

1,054 

2,858 
7,776 
26,355 

557318 

571 
89.610 

96,803 

3,368 
5,062 

637 

551 
1,250 
726 

2,093 
35,904 
7,491 
13,376 

8,105 

66,577 
4,580 
13,213 
35,123 
11,432 

1,960 

86 
75 

79 

75 
78 
76 
73 

69 
77 
78 
67 
72 
82 
80 
58 
66 
73 

82 
75 

54 

83 
61 
69 

74 

54 
59 

60 

74 
49 
76 

75 
68 

78 

85 
73 
84 
75 

82 

80 
16 
83 

72 
72 

85 

4 
25 

35 

14 
6 
43 
9 

2,184 
6,642 

206 

367 
111 
450 
1,413 
4,257 
16,464 
417 
5,180 
1,855 
2,841 
3,046 
352 
670 
1,130 

131 

1,277 

908 

590 
5,053 
U,896 

19,542 

487 
62,643 

64,700 

1,197 
5.221 
203 

185 
579 
212 

369 
13,505 
1.476 
4,401 

1,829 

16,644 
24,292 
2,  762 
13,339 
4,3-15 

345 

14 
25 

21 

25 
22 
24 
27 
31 
23 
22 
33 
38 
18 
20 
42 
34 
27 

18 
25 

46 

17 
39 
31 

26 

46 
41 

40 

26 
r,i 
24 

25 
32 
22 

15 
27 
16 
25 

18 

20 
84 
17 

28 

28 

15 

1 
9 

90 

5 
2 
13 
3 

Shoemakers  and  cobblers.. 
Skilled  annealers  and  tem- 
perers  (metal). 

Skilled  piano  and  organ 
t.iTnnrs  .. 

Skilled  wood  carvers  .  . 

Other  skilled  occupations.  . 
Stonecutters  

Structural  steel  workers.  .  . 
Tailors  

30 
52 
24 

28 

23 
41 
16 
20 

y 

11 
8 
8 

Coppersmiths  .       

Tinsmiths  

Upholsterers  

Sheet-metal  workers  

Crane  operators  

Tire  repairers  

Viilr-anizers               ,   ....    . 

Welders  (cutters)  

Instrument  makers  and  re- 
pairers   

Skilled  riggers  

Boatmen,  canal  men,  and_ 
lock  keepers  

32 

12 
18 
71 

31 

2 

17 

10 
11 
49 

23 
1 

15 

2 
7 
22 

S 
1 

Mariners  or  boatmen,  mas- 
ter officers  

Stevedores  (cargo  handlers) 
Mariners  or  boatmen 

[(Semiskilled)    other   iron 
•{    and  steel  workers,  mari- 
1    ners,  boatmen,  calkers  .  . 
Carriage  and  hack  drivers. 
Chauffeurs  or  auto  drivers. 
/Foremen,  teamsters,  dray- 
\    men  .... 

34 

75 
14 
2 

4 
13 

17 

20 
46 
12 
27 

12 

13 
90 
14 
55 
23 

10 

20 
55 

1.5 

3 
8 
13 

17 
33 
10 

20 

10 

11 
14 
12 
40 
17 

9 

14 

20 

7 

.1 

1 
5 

4 

3 
13 
2 

7 

2 

2 
76 
2 
15 
6 

1 

Garage  keepers  and  man- 
agers   

Horsemen,hostlers,  stable- 
men   

Livery  stable  keepers  and 
managers  

Proprietors  and  managers 
of  transfer  companies.  .  . 
Baggagemen  

Freight  agents 

Boiler  washers  and  engine 
hostlers  

Brakemen,  railroad  .   . 

Conductors,  steam  railroad 
Conductors,  street  railway. 
Foremen   and    overseers, 
railroad     

LaborerSj^steam  railroad 
construe  tion,  main- 
tenance   

Laborers,  street  railway.  .  . 
Locomotive  engineers  
Locomotive  firemen  .. 

Motormen  .... 

Officials  and  superintend- 
ents, steam  railroads  

1  Census  figure  less  than  classified  men. 

2  Combed  from  371,  374,  and  484. 

3  No  data. 

*  Combed  from  227,  371,  374,  577,  and  585. 

*  Combed  from  370,  387,  and  482.. 


«  Combed  from  370,  387,  and  462. 
'  Combed  from  312. 

8  Combed  from  374. 

9  Combed  from  374,  463,  and  481. 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


413 


APPENDIX  TABLE  42-A. — Industrial   index — Statistical  summary    of  occupations,    by 

classes — Continued . 


Key 

No. 

(1) 

Occupation. 
(2) 

Male  em- 
plovecs 
of  all 
ages. 

(3) 

Apes  21-30 
within  selec- 
tive service 
law  as  classi- 
fied, 1918. 

Deferred  classes 
within     selective 
service  law. 

Class  I  within  selec- 
tive service  law. 

Num- 
ber. 

(4) 

Per 

cent 
of  all 
ages. 

<S) 

Num- 
ber. 

(6) 

Per 

cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(7) 

Per 
cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(8) 

Num- 
ber. 

(9) 

Per 
cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(10) 

Per 

cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(11) 

545 
547 

548 

549 
550 
552 
554 
555 
557 
559 
560 
562 

564 
5(56 
567 

568 
569 

570 
571 
572 

575 

576 
577 

578 
579 
580 

581 

585 
586 
587 

588 
990 

2591 

600 
601 
602 

603 
604 
605 
611 
613 
615 

»622 
624 

Officials  and  superintend- 
ents, street  railroad  
Switchmen,    stearh    rail- 
road 

2,798 
84,431 

2,476 
11,011 
27,  758 
6,756 
7,768 
17,  526 
92,  779 
32,602 
10,  524 

80,445 
112,577 
8,123 
4,419 

3,468 
937 

31,810 
2,640 

3,804 
207,538 
11,438 

35,676 
(l) 
0) 

11,602 
5,472 
28,091 
5,965 

10,500 
(') 

(') 

64,467 
27,610 

2,427 
1,416 
15,788 
9,963 
445,  260 
188,  163 

6,142 
264,061 
20.638 

163 
19,580 

399 
2,122 
4,830 
1,122 
2,500 
3,598 
15,  327 
26,  267 
725 

30,  035 
5,677 
649 
518 

184 
374 

6,891 
366 

2,178 
16,  896 
639 

6,686 
2,425 
4,908 

1,372 

873 
36,930 
2,638 

5,  161 
676 

122 

1,716 

7,717 
794 

126 
79 
639 
802 
68,873 
8,400 

1,932 
26,  792 
1.323 

6 
23 

16 
19 
17 
17 
32 
21 
17 
81 
7 

37 
5 
8 
12 

5 
39 

22 
13 

57 
8 
5 

19 

12 
15 

44 
49 

118 
14,628 

307' 
1,701 
4,025 
845 
1,690 
3,295 
11,251 
18,302 
344 

23,068 
2,943 
351 
409 

109 
267 

5,272 
281 

1,983 
9,353 
438 

3,085 

1,787 
3,548 

1,157 
680 
26,264 
1,852 

3,442 

408 

65 

1,073 
5,  703 
569 

103 
48 
445 
559 
41,057 
5,919 

1,288 
17,797 
961 

72 
75 

77 
80 
83 
75 
68 
92 
73 
70 
47 

77 
52 
54 
79 

66 
71 

76 

77 

91 

55 
69 

46 
74 
72 

84 
77 
71 
70 

66 
60 

53 

62 
71 
71 

82 
61 
69 
69 
60 
70 

66 
66 
73 

4 
17 

12 
15 
15 
11 
22 
19 
12 
56 
3 

29 
3 
4 
9 

3 

28 

16 
10 

52 
J 

9 

45 
4,952 

92 
421 
805 
277 
810 
303 
4,076 
7,965 
381 

6,967 
2,734 
298 
109 

55 

107 

1,619 
85 

195 
7,543 
201 

3,601 
637 
1,360 

215 

193 
10,666 
786 

1,719 
268 

57 

643 
2,014 
225 

23 
31 
194 
243 

27,  816 
2,481 

644 
8,995 
362 

28 
25 

23 
20 
17 
25 
32 
8 
27 
30 
53 

23 
48 
46 
21 

34 

29 

24 
23 

9 

45 
31 

54 
26 
28 

16 
23 

29 
30 

34 
40 

47 

38 
26 
29 

18 
39 
31 
31 
40 
30 

34 
34 
27 

2 
6 

4 
4 
2 
6 
10 
2 
5 
25 
4 

8 
2 
4 
3 

2 
11 

6 
3 

5 
4 
1 

10 

Switchmen  and  flagmen, 
street  railway  

Yardmen,  steam  railroad  .  . 
Ticket  and  station  agents. 
Agentsfexpress  company)  . 
Messengers  (express) 

Railway  mail  clerks  

Mail  carriers  

Linemen  

Telegraph  messengers  
Telegraph    and    wireless 
operators  

Telephone  men 

Construction  foremen  .    :  .  . 

Foremen  and  overseers,  tel* 
egraph   and   telephone 
companies. 
Foremen  and    overseers, 
watertrausportation. 
Foremen  and   overseers, 
othertransportation. 
Steam  railroad  inspectors 
Street  railroad  inspectors. 
Other  transportation,  in- 
spectors   

Roadand  st  reet  building.  . 
Streetcleaning,laborers  .  .  . 
Othertransportation,  la- 
borers 

Steam  shovel  men  

Well  drivers  

Proprietors  and  officials, 
telephone  and  telegraph. 
Proprietors  and  officials, 
other  transportation  
Steam     railroad     (semi- 
skilled)   

10 
12 

2 
3 

Street    railroad    (semi- 
skilled)   

31 
33 

13 

16 

Other   transportation 
pursuits  (semiskilled)  . 
Bridge  workers  

Chauffeurs  orautodrivers, 
motorcycle  

Auto    mechanics,  motor- 
cycle repairmen  

Bankers  and  bank  officials. 
Commercial  brokers  

12 
3 

5 
5 
4 
8 
15 
4 

31 

10 
6 

9 

2 

4 
3 
3 
5 
9 
3 

21 

6 
5 

3 
1 

1 
2 
1 
3 
6 
1 

10 
4 
1 

Loan    broker    and    loan 
company  officials  

Pawnbrokers  

Stockbrokers  

Brokers  and  promoters.  .  .  . 
Clerks  in  store  .... 

Commercial  travelers  
Decorators,  drapers,  win- 
dow dressers  .  . 

Delivery  men,      bakery, 
laundry,  and  store.  ...... 
Floorwalkers  and  foremen 
in  stores  .  .  . 

1  No  data. 


"  Combed  from  318  and  374. 


3  Key  No.  620  included  above. 


414 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  42-A. — Industrial  index — Statistical  summary    of  occupations,    by 

classes — Continued . 


Key 

No. 

(1) 

Occupation. 

(2) 

Male  em- 
ployees 
of  all 
ages. 

(3) 

Ages  21-30 
within  selec- 
tive service 
law  as  classi- 
fied, 1918. 

Deferred  classes 
within     selective 
service  law. 

Class  I  within  selec- 
tive service  law. 

Num- 
ber. 

(4) 

Per 
cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(5) 

Num- 
ber. 

(6) 

Per 
cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(7) 

Per 

cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(8) 

Num- 
ber. 

(9) 

Per 
cent 

of 
ages 
21-30. 

(10) 

Per 
cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(11) 

625 
627 

630 
631 

633 
634 
635 
636 
637 
640 

642 
644 
645 
646 
647 
650 

1652 
655 

»667 
663 
664 
665 
666 
668 
686 
687 
688 
1690 

700 
702 

706 
707 

710 
711 
712 

713 
715 

716 
720 
721 

725 

727 

730 
731 
732 

740 
742 
744 

Foremen    (warehouse, 
stockyards,  etc.)  

3,194 

15.463 
.  101,  732 

10,926 
19,  162 
7,298 
49,907 
6,897 
10,025 

117,683 
34,164 
2,599 

23,116 
144,741 

1,432,988 

4,588 
5,037 
40,830 
1.008,823 
23,844 
5,422 
17,715 
24,748 

40,946 
90,011 
4,861 

72,458 
7,301 
10,434 

1,199 
8,204 

38,191 
21,900 
8,282 

52,582 
71,279 

88,726 
2,481 
1,832 

7,494 
1   32,541 
19,  105 

38,219 

*J 

582 

3,930 
12,982 

666 

4,208 
956 
3,771 
1,786 
2,468 

12,705 
1,709 
851 

2,586 

4,438 
230 
134,  720 

260 
329 
436 
224,874 
5,288 
1,036 
50,936 
1,180 

9,638 
8,544 

4,308 
469 

8,968 
2,379 
315 

70 
535 

1,446 
1,429 
613 

3,768 
10,314 

419 
94 
126 

2,486 
5,743 
1,646 

6,761 
I  o  data. 

18 

25 
13 

6 
22 
13 
8 
26 
25 

11 
5 
33 

11 
3 

419 

2,690 
9,884 

519 
2,801 
653 
2,373 
1,163 
1,553 

7,448 
969 
644 

2,085 

2,996 
145 

95,411 
13,930 
191 
186 
311 
150,931 
3,512 
686 
39,499 
641 

7,293 
6,982 

2,700 
332 

5,390 
1,551 
251 

47 
392 

1,076 
1,130 
430 

3,032 
8,3.85 

222 
66 
100 

2,081 
2,998 
1,182 

3,765 
'Com 

72 

68 
66 

78 
67 
68 
63 
65 
63 

59 

57 
76 

81 

68 
63 

71 
76 
73 
56 
71 
67 
66 
66 
78 
54 

75 
82 

63 
71 

60 
65 
80 

67 
73 

74 

79 
70 

81 
81 

53 
70 
79 

84 
52 
72 

55 
bed  fro 

13 

16 
10 

5 
15 
9 
5 
17 
15 

6 
3 
25 

9 
2 

163 

1,240 
3,098 

147 
1,407 
303 
1,398 
623 
915 

5,257 
740 
207 

501 

1,442 

85 

39,309 
4,359 
69 
143 
125 
73,943 
1,776 
350 
11,437 
539 

2,345 
1,562 

1,608 
137 

3,578 
828 
64 

23 
143 

370 
299 
183 

736 
1,929 

197 
28 
26 

405 
2,745 
464 

2,996 
and  666. 

28 

32 
24 

22 
33 
32 
37 
35 
37 

41 

43 
24 

19 

32 
37 

29 
24 
27 
44 
29 
33 
34 
34 
22 
46 

25 
18 

37 
29 

40 
35 
20 

23 
27 

26 
21 
30 

19 
19 

47 
30 
21 

16 
48 
28 

45 

5 

9 
3 

1 
7 
4 
3 
9 
10 

5 
2 

8 

2 
1 

Inspectors,  gaugers,  and 
samplers  .  . 

Insurance  agents  ... 

Officials  of  insurance  com- 
pany   

Coal  yard  laborers  

Elevator  laborers  

Lumberyard  laborers  
Stockvard  laborers  

Warehouse  laborers. 

Laborers,     porters,    and 
helpers  in  stores 

Newsboys  

E  mployment  office  keepers 
•Proprietors  

Real  estate  agents   and 
officials             

Refrigeration       operating 
men               .              

Retail  and  wholesale  deal- 
ers, exports  and  imports. 
Pharmacists  -. 

9 

7 

2 

Auctioneers  

6 
7 
11 
22 
22 
19 

4 
4 
8 
15 
15 
13 

2 
3 
3 

7 
7  ' 
6 

Demonstrators              .  .  . 

Sales  agents  

Salesmen  in  sto^re  .  .  . 

Undertakers  .  .              

Fruit  graders  and  packers. 
Butchers  .                    

Other  trade  occupations.  .  . 
Packers    (shipping     and 
warehouse)  

4 

2 

2 

Fire  department  men  
Guards,  watchmen,   and 
doorkeepers  

21 
5 
9 

12 
33 
3 

6 

7 

4 
6     ' 

7 

7 
14 

.4 
3.7 
6 

33 
17 
8 

17 

17 
3 

7 

8 
22 
2.4 

4 
5 

3 
5 
5 

6 
11 

.2 
2.6 
5 

28 
9 
6 

10 
m  655 

4 
2 
2 

4 
11 
.6 

2 
2 

1 
1 
2 

1 
3 

.2 
1.1 

1 

5 
8 
2 

7 

Garbage  men  and  scaven- 
gers   

Other  public  service  labor- 
ers 

Detectives  .    . 

Marshals  and  constables  .  . 
Probation  and  truant  offi- 
cers   

Sheriffs  .  . 

Officials   and   inspectors, 
city  . 

Officials  and   inspectors, 
county. 

Officials   and   inspectors, 
State    .  .  . 

Officials   and    inspectors, 
United  States 

Policemen  

Soldiers,  sailors,  and  ma- 
rines   

Life  savers  

Lighthouse  keepers 

Other  public  service  occu- 
pations 

Actors  

Architects 

Artists,     sculptors,     and 
teachers  of  art  

i  Combed  from  688. 

APPENDIX    TABLES. 


415 


APPENDIX  TABLE  42-A. — Industrial  index— Statistical  summary    of  occupations,    by 

classes— Continued . 


Key 

No. 

(1) 

Occupation. 
(2) 

Male  em- 
ployees 
of  all 
ages. 

(3) 

Ages  21-30 
within  selec- 
tive service 
law  as  classi- 
fied, 1918. 

Deferred     classes 
within     selective 
service  law. 

Class  I  within  selec- 
tive service  law. 

Num- 
ber. 

(4) 

Per 
cent 
of  ail 
ages. 

(•r>) 

Num- 
ber. 

(6) 

Per 

cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(7) 

Per 

cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(8) 

Num- 
ber. 

(9) 

Per 

cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(10) 

Per 

cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(11) 

746 
747 
750 

1752 

753 

754 
755 
757 

759 
760 
761 
762 
764 

766 

»767 
768 
770 
772 
774 

775 
777 
779 
780 

781 
782 
783 
784 
785 
786 
787 
788 

790 
«792 
800 
802 
804 

805 

6811 

813 
5820 
822 
830 

Authors  

5,023 
39,539 

18,  714 

59,838 
7,969 
(-) 
135,720 

18,018 
45,996 
13,556 
38,311 
2,699 

131,909 

160,206 

$ 

36,  541 
173,  801 
"23,  110 

4,520 
684,602 
94,  67P 
13,399 

18,028 
8,561 
1,840 
7,859 
8,614 
9,447 
18,365. 
13,020 

6,956 
21.391 

A 

224,566 
116,419 

15,917 
3,337 

190,  269 
16,123 
39,  139 
28,790 

74.  179 

355 
7,011 

12,764 

15,  069 
2,238 
4,117 
17,761 

3,838 
10,980 
3,569 
26,626 
116 

17,218 

16,945 
4,713 
7,593 
12,826 
10,091 

1,999 
44,448 
2,066 
3,196 

5,306 
737 
6 
329 
167 
433 
2,130 
2,418 

698 
2,945 
714 
59,  768 
14,375 

1,673 

298 

200 
4,827 
2,150 
10,  259 

2.429 

7 
18 

68 

25 
28 

208 
4,520 

9,092 

10,934 
1,818 
1,587 
17,014 

2,443 

7,860 
2,729 
19,065 
62 

11,509 

10,  262 
2,591 
4,905 
9,401 
7,021 

1,167 
26,271 
725 
2,397 

3,698 
542 
5 
305 
120 
299 
1,402 
1,625 

292 
1,611 
451 
42,300 
8,992 

1,112 

170 

136 
2,998 
1,758 
5,807 

1.696 

59 
64 

71 

72 
81 
39 

96 

64 
72 
76 
72 
53 

67 

61 
55 
64 
73 
70 

59 
59 
35 

75 

70 
74 
83 
93 
71 
69 
66 
67 

42 
56 
63 
71 
63 

66 
57 

68 
62 
82 
57 

69 

4 
11 

48 

18 
22 

147 
2,491 

3,672 

4,135 
420 
2,530 
747 

1,395 
3,120 
840 
7,561 

*64 
5,709 

6,683 
2,122 
2,688 
3,425 
3,070 

832 
18,  177 
1,341 
799 

1,608 
195 
1 

24 
47 
134 

728 
793 

406 
1,304 
263 
17,468 
5,383 

561 
128 

64 
1,829 
392 
4,452 

733 

41 
36 

29 

28 
19 
61 
4 

36 
28 
24 
28 
47 

33 

39 
45 
36 
27 
30 

41 
41 
65 
25 

30 
26 
17 
7 
29 
31 
34 
33 

58 
44 
37 
29 
37 

34 
43 

32 
38 

""43" 
30 

3 

7 

20 

7 
6 

Editors   .                        .  . 

Chemists  or  chemical  work- 
ers   

Surveyors  and  civil  engi- 
neers 

Mining  engineers  

Surveyors 

Clergymen  .  . 

14 

21 
24 

26 
70 
4 

13 
11 

13 

14 
17 
20 
50 
2 

9 
7 

"ii"" 

5 
31 

26 
4 
6 
18 

21 
7 
.2 
3.7 
1.3 
3 
7 
12 

4 
8 

1 

7 
7 
6 
20 
2 

4 

4 

College     presidents    and 
professors  ... 

Dentists  

Designers  

Draftsmen  

Inventors.        

I  awyers,  judges,  and  jus- 
tices   

Musicians    and    teachers 
(music)  

Musicians  

Photographers  .  . 

21 
7 
44 

44 
6 
2 
24 

29 
9 
3 

4 

l.P 
4 
11 
18 

10 
14 

7 
2 
13 

19 
2 
1.4 
6 

8 
2 
.1 
.3 
.6 
1 
4 
6 

6 
6 
..„.. 

4 
4 
4 

.03 
11 

1 
15 

1 

Physicians  and  surgeons  .  . 
Showmen 

Teachers      of     athletics, 
dancing,  etc  

Teachers  (school) 

Nurses  or  masseurs  

Veterinarians  or  farriers.  .  . 
Other    professional    pur- 
suits.   

Abstractors,  notaries,  and 
justices  of  peace  

Fortune    tellers,    hypno- 
tists, and  spiritualists  .  . 
Healers    (except    physi- 
cians and  surgeons)  ."  — 
Keepers  01  charitable  and 
penal  institutions 

Officials  oi  lodges,  socie- 
ties, etc                 .  . 

Religious     and      charity 
workers  

Theatrical  owners,  mana- 
gers and  officers  . 

Other      semi-professional 
pursuits 

Attendants  and  helpers.  .  . 
Statisticians 

Bar  bers      

27 
12 

11 

9 

.1 
30 
5 
36 

3 

19 

8 

7 
5 

.07 
19 
4 
21 

2 

Bartenders  

Billiard     and     poolroom 
keepers 

Dance  hall,  skating  rink, 
etc  ..  keepers  

Boarding     and     lodging 
house  keepers  

Bootblacks  

Charwomen  and  cleaners.  . 
Elevator  tenders  

Hotel  keepers  and  mana- 
gers... 

1  The  census  total  includes  surveyors,  key  No.  754.    The  Provost  Marshal  General's  code  numbers  should 
be  combined  for  comparison  with  census. 

2  No  data. 

*  Combed  from  766. 

4  Combed  from  780. 

5  Females  included  in  above  figure. 


416 


APPENDIX   CABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  42-A. — Industrial  index — Statistical  summary    of  occupations,    by 

classes — Continued . 


Key 

No. 

(1) 

Occupation. 
(2) 

Male  em- 
ployees 
of  all 
ages. 

(3) 

Ages  21-30 
within  selec- 
tive service 
law  as  classi- 
fied, 1918. 

Deferred     classes 
within     selective 
service  law. 

Class  I  within  selec- 
tive service  law. 

Num- 
ber. 

(4) 

Per 
cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(5) 

Num- 
oer. 

(6) 

Per 
cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(7) 

Per 
cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(8) 

Num- 
ber. 

(9) 

Per 
cent 
of 
ages 
21-30. 

(10) 

Per 
cent 
of  all 
ages. 

(11) 

1833 

835 
842 

846 

848 

2855 

866 
868 

870 
873 

874 
875 
876 
877 
888 
895 

896 

897 
898 

899 

900 
<955 
956 
957 
966 
976 

977 
6978 

987 
988 

«  998 
9U9 

Housekeepers  and  stew- 
ards   

217,664 
130,043 

61.502 
742,415 

20,749 

145,8P3 
96,747 

69,956 
78,447 
21,078 
187 
29,517 
518,006 
1,193,700 
•216,537 

5,284 
•5,568 
17,089 

1,211 

4,968 
(3) 
(3) 
21,384 
41,109 
559,  705 

92,406 
736,  166 

(') 
12,496 

111,444 
364,196 

3,449 
9,294 

6,164 
11,437 

820 

4,019 
27,455 

7,024 
1,953 

4.622 

(3410 
59,106 
13,927 
42,285 

148 
145 
11,287 

72 

546 
41,306 
10,867 
1,193 
4,257 
139,728 

28,566 
293,763 

20,948 
248 

4,379 
44,886 

1.5 

7 

10 
15 

4 

3 

28 

10 
3 
22 

2,165 
6,070 

3,565 
7,818 

611 

2,008 
13,071 

5,038 
1,505 
1,964 

(*) 
226 
32,  736 
7,502 
25,097 

89 
105 

7,752 

44 

330 
24,612 
7,575 
806 
2,892 
87,899 

18,417 
188,  136 

12,449 
121 

2,263 
25,045 

63 
65 

57 

68 

75 

50 
48 

72 

77 
42 

1 
5 

6 
10 

3 

1 

14 

7 
2 
9 

1,284" 
3,224 

2,599 
3,619 

209 

2,011 
14,384 

1,986 
448 

2,658 

(3) 

37 
35 

43 
32 

25 

50 
52 

28 
23 
58 

.5 
2 

4 
5 

1 

2 

14 

3 

1 
13 

Sextons  

Laborers,   domestic   and 

Laundrymen          

Laundry  owners,  officials 
and  managers  

Nurses  or  masseurs  (not 
trained)  

Porters  (except  in  stores).. 
Restaurant  and  cafe  keep- 

Saloon  keepers      

Bell  boys,  shore  boys,  etc.  . 
Chambermaids          

Coachmen  and  footmen  .  .  . 
Cook 

1 
11 
1 
20 

3 
3 
66 

6 
11 

55 
55 
54 
59 

60 
72 
69 

61 

60 
60 

70 
68 
68 
63 

64 
64 

59 
49 

52 
56 

.5 
6 
.5 
12 

2 
2 

45 

4 

7 

184 
26,370 
6,425 
17,  188 

59 
40 
3,535 

98 

216 
16,694 
3,292 
;J,s7 
1,365 
51,829 

10,  149 
105,627 

8,499 
127 

2,116 
19,841 

45 
45 
46 
41 

40 
28 
31 

39 

40 
40 
30 
32 
32 
37 

36 
36 

41 
51 

48 
44 

.5 
5 
.5 

8 

1 
1 
21 

2 
4 

Other  servants  

Waiters  

Bathhouse  keeper  and  at- 
tendants      

Cemetery  keepers  

Clothing  cleaners  

Umbrella    menders    and 
scissor  grinders  

Other  domestic  and  per- 
sonal-service pursuits  — 
Students 

Canvassers 

6 
10 

25 

31 
39 

"19"" 

4 
12 

4 
7 
16 

20 
26 

..„.. 

2 
7 

2 
3 
9 

11 
13 

"io" 

2 
5 

Collectors  

Cashiers  and  accountants  . 
Clerical  work  ers—  shipping 
cierks   

Other  clerks  

Stock  clerks  (store  or  fac- 

Bundle  and  cash  boys  
Messengers,  errand,   and 
office  boys  

JTypists  and  stenographers. 

1  Females  probably  included  in  above  census  figure. 

2  Females  included  in  above, 
s  No  data. 

*  Combed  from  955. 

e  Combed  from  611  and  977. 

*  No  data  on  998  in  census  index;  combed  from  999. 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 
APPENDIX  TABLE  49-A. — Physical  groups  by  States. 


417 


Total 
exam- 
ined 
physi- 
cally. 

Physi- 
cally 
qualified, 
Group  A. 

Per 

cent  of 
exam- 
ined. 

Reme- 
diable 
Group 
B. 

Per 
cent  of 
exam- 
ined. 

Limit- 
ed 
service 
Group 
C. 

Per 
cent  of 
exam- 
ined. 

Physi- 
cally 
disqual- 
ified, 
Group 
D. 

Per 

cent  of 
exam- 
ined. 

United  States  

3,208,446 

2,259,027 

70.41 

88,436 

2.76 

339,377 

10.58 

521,606 

16.25 

Alabama     

69,284 

53,717 

77.53 

1,363 

1.97 

4.814 

6.95 

9,390 

13.55 

Arizona  

8,979 

4,941 

55.03 

166 

1.85 

738 

8.22 

3,134 

34.90 

Arkansas  

58,928 

46,560 

79.02 

929 

1.57 

3,732 

6.33 

7.707 

13.08 

California    

67,  772 

41.  135 

60.70 

1,375 

2.03 

10,  578 

15.61 

14,684 

21.66 

Colorad  o  

30,087 

17,  769 

59.06 

587 

1.95 

5,131 

17.  05 

6,600 

21.94 

38,631 

22,721 

58.82 

1  700 

4  40 

6,411 

16  00 

7,799 

20.79 

Delaware  

7,003 

4,599 

65.67 

25 

.36 

1,473 

21.03 

906 

12.94 

Disl  net  of  Columbia  
Vlorida        

12,538 
32,780 

9,069 
24,659 

72.32 
75.23 

490 
573 

3.91 
1  75 

1,530 
2,794 

12.21 

8.52 

1,449 
4,754 

11.56 
14.50 

84,191 

61,  527 

73.08 

1,705 

2  02 

7,362 

8.74 

13,  597 

16.16 

15,  871 

11,250 

70.89 

762 

4  80 

1,506 

9.87 

2,293 

14.44 

Illinois  

225,  127 

163,  507 

72.63 

5,727 

2  54 

21,334 

9.48 

34,559 

15.35 

Indiana  

74,356 

53,811 

72.37 

1,604 

2  15 

7,576 

10.19 

11,365 

15.29 

78,  272 

60,364 

77  13 

1  797 

2  29 

5,181 

6.62 

10,930 

13.96 

48,  669 

38,  148 

78.38 

1  215 

2  50 

3,287 

6.  75 

6,019 

12.37 

Kentucky  

75,024 

58,356 

77.78 

1  208 

1  61 

4,478 

5.97 

10,982 

14.64 

66,142 

50  571 

76  46 

1  464 

2  21 

4  888 

7  39 

9,219 

13  94 

22,646 

14  765 

65  19 

'617 

2  73 

3  378 

14  92 

3,886 

17  16 

3S,  392 

26  237 

68  35 

943 

2  45 

4,197 

10  93 

7,015 

18.27 

Massachusetts  

108,  356 

62  216 

57.42 

3  747 

3  46 

22,192 

20  48 

20,201 

18.64 

Michigan  

115,412 

70,  726 

61.28 

4  089 

3  54 

13  844 

12  00 

26,753 

23.18 

81,  862 

62,199 

75.98 

1  155 

1  41 

5,930 

7  24 

12,  578 

15.37 

55,615 

43  376 

77  99 

'951 

1  71 

3  467 

6  24 

7,821 

14  06 

115,030 

83  949 

72  99 

2  742 

2  38 

9  319 

8  10 

19,  020 

16  53 

31,547 

23  159 

73  40 

'727 

2  33 

3  657 

11  59 

4,004 

12  68 

41,  646 

32  555 

78  18 

850 

2  04 

2  864 

6  87 

5,377 

12.91 

\Tpva<la     

3,482 

2,407 

69  13 

143 

4  11 

435 

12  49 

497 

14.27 

New  Hampshire  

12,258 

7  793 

63  57 

247 

2  02 

2  552 

20  82 

1,666 

13  59 

93,964 

62  489 

68  50 

2  458 

2  62 

14  151 

15  06 

14,866 

15  82 

New  Mexico  

11,983 

9  296 

77  59 

'239 

1  99 

723 

6  03 

1,725 

14  39 

New  York  

3l.r),  536 

192  311 

60  95 

12  631 

4  00 

49.  670 

15  74 

60,  924 

19  31 

North  Carolina  .  . 

75  498 

55  215 

73  14 

1  393 

1  84 

7  051 

9  34 

11  839 

15  68 

North  Dakota  

25,  151 

19,  498 

77  52 

256 

1  02 

1,6-18 

6  55 

3,749 

14.91 

Ohio        

166,  177 

120  142 

72  29 

4  925 

2  96 

18  176 

10  94 

22,  934 

13  81 

Oklahoma  

65,374 

54  145 

82  82 

1  249 

1  91 

3  588 

5  49 

6,392 

9  78 

Oregon     

23,996 

16  582 

69  10 

657 

2  74 

3  243 

13  51 

3,514 

14  65 

246  884 

171  101 

69  30 

10  833 

4  39 

27  632 

H  19 

37,  318 

15  12 

Rhode  Island  

15  395 

8  264 

53  68 

574 

3  73 

2  143 

13  92 

4,414 

28  67 

South  Carolina  

40,  197 

28  091 

69  88 

1  478 

3  68 

3  696 

9  20 

6,932 

17  24 

Pouth  Dakota  

25,  806 

19  718 

70  41 

1  183 

4  58 

1  775 

6  88 

3,130 

12  13 

70  367 

51  319 

72  93 

1  459 

2  07 

5  826 

8  28 

11  763 

16  72 

Texas  

131,  5S6 

10l'  862 

77  41 

2  276 

1  73 

7*334 

5  57 

20,  114 

15  29 

Utah                 

13  844 

9  752 

70  45 

375 

2  71 

1  721 

12  42 

1  9% 

14  42 

Vermont  

10  761 

6  056 

56  28 

364 

3  38 

1  914 

17  79 

2  427 

22  55 

Virginia  

68,177 

49  146 

72  08 

1  160 

1  70 

5  390 

7  91 

12,  4S1 

18  31 

Washington  

37,  5S1 

20  800 

55  35 

1  022 

2  72 

7,179 

19  10 

8,580 

22  83 

West  Virginia  . 

51  473 

40  047 

77  81 

710 

1  37 

3  242 

6  30 

7  474 

14  52 

Wisr'on  sin  

90  517 

64  579 

71  35 

4  158 

4  59 

7  974 

8  81 

13  S06 

15  25 

Wyoming  

8,279 

6'  528 

78.85 

135 

1  63 

593 

7.16 

1  023 

12  36 

97250°— 


418 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


419 


APPENDIX  TABLE  52-A. — Causes  for  physical  rejections  in  urban  and  rural  districts, 

compared. 


URBAN  DISTRICTS. 


Disqualifying  defects. 

Aver- 
age. 

Md. 

Mass. 

111. 

Ohio. 

y.Y. 

E.Pa. 

W.  Pa. 

Mo. 

Total  

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

1.  Alcohol  and  drugs  
2.  Bones  and  joints  
3    Developmental   

1.9 

8.9 

9.7 

1.0 
10.2 
3.6 

2.3 
7.4 
16.7 

1.8 
8.9 
4.2 

1.0 
12.6 
16.2 

2.3 
8.1 
10.4 

1.9 
9.1 
14.7 

0.3 
11.2 
6.7 

1.4 
8.3 
1.8 

.2 

.3 

.2 

.4 

.3 

.2 

.2 

.4 

3 

5    Ears                    '-  

5.8 

7.5 

4.0 

4.0 

3.1 

5.7 

8.6 

8.7 

3  4 

6    E  vcs                    

10.9 

14.  3 

5.4 

8.7 

5.1 

13.6 

9.1 

10.8 

8  9 

7    Flat  foot                           

9.3 

9.3 

9.7 

8.0 

8.1 

10.6 

6.3 

7  6 

12  8 

1.4 

1.6 

.4 

3.3 

1.1 

.9 

1  0 

1  7 

2  5 

9.  Genito-uriaary  (nonvenereal)  
10   Heirt  and  blood  vessels  

1.2 
8.9 

.7 
10.4 

1.4 
11.3 

1.5 
7.1 

.9 

7.7 

1.3 
7.9 

1.1 
10.7 

.6 
13  1 

.8 
10  0 

10.1 

7.8 

8.2 

9.2 

10.0 

10.4 

9.1 

12  3 

12  9 

12    Mental  deficiency  

1.5 

2.7 

1.8 

2.0 

1.5 

1.1 

1.8 

1.2 

2  0 

13.  Nervous  and  mental  disorders  
14    Rcspiratory  (tuberculous)  

4.6 
5.6 

4.7 
9.8 

2.9 
4,3 

5.2 
5.3 

5.0 
3.5 

4.8 
4.9 

3.7 

5.7 

4.1 
4.3 

5.7 

11  7 

1  5.  Respiratory  (noutiiberculous)  
1$   skin                          

1.8 
-     .1 

2.1 
.0 

.6 
.1 

"  '.2 

2.3 
.0 

1.3 

.2 

2.6 
.1 

4.7 
2 

2.7 
2 

17   Teeth                 

5.9 

2.2 

14.6 

3.9 

7.3 

6.8 

3.9 

6  5 

2  1 

18.  Thyroid    

2.0 

.6 

.1 

2.9 

2.7 

1.2 

2.1 

2  2 

6  5 

19.  Tuberculous  (nonrespiratory)  
20   Other  defects        

.1 

.0 
1.0 

.0 
.5 

.2 

.4 

.4 
.2 

.2 
1.0 

.1 
.5 

.1 

.3 

.0 

g 

21.  Delects  not  stated  

9.2 

5.0 

8.3 

21.5 

11.1 

7.1 

7.9 

3.0 

5.1 

RURAL  DISTRICTS. 


Disqualifying  defects. 

Aver- 
age. 

Md. 

Mass. 

111. 

OMo. 

N.Y. 

E.Pa. 

W.Pa. 

Mo. 

Total  

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

1    Vlcohol  and  drugs        

0.6 

0.2 

0.6 

1.1 

0.9 

0.8 

0  1 

0  1 

0  5 

2   Bones  and  joints  

10.9 

14.5 

6.5 

11.3 

12.6 

9.4 

12  1 

13  8 

9  5 

3   Developmental   

6.3 

1.4 

14.3 

6.6 

9  0 

8.2 

5.0 

2.9 

4 

4.  Digestive  system  

.3 

.3 

.2 

.4 

.2 

.2 

.4 

.3 

2 

5.  Ears  

4.4 

6.4 

3.8 

3.3 

2.5 

3  8 

7.7 

5  7 

2  7 

6.  Eves                            

9.0 

11.4 

4.4 

9.2 

5.  7 

8  8 

9  9 

9  3 

10  6 

7.  Flat  foot  

7.4 

8.3 

9.1 

8.3 

5.2 

9.0 

4  9 

4.4 

6  7 

8   Genito-urinarv  (venereal)        .  .  . 

1  1 

1.2 

.7 

1.8 

.6 

1  i 

Q 

Q 

9 

9.  Genito-urinary  (nonvenereal)  
10.  Heart  and  blood  vessels  

1.5 
10  4 

1.6 
10.  1 

2.5 
12  1 

1.3 
9.1 

.4 
6  1 

2.1 

7  4 

1.1 
14  9 

1.0 
15  3 

.9 
13  0 

11.  Hernia  

9  6 

9.0 

9  5 

11  8 

10  4 

9  2 

7  5 

8  5 

10  6 

12.  Mental  deficiency  

3.9 

11.7 

3.5 

3.4 

2.4 

1  9 

5  6 

2.9 

7  9 

13.  Nervous  and  mental  disorders  
14.  Respiratory  (tuberculous) 

4.2 
5  3 

5.1 

6  2 

2.0 
4  0 

4.7 
6  4 

4.9 

4  7 

4.2 
3  1 

2.9 
4  9 

4.8 
3  9 

5.2 
14  3 

15.  Respiratory  (non  tuberculous)  
16.  Skin  

2.4 
.2 

3.9 

2.5 

1.4 
.3 

3.9 
1 

1.3 
2 

4.1 
1 

3.9 
1 

2.2 
1 

17.  Teeth  

6.7 

3  9 

10  2 

4  8 

8  1 

7  2 

8  6 

8  1 

1  9 

18.  Th  vroid  

3.4 

2.8 

4 

3  1 

4  9 

2  1 

5  0 

5  2 

5  2 

19.  Tuberculous  (nonrespiratory)  

.1 

.2 

.1 

.  i 

1 

.1 

.2 

20.  Other  defects  

5 

6 

9 

8 

2 

6 

3 

4 

5 

21.  Defects  not  stated  

11.9 

1  2 

12  7 

10  9 

17  2 

19  2 

4  3 

8  6 

6  4 

420 

APPENDIX  TABLE  56-A. 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 

-Physical  rejections  at  camp,  compared  by  States  (Feb.  10  to 
Nov.  1,  1918). 


States. 

Total 
inducted. 

Total 
rejected. 

Per  cent 
rejected. 

United  States     

2  124  293 

172  000 

8  10 

Alabama          

50  779 

7  189 

14  16 

Arizona     

4,799 

272 

5  67 

Arkansas              

41  178 

3  056 

7  42 

California  

43  147 

2  R42 

6  59 

Colorado    

17,7.52 

1  092 

6  15 

Connecticut        

23  031 

1  178 

5  11 

Delaware  

3,815 

342 

8.96 

District  of  Columbia  

8,430 

480 

5  69 

Florida  

23,729 

2,068 

8  72 

Georgia  

56,534 

7,041 

12  45 

Idaho       -.  

-  9,  592 

855 

8  91 

Illinois       

145,063 

9,368 

6  46 

Indiana  

58,418 

3,047 

5  22 

Iowa                                                                                                         • 

61,889 

3  346 

5  41 

Kansas  

37,572 

2,844 

7  57 

Kentucky  

49,350 

3  235 

6  56 

Louisiana     

43,116 

4,476 

10  38 

Maine        .'  

14.114 

1,336 

9  47 

Maryland  ,-...'  -  '.  

26,  678 

1,318 

4.94 

Massachusetts  

60,178 

4,953 

8  23 

Michigan  

72,899 

6.287 

8  62 

Minnesota  . 

61,109 

3,566 

5  84 

Mississippi.    

38,  546 

4,060 

10  53 

Missouri 

7-1,  595 

8,055 

10  80 

Montana     

19,  671 

1,445 

7  35 

Nebraska  ,  

24,  130 

1,471 

6.  10 

Nevada  

1,928 

134 

6.95 

New  Hampshire  

494 

7  31 

New  Jersey  

58,864 

4,  5153 

7.75 

New  Mexico    ...      .                          .        

6,900 

463 

6  71 

193,  237 

17,  194 

8  90 

North  Carolina  

51,690 

4,  517 

8.74 

North  Dakota  .         .      

16,114 

1,028 

6.38 

Ohio     

112,114 

6,551 

5.84 

Oklahoma  

50,636 

3,520 

6.95 

'Oregon    

15.184 

1,451 

9.56 

Pennsylvania    .».  

154,930 

14,  996 

9.68 

Rhode  Island              .                                                    ... 

9,086 

673 

7  41 

South  Carolina       ... 

37,  104 

3,653 

9.85 

South  Dakota  

18,715 

1,269 

6.78 

Tennessee          .                          .             ...          

45,  861 

4,825 

10.52 

Texas      

94,694 

4.851 

5.12 

Utah          

8,035 

'525 

6.53 

Vermont            

5,291 

492 

9.30 

Virginia          

43,791 

5,667 

12.94 

20  202 

1  425 

7  05 

West  Virginia.         

37'  079 

3.  755 

10.13 

Wisconsin  

58,  8,"2 

4,273 

7.26 

Wyoming        

7,117 

459 

6.45 

APPENDIX   TABLES. 


421 


Chart  D.-PHYSICAL  REJECTIONS  OF  INDUCTED  MEN  AT  CAMP,  BY  STATES 

PER  CENT 

01        8        34        5        67        8-S       10      11       12     13      14    15 

Maryland 

Connecticut 

Texas 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Arizona 

Dist  Columbia 

Ohio 

Minnesota 

Nebraska 

Colorado 

North  Dakota 

Wyoming 

.Illinois 

Utah 

Kentucky 

California 
New  Mexico 

South  Dakota 

Oklahoma 

Nevada 

Washington 

Wisconsin 

New  Hampshire 

Montana 

Rhode  Island 

Arkansas 

Kansas 

New  Jersey 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Florida 

North  Carolina 

New  York 

Idaho 

Delaware 

Vermont 

Maine 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

South  Carolina 

West  Virginia 

Louisiana 

Tennessee 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Georgia 

Virginia 

Alabama 


422 

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APPENDIX   TABLES. 


425 


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APPENDIX    TABLES. 


427 


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428 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


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APPENDIX  TABLES. 


429 


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430 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  60 -C. — Causes  of  physical  rejections  by  camp  surgeons,  compared  by 

States  (series  Y). 

I.  FIGURES. 


Disqualifying  defects. 

Total. 

Ala. 

Ariz. 

Ark. 

Cal. 

Colo. 

Conn. 

Del. 

D.C. 

Fla. 

Total  

172,000 

7,189 

272 

3,056 

2,842 

1,092 

1,178 

312 

480 

2  068 

1.  Alcohol  and  drugs  

1,238 

9 

2 

16 

45  1 

10 

15 

16 

0 

4 

2.  Bones  and  joints    ..- 

19  623 

833 

39 

308 

262 

136 

108 

47 

38 

261 

3.  Developmental  defects.  ...  -  .  . 

11.  538 

504 

9 

73 

75 

73 

79 

31 

31 

68 

4.  Digestive  system  

448 

0 

0 

10 

6 

0 

3 

\ 

1 

0 

5.  Ears  

6,  455 

108 

15 

71 

76 

85 

78 

17 

31 

23 

6.  Eves.     .                               ... 

15.  367 

417 

34 

328 

159 

83 

97 

35 

51 

146 

7.  Flat  foot  

13.234 

409 

20 

419 

263 

88 

94 

38 

24 

72 

8.  Genito-urinary  (venereal)  

2.744 

64 

5 

27 

58 

7 

14 

6 

19 

47 

9.  Genito-urinary  (non  venereal).. 

2  226 

112 

1 

11 

12 

7 

26 

g 

4 

16 

10.  Heart  and  blood  vessels  

19,268 

729 

33 

573 

328 

105 

140 

23 

62 

130 

11.  Hernia  

18,353 

651 

6 

359 

216 

112 

136 

20 

30 

229 

12.  Mental  deficiency  

6,293 

614 

4 

297 

81 

55 

49 

11 

10 

29 

13.  Nervous  and  mental  disorders  
14.  Respiratory  (tuberculous)      .... 

7,319 
10  792 

285 
396 

18 

26 

98 
233 

149 
341 

72 
116 

53 
69 

13 
17 

13 
25 

82 
120 

15.  Respiratory  (nontuberculous)  

3  483 

68 

5 

90 

17 

23 

38 

8 

19 

40 

16.  Skin  

213 

1 

1 

3 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

1 

17.  Teeth  

9,952 

254 

12 

37 

150 

47 

32 

22 

39 

75 

18.  Thyroid. 

3,697 

37 

2 

19 

14 

29 

23 

5 

30 

6 

19.  Tuberculosis  (nonrespiratory)  

159 

0 

0 

2 

3 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

20.  Other  defects  

1,373 

84 

3 

16 

16 

27 

4 

0 

4 

25 

21.  Defects  not  stated  .  . 

18  225 

1,614 

37 

66 

."-71 

15 

118 

24 

19 

694 

II.  PERCENTAGES. 


Disqualifying  defects.  ' 

Total. 

Ala. 

Ariz. 

Ark. 

Cal. 

Colo. 

Conn. 

Del. 

D.C. 

Fla. 

Total  

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

1.  Alcohol  and  drugs  

0.72 

0.1 

0.7 

0.5 

1.6 

0.9 

1.3 

4.7 

0.0 

0.2 

2.  Bones  and  joints    

11  41 

11  6 

14.3 

10.  1 

9.2 

12.5 

9.2 

13.7 

7.9 

12.6 

3.  Developmental  defects  

6.71 

7.0 

3.3 

2.4 

2.6 

6.7 

6.7 

9.  1 

6.5 

3.3 

4.  Digestive  system  

.28 

.0 

.0 

.3 

.2 

.0 

.3 

.3 

.2 

.0 

5.  Ears         

3.75 

1.5 

5.5 

2.3 

2.7 

7.8 

6.6 

5.0 

6.5 

1.1 

6.  Eyes  

8.93 

5.8 

12.5 

10.7 

5.6 

7.6 

8.2 

10.2 

10.6 

7.1 

7.  Flat  foot                                  

7.69 

5.7 

7.4 

13.7 

9.3 

8.1 

8.0 

11.1 

5.0 

3.5 

8.  Genito-urinary  (venereal)  ..... 

1.60 

.9 

1.8 

.9 

2.0 

.6 

1.2 

1.8 

4.0 

2.3 

9.  Genito-urinary  (non-  venereal)  
10.  Heart  and  blood  vessels  

1.30 
11.20 

1.6 
10.1 

.4 
12.1 

.4 
18.7 

.4 
11.5 

.6 
9.6 

2.2 
11.9 

2.3 
6.7 

.8 
12.9 

.8 
6.3 

11.  Hernia  

10.67 

9.  1 

2.2 

11.7 

7.6 

10.3 

11.5 

5.8 

6.2 

11.1 

12   Mental  deficiency 

3.66 

8.5 

1.5 

9.7 

2.9 

5.0 

4.2 

3.2 

2.1 

1.4 

13.  Nervous  and  mental  disorders  
14.  Respiratory  (tuberculous)  

4.26 
6.27 

4.0 
5.5 

6.6 
9.6 

3.2 

7.6 

5.2 

12.0 

6.6 
10.6 

4.5 
5.9 

3.8 
5.0 

9.0 

5.2 

4.0 
5.8 

15.  Respiratory  (nontuberculous)  
16  .  Skin  

2.02 
.12 

.9 
.01 

1.8 
.4 

2.9 
.1 

.6 
.0 

2.1 
.2 

3.2 
.0 

2.3 
.0 

4.0 
.0 

1.9 
.05 

17.  Teeth  

*5.  79 

3.5 

4.4 

1.2 

5.3 

4.3 

2.7 

6.4 

8.1 

3.6 

18.  Thyroid  

2.15 

.5 

.7 

.6 

2.7 

2.0 

1.5 

6.2 

.3 

19.  Tuberculosis  (nonrespiratory)  
20.  Other  defects  

.09 
.80 

.0 
1.2 

.0 
1.1 

.07 
.5 

.1 
.6 

.0 
2.5 

.2 
.3 

.0 
.0 

.0 
.8 

.0 
1.3 

21.  Defects  not  stated  

10.t>0 

22.5 

13.6 

2.3 

20.1 

1.4 

10.0 

7.0 

4.0 

33.6 

APPENDIX   TABLES. 


431 


APPENDIX  TABLE  GO-C. — Causes  of  physical  rejections  by  camp  surgeons,  compared  by 
Stales  (series  Y) — Continued. 


I.  FIGURES. 


Disqualifying  defects. 

Ga. 

Idaho. 

111. 

Iii'I. 

Iowa. 

Kans. 

Ky. 

La, 

Me. 

Md. 

Total            

7,041 

K5 

9,368 

3,ot; 

3,346 

2,844 

3,  235 

4,476 

1,336 

1,318 

1    Alcohol  and  druses    

13 

0 

110 

5 

13 

23 

32 

10 

2 

8 

2.  Bones  and  joints         

1,388 

123 

996 

344 

411 

428 

267 

471 

117 

196 

1.390 

46 

561 

146 

147 

37 

14rt 

183 

100 

33 

4   Digestive  system  

22 

1 

41 

5 

10 

10 

7 

23 

2 

4 

5.  ELITS     '  

128 

42 

339 

134 

149 

78 

99 

81 

14 

92 

6,  Eves          

545 

59 

850 

210 

361 

264 

302 

290 

51 

170 

7.  F';it  fiK>'.           

425 

116 

-:nr, 

156 

339 

198 

60 

223 

227 

116 

8    C'Ciiito-urinarv  (venereal)       

94 

8 

243 

42 

15 

46 

69 

30H 

12 

19 

9.  (  1  enito-iiriiiary  (nonvetiereal  l  

49 

7 

135 

36 

17 

31 

22 

68 

35 

15 

538 

117 

809 

356 

518 

323 

209 

579 

219 

135 

o»il 

88 

1.014 

43."> 

416 

446 

377 

387 

140 

111 

12.  Mental  deficiency       

MB 

23 

278 

103 

108 

71 

323 

246 

84 

93 

13.  Nervous  and  mental  disorders  
14   Respiratory  (tuberculous)  

an 

276 

18 
26 

495 
591 

118 
400 

188 
177 

141 

2.S6 

199 
768 

205 
476 

43 
51 

65 
106 

15.  Respiratory  (nonlubereuious)  
It;    Ssin              

72 
8 

4 
0 

125 
29 

85 
3 

70 
5 

m 

10 

60 
3 

129 
g 

35 
3 

39 
0 

17.  Tri'th           

646 

63 

410 

106 

156 

59 

111 

478 

99 

39 

18   Thvroid 

42 

38 

252 

40 

79 

123 

48 

30 

4 

23 

19.  Tuberculosis  (nonrespiratory)  
20   Otlior  defocts                   .  . 

0 

,">2 

1 

s 

15 
55 

1 

33 

5 

16 

1 

33 

5 

27 

0 

82 

• 
7 

1 

11 

21.  Defects  nut  stated       

279 

67 

1,216 

289 

146 

98 

101 

198 

91 

42 

II.  PERCENTAGES. 


Disqualifying  effects. 

Ga. 

Idaho. 

111. 

Ind. 

Iowa. 

Kaus. 

Ky. 

La. 

Me. 

Md. 

Total  .                

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

1.  Alcoholand  drugs  

0.2 
19.7 
19.7 
.3 
1.8 
7.7 
6.0 
1.3 
.7 
7.6 
8.0 
3.2 
4.1 
3.9 
LO 
.1 
9.2 
.6 
.0 
.7 
4.0 

0.0 
14.4 
5.4 
..1 
4.9 
6.9 
13.6 
.9 
.8 
13.7 
10.2 
2.7 
2.1 
3.0 
.5 
.0 
7.4 
4.4 
.1 
.9 
7.8 

1.2 
10.  (i 
6.0 
.4 
3.6 
9U 
8.6 
2.6 
1.4 
8.6 
10.8 
3.0 
5.3 

6.3 

1.3 
.3 
4.4 
2.7 
.2 
.6 
13.0 

0.2 

11.3 
4.8 
.2 
4.4 
(1.9 
5.1 
1.4 
1.2 
11.7 
14.3 
3.4 
3.9 
13.  1 
2.8 
.1 
3.5 
1.3 
.03 
1.1 
9.4 

0.4 
12.3 
4.4 
.3 
4.5 
10.8 
10.1 
.4 
.5 
15.  5 
12.4 
3.2 
5.6 
5.3 
2.1 
.1 
4.7 
2.4 

>> 
4.  1 

0.8 
15.  0 
1.3 
.3 
2.8 
9.3 
7.0 
1.6 
1.1 
11.:; 
15.7 
2.5 
5.0 
10.1 
4.9 
.4 
2.1 
1.  :'- 
.04 
1.2 
3.4 

1.0 

8.3 
4.5 
.2 
3.1 
9.3 
1.9 
2.1 
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6.5 
11.7 
10.0 
6.  2 
23.7 
1.9 
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3.4 
1.5 
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3.1 

0.2 
10.  5 
4.1 
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1.8 
6.5 
5.0 
6.9 
1.5 
12.9 
8.6 
5.5 
4.6 
10.6 
2.9 
.2 
10.7 
.7 
.0 
L8 
4.4 

0.1 
8.8 
7.5 
.1 

1.0 
3.8 
17.0 
.» 
2.G 
Ui.4 
10.5 
6.3 
3.2 
3.8 
2.6 
.2 
T.4 
.3. 
.0 
.5 
G.8 

0.6 
14.9 
2.5 
.3 
7.0 
12.9 
8.8 
1.4 
1.1 
10.2 
8.4 
7.0 
5.0 
8.0 
3.0 
.0 
3.0 
1.7 
.08 
.8 
3.2 

2    Bonesand  joints                     

3    1  )  o  velopmenta  1  defects  

4.  Digestive  system  
5.  Ears  

6.  Eyes  

7    Flat  foot 

8   (Jonito-ui'inary  (veneroal). 

9.  Genito-urrnary  (noavenereal)  
10.  Heart  and  blood  vessels  
11.  Hernia  

12.  Mental  deficiency  

13.  Nervous  and  mentaldisorders  
14.  Respiratory  (tuberculous)  

15.  Resmratory  (uontuberculous)  
16.  Skin  

17.  Teeth  

18.  Thyroid  

19.  Tuberculosis  (nonrespiratory)  
20.  Other  defects 

21.  Defects  not  stated.. 

432 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  60-C. — Causes  of  physical  rejections  by  camp  surgeons,  compared  by 
States  (series  Y) — Continued. 


I.  FIGURES. 


Disqualifying  defects. 

Mass. 

Mich. 

Minn. 

Miss. 

Mo. 

Mont. 

Nebr. 

Nev. 

K.H. 

X.J. 

Total 

4.953 

6.287 

3,566 

4,060 

8,055 

1,445 

1,471 

134 

494 

4  563 

1.  Alcohol  and  drugs  

60 

24 

19 

10 

119 

11 

10 

1 

1 

30 

2.  Bones  and  joints  

404 

561 

435 

525 

815 

204 

205 

13 

40 

484 

3.  Developmental  defects  

7-11 

121 

260 

85 

130 

59 

26 

10 

45 

716 

4.  Digestive  system    

9 

23 

8 

19 

33 

0 

8 

0 

0 

13 

5.  Ears  

197 

283 

115 

70 

271 

59 

30 

5 

8 

285 

6.  Eyes  

261 

515 

229 

339 

851 

103 

133 

6 

20 

457 

7.  Flat  foot  

458 

430 

335 

395 

767 

159 

126 

15 

69 

319 

8    Genito-urinary  (venereal) 

30 

89 

53 

299 

213 

8 

16 

1 

2 

10 

9.  Genito-urinary  (non  venereal). 

75 

90 

115 

50 

76 

9 

15 

1 

17 

95 

10.  Heart  and  blood  vessels  

681 

1,595 

344 

425 

763 

205 

172 

24 

60 

255 

11.  Hernia        

450 

1,042 

358 

543 

1,047 

178 

204 

15 

52 

495 

12.  Mental  deficiency  

117 

170 

112 

261 

335 

15 

31 

2 

15 

39 

13.  Nervous  and  mental  disorders  
14.  Respiratory  (tuberculous)  

141 

204 

218 
220 

205 
127 

219 
423 

438 
994 

31 
49 

68 
115 

6 
6 

18 
11 

101 
90 

15.  Respiratory  (nontuberculous)  
16.  Skin  : 

84 
4 

65 

9 

33 

7 

40 
5 

175 
12 

3 
0 

34 
3 

0 
0 

16 
1 

38 

7 

17.  Teeth  

526 

553 

387 

142 

151 

174 

56 

5 

55 

564 

18.  Thyroid  

13 

121 

127 

30 

425 

33 

28 

1 

1 

57 

19.  Tuberculosis  (nonrespiratorv)  
20   Other  defects 

2 

26 

9 

49 

3 
24 

0 

56 

4 
33 

1 
9 

•3 
11 

0 
2 

15 
1 

1 
25 

21.  Defects  not  stated 

470 

100 

270 

124 

403 

135 

177 

21 

47 

482 

II.  PERCENTAGES. 


Disqualifying  defects. 

f 

Mass. 

Mich. 

Minn. 

Miss. 

Mo. 

Mont. 

Nebr. 

Nev. 

N.H. 

N.J. 

Total  

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

1.  Alcohol  and  drugs        

1.2 

0.4 

0.5 

0.2. 

1.5 

0.8 

0.7 

0.7 

0.2 

0.7 

2.  Bones  and  joints  

8.2 

9.0 

12.2 

12.9 

10.1 

14.1 

13.9 

9.7 

8.1 

10.6 

3.  Developmental  defects  

15.0 

1.9 

7..  3 

2.1 

1.6 

4.1 

1.8 

7.5 

9.1 

15.7 

4.  Digestive  system  

.2 

.04 

.2 

.5 

.4 

.0 

.5 

.0 

.0 

.3 

5.  Ears  

4.0 

4.5 

3.2 

1.7 

3.4 

4.1 

2.0 

3.7 

1.6 

6.2 

6.  Eyes          

5.3 

8.2 

6.4 

8  3 

10.6 

-7.1 

9.0 

4.5 

4.0 

10.0 

7.  Flat  foot  

9.2 

6.8 

9.4 

9.7 

9.5 

11.0 

8.6 

11.2 

14.0 

7.0 

8.  Genito-urinary  (venereal) 

.6 

1.4 

1.5 

7.4 

2.6 

.6 

1.  1 

.7 

.4 

.2 

9.  Genito-urinary  (nonvenereal)  
10.  Heart  and  blood  vessels  

1.5 
13.7 

1.4 
25.4 

3.2 
9.6 

1.2 
10.5 

.9 
9.5 

.6 
14.2 

1.0 
11.7 

.7 
17.9 

3.5 
12.2 

2.1 
5.6 

11.  Hernia  .'  

9.1 

16.6 

10.0 

13.4 

13.0 

12.3 

13.9 

11.2 

10.5 

10.8 

12.  Mental  deficiency  
13.  Nervous  and  mental  disorders  
14.  Respiratory  (tuberculous)  

2.4 
2.8 
4.1 

2.7 
3.5 
3.5 

3.1 
5.7 
3.6 

6.4 
5.4 
10.4 

4.2 
5.4 
12.3 

1.0 
2.1 

3.4 

2.1 
4.6 
7.8 

1.5 

4.5 
4.5 

3.0 
3.6 
2.2 

.9 
2.2 
2.0 

15.  Respiratory  (nontuberculous)  
16.  Skin          

1.7 
.08 

1.0 
.1 

.9 
.2 

1.0 
.1 

2.2 
.1 

.2 
.0 

2.3 
.2 

.0 
.0 

3.2 
.2 

.8 
.2 

17.  Teeth          

10.6 

8.8 

10.9 

3.5 

1.9 

12.0 

3.8 

3.7 

11.1 

12.4 

18.  Thyroid  

.3 

1.9 

3.6 

.7 

5.3 

2.3 

1.9 

.7 

.2 

1.2 

19.  Tuberculosis  (nonrespiratorv)  
20.  Other  defects  

.04 
.5 

.1 

.8 

.08 
.7 

.0 
1.4 

.05 
.4 

.1 
.6 

.2 
.7 

.0 
1.5 

3.0 
.2 

.02 
.5 

21.  Defects  not  stated  

9.5 

1.6 

7.6 

3.1 

5.0 

9.3 

12.0 

15.7 

9.5 

10.6 

APPENDIX    TABLES. 


433 


APPENDIX  TABLE  GO-C. — Causes  of  physical  rejections  by  camp  surgeons,  compared  by 
States  (series  Y) — Continued. 


I.  FIGURES. 


Disqualifying  defects. 

N. 
Mex. 

N.  Y. 

N.C. 

N. 
Dak. 

Ohio. 

Okla. 

Oreg. 

Pa. 

R.I. 

S.  C. 

Total            .  .             

463 

17,194 

4,517 

1,028 

6,551 

3,520 

1  451 

14,996 

673 

3  653 

1.  Alcohol  and  drugs  

3 

307 

2 

0 

54 

35 

4 

94 

8 

6 

2    Bones  and  joints 

58 

1,476 

361 

114 

933 

375 

145 

1  692 

53 

259 

3.  Developmental  defects  

38 

1.648 

254 

31 

417 

190 

106 

1.085 

38 

175 

4.  Digestive  system  

0 

27 

5 

0 

15 

7 

3 

44 

1 

6 

5.  Ears  

27 

865 

54 

50 

226 

203 

56 

1,129 

39 

20 

6.  Eyes  

62 

2,046 

247 

87 

365 

439 

100 

1.485 

65 

157 

7.  Flat  foot       

19 

1,727 

160 

69 

480 

198 

111 

833 

146 

115 

8.  Geni  to-  urinary  (venereal)  

170 

16 

4 

87 

57 

15 

139 

3 

9 

9.  Genito-urinary  (non  venereal)  

11 

270 

35 

10 

79 

30 

13 

145 

7 

20 

10.  Heart  and  blood  vessels  

55 

1,335 

202 

159 

569 

397 

205 

2,056 

40 

144 

11.  Hernia  

34 

1.717 

204 

123 

756 

424 

96 

1  385 

85 

194 

12.  Mental  deficiency  

24 

240 

104 

43 

124 

182 

26 

412 

11 

46 

13.  Nervous  and  mental  disorders  
14   Respiratory  (tuberculous) 

19 

61 

794 
735 

133 

288 

42 
42 

282 
352 

112 
189 

61 
94 

685 

728 

24 
45 

106 
101 

15.  Respiratory  (nontuberculous)  
16.  Skin    

6 
0 

216 

28 

62 
1 

17 
1 

206 
5 

73 

2 

13 

0 

542 
16 

17 
2 

41 
1 

17.  Teeth  

12 

1,202 

88 

164 

338 

44 

117 

1,031 

31 

92 

18.  Thyroid  

6 

267 

54 

22 

183 

28 

46 

538 

3 

23 

19.  Tuberculosis  (nonrespiratory)  
20.  Other  defects  

1 

6 

26 
142 

0 
39 

3 

11 

40 

11 
26 

1 
5 

18 
75 

0 

4 

0 
31 

21    Defects  not  stated 

14 

1  956 

2  208 

40 

1  029 

498 

234 

864 

51 

2  104 

II.  PERCENTAGES. 


Disqualifying  defects. 

N. 
Mex. 

N.Y. 

N.C. 

N. 
Dak. 

Ohio. 

Okla, 

Oreg. 

Pa. 

R.I. 

S.  C. 

Total  

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

1.  Alcohol  and  drugs  

0.6 

1.8 

0.04 

0  0 

0  8 

1  0 

0  3 

0  6 

1  2 

0  2 

2.  Bones  and  joints..  .        

12.5 

8  6 

8  0 

11  1 

14  2 

10  7 

10  0 

11  3 

7  9 

7  1 

3  .  Developmental  defects  

8.2 

9.6 

5.6 

3.0 

6  4 

5  4 

7  3 

7  2 

5  6 

4  8 

4.  Digestive  system  ... 

.0 

1 

1 

o 

2 

2 

2 

3 

\ 

2' 

5.  Ears  

5  8 

5  0 

1  2 

4  9 

3  4 

5  8 

3  9 

7  5 

5  8 

5 

6.  Eves  

13.4 

11  9 

5  5 

g  5 

5  6 

12  5 

69 

10  0 

9  7 

4  3 

7.  Flat  foot 

4  1 

10  0 

3  5 

6  7 

7  3 

5  6 

7  6 

5  6 

21  7 

3  1 

8.  Gcnito-urinarv  (venereal)  

1  5 

1  0 

4 

4 

1  3 

1  6 

10 

'9 

4 

2 

9.  Genitourinary  (nonvenereal)  
10.  Heart  and  blood  vessels 

2.4 
11  9 

1.0 

7  8 

.8 
4  5 

1.0 

15  5 

1.2 

8  7 

.9 
11  3 

.9 
14  1 

1.0 
13  7 

1.0 
5  9 

.5 

4  0 

11.  Hernia  

7  3 

10  0 

4  5 

12  0 

11  5 

12  0 

6  6 

9  2 

12  6 

5  3 

12.  Mental  deficiency  

5.2 

1  4 

2  3 

4  2 

1  9 

5  2 

1  8 

2  7 

1  6 

1  3 

13.  Nervous  and  mental  disorders  
14.  Respiratory  (tuberculous)  
15.  Respiratory  (nontuberculous)  
16.  Skin... 

4.1 
13.2 
1.3 
0 

4.6 
4.3 
1.2 
2 

2.9 
6.4 
1.4 
02 

4.1 
4.1 
1.6 
1 

4.3 
5.4 
3.1 

08 

3.2 
5.4 
2.1 
06 

4.2 
6.5 
.9 

o 

4.6 
4.9 
3.6 
\ 

3.6 
6.7 
2.5 
3 

3.0 
2.8 
1.1 
03 

17.  Teeth  

2  6 

7  0 

1  9 

16  0 

5  2 

1  3 

8  1 

6  9 

4  6 

2  5 

18.  Thyroid  

1  3 

1  5 

1  2 

2  1 

2  8 

g 

3  2 

3  6 

4 

0 

19.  Tuberculosis  (nonrespiratorv)  
20.  Other  defects  '.  
21.  Defects  not  stated  

.2 
1.3 
3.0 

.1 
.8 
11.4 

.0 
.9 
48.9 

.3 

.7 
3.9 

.2 

.6 
15.7 

.3 
.7 
14.1 

.07 
.3 
16.1 

.1 

.  5 

5  8 

.0 
.6 

7  6 

.0 
.9 
57  6 

97250°— 19 28 


434 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  60-C. — Causes  of  physical  rejections  by  camp  surgeons,  compared  by 
States  (serie.s  Y) — Continued. 


I.  FIGURES. 


Disqualifying  defects. 

S. 
Dak. 

Tenn. 

Tex. 

Utah. 

Vt. 

Va. 

Wash. 

W. 
Va. 

Wis. 

Wyo. 

Total     

1,208 

4,825 

4,851 

525 

492 

5  667 

1  425 

3  755 

4  273 

459 

1.  Alcohol  and  drugs         

1 

33 

16 

5 

0 

7 

9 

10 

19 

7 

2.  Bones  and  joints  

247 

663 

659 

68 

41 

801 

149 

580 

446 

44 

3.  Developmental  defects  

11 

544 

428 

27 

26 

210 

60 

83 

216 

20 

4.  Digestive  system     

4 

12 

32 

5 

1 

7 

3 

1 

15 

i 

5.  Ears  

26 

78 

169 

19 

3 

126 

51 

174 

136 

21 

6.  Eyes      

141 

346 

857 

29 

19 

631 

74 

421 

394 

36 

7.  Flat  foot       

100 

568 

272 

86 

59 

355 

209 

164 

358 

40 

8.  0  enito-urinary  (venereal)  

9 

60 

62 

4 

6 

122 

9 

71 

61 

10 

9.  Genito-urinary  (nonvenereal)  
10.  Heart  and  blood  vessels  

14 
147 

68 
445 

78 
610 

3 
59 

22 
82 

68 
1  032 

4 
253 

33 
573 

158 
411 

3 

44 

11.  Hernia      

119 

470 

648 

46 

32 

538 

152 

436 

725 

51 

12.  Mental  deficiency  

49 

373 

79 

4 

16 

374 

21 

224 

136 

14 

13.  Nervous  and  mental  disorders  

45 
101 

99 
271 

191 
301 

16 

18 

23 
16 

230 
298 

52 

57 

136 
193  1 

223 
144 

2,') 
19 

15.  Respiratory  (nontuberculous)  
16.  Skin  

35 
3 

103 

4 

78 
4 

3 
0 

16 
0 

250 
4 

6 
0 

190 
3 

48 
13 

8 

o 

17.  Teeth  

95 

119 

145 

57 

53 

273 

140 

180 

303 

20 

18.  Thyroid                 

42 

62 

19 

9 

228 

35 

179 

259 

8 

19.  Tuberculosis  (nonrespiratory)  
20   Other  defects 

2 
6 

0 
50 

9 
27 

1 

2 

0 
3 

0 

76 

2 
2 

0 

47 

0 

41 

0 
2 

21    Defects  not  stated     

79 

457 

167 

&4 

68 

37 

137 

57 

107 

80 

II.  PERCENTAGES. 


Disqualifying  defects. 

S. 
Dak. 

Tonn. 

Tex. 

Utah. 

Vt. 

Va. 

Vfash. 

W. 
Va. 

Wis. 

Wyo. 

Total  

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

1.  Alcohol  and  drugs  

0.1 

0.7 

0.3 

1.0 

0.0 

0.1 

0.6 

0.3 

0.4 

1.5 

2.  Bones  and  joints  

3.  Developmental  defects  

19.5 
.9 

13.7 
11.3 

13.6 
8.8 

13.0 
5.1 

8.3 
5.3 

14.1 
3.7 

10.5 
4.2 

15.  4 
2.2 

10.4 
5.1 

9.6 

5.7 

4.  Digestive  system    

.3 

.2 

.7 

1.0 

.2 

.1 

o 

.02 

.4 

9 

5.  Ears  

2.0 

1.6 

3.5 

3.6 

.6 

2.2 

3.6 

4.6 

3.2 

4.6 

6.  Eyes             

11.1 

7  2 

17  7 

5  5 

3.7 

11.1 

5.2 

11.2 

9.2 

'     7  8 

7.  Flat  foot          

7.9 

11.8 

5.6 

10.4 

12.0 

6.3 

14.7 

4.4 

8.4 

8.7 

8.  Genito-urinary  (venereal)    

.7 

1.2 

1  3 

g 

1.2 

2.2 

.6 

1.9 

1.4 

2  2 

9.  Genito-urinary  (nonvenereal)  
10.  Heart  and  blood  vessels   

1.1 
11.6 

1.4 
9  2 

1.6 
12  6 

.6 
11  2 

4.5 
16.7 

1.2 

18.2 

.3 

17.8 

.9 
15.3 

3.7 
9.6 

.7 
9.6 

11.  Hernia..   

9.4 

9.7 

13.4 

8.8 

6.5 

9.5 

10.7 

11.6 

17:0 

11.1 

12.  Mental  deficiency       

3  3 

7.7 

1  6 

.8 

3  3 

6.6 

1.5 

6.0 

3  2 

3  1 

13.  Nervous  and  mental  disorders  
14.  Respiratory  (  tuberculous)  
15.  Rospiratory  (nontuberculous)  
16.  Skin     

3.5 
8.0 

2.8 
.2 

2.1 
5.6 
2.1 
.1 

3.9 
6.2 
1.6 
.1 

3.0 
3.4 

.6 
.0 

4.7 
3.3 
3.3 
.0 

4.1 

5.3 

4.4 
.07 

3.6 
4.0 
.4 
.0 

3.6 
5.1 
5.1 
.1 

5.2 
3.4 
1.1 
.3 

5.4 
4.1 
1.7 
.0 

17.  Teeth  v    

7.5 

2.5 

3.0 

10.9 

10.8 

4.8 

9.8 

4.8 

7.1 

4.4 

18.  Thyroid  

3.3 

1.3 

.4 

1.7 

1.2 

4.0 

2.5 

4.8 

6.1 

1.7 

19.  Tuberculosis  (nonrespiratory)  
20.  Other  defects  

.2 
.5 

.0 
1.0 

.2 
.6 

.2 

.4 

.0 

.6 

.0 
1.3 

.1 
.1 

.0 
1.3 

.0 
1.0 

.0 
.4 

21.  Defects  not  stated      

6.2 

9.5 

3.4 

12.2 

13.8 

.6 

9.6 

1.5 

3.9 

17.4 

APPENDIX   TABLES. 


435 


APPENDIX  TABLE  GO-D. — Physical  rejections  at  ramp,  showing  anatomical  and  patho- 
logical defects  in  detail  (series  Y). 


Disqualifying  defects. 

Total. 

Ala. 

Aril. 

Ark. 

Cal. 

Colo. 

Conn. 

Del. 

D.C. 

Fla.  • 

Total                           

172,000 

7,189 

272 

3,056 

2,  842 

1,092 

1,178 

342 

480 

2,005 

Bones: 

2,  259 

84 

GO 

58 

32 

26 

12 

5 

2 

29 

Deformity  

8.W8 

150 

9 

71 

49 

19 

21 

14 

11 

64 

Disease    

1,547 

103 

2 

12 

5 

20 

4 

1 

1 

31 

2,564 

lit) 

10 

45 

53 

10 

19 

7 

2 

27 

Joints: 
Ankvlosis                           ...- 

3,489 

9 

74 

52 

27 

5 

6 

3,2,r>9 

I    -HW 

/      21 

28 

/        9 

4 

6 

Dislocation  

334 

>    303 

1 

I        4 

9 

>•      49 

I        2 

1 

2 

Spine 

2,333 

77 

1 

23 

34 

12 

14 

10 

8 

21 

159 

2 

3 

2 

Pes  cavus  .  .        

2,528 

89 

g 

100 

44 

28 

7 

5 

3 

13 

Pes  planus  

9,607 

297 

9 

299 

180 

53 

68 

30 

20 

59 

Hallux  valgus..         

1,039 

23 

3 

20 

39 

7 

19 

3 

1 

Ear: 
Deafness               .             ... 

852 

29 

2 

9 

8 

10 

4 

6 

2 

14 

Otitis  media  (puruieiit)  

5,309 

78 

12 

55 

43 

59 

74 

11 

29 

9 

Eyes: 
Vision  

12  ,  549 

334 

26 

203 

149 

72 

92 

27 

33 

135 

98 

14 

2 

Trachoma. 

1,063 

21 

3 

40 

6 

9 

2 

1 

3 

2 

Teeth,  deficient  

9,  952 

254 

12 

37 

150 

47 

32 

22 

39 

75 

Height 

1   ">()0 

17 

3 

17 

19 

12 

2 

7 

Weight: 
Over  weight 

899 

1 

1 

2 

4 

.    2 

16 

2 

1 

Under  weight  

O.O.v-; 

486 

8 

68 

54 

52 

50 

27 

30 

60 

Chest  measurements..  •• 

51 

1 

1 

Varicose  veins  

2,176 

31 

2 

29 

24 

5 

22 

4 

1 

14 

Phlebitis 

136 

3 

1 

1 

Mental  deficiency  .... 

6,293 

614 

4 

297 

81 

49 

11 

10 

29 

Mental  and  nervous  disorders: 
Paralysis  

1,029 

43 

3 

23 

15 

5 

11 

4 

2 

10 

Stammering.        .  - 

694 

13 

2 

4 

10 

2 

3 

2 

2 

Skin....  

213 

1 

1 

3 

2 

1 

Pellagra 

3 

3 

1 

Goiter 

080 

1 

3 

4 

2 

1 

20 

1 

Goiter  with  hyperthyroidism 

418 

1 

4 

4 

2 

Hernia: 
Inguinal 

9  973 

5 

312 

191 

134 

10 

18 

Umbilical 

587 

20 

3 

2 

3 

Not  classified 

7,  793 

651 

1 

27 

22 

112 

7 

12 

229 

Fistula 

317 

4 

1 

2 

1 

1 

476 

1 

12 

2 

1 

1 

Venereal  diseases: 
Syphilis        ....               .   . 

1.987 

65 

4 

22 

30 

7 

12 

5 

15 

18 

G  onorrhea  

473 

4 

1 

4 

as 

1 

2 

28 

Other 

284 

5 

1 

2 

2 

1 

Genito-urinary  (non  venereal): 
]  i  ydrooele       .  .            .... 

359 

12 

2 

3 

1 

3 

2 

.      1 

3 

Varicoi  ole  

468 

14 

2 

3 

5 

2 

Testis  in  canal 

914 

8 

1 

5 

6 

6 

46 

2 

6 

Other  

307 

20 

2 

2 

1 

2 

Tach  vcardia,  persistent  

2,420 

124 

1 

23 

12 

4 

14 

36 

Eye  defects 

1  C57 

62 

71 

2 

2 

3 

7 

12 

9 

Ear: 
Perforated  drum  .  .         

253 

1 

1 

4 

25 

16 

Other  disease.  ...           

41 

3 

Respiratory  system: 
Asthma  

1  917 

58 

5 

80 

9 

17 

18 

5 

c 

35 

Chronic  bronchitis 

SCO 

10 

3 

3 

4 

7 

1 

,  ;i<is  

C>93 

2 

4 

2 

5 

2 

11 

Pleurisy 

5 

1 

g 

2 

Tuberculosis  

10,  792 

390 

20 

233 

341 

116 

69 

17 

25 

120 

Heart  and  blood  vessels: 
Heart,  disease  of  

11,820 

440 

2S 

284 

297 

76 

102 

17 

42 

67 

Hvpertsiision 

12 

1 

5 

6 

1 

8 

Other  disease  

134 

1 

213 

3 

5 

4 

2 

2 

5 

II  vpcr  th  yroidisra  

2,599 

32 

1 

14 

7 

25 

21 

4 

8 

5 

Nervous  system: 
Epilepsy  ... 

1  379 

59 

3 

34 

32 

21 

9 

1 

C 

32 

Neurasthenia  

470 

1 

1 

8 

32 

3 

7 

1 

7 

1 

Hysteria 

313 

1 

n 

24 

1 

Psvchoneurosis    

169 

8 

18 

56 

41 

22 

5 

M 

34 

Alcoholism 

377 

1 

1 

9 

6 

r, 

1 

Drug  addict       

801 

8 

2 

15 

36 

4 

9 

15 

4 

Diabetes  y  

20 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Nephritis  

158 

57 

:j 

2 

Digestive  system    

i:u 

6 

5 

l 

Dyspitratarisni         

121 

1 

Other  defects  

1,197 

81 

3 

is 

15 

27 

4 

4 

21 

Not  stated  

is  :&.•> 

1  614 

37 

CO 

571 

15 

ll.s 

24 

19 

694 

436 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  60-D. — Physical  rejections  at  camp,  showing  anatomical  and  patho- 
logical defects  in  detail  (series  Y) — Continued. 


Disqualifying  defects. 

Ga. 

Idaho. 

111. 

Ind. 

Iowa. 

Kans. 

Ky. 

La. 

Me. 

Md. 

Total  

7  041 

855 

9,368 

3,047 

3  316 

2  8-12 

3  233 

4  476 

1  336 

1  318 

Bones: 
Amputation  

95 

17 

115 

57 

68 

64 

31 

61 

12 

17 

Deformity  

116 

11 

239 

70 

120 

76 

63 

66 

28 

35 

Disease  

104 

6 

35 

29 

-     11 

28 

8 

79 

7 

5 

Fracture  

104 

15 

118 

39 

46 

98 

24 

45 

7 

12 

Joints: 
Ankylosis        

415 

32 

294 

89 

95 

69 

76 

33 

25 

'     28 

Disease  

/      14 

74 

20 

42 

48 

11 

f    17 

13 

Dislocation              

408 

1        2 

26 

6 

6 

10 

3 

}  160 

{    a 

3 

Spine  

146 

26 

95 

34 

23 

35 

51 

•>? 

18 

83 

Tuberculosis,  other  than  lungs  .  .  . 

1 

15 

1 

5 

1 

5 

1 

Pescavus..                          .  .     .. 

39 

26 

73 

40 

49 

10 

19 

63 

53 

18 

PCS  planus  

355 

83 

681 

91 

265 

177 

39 

149 

147 

88 

Hallux  valgus  

31 

7 

51 

25 

25 

11 

2 

11 

27 

10 

Ear: 
Deafness  ...                  

39 

1 

51 

7 

69 

11 

9 

34 

1 

1 

Otitis  media  (purulent)  .  . 

76 

29 

286 

125 

80 

52 

89 

44 

13 

87 

Eyes: 
Vision  

530 

55 

717 

132 

336 

218 

139 

219 

48 

141 

Nystagmus  

5 

1 

4 

3 

3 

Trachoma  

5 

3 

77 

41 

5 

13 

143 

25 

1 

5 

Teeth,  deficient 

646 

63 

410 

106 

156 

59 

111 

478 

99 

39 

Height...      .                      

21 

21 

35 

8 

4 

7 

1 

5 

6 

1 

Weight: 
Overweight  

40 

88 

7 

21 

5 

8 

5 

15 

6 

Under  weight  -  -             

1  329 

24 

435 

129 

121 

25 

136 

173 

78 

26 

Chest  measurements  

1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

Varicose  veins.  ... 

72 

g 

198 

37 

18 

18 

13 

33 

25 

7 

Phlebitis.                .              

10 

1 

g 

1 

7 

2 

1 

1 

Mental  deficiency  

222 

23 

278 

103 

108 

71 

323 

246 

84 

93 

Mentaland  nervous  disorders: 
Paralysis  .           .          ;  

30 

1 

45 

22 

34 

32 

18 

19 

g 

11 

Stammering  

28 

1 

43 

16 

9 

6 

33 

18 

10 

8 

Skin  

g 

29 

3 

5 

10 

3 

9 

3 

Pella°ra  

4 

2 

Goiter  

19 

30 

81 

7 

6 

8 

1 

6 

1 

Goiter  with  hyperthyroidism  

3 

24 

6 

22 

15 

4 

Hernia: 
Inguinal  

79 

530 

260 

348 

414 

253 

87 

73 

Umbilical  

27 

70 

2 

3 

41 

14 

Not  classified 

5C1 

9 

457 

105 

66 

29 

83 

387 

53 

24 

Fistula 

22 

32 

1 

6 

6 

6 

23 

2 

s 

Prolapse  with  hemorrhoids.  .     .  . 

35 

43 

3 

8 

7 

3 

18 

6 

4 

Venereal  diseases: 
Syphilis  

58 

3 

158 

36 

13 

44 

64 

192 

7 

17 

Gonorrhea  

32 

3 

53 

5 

2 

1 

1 

42 

4 

Other                        

4 

2 

31 

1 

1 

4 

74 

1 

2 

Genito-urinary  (nonvenereal): 
Hydrocele  

4 

2 

29 

5 

4 

3 

8 

12 

5 

9 

2 

33 

5 

(j 

1 

3 

16 

4 

3 

Testis  in  canal  ?  

12 

2 

51 

19 

7 

15 

5 

22 

18 

5 

Other                     

15 

1 

12 

6 

4 

11 

4 

20 

1 

1 

Tachycardia,  persistent  

130 

3 

70 

32 

22 

97 

10 

138 

13 

28 

Eve  defects  

10 

1 

51 

36 

16 

33 

17 

46 

2 

21 

Ear: 
Perforated  drum  

13 

12 

1 

15 

3 

1 

Other  disease  

1 

2 

1 

3 

Respiratory  system: 

35 

1 

93 

49 

55 

28 

53 

119 

21 

19 

Chronic  bronchitis-  

36 

16 

28 

9 

19 

2 

9 

9 

15 

Sinusitis 

1 

2 

6 

7 

2 

3 

4 

1 

2 

3 

Pleurisy.  .         

1 

10 

1 

4 

88 

1 

3 

2 

Tuberculosis  

276 

26 

591 

400 

177 

286 

768 

476 

51 

106 

Heart  and  blood  vessels: 
Heart  ,  disease  of  

246 

105 

437 

246 

398 

189 

152 

327 

165 

CO 

27 

22 

14 

4 

-     5 

9 

14 

10 

1 

18 

31 

23 

61 

7 

20 

48 

34 

Hyperthyroidism  

23 

5 

147 

27 

51 

100 

43 

24 

4 

22 

Nervous  system: 
Epilepsy            

54 

4 

77 

21 

16 

16 

44 

103 

10 

7 

Neurasthenia  

8 

1 

55 

3 

7 

11 

4 

7 

1 

7 

Hysteria                      

1 

17 

3 

9 

11 

11 

3 

3 

Psych  oneurosis  

171 

10 

258 

53 

113 

65 

89 

58 

11 

29 

1 

82 

3 

1 

4 

22 

1 

3 

Drug  addict 

12 

28 

2 

12 

19 

10 

10 

1 

5 

1 

1 

9 

9 

1 

7 

2 

1 

9 

4 

4 

4 

1 

1 

1 

11 

6 

2 

15 

6 

Other  defects                          -  . 

48 

7 

44 

27 

14 

18 

21 

80 

7 

11 

Not  stated  

279 

67 

1,210 

289 

148 

9S 

101 

198 

91 

42 

APPENDIX   TABLES. 


437 


APPENDIX  TABLE  60-T). — Physical  rejections  at  camp,  showing  anatomical  and  patho- 
logical defects  in  detail  (series  Y) — Continued. 


Disqualifying  defects. 

Mass. 

Mich. 

Minn. 

Miss. 

Mo. 

Mont. 

Nebr. 

Nev. 

N.H. 

N.J. 

N. 
Mex. 

Total  

4,9.53 

6,287 

3,566 

4,060 

8,055 

1,445 

1,471 

134 

494 

4,563 

463 

Bones: 
Amputation  

2G 

38 

86 

63 

85 

21 

21 

1 

5 

44 

4 

Deformity        

85 

192 

71 

80 

239 

40 

48 

3 

4 

138 

18 

Disease  

25 

38 

16 

88 

62 

5 

8 

1 

2 

11 

Fracture  

62 

85 

85 

28 

146 

22 

29 

4 

6 

44 

14 

joints: 
j\  nkvlosis  

95 

116 

76 

23 

90 

72 

48 

3 

10 

88 

9 

Disease             .            

28 

40 

33 

210 

97 

27 

21 

•  7 

31 

8 

14 

14 

26 

9 

5 

6 

1 

5 

2 

Spinf 

69 

38 

42 

33 

87 

12 

24 

1 

5 

123 

3 

Tuberculosis,  other  than  lungs  

2 

9 

3 

4 

1 

3 

15 

1 

1 

Tes  cavus  

24 

125 

25 

113 

78 

41 

18 

1 

15 

13 

11 

PCS  plains  .               

415 

264 

280 

271 

658 

103 

103 

14 

39 

280 

6 

19 

41 

30 

11 

31 

15 

5 

15 

26 

2 

Ear: 

26 

28 

16 

32 

27 

6 

63 

2 

Otitis  media  (purulent)  .. 

109 

253 

96 

37 

238 

31 

23 

1 

8 

196 

21 

Eyes: 
'   Vision  

359 

442 

209 

248 

636 

91 

122 

6 

20 

380 

51 

Nystagmus 

10 

13 

1 

1 

2 

1 

4 

14 

3 

7 

77 

2 

2 

13 

6 

Teeth  deficient             

636 

553 

387 

142 

151 

174 

56 

5 

55 

564 

12 

Height  

240 

12 

37 

6 

15 

26 

2 

5 

4 

361 

2 

Weight: 
Over  weight  

55 

24 

45 

2 

11 

1 

9 

80 

3 

Und°r  weight 

439 

75 

177 

77 

104 

33 

22 

5 

32 

275 

33 

Chest  measurements    

7 

10 

1 

1 

Varicose  veins  

110 

121 

126 

39 

47 

19 

9 

2 

12 

61 

2 

Phlebitis                                 ...  . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Mental  deficiency  

117 

170 

112 

261 

335 

is 

31 

2 

15 

39 

24 

Menial  and  nervous  disorders: 

I  'iTpl  VS1S                      

7 

25 

26 

28 

50 

6 

11 

3 

20 

5 

Stammering  

14 

20 

17 

25 

25 

7 

10 

3 

7 

Skin     

4 

9 

7 

5 

12 

3 

1 

Pellagra                     

2 

1 

Goiter     

5 

34 

42 

3 

21 

12 

3 

1 

1 

Goiter  with  hvperthyroidism  .  .  . 

39 

6 

100 

10 

7 

2 

4 

Hernia: 
Inguinal  

205 

798 

60 

949 

161 

175 

10 

30 

182 

28 

hib'cal                      

10 

131 

2 

29 

5 

1 

5 

Not  classified  

175 

113 

296 

543 

69 

17 

24 

4 

22 

308 

6 

Fis<  ula     

5 

16 

4 

19 

24 

2 

g 

1'rol  ii'-c  with  hemorrhoids  

17 

7 

1 

13 

20 

2 

1 

8 

2 

Venereal  diseases  — 
Svphilis                  

19 

73 

39 

147 

179 

5 

14 

2 

5 

5 

(  i  oiiorrhea  

4 

12 

4 

113 

32 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Other       

7 

4 

10 

39 

2 

1 

4 

1 

Genitourinary  (nonvenereal): 
Hvrocele  

10 

7 

17 

6 

17 

3 

1 

2 

15 

67 

8 

34 

5 

24 

2 

2 

1 

2 

42 

Test  is  in  canal  

9 

63 

56 

12 

16 

3 

9 

11 

22 

9 

Other       

5 

9 

6 

22 

16 

2 

1 

15 

2 

Tachycardia  persistent     

36 

165 

8 

93 

203 

1 

26 

5 

27 

3 

Eve  defects       

4 

49 

17 

84 

125 

9 

8 

62 

4 

Ear: 
Perforated  drum       

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 

10 

1 

4 

23 

4 

Other  disease  

1 

2 

3 

11 

3 

Respiratory  system: 
Asthma  

47 

41 

24 

28 

102 

29 

2 

15 

2 

Chronic  bronchitis    . 

20 

8 

4 

10 

26 

12 

H 

Sinusitis  

9 

9 

1 

2 

8 

1 

1 

2 

7 

4 

Pleurisy     

g 

7 

4 

34 

2 

4 

5 

Tuberculosis     

204 

220 

127 

423 

994 

49 

115 

6 

11 

90 

61 

Heart  and  blood  vessels: 
Heart,  disease  of  

475 

1,017 

195 

260 

417 

175 

115 

21 

41 

127 

44 

Hypertension  

13 

19 

7 

11 

17 

3 

1 

6 

1 

Other  disease  

29 

265 

8 

g 

59 

8 

17 

1 

1 

25 

3 

Hyperthvroidism  

8 

48 

79 

27 

304 

11 

18 

1 

54 

2 

Nervous  system: 
Epilepsy   

29 

40 

22 

85 

53 

4 

9 

2 

4 

25 

5 

Neurasthenia  

18 

3 

20 

5 

81 

3 

1 

1 

7 

1 

Hysteria       

7 

4 

4 

47 

1 

5 

.  1 

6 

2 

Psvchoneurosis  

66 

126 

116 

76 

182 

13 

30 

3 

6 

36 

6 

Mcohdlisru      

39 

8 

4 

46 

3 

•> 

1 

6 

1 

Drug  addict      

21 

16 

15 

10 

73 

8 

8 

1 

24 

2 

Diabetes  

1 

Nephritis  

1 

3 

2 

4 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Digestive  system  

4 

7 

4 

9 

6 

5 

Dyspituitarism                 .  .  . 

6 

j 

s 

6 

1 

3 

Other  defects  

26 

43 

24 

52 

24 

•I 

5 

2 

1 

24 

3 

Not  stated 

470 

100 

270 

r>4 

403 

135 

177 

21 

47 

482 

14 

438 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TA.BLE  60-D. — Physical  rejections  at  camp,  shovring  anatomical  and  patho- 
logical defects  in  detail  (series  Y)~- Continued . 


Disqualifying  defects. 

N.Y. 

N.C. 

N. 
Dak. 

Ohio. 

Okla. 

Oreg. 

Pa. 

R.I. 

S.  C. 

S. 
Dak. 

Tenn. 

Total  

17,194 

4,517 

1,028 

6,551 

3,520 

1,451 

14,996 

673 

3,653 

1,269 

4,825 

Bones: 
Amputation                

156' 
368 
55 
171 

249 
186 
25 
266 
26 
319 
1,274 
134 

98 
750 

1,791 
10 
158 
1,202 
137 

.    219 
1,291 
1 
258 
5 
240 

105 
81 
28 
1 
23 
58 

1,132 

34 
65 
55 
24 

36 

)" 

50 

13 
41 
2 
13 

27 
f      9 

1  ! 

3 
18 
45 
6 

8 
38 

71 
1 
6 

164 
2 

2 

27 

146 
229 
29 
148 

190 
77 
44 
70 
11 
14S 
303 
29 

15 
209 

292 
4 
13 
338 
9 

38 

370 

46 
75 
11 
59 

98 
50 
4 
32 
11 
28 
154 
16 

18 
150 

282 
4 
97 
44 
27 

15 
146 
2 
26 
2 
182 

30 
7 
2 
2 
2 
6 

355 
18 
51 
5 
10 

46 
8 
3 

4 
5 
15 
5 
44 
56 

34 
1 

45 
9 
5 
14 
189 

220 

22 
73 
20 

23 
1 
6 
45 
2 
33 

19 
16 
6 
14 

52 
7 
5 
26 
1 
106 
5 

155 
260 
IK 
366 

305 
173 
57 
221 
18 
188 
533 
112 

38 
1,087 

1,225 
10 
36 
1,031 
202 

47 
830 
6 
19* 
34 

10 
9 
1 
10 

11 
3 

23 
50 
43 
35 

14 

h 

19 

26 
62 
12 
53 

35 
f    32 

X     o? 
2o 

2 

80 
88 
127 
45 

72 
|    188 
63 

Deformity.         

Disease    ...        

Fracture  

Joints: 
Ankylosis  

Disease  i  

Dislocation                   .  . 

Spine      

9 

Tuberculosis,  other  than  lungs.  .  . 
Pes  cavus  

30 
100 
30 

14 
33 

212 

33 
103 
10 

2 
37 

45 
1 
13 
31 

16 
89 
10 

11 
1 

105 

10 
74 
16 

3 

18 

118 

133 
393 
42 

15 

63 

272 

Pes  planus  

Hallux  valgus  

Ear: 
Deafness  

5 
35 

93 

Otitis  media  (purulent)...  . 

Eyes: 
Vision  

Nystagmus..        .        ... 

Trachoma  

4 
88 
19 

5 

230 

i 

117 

41 

2 
62 
1 
15 

15 
92 
14 

2 
159 

7 
95 
1 

10 
»119 
3 

14 
527 

Teeth,  deficient  

Height  

Weight: 
Over  weight  

5 
33 

Under  weight 

10 

Chest  measurements  

Varicose  veins  

10 

7 
104 

25 
9 
1 

4 
5 

18 

139 
3 
124 

45 
2o 
5 

1 
32 
36 

616 
57 
83 
11 
11 

73 
9 
5 

7 
9 
52 
6 
73 
56 

$ 

17 
1 

7 

40 
6 
373 

39 
15 
4 

Phlebitis  

Mental  deficiency  

43 

3 
5 
1 

26 

5 
2 

412 

104 
63 
16 

11 
5 

46 

11 
12 
1 
3 

42 

16 
5 
3 

Mental  and  nervous  disorders: 
Paralysis     

8t.ArtiTnpring 

Skin         ... 

2 

Pellagra      

Goiter  

2 
5 

97 
8 
18 

16 

21 

86 
1 
9 

14 
13 

935 
113 
337 
21 

7 
1 

3 

Goiter  with  hyperthyroidism  
Hernia: 
Inguinal  . 

74 

98 

TJnihiliral 

12 
573 
16 
33 

149 
9 
12 

22 
96 
107 
24 
150 
87 

14 
3 

115 
28 
38 
35 
735 

773 
21 
95 
186 

130 
43 
58 
377 
51 
256 
4 
17 
11 
12 
129 
1,956 

Not  classified       .  .      .     . 

204 
5 
6 

12 

4 

11 

194 
6 
7 

7 

21 
1 
2 

8 

1 

470 
12 
22 

53 
5 
2 

8 
3 
33 
11 
69 
64 

Fistula 

Prolapse  with  hemorrhoids 

1 
4 

54 

111 
13 
15 

1 

2 
1 

Venereal  diseases: 
Syphilis  

3 
12 

Gonorrhea  

Other  

2 

Genito-uriuary  (nonvenereal): 
Hydrocelo  . 

5 
8 
19 
3 
40 
31 

7 

4 
3 
3 

3 
3 
2 
3 
9 
2 

16 

34 
18 
63 
20 
203 
214 

3 
1 

2 
1 
3 

2 

2 
1 
7 
4 
45 
16 

3 

Varicocele 

Testis  in  canal. 

14 
4 
28 
37 

Other  

Tachycardia,  persistent 

4 
9 

4 

2 
1 

Eye  defects.  

Ear: 
Perforated  drum 

Other  disease  

2 

152 
40 
7 
7 
352 

315 
16 
12 
115 

81 

9 
16 
125 
19 
35 

2 

Respiratory  system: 
Asthma 

36 
17  v 

9 

10 

5 
1 

5 
2 
94 

179 
1 
1 

9 

11 

4 
1 
38 
...„ 

2 

"T 

...... 

234 

198 
42 
278 
24 
728 

1,455 

ioa 

10 
511 

75 
48 
34 
361 
24 
70 
3 
7 
23 
17 
58 
86-1 

13 

3 

34 

7 

32 
1 

43 
54 

1 

Chronic  bronchitis  

Sinusitis.  .  .  . 

4 
3 
42 

111 
S 
17 
15 

7 
1 
2 
24 

Pleurisy  

1 
45 

20 
2 
7 
3 

5 
3 
3 

& 
4 
4 

2 

Tuberculosis  

288 

100 
11 
19 

49 

32 
4 

101 

48 
30 
13 
23 

13 
3 

101 

77 
8 
8 
34 

3 
3 

2 

271 

283 
12 
13 

59 

20 
12 

Heart  and  blood  vessels: 
Heart,  disease  of 

Hvpertension.  .  . 

Other  disease  

Hyperthyroidism  

Nervous  system: 
Epilepsy        

Neurasthenia 

Hysteria.  

Psvchonourosis 

63 
2 

67 
3 
3 

16 
..... 

13 
3 
30 
1 
12 

Alcoholi  sm  

Drug  addict  

Diabetes    .... 

Nephritis  

5 

4 
1 

38 
1,020 

1 
2 
4 
20 

49S 

1 
1 
1 
3 
51 

Digestive  system 

3 

Dyspituitarism 

1 

34 
2,208 

•-y 

40 

1 

30 
2,104 

3 
3 
79 

1 

49 

457 

Other  defects 

Not  stated  

APPENDIX   TABLES. 


439 


APPENDIX  TABLE  60-D. — Physical  rejections  at  camp,  showing  anatomical  and  patho- 
logical defects  in  detail  (series  Y) — Continued. 


Disqualifying  defects. 

Tex. 

Utah. 

Vt.' 

Va. 

Wash. 

W. 
Va. 

Wis. 

Wyo. 

Alas- 
ka. 

Ha- 
waii. 

Porto 
Rico. 

Total                      

4,851 

525 

492 

5,667 

1,427 

3,755 

4,273 

459 

74 

581 

694 

Bones: 
Amputation                     

87 

4 

5 

85 

24 

72 

83 

6 

2 

Deformity 

135 

6 

g 

110 

26 

52 

95 

5 

Disease 

21 

1 

1 

129 

7 

133 

11 

1 

1 

Fracture  

114 

11 

7 

49 

13 

26 

65 

9 

Joints: 
Ankylosis  

167 

IS 

6 

53 

42 

55 

88 

12 

4 

Disease 

71 

g 

I      12 

f    39 

4 

3 

Dislocation  

19 

2 

3 

|  263 

\        9 

|  142 

I      4 

3 

1 

Spine  

45 

lg 

9 

11? 

1    m 

100 

61 

4 

Tuberculosis,  other  than  lungs  .  . 

9 

1 

2 

Pescavus....              

69 

14 

B 

99 

49 

5i 

50 

4 

3 

Pesplanus  

174 

59 

50 

218 

119 

93 

295 

33 

7 

1 

Hallux  valgus  . 

29 

13 

3$ 

11 

17 

13 

3 

Ear: 

Deafness 

37 

1 

1 

25 

4 

9 

33 

1 

1 

Otitis  media  (purulent)  

127 

16 

2 

100 

31 

163 

101 

16 

1 

Eyes: 
Vision  .                          

755 

26 

18 

444 

69 

271 

365 

28 

3 

1 

Nystagmus 

5 

2 

1 

Trachoma  .  . 

64 

2 

13 

1 

69 

4 

3 

2 

Teeth,  deficient  

145 

57 

53 

273 

140 

ISO 

303 

20 

12 

1 

1 

Height  

50 

g 

10 

10 

31 

22 

9 

9 

Weight: 
Over  weight 

46 

3 

17 

1 

6 

23 

Under  weight  

330 

18 

13 

183 

28 

177 

16 

1 

Chest  iiK'(isuriinieiits  

2 

1 

7 

1 

V  aricoso.  veins  . 

61 

4 

12 

68 

31 

50 

89 

7 

1 

Phlebitis 

g 

1 

19 

6 

2 

Mental  deficiency  

79 

4 

Itj 

374 

21 

224 

136 

14 

1 

Mental  and  nervous  disorders: 
Paralysis  

36 

2 

8 

29 

2 

12 

32 

3 

1 

11 

1 

2 

64 

4 

17 

26 

1 

Skin       

4 

4 

3 

13 

Pellagra 

4 

24 

Goiter              

4 

2 

g 

24 

51 

167 

2 

Goiter  with  hypcrthyroidism 

ti 

1 

1 

7 

10 

1 

Hernia: 

003 

39 

17 

129 

381 

39 

2 

2 

1 

Umbilical 

4 

2 

1 

1 

2 

Not  classified  

41 

5 

15 

538 

22 

436 

343 

10 

1 

Fistula  

28 

4 

1 

7 

1 

1 

10 

Prolapse  with  hemorrhoids  

47 

2 

4 

43 

1 

6 

10 

i 

Venereal  diseases: 

Sy.pllllis  

49 

3 

3 

98 

5 

64 

41 

g 

1 

Gonorrhea  

4 

1 

3 

6 

3. 

4 

11 

i 

Other       

9 

18 

i 

3 

9 

i 

Genito-urinary  (non  venereal): 
Hydrowlp  ... 

16 

4 

26 

2 

17 

2-1 

K    Varicocele  

g 

7 

B 

64 

i 

Testi1-*  in  canal 

44 

3 

5 

*15 

12 

56 

2 

1 

Other       

g 

5 

18 

1 

3 

12 

:  ont  

GO 

1 

2 

239 

6 

92 

24 

5 

1 

Eve  defects    

33 

1 

1 

174 

4 

81 

23 

4 

1 

Ear: 
Perforated  drum  

4 

2 

1 

10 

<> 

1 

4 

1 

Other  disease  

1 

1 

Respiratory  system: 
Asthma            .... 

43 

2 

13 

90 

2 

47 

34 

2 

Chronic  bronchitis  

17 

1 

46 

3 

Sinusitis  

6 

136 

1 

97 

3 

2 

Pleurisy  

12 

1 

2 

3 

g 

4 

Tuberculosis  

301 

18 

16 

298 

57 

193 

144 

19 

12 

1 

Heart  and  blood  vc 
Heart,  disease  of  

225 

50 

59 

508 

213 

315 

27S 

26 

g 

1 

Hypertension       

3 

2 

1 

18 

4 

2 

Other  disease  

20G 

1 

3 

103 

1 

80 

6 

1 

Hyporthvroiriism  

13 

4 

3 

220 

4 

128 

82 

g 

Nervous  system: 
Epilepsy  

P6 

5 

- 

26 

g 

22 

34 

c 

Neurasthenia  

4 

1 

10 

3 

2 

3  ; 

1 

Hysteria     

4 

2 

1 

3 

g 

1 

Psvchoneurosfis  

70 

6 

6 

101 

32 

83 

90 

13 

1 

Alcoholism     

It 

4 

Drug  addict  

10 

5 

9 

10 

3 

2 

Diabetes  

2 

Nephritis    

2 

1 

3 

1 

] 

Digestive  sv«1<»m  

4 

1 

2 

5 

1 

1 

Dyspituitai  i.siii  

2 

4 

1 

5 

Other  defects  

21 

2 

72 

46 

12 

2 

Not  stated    

167 

04 

08 

37 

137 

57 

107 

80 

1 

573 

689 

440  APPENDIX   TABLES. 

thrt  E.-COMPAR1SON  OF  CAUSES  OF  PHYSICAL  REJECTIONS  OF  INDUCTED  MEN  FROM  CAMP 

(FEBRUARY  10  TO  NOVEMBER  1, 1918) 
FOR  THE  STATE  OF  MARYLAND 

PER  CENT 
01       3       345       6       78       9      10   11    "l2    13    14    15 


Amputatio 


Bone  Diieue 


Fractnre 


Joint  Disease 


Pes  Cavus 


Pe>  P!a 


rkila 


Heiji^ 


Overweight 


Underweight 

(  r.rs»  i1--!:'-erients 


GF'Ji'.:?  I-TAL 


Hearisg,  Defects  of 


Otitit  Hit  Ait,  Chronic 
Perforate:*  Drtun 


GROUP  TOTAL 


Trachoma 


Otaer  Dueue  of  Eye 


Meatat  Deficiency 


Goitre 


rtlfe 


Hyperteniioa 


PUebitit 


arcose    ens 


Vein 


a 


Other  CtrcL. 


Astluaa 


Bronchitis,  Chrocic 
Piearisy 


Sicotidt 


GROUP  TOTAL 


;l:/';^':v..  Diso-dt-;? 


Fistnia  in  Ano 


Heaorrhoids  with  Prolapse 


Skin 


Syphilis 
Gonorrhea 


Chancroidal  Disease 


GROUP  TOTAL 


Nephritis 


Testis  D  Casal 


Varicoeele  and  Hydrocele 
OthCT  G.-U.  DtseMes  Ota-Yesi.) 
•GROUP  TOTAL 


APPENDIX  TABLES. 


441 


Oart  F.-TOMPARISON  OF  CAUSES  OF  PHYSICAL  REJECTIONS  OF 

(FEBRUARY  10  TO  NOVEMBER  1, 1918) 
FOR  THE  STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS 
PEB  CENT 
0     1      .2      34      6       6.      7       8      9      10    11    13     18     1416 


—  —  i 

Jsne  Disease                         1 

r 

™ 

Fracture                                1 

KB 

1 

Joint  Disease                         ] 

•B 

mm 

mu 

Spin*      . 

•• 

•_ 

foCanu 

El 

tiaflin  V»bnis 

• 

Heijht 

mm 

•a 

mm 

mm 

•n 

Orerweisht 

mm 

L—  . 

Chest  Measurement* 

Hesrinz,  Defects  of  ... 

m 

Otitu  Media,  Chronic 

W-S; 

^K.* 

mm 

m 

Perforated  Dram   . 

Trachoma             __ 

' 

Other  Disease  of  Eye 

I 

Meatal  Deficiency 

HE 

H 

* 

Epflepsi 

• 

Psycfioncnrosis 

*f&? 

VM 

Paralysis             J             .  . 

Stuaaterinf 

• 

Aicobobsn  t 

B?£- 

Dm;  Addiction 

GROUP  TOTAL 

E?^ 

mm 

mm 

mm 

em 

ma 

• 

uc!trs 

1 

nyperuyroidiiB 

1 

CROUP  TOTAL 

ra«.ffn;.»lirnt»Mfr  1 

1 

nyperteosion    t  .              _. 

1 

Phlebhi. 

Varicow  Veins 

BS 

m 

i 

Other  Card.-Vas«.  Disease  

B- 

Asthma 

•i 

Bronchitis,  Chronic 

• 

Plenrisy 

1 

Siuutitii 

1 

Tnbcrcvlosii  of  Lun| 

sat 

•H 

mm 

mm 

Tubtrcnloris,  Otfeer  Parb 

Digestne  Disorders 

Fistula  in  ADO 

. 

Hemorrhoids  with  Prolapie 

i 

GROUP  TOTAL 

m 

Skin 

j 

Syphilis 

r 

Gonorrhea 

Cbaacroidai  Disease 

GROUP  TOTAL 

E9 

Neohritis 

Varicocele  and  Hydrocele 

us 

Other  G.-U.  Diseases  (NM-Vea.) 

GROUP  TOTAL 

EK 

• 

Ali  other  Causes 

442 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


Chart  G- 


OF  CAUSES  OF  PHYSICAL  RDECTIONS  OF  INDUCTED  MEN  FROM  CAMP 
(FEBRUARY  10  TO  NOVEMBER  1,  1U18) 
FOR  THE  STAT£  OF  NEW  YORK 

PER  CENT 
0.1         2         3         4       .5         6         78         9        10       11     12 


Bone  Disease                             • 

Fracture                                    JE9M 
.Spin?  BM 

Haliux  Valjns 

BHL 

Hewbt                                  HKA 

Chest  Measurements 

Hearing,  Defects  of 

B 

Perforated  Drum 

6 

Other  DUeasej>f  Eye 

Mental  Deficiency                   , 

Epilepsy      

Psycb«neurosis 

SU_ 

•zap 

•H- 

Paralysis 

Stammering 

BB 

Alcoholism 

• 

Drug  Addiction 

BOH 

•L_ 

Gtitre 

•a 

GROUP  TOTAL 

mmm 

•HL- 

Hypertension 

i 

Tachycardia 

BHL 

I   . 

, 

PbkbHis 

1 

Varicose  Veiat 
OtbeLCard.-Vajc.  Disease 

BBH 

•L_ 

3 

a 

' 

Bronchitis.  Chronic 

I 

"r 

Pleurisy 

I 

Sinusitis 

I 

GROUP  TOTAL 

•BB 
BBKSI 

1 

IL_ 
••H 

••1 

alii 

TubercoUsis  of  Lung 

i  " 

Tuberculosis,  Other  Parts  . 

* 

GROUP  TOTAL 

BBS 

•a* 

DBB 

••• 

H__ 

Digestive  Disorders 

3 

Fistala  in  Ana 

1 

• 

Hemorrhoids  with  Prolapse 

* 

GROUP  TOTAL 

Ski. 

• 

Syntulis 

BHft 
1 

GcDorrhea 

Ckaicroklai  Disease                  b 

GROUP  TOTAL 

•H 

i  

Nephritis 

Testis  in  Canal 

BHL_ 

VaricBcele  aad'Hydrocele 

EHL_ 
1 

OtisrG.-U.  Diseases  UwVea.) 

APPENDIX  TABLES. 


443 


H.-COMPAR1SON  OF  CAUSES  OF  PHYSICAL  REJECTIONS  OF  INDUCED  MEN 

(FEBRUARY  10  TO  NOVEMBER  1, 1S!8) 

FOR  THE  STATE  OF  ALABAMA 

PER  CENT, 


CAMT 


1.        2 


6 


7      s 


10    ii,    ia  is 


Amputation 


Boas  Duease 


Fracture 


Jurat  Disease 


Pei Caros 


1ROUP  TOTAL 


Heigkt 


Overweight 
Underweight 
Chest  Mtatnrementi 


GROUP  TOTAL 


Hearing ,  Dtfecta  of 


Otto  Media.  CL-onk 
Perforated  Drun 


GROUP  TOTAL 


Trackema 


Otfcer  Diseatt  o(  Eye 
GROUP  TOTAL 


Me.UlDef.ae 


Fiychoaeurosu 


Akokaln 


Goitre 


Hypertkyraifeai 


GROUP  TOTAL 


ifeurt  ttteue,  Orgaax 
UyMrteeuoa 


Tack 


PWebitu 


V»rie«se  Veie* 


Other  CyJ.-V«»t. 
TOTAL 


Aithns 


Braacfeitu,  Ckroak 
Plurey 


Sh>o«4i« 


GROU?  TOTAL 


HBBi 


T.S. 


Tibtrcniont,  Otkcr  Parts 


Dittrders 


HE morrhoidii  witk  Prolapst 


GROUP  TOTAL 


Skin 


GoDorrhea 


Chaucroidal  Diiea.ve 


Hepkritii 


Testii  in  Canal 


Varicocele  and  Hydrocefe 


GROUP  TOTAL 


All  other  CaDKt 


444 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


Chart  1-COMPAR1SON  OF  CAUSES  OF  PHYSICAL  REIECHONS  OF  INDUCED  MEN  FROM  CAMP 

(FEBRUARY  10  TO  NOVEMBER  1, 1918) 
FOR  THE  STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 

PER  CENT 
01  2345          6          7         8          9         10        11     18 


Hearing.  Dfft-cti  o( 
Oiitii  Media,  Cbrocit 


Chart  J -COMPARISON  OF  CAUSES  OF  PHYSICAL  REJECTIONS  OF  INDUCTED  MEN  FROM  CAMP 

(FEBRUARY  10  TO  NOVEMBER  1,  1918) 
FOR  THE  STATE  OF  COLORADO 

PER  CENT 


< 

>       1 

2 

3 

4 

1 

6 

7 

a 

€ 

»       1 

y   11 

IS 

)    13f 

GROUP  TOTAL 
Hailax  Val'-ui 

am 

ma 

ma 

BB 

mm 

•  

)verweight 

* 

Underweight 

•Hi 

mm 

mm 

ma 

•I 

Chest  Measurements 

GROUP  TOTAL 
Hearing,  Defect*  of 
Oiit>;  Medi?,  Chronic 

mm 

GROUP  TOTAL                     j 

mm 

mm 

ma 

mm 

Ba 

ma 

mm 

BH- 

Other  Diteue  of  Eye 

1 

Mental  Deficiency 

•• 

•• 

s^ 

B^ 

£2££f 

PfycVoneorosi* 

» 

mm 

mm 

Hi 

Paralysis 

Stammering 

I 

Dnsc  Addiction 

• 

Goitre 

GROUP  TOTAL 

OB 

mm 

BL 

Hypertension 

tachycardia 

mm 

PhfcliJis 

Varicose  Veins 

tm 

Other  Cart-Vase.  Disease 

m 

Asthma 

&F^ 

;rfii 

Bronchitis,  Chronic 

Pleurisy 

SinasilU 

| 

Tuberculosis,  Other  Parts 

GROUP  TOTAL 

Teeth 

EBB 

1MB 

OKI 

•m 

• 

Digestive  Disorders 

r^ 

Fistula  in  Ano 

B 

Hemorrhoids  with  Prolapse 

GROUP  TOTAL 

1 

Skin 

1 

Syptuits 
Gonorrhea 

Chancroidal  Disease 

GROUP  TOTAL 

Nephritis  , 

Testis  in  Canal 

n 

Varicocele  and  Hydrotfle 

i 

i 

Other  G.-U.Dis-ajes(Noi>.Vea) 

GROUP  TOTAL 

HL 

i 

445 


446 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


Chart  K.- 


OF  CAUSES  OF  PHYSICAL  REJECTIONS  OF  INDUCTED  MEN  FROM  CAMP 

(FEBRUARY  10  TO  NOVEMBER  1,  1918) 
FOR  THE  STATE  OF  TEXAS 

PER  CENT  ^ 
01      2      34      5      6     7      8      9    10    11     12  13    14    IS   16    171S 


Bone  Diwase 


Spice 


Pes_P> 
Hallm  Valgns 


Heirht 


Overweight 


Umierweiji 


Chest  Meunrcmentt 


GROUP  TOTAL 


Otrlu  M?dia,  Chronk 
Perforated  Dram 


GROUP  TOTAL 


Trathoma 


Othtr  DotMt  of  Eye 
GROUP  TOTAL 


MtaUl  Deficiency 


Sunattriaf 


Akoloiio 


briif  Addiction 


A.tkm' 


itii,  Chronic 


Pleamy 


SllDiitit 


TnbtnuioMi,  Other  Parti 


Teeth 


Digestive  Disorders 


Fistula  in  ADO 


Hemorrhoids  with  ProUp 


GROUP  10  FA!. 


Goiorrhea 


ChaacroMlal  Div 


GROUP  TOTAL 


Nephritis 


Tesfii  in  C«n»l 


ViricBcc!;  UK!  !i;Jrace)« 


Ot!ier  C.-U.  Duea^s  (NM-Vtn) 


GROUP  TOTAL 
AH  ether  Cause* 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


447 


dart  L-COMPA83S08  OF  CAUSES  OF  PHYSICAL  REJECTIONS  OF  INDUCTED  8SN  FROM  CA1> 

(FEBRUARY  19  70  NOVEMBER  I. 1918) 
FOR  THE  STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA 


1 


VER  CENT 

5         6         7 


10       11     12 


Sore  DIK&SC 

• 

Fracture 
Spir*                  

mam 

OBL 

Halitii  Vate« 

MB 

•  — 

HeiEhi 

BBff 

Or«rv?i|b( 

I 

Underweight 

ksm 

H3BL 

Cb*!t  Mfa?»r«n)eatl 

Htzmc,  Defects  of 

•   , 

Otitis  Media,  Chronk 

•BOH 

P" 

Perforal-d  Drum 

BESS. 

GROUP  TOTAL 

BBI 

&sm 

BW_ 

Tncboraa 

• 

Otbcr  i.)is«aw  cf  ifi 

1 

CSOIJP  TOTAL  
Ewkp-y 

PKinE 

mm 

PmlLoearom      "  
Paraiytii 

PT-- 

Stamaitrmj 

Akoboiitio 

a_ 

Dru{  AdiJiction 

BBM 

•  

Goitre 

P 

Hyperthyroidiim 

• 

GROUP  TOTAL 

m 

,  ,    _- 

HygerletsioB 

TatliTcaidia 

Phlebitis 

i 

Varicost  Vfin» 

•V4 

Ofbtr  C»rd.-Visc.  D;;?*M 

i 

Aitlima 

-T 

BrornbilU,  Oironic 

| 

Pltarisy 

StB8«itij 

| 

GROUf  TOTAL 

m 

Taberculesu,  Otiiw  Parts 

1 

T«tb 
D;jjcs!i7t  Disorders 

i 

b  H 

Fislnla  in  Ano 

lleraorrboids  witb  Prolapse 

GKOUP  TOTAL 

i 

Skin 

Syph.ii* 

RBBB 

Gonorrbea 

CiJS« 

Cbantroidal  Diieise 

1 

GROUP  TOTAL 

•at 

•BBR 

Nepbntis 

Tectis  ia  Canal 

B 

Varicocc!?  and  Hjdrcxtlt 

H 

Otlwr  G.-U.  DisM«3  (Hcn-Vra.) 

GROUP  TOTAL 

^ 

All  other  Coatei 

K 

448 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  60-E. — Mental  and  nervous  disorders  as  cause  for  rejection  by  local 
boards  and  camp  surgeons,  and  for  discharge  from  the  Army. 


Total 
rejec- 
tions 
for 
stated 
causes. 

Local  board. 

Camps. 

Army. 

Totals. 

Per  cent  of 
stated  causes. 

Mental 
defi- 
ciency. 

Nerv- 
ous 
and 
mental 
dis- 
orders. 

Mental 
defi- 
ciency 

Nerv- 
ous 
and 
mental 
dis- 
orders. 

Mental 
defi- 
ciency 

Nerv- 
ous 
and 
mental 
dis- 
orders. 

Mental 
defi- 
ciency. 

Nerv- 
ous 
and 
mental 
dis- 
orders. 

Mental 
defi- 
ciency. 

Nerv- 
ous 
and 
mental 
dis- 
orders. 

United  States  

442.  275 

6,293 

7,319 

3,804 

5,464 

14,417 

10,945 

24,514 

23,728 

5.54 

5.36 

Alabama         

11,430 
1,632 
9,692 
•3,  138 
5,064 
9,197 
405 
663 
3,998 
18,664 
1,020 
27,382 
13,955 
14,355 
7,9R4 
9,376 
10,209 
1,801 
5,840 
21,748 
10,7C4 
15,540 
10,902 
14,007 
3,219 
4,618 
586 
1,320 
5,483 
1,401 
22,711 
13,  258 
3,936 
18.293 
9,012 
3,575 
28.  1G2 
2,704 
6,847 
1,389 
12,640 
23,600 
2,501 
888 
11,317 
4,737 
8,872 
14,631 
1,002 

614 
4 
297 
81 
55 
49 
11 
10 
29 
222 
23 
278 
103 
108 
71 
323 
246 
84 
93 
117 
170 
112 
261 
335 
15 
31 
2 
15 
39 
24 
240 
104 
43 
124 
182 
26 
412 
11 
46 
42 
373 
79 
4 
16 
374 
21 
224 
136 
14 

285 
18 
98 
149 
72 
53 
13 
43 
82 
291 
18 
495 
118 
188 
141 
199 
205 
43 
65 
141 
218 
205 
219 
438 
31 
68 
6 
18 
101 
19 
794 
133 
42 
282 
112 
Gl 
685 
24 
106 
45 
99 
191 
16 
23 
230 
52 
136 
223 
25 

192 
2 
81 
29 
16 
64 
6 
23 
31 
125 
2 
203 
80 
37 
27 
120 
169 
42 
163 
98 
142 
87 
108 
201 
9 
14 
2 
13 
85 
5 
262 
74 
20 
303 
87 
4 
251 
36 
46 
13 
110 
91 
3 
13 
145 
19 
68 
79 
4 

114 
14 
80 
s  74 
27 
60 
8 
22 
69 
117 
16 
465 
153 
78 
58 
75 
146 
36 
100 
218 
174 
58 
111 
213 
26 
26 
7 
20 
153 
14 
647 
108 
21 
450 
101 
17 
471 
37 
55 
20 
194 
205 
13 
19 
117 
18 
103 
127 
9 

358 
11 
361 
9 
110 
298 

205 
19 
291 
9 
150 
395 

1,164 
17 
739 
119 
181 
411 
17 
36 
161 
9?3 
28 
1,216 
777 
859 
446 
812 
733 
137 
537 
840 
1,022 
900 
836 
793 
68 
189 
10 
59 
164 
50 
645 
1,108 
246 
1,014 
566 
104 
1,354 
101 
504 
56 
1,032 
961 
72 
32 
873 
144 
543 
780 
35 
40 

600 
51 
469 
232 
249 
508 
21 
69 
198 
774 
41 
1.646 
776 
.570 
409 
501 
532 
93 
379 
893 
949 
729 
542 
854 
115 
'246 
24 
76 
286 
59 
1,613 
701 
190 
1,448 
466 
170 
1.654 
120 
427 
67 
622 
1,051 
110 
83 
609 
207 
429 
788 
48 
30 

10.18 
1.04 
7.62 
3.79 
3.58 
447 
4.20 
5.43 
4.03 
5.27 
2.75 
4.44 
5.57 
5.98 
5.59 
8.66 
7.18 
7.61 
9.20 
3.86 
5.17 
5.79 
7.67 
5.66 
2.11 
4.09 
1.71 
4.47 
2.99 
3.42 
2.84 
8.36 
6.25 
5.54 
6.28 
2.91 
4.81 
3.71 
7.36 
4.03 
8.16 
4.18 
2.S8 
3.60 
7.72 
3.04 
6.12 
5.33 
3.49 

5.28 
3.13 
4.84 
7.39 
4.92 
5.52 
5.19 
10.41 
4.95 
4.15 
4.02 
6.01 
5.56 
3.97 
5.12 
5.34 
5.21 
5.16 
6.49 
4.11 
4.80 
4.69 
4.97 
6.10 
3.57 
5.33 
4.10 
5.76 
5.22 
4.04 
7.10 
5.29 
4.83 
7.92 
5.17 
4.76 
5.87 
4.44 
6.24 
4.82 
4.92 
5.10 
4.40 
9.43 
5.38 
4.37 
4.84 
5.32 
4.79 

Arizona     

Arkansas  

California  

Colorado    

Connecticut  

Delaware                .  .  . 

District  of  Columbia.  . 
Florida  

3 

101 
636 
3 
735 
594 
714 
348 
369 
318 
11 
281 
625 
710 
701 
467 
257 
44 
144 
6 
31 
40 
21 
143 
930 
183 
587 
297 
74 
691 
54 
412 
1 
549 
791 
65 
3 
354 
104 
251 
565 
17 
40 

4 
47 
366 
7 
686 
505 
304 
210 
227 
181 
14 
214 
534 
557 
466 
212 
203 
58 
152 
11 
38 
32 
26 
172 
460 
127 
716 
253 
92 
498 
59 
266 
2 
329 
655 
81 
41 
262 
137 
190 
438 
14 
30 

Georgia  

Idaho  

Illinois  

Indiana    

Iowa  

-Kansas  

Kentucky  

Louisiana  

Maine  .  .  . 

Marvland  

Massachusetts 

Mi"hi?an  

Mimiosnf-,3.  

Mississippi  

Missouri  

Montana  

Nebraska  .  . 

Nevada  

New  Hampshire  

New  Jersey  

New  Mexico  

New  York.  .  . 

North  Carolina  

North  Dakota 

Ohio  

Oklahoma 

Oregon  

Pennsylvania  

Rhode  Island  

South  Carolina  

South  Dakota  

Tennessee  

Texas  
Utah  

Vermont.  . 

Vircn'nia  

Washington 

V.'est  Virginia  

Wi'srvmsin 

Wyoming  

Not  allocated 

•      1 

APPENDIX   TABLES.  449 

APPENDIX  TABLE  62-A. — Deferments  and  exemptions  in  general,  by  States. 


Registrants 
June  5, 
1917,  to 
Sept.  11, 
1918. 

Reported 
exemp- 
tions 
and  de- 
ferments. 

Per  cent 
of  regis- 
trants. 

Class  II. 

Class  III. 

Class  IV. 

Class  V. 

United  States  

10,679,814 

6,973,270 

65.29 

1,093,515 

649,317 

3,106,613 

2,123,825 

Alabama  

206,248 

120,067 

58.21 

20,850 

8,630 

72,685 

17,902 

40,  517 

30,332 

74.86 

2,165 

1,470 

7,734 

18,963 

Arkansas  

16S,302 

97,237 

57.78 

12,919 

5,083 

65,209 

14,  026 

California  

332,593 
91,813 

229,  113 
61,505 

68.89 
67.09 

13,  177 
6,591 

13,  595 
4,603 

88,736 
29,386 

113,  605 
21,015 

Connecticut          

175,026 

127,019 

72.57 

17,  808 

10,  572 

38,837 

59,  802 

21  563 

17,439 

71.00 

4,946 

1,614 

6,365 

4,514 

District  of  Columbia  

36,  741 

22,  676 

61.72 

4,540 

3,270 

9,339 

5,527 

Florida           

94,  792 

54,021 

56.99 

4,  525 

3,681 

29,917 

15,  898 

Georgia    

260  296 

157,  196 

60.39 

18,205 

10,542 

103,  181 

25,268 

Idaho      

45,  982 

28,901 

62.85 

3,621 

2,023 

15,  147 

8,110 

Illinois                     

707  962 

469,  675 

66.34 

122,609 

70,  567 

120,358 

156,  141 

283  843 

190,  242 

67.02 

21,798 

12,  794 

111,228 

44,  422 

Iowa         

240,  934 

152,863 

63.45 

26,  563 

10,447 

82,  071 

33,  782 

167,  486 

111,794 

66.75 

13,  695 

8,804 

63  454 

25  841 

Kentucky      

215  936 

129,  654 

60.04 

13,978 

8,079 

85,932 

21  665 

180  226 

97,  541 

54.12 

5,619 

5,750 

68,004 

18  168 

68  214 

45  415 

66.58 

9  543 

3,468 

20  609 

11  795 

136  552 

91  390 

66.93 

18  123 

8,110 

45  558 

19  599 

Massachusetts  

398  364 

276,  994 

69.53 

31,330 

21,153 

99,644 

124  867 

411  5'6 

2SO  972 

68.26 

84  601 

47,  051 

43  256 

106  OS4 

249  937 

154  448 

61  79 

22  257 

17  132 

69  985 

45  074 

Mississippi  

157  607 

92  659 

58  79 

15,  497 

5,894 

56,466 

14,802 

Missouri  

335,  012 

211,745 

63  21 

89,  289 

47,  530 

23,  953 

50  973 

97  762 

58  205 

59  54 

8  582 

4  694 

26  539 

18  390 

132  45S 

85,  599 

61  f/> 

14  649 

7  866 

43  715 

19  369 

Nevada      

13  044 

7  663 

58  75 

609 

446 

2,154 

4  454 

41  743 

29  112 

69  74 

4  898 

2  726 

11  744 

9  744 

332  895 

231  735 

69  61 

23,905 

17,222 

103  049 

8"'  559 

New  Mexico  

37  300 

22  8C5 

61  30 

2,832 

1,388 

10  799 

7  846 

Ne  .v  York  

1  120  332 

765  301 

68  31 

74,  715 

69,796 

316  831 

303  959 

North  Carolina 

228  844 

145  1S6 

63  44 

20  799 

10  189 

91  822 

22'  376 

North  Dakota  

73  341 

47  213 

64  37 

8,882 

4,374 

21  880 

12'  077 

Ohio       

617  371 

418  557 

67.80 

47,  467 

33,  724 

209  582 

127  784 

193  236 

112  817 

58  38 

11  312 

4  278 

76  330 

20  897 

Oregon     

70  5-19 

46  162 

65  43 

8,024 

3  278 

21  117 

13  743 

Pennsylvania  

902  996 

618  048 

68  44 

79,  794 

47,  306 

283  168 

207  780 

Rhode  Island 

59  059 

44  354 

75  10 

4  853 

3  769 

17  584 

18  148 

South  Carolina  
South  Dakota  

144,  701 
66  189 

85,  728 
38,541 

59.24 
58.23 

23,462 
3,  736 

6,718 
3,  652 

42,783 
21  623 

12,7ti5 
9  .r>30 

Tennessee  

213,  427 

132,  482 

62.07 

11^920 

8  553 

90  3-49 

21  630 

Texas        

460  326 

294  4''S 

63  96 

88  550 

50  533 

84  832 

70  513 

Utah     

46  901 

32  467 

69  22 

2  448 

1  4% 

17  054 

11  469 

Vermont  

30,  884 

21,145 

68  47 

3,608 

1,211 

9  932 

6  394 

Virginia     

206  190 

127  665 

61  92 

18  6H7 

10  830 

71  533 

26  615 

Washington  

125,  708 

80  988 

64  48 

9  227 

4  276 

34  016 

33  469 

West  Virginia  

142,  174 

85  707 

60.28 

9,902 

4  021 

52  025 

19  759 

Wisconsin  

266,  691 

176,884 

66.33 

24,393 

14,359 

83,220 

54,912 

Wyoming  

25,  151 

13  430 

53.40 

2,012 

720 

5  878 

4  820 

97250°— 19- 


-29 


450 


APPENDIX  TABLES. 


CWt  SI-DISTRIBUTION  OF  REGISTRANTS,  BY  CLASSES 

PER  CENT 


90      100 


Mastachiuetts 
Michigan 


APPENDIX   TABLES.  451 

APPENDIX  TABLE  62-B. — Deferments  and  exemptions  in  general,  by  divisions. 
Total  deferments  and  exemptions 6, 973, 270 

CLASS   II. 
Div- 
ision. 

A.  Married  man  with  children,  or  father  of  motherless  children,  where 

such  wife  or  children  or  such  motherless  children  are  not  mainly 
dependent  upon  his  labor  for  support  for  reason  that  there  are  other 
reasonably  certain  sources  of  adequate  support  (excluding  earnings 
or  possible  earnings  from  labor  of  wife)  available,  and  that  the 
removal  of  registrant  will  not  deprive  such  dependents  of  support . .  183, 770 

B.  Married  man,   without  children,   whose  wife,  although  registrant  is 

engaged  in  a  useful  occupation,  is  not  mainly  dependent  upon  his 
labor  for  support,  for  the  reason  that  the  wife  is  skilled  in  some  special 
class  of  work  which  she  is  physically  able  to  perform  and  in  which 
she  is  employed,  or  in  which  there  is  an  immediate  opening  for  her 
under  conditions  that  will  enable  her  to  support  herself  decently 
and  without  suffering  or  hardship 503,  221 

C.  Necessary  skilled  farm  laborer  in  necessary  agricultural  enterprise 138, 487 

D.  Necessary  skilled  industrial  laborer  in  necessary  industrial  enterprise .       122,  542 
X.  Recent  marriages,  etc 37,  955 

0.  Noncombatants 3,  593 

Division  not  reported 103,  947 

CLASS    III. 

• 

A.  Man  with  dependent  children  (not   his  own),  but  toward  whom  he 

stands  in  relation  of  parent 14,  816 

B.  Man  with  dependent  aged  or  infirm  parent 236, 553 

C.  Man  with  dependent  helpless  brothers  or  sisters 32,  898 

D.  County  or  municipal  officer 2,  767 

E.  Highly  trained  fireman  or  policeman  in  service  of  municipality 2,  885 

F.  Necessary  customhouse  clerk 577 

G.  Necessary  employee  of  United  States  in  transmission  of  the  mails 6,  381 

H.  Necessary  artificer  or  workman  in  United  States  armory  or  arsenal ....  4,  619 

1.  Necessary  employee  in  service  of  United  States 9,  857 

J.   Necessary  assistant,  associate,-  or  hired  manager  of  necessary  agricul- 
tural enterprise 67,  018 

K.  Necessary  highly  specialized  technical  or  mechanical  expert  of  neces- 
sary industrial  enterprise 20, 424 

L.   Necessary  assistant  or  associate  manager  of  necessary  industrial  enter-' 

prise 6, 042 

O.   Noncombatants *. 2,  282 

Division  not  reported 242, 192 

CLASS   IV. 

A.  Man  whose  wife  or  children  are  mainly  dependent  on  his  labor  for  sup- 

port    2,  932, 475 

B.  Mariner  actually  employed  in  sea  service  of  citizen  or  merchant  in  the 

United  States 16, 128 

C.  Necessary  sole  managing,  controlling,  or  directing  head  of  necessary 

agricultural  enterprise 61, 482 

D.  Necessary  sole  managing,  controlling,  or  directing  head  of  necessary 

industrial  enterprise 6,  283 

O.  Noncombatants 9, 410 

Division  not  reported 80?  435 


452  APPENDIX    TABLES. 

APPENDIX  TABLE  62-B. — Deferments  and  exemptions  in  general,  by  divisions — Contd. 

CLASS  v. 

A.  Officer — legislative,  executive,  or  judicial  of  the  United  States  or  of 

State,  Territory,  or  District  of  Columbia 6,  695 

B.  Regularly  or  duly  ordained  minister  of  religion 18, 067 

C.  Student  who  on' May  18, 1917,  or  on  May  20,  1918,  or  since  May  20,  1918, 

was  preparing  for  ministry  in  recognized  theological  or  divinity 
school,  or  who  on  May  20,  1918,  or  since  May  20,  1918,  was  preparing 
for  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery  in  recognized  medical  school . .  1C,  673 

D.  Person  in  military  or  naval  service  of  United  States 619,  727 

E.  Alien  enemy 334,  949 

F.  Resident  alien  (not  an  enemy)  who  claims  exemption 589,  003 

G.  Person  totally  and  permanently  physically  or  mentally  unfit  for  mili- 

tary service 52L  G06 

H.  Person  morally  unfit  to  be  a  soldier  of  the  United  States IS,  G20 

I.  Licensed  pilot  actually  employed  in  the  pursuit  of  his  vocation 1,  705 

J.  Person  discharged  from  the  Army  on  the  ground  of  alienage  or  upon 

diplomatic  request !  344 

K.  Subject  or  citizen  of  cobelligerent  country  who  has  enlisted  or  enrolled 
in  the  forces  of  such  country  under  the  terms  of  a  treaty  between 
such  country  and  the  Unitd  States  providing  for  reciprocal  military 

serviqe  of  their  respective  citizens  and  subjects 1 , 064 

L.  Subject  or  citizen  of  neutral  country  who  has  declared  his  intention  to 
become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  and  has  withdrawn  such  inten- 
tion under  the  provisions  of  act  of  Congress  approved  July  9,  1918, 

and  Selective  Service  Regulations 

O.  Noncombatants...  2. 554 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  64-A. — Class  I,  nominal  and  effective  strength,  September,  1918, 
registration,  ages  19-20;  32-36. 


Total 
number 
boards 
in 
State. 

Total 
from 
whom 
data  were 
received 
by  Dec. 
19,1918. 

Total  reg- 
istrants 
Sept.  12, 
1918, 
reported. 

Total  reg- 
istrants 
ages 
19-20; 
32-36, 
reported. 

Reported 
number 
classified 
Class  I. 

Percent 
Class  I 
to  regis- 
trants 
19-20; 
32-36, 
reported. 

Total 
Group  A 
reported. 

Percent 
Group  A 
reported 
to  regis- 
trants 
19-20; 
32-36. 

United  States           

4  544 

1  424 

3,  602,  589 

1,551,191 

461,491 

29.7 

270,314 

17.4 

Alabama  

78 

7 

19,  101 

8,500 

3,222 

37.9 

1,903 

22.3 

Arizona                  

14 

7 

40,  175 

20,961 

3.979 

1&9 

2,008 

9.5 

Arkansas       

!;0 

11 

22,  147 

10,  133 

3,427 

33.8 

2,211 

21.8 

California  

125 

13 

37,704 

16,  188 

5,843 

36.0 

2,  856 

17.6 

Colorado                    .   - 

38 

60,  006 

26,564 

6,602 

24.8 

2,  203 

8.5 

Connecticut        

44 

9 

36,927 

15,  905 

3,478 

21.7 

1,413 

8.8 

Delaware     

2 

8,180 

3,799 

1,048 

27.5 

591 

15.5 

District  of  Columbia.  . 

11 

20.0 

Florida    

59 

Georgia  

165 

31 

36,  924 

16,076 

5,511 

34.2 

3,241 

20.1 

Idaho  

42 

6 

5.193 

2,243 

732 

32.6 

438 

19.5 

Illinois           .        

227 

140 

54x  4(11 

237,725 

71,  777 

30.1 

42,  971 

18.0 

Indiana  

124 

88 

239,  332 

103,  357 

31,187 

30.1 

18,940 

ias 

Iowa  

112 

110 

279,059 

121,  455 

37,983 

31.2 

20,382 

21.7 

Kansas          

11") 

56 

89,356 

39,  538 

10,525 

26.6 

6,131 

15.5 

Kentucky  

131 

78 

5 

3,693 

1,443 

39.0 

924 

25.0 

Maine                   

24 

3 

11,757 

5,110 

1,260 

24.  0 

297 

5.8 

53 

3 

5  445 

2  248 

666 

29.6 

332 

14  7 

iisotts  . 

122 

44 

154,315 

67  141 

20,753 

30.9 

9,130 

13.5 

Miclii-Mn    

136 

55 

167,617 

73,741 

18,594 

25.2 

7,924 

10.7 

Minnesot  a    

121 

5 

6,366 

1,553 

24.3 

1.104 

17.3 

Mississippi 

80 

55 

184  090 

'47,981 

16,328 

34.0 

10.746 

22  3 

Missouri            

106 

61 

157,927 

64,329 

21,095 

32.7 

12,  715 

19.7 

A^oiitrna          

44 

Nebraska  

100 

56 

74,  477 

33,829 

13,  285 

39.2 

5,887 

17.4 

Nevada                

16 

17.  -5 

16 

New  Jersey 

106 

New  Mexico  

22 

1 

1,318 

588 

156 

26.5 

144 

24.4 

New  York  

354 

59 

229,  581 

98,738 

24,056 

24.9 

12,761 

12  9 

North  Carolina 

109 

74 

148,633 

62,982 

20,  843 

33.0 

12,325 

19  5 

North  Dakota  

53 

Ohio  

155 

34 

139,460 

59,509 

14,  526 

24.4 

S,480 

14.2 

Oklahoma 

85 

70 

190,348 

83,682 

27  332 

32.6 

18  579 

22  2 

Oregon                

47 

22 

42,180 

17,911 

5,515 

30.7 

2,S9F 

16.1 

Pennsylvania  

282 

Rhode  Island  ... 

22 

11 

35,  703 

U,  479 

3  978 

27  4 

1  647 

11  3 

South  Carolina  

66 

4 

3,573 

1,452 

40.6 

824 

23  0 

South  Dakota. 

65 

38 

46  514 

21  192 

7  240 

34  1 

3  991 

Tennessee.      .  . 

113 

42 

88,  139 

38  416 

11  070 

28  8 

5.950 

15  4 

Texas          

279 

69 

86,890 

40  015 

11,817 

29.5 

8,625 

21  5 

Utah  

34 

32 

54,700 

24,689 

6,522 

26.4 

4,799 

19.4 

Vermont 

15 

Virginia          

113 

58 

118,  369 

51  782 

16  230 

31.3 

8  891 

17  1 

Washington  

66 

41 

63,352 

27,963 

7,837 

28.0 

4,631 

16.5 

West  Virginia 

65 

18 

53  721 

23  975 

6  921 

28.8 

4  199 

17  5 

Wisconsin  ... 

104 

42 

116,834 

51,293 

14  013 

27.3 

10,468 

20  4 

Wyoming  

21 

4 

7,454 

3,462 

1,092 

31.5 

702 

20.2 

NOTE. — It  will  be  noticed  that  the  net  effectives  here  average  58.59  per  cent  of  the  nominal  Class  I,  instead 
of  71.83  per  cent,  as  in  Table  64  in  the  text.  Table  64  represents  the  percentage  as  found  in  the  entire  first 
and  second  registrations,  i.  e.,  ages  21-30.  while  the  present  Table  represents  ages  19-20,  32-36,  as  reported 
from  one  third  of  the  boards  for  the  third  registration. 

It  wiil  also  be  noticed  that  the  percentage  of  effectives  to  total  registrants  here  averages  only 
17.4  per  cent,  as  against  the  average  of  30.16  per  cent  shown  in  Table  68  of  the  text.  The  differ- 
ence is  duo  to  two  circumstances.  In  the  first  place,  Table  68  includes  age  18,  \vhose  effectives 
number  much  larger,  both  absolutely  and  in  percentage,  than  any  other  age:  hence  the  inclusion 
of  that  age  would  have  raised  considerably  the  lower  figure  of  Table  64-A.  In  the  second  place, 
Table  68  was  obtained  in  November,  from  State  headquarters,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  results 
by  ages,  and  furnished  only  the  estimated  gross  Class  I,  the  ratio  of  effectives  being  computed  in  this  office: 
while  Table  04- A  was  obtained  from  the  local  boards,  in  early  December  (just  before  going  to  press,  too  !aie 
for  use  in  Table  08)  and  showed  the  results  of  the  physical  examinations,  but  without  discrimination  of 
ages.  Thus,  Table  64-A,  for  the  age  group  covered,  represents  a  closer  approximation  to  the  probable  final 
result  of  the  classification. 


454  APPENDIX  TABLES. 

APPENDIX  TABLE  66-A. — Registration;  age-distribution  by  States. 


• 

Total 
registration 
June  5, 
1917,  to 
Sept.  12, 
1918. 

Age  18.      Age  19. 

Age  20. 

Age  21  . 

Age  22. 

Age  2.J. 

United  States 

23,908,576 

939,875 

761,007 

757,791 

958,739 

1,018,407 

978.975 

Alabama  

444,842 
94,310 
365.904 
839,614 
216,820 
374,400 
55,277 
90,361 
209,248 
549,235 
105,337 
1,574,877 
639,834 
524,  456 
382,065 
486,  739 
392,316 
159,631 
313,489 
886,728 
873,383 
541,607 
344,  724 
765,045 
201,256 
287,  414 
30,808 
95,158 
762,485 
81,013 
2,511,046 
482,463 
160,292 
1,389,474 
435,668 
179,436 
2,069,407 
134,515 
307,350 
145,  706 
474,347 
990,522 
103,052 
71,484 
465,  439 
328,466 
325,266 
586,290 
59,977 

27,084 
2,026 
19,638 
21,259 
7,790 
11,304 
2,188 
3,620 
9,949 
33,594 
3,731 
50,618 
23,798 
20,247 
15,578 
25,309 
20,549 
5,740 
13,552 
27,384 
27,  370 
20,102 
21,594 
29,971 
4,130 
11,309 
532 
3,476 
25,292 
3,279 
79,931 
29,392 
5,931 
44,984 
20,982 
5  581 
73,531 
4  557 
20,615 
5,642 
26,611 
47,956 
3,816 
2,819 
27,232 
9,140 
15,183 
22,335 
1,624 

17,802 
1,675 
14,  147 
18,651 
6,642 
9,807 
1,816 
2,757 
6,628 
21,311 
3,149 
44,  137 
20,955 
18,538 
13,355 
19,402 
14,887 
5,191 
10,  707 
23,  914 
24,444 
18,541 
13,555 
25,774 
3,572 
10,158 
477 
3,140 
20,930 
2,701 
69,420 
19,172 
5,512 
40,817 
16,594 
4,827 
62,613 
3,916 
12,078 
5,251 
18,  834 
37,474 
3,326 
2,565 
17,596 
8,024 
12,054 
20,773 
1,398 

16,  738 
2,002 
14,074 
19,499 
6,503 
10,  107 
1,893 
3,091 
6,701 
20,108 
3,005 
44,291 
20.381 
17,818 
13,  153 
18,816 
15,274 
4,948 
11,347 
23,611 
24,866 
18,231 
13,266 
25,862 
3,682 
9,877 
566 
2,914 
21,616 
2,561 
70,542 
17,731 
5,257 
41,311 
16,499 
4,805 
64,414 
4,107 
10,868 
5,226 
18,615 
36,897 
3,286 
2,490 
16,694 
8,042 
12,229 
20,402 
1,575 

20,750 
2,881 
17,505 
24,840 
8,164 
13,271 
2,369 
3,482 
8,076 
23,354 
3,977 
57,597 
23,965 
22,622 
16,  536 
23,234 
18,  746 
6,392 
13,457 
31,948 
32,459 
23,300 
16,444 
32,  217 
5,443 
12,258 
819 
3,549 
26,268 
3,025 
90,712 
21,983 
6,483 
55,569 
20,741 
5,969 
82,097 
5,106 
14,405 
6,462 
23,196 
46,680 
3,905 
3,065 
20,006 
10,151 
15,107 
26,137 
2,017 

24,379 
3.936 
18,  198 
26,019 
7,283 
15,685 
2.382 
3,180 
10,540 
39,  795 
4;094 
62,200 
25,666 
22,159 
15,985 
21,186 
19,154 
7,259 
12.368 
35,268 
32.656 
21,520 
22,037 
30,346 
8,707 
13,  210 
910 
4,052 
27,399 
3,624 
86,456 
32,585 
6,706 
52,787 
18,827 
5,590 
79,432 
5,068 
23,490 
6,758 
23,216 
50,007 
4,091 
3.248 
27,541 
9,980 
14.  513 
25,050 
1,865 

21,999 
4,282 
16,464 
27,911 
8.246 
15.969 
2,408 
3.  153 
9,500 
28,614 
3,901 
60.743 
2o.  247 
21,098 
15,890 
20.966 
18,323 
5,972 
12.904 
35.265 
3o.  464 
21,814 
14,837 
30.141 
7,515 
12.155 
1,007 
3,959 
28,860 
3,852 
97.428 
23,570 
6,709 
53,996 
18,  494 
5,595 
80,834 
5,204 
16,051 
5,848 
21,300 
46,144 
4,054 
2,868 
21,896 
10,354 
13.  41") 
23,935 
2,131 

Arizona  

Arkansas     .                

California  

Colorado                            

Connecticut  

Delaware  

District  of  Columbia         

Florida.          

Georgia  

Idaho    .              

Illinois  

Indiana  

Iowa     .            

Kansas  ...      

Maine  ....        

Massachusetts  

Michigan  

Mississippi  

Missouri  

Montana  

Nebraska  

Nevada  

New  Jersey  
New  Mexico..             

New  York          

North  Carolina  

North  Dakota  

Ohio  

Oklahoma..         .      .  . 

Oregon  

Pennsylvania.  .  . 

Rhode*  Island  

South  Carolina  .  . 

South  Dakota  

Tennessee  

Texas  

Utah... 

Vermont  

Virginia  .... 

Washington 

West  Virginia  

Wisconsin  

Wyoming.  

APPENDIX   TABLES.  455 

APPENDIX  TABLE  66-A. — Registration;  age-distribution  by  States — Continued. 


Age  24. 

Age  25. 

Age  26. 

Age  27. 

Age  28. 

Age  29. 

Age  30. 

United  States  

1,010,287 

997,544 

967,  576 

956,494 

960,460 

974,555 

948  857 

Alabama  

21,397 

19,  472 

17,825 

17,227 

16,726 

16,880 

15  149 

4,301 

4,224 

4,259 

4,092 

4,181 

4,171 

4  092 

16,  168 

15,869 

15,334 

14,388 

14,517 

14,469 

13  291 

California  

30,007 

30,294 

30,755 

31,305 

32,947 

34,173 

34  904 

8,856 

8,718 

8,756 

8,595 

8,583 

8,715 

8  690 

Connecticut  

16,804 

17,034 

15,952 

16,322 

15,795 

16,  471 

16*036 

Delaware  

2,476 

2,277 

2,276 

2,070 

2,256 

2,106 

2  048 

District  of  Columbia.  
Florida        -  

3,569 
9,246 

3,857 
9,239 

3,633 
8,601 

3,263 

8,598 

3,357 
8,140 

3,256 

8,238 

3,284 

7  8g5 

Georgia  

25,690 

24,  246 

22,235 

21,667 

20,371 

20,430 

18*000 

4,193 

4,384 

4,288 

4,047 

4,2% 

4,383 

4  514 

64,802 

66,082 

64,800 

64  474 

66,147 

66,858 

67*050 

26,468 

26,403 

26,273 

25,294 

27,698 

25,738 

25*506 

Iowa            

22,787 

22,219 

22,390 

21,997 

21,770 

21,  795 

20*629 

Kansas     

16,265 

15,784 

15,  421 

15,  117 

15,281 

15,269 

14*722 

20,821 

20,376 

19,109 

18,804 

18,987 

18,399 

17  152 

17,  755 

17,370 

16,296 

16,184 

14,939 

15,  213 

14*986 

Maine        

6,269 

6,205 

6,208 

6,062 

5,970 

6,146 

6  067 

Maryland       

13,  162 

12,889 

12,  164 

12.  165 

12,  026 

12,  458 

11  736 

36,  266 

36,453 

36,806 

37  585 

36,323 

37  295 

37  136 

38,  738 

39,557 

38,  497 

38  792 

39,  193 

39,256 

38  703 

23,254 

23,548 

22,777 

22,658 

22,662 

22,847 

22*825 

Mississippi.  

13,208 

14,903 

13,425 

12,  421 

13,008 

12,  721 

11*472 

Missouri      

31,542 

30,394 

30,493 

30,337 

29,417 

30,545 

29*635 

8,254 

8,840 

9,365 

9,415 

9,938 

10,277 

9  866 

Nebraska  

12,557 

12,199 

11,876 

11,957 

11,886 

11,864 

11*606 

Nevada  

1,143 

1,183 

1,331 

1,208 

1,352 

1,441 

1*404 

New  Hampshire.  .  . 

3,988 

3,876 

3,694 

3,889 

3,778 

3  698 

3  670 

New  Jersey  

31,  105 

30,974 

29,763 

30,400 

30,982 

31,  870 

32*  813 

3,891 

3,801 

3,661 

3  390 

3  339 

3  366 

3  361 

New  York  

104,626 

104,911 

101,648 

103,  051 

104,490 

107,720 

107*697 

North  Carolina  

21,  775 

20.638 

19,  172 

18,384 

18,486 

18  804 

16  737 

North  Dakota 

7  235 

6,941 

6,753 

6  381 

6  587 

6  597 

6*623 

Ohio  ..  ,  

58,  059 

56,828 

56,813 

55,  438 

56,  682 

57,971 

55*242 

Oklahoma    

18,801 

18,  257 

17,658 

17  165 

16  635 

16  768 

15*840 

6,100 

6,291 

6,259 

6  561 

6  702 

7  284 

7*154 

84  625 

83  554 

80  659 

80  590 

81  502 

85  152 

84*  168 

Rhodo  Island  . 

5,673 

5  553 

5  351 

5  395 

5  473 

5  558 

5*554 

South  Carolina  .   . 

14,  745 

13  337 

11  608 

10  997 

10  653 

10*606 

9*201 

South  Dakota  

5,993 

6,018 

5  999 

5  809 

5  995 

5  913 

5  777 

Tennessee  

20,975 

19,  733 

19  034 

18  128 

17  861 

17  722 

15*930 

Texas 

46,  610 

44  833 

43  262 

41  051 

39  482 

39  283 

37*544 

Utah 

4,386 

4  400 

4  397 

4*143 

4*147 

4*519 

4*505 

Vermont  

2,903 

2  751 

2  691 

2  790 

2  659 

2  639 

2*741 

Virginia  

20,  750 

19,  158 

17  55Q 

17  067 

16  658 

16*555 

15*262 

Washington  - 

11  184 

11  447 

11  343 

11  634 

12*190 

12*  416 

12*  443 

West  Virginia  

13.  781 

13  146 

12'  630 

12*034 

12*  317 

12*276 

11*666 

Wisconsin  

24  737 

24  604 

24  018 

23  879 

23*617 

23*926 

24*034 

Wyoming  

2,347 

2,474 

2  449 

2  274 

2*460 

2*498 

2*507 

456  APPENDIX   TABLES. 

APPENDIX  TABLE  66-A. — Registration;  age-distribution  by  States — Continued. 


Age  31. 

Age  32. 

Age  33. 

Age  34. 

Age  35. 

Age  36. 

Age  37. 

Age  38. 

United  States  

1,  043,  492 

499,902 

927,968 

920,355 

804,778 

813,  581 

823,150 

836,280 

Alabama.  .           

17,025 

7,546 

15,580 

15,649 

13,454 

14,268 

15,057 

15,154 

Arizona    

4,290 

1,762 

3,527 

3,888 

3,392 

3,458 

3,108 

3,459 

Arkansas                         ... 

13,927 

6,292 

13,085 

13,631 

11,129 

12,607 

12,667 

12.983 

California        

38,460 

19,454 

36,  010 

35,050 

31,417 

31,931 

31,  693 

32,  718 

Colorado  

9,010 

5,151 

9,471 

8,975 

7,918 

7,785 

7,548 

7,807 

Connecticut  

17,614 

7,981 

15,075 

14.496 

12,799 

12.660 

12.542 

12,057 

Delaware  

2,158 

1,115 

2,  1-17 

2,115 

1,903 

1,769 

1,825 

1,964 

District  of  Columbia      

3,226 

1,956 

3.702 

3,589 

3,047 

3,020 

3,616 

3,801 

Florida     .       

8.287 

3.595 

7,997 

7.952 

6.497 

6,883 

7.415 

7,733 

Georgia        

18,908 

8,465 

18,506 

18  672 

15.822 

16,490 

18,  398 

18  557 

Idaho           .".  

4,649 

2,506 

4,511 

4,363 

3,763 

3,846 

3  535 

3,751 

Illinois  

72,  712 

34,958 

63,071 

62,993 

54,478 

54,108 

54,007 

54,  430 

Indiana  

27,520 

14,094 

24,498 

25,028 

22,528 

22,568 

22,199 

22,824 

Iowa           

22,463 

12,081 

19,  379 

19,050 

17,  398 

16,956 

16,831 

17,  o;,6 

Kansas  

15,854 

8,531 

13,  719 

14,267 

12,694 

12,  721 

12,  619 

12,  757 

Kentucky         

18.731 

9,353 

17,  486 

17,846 

15,  133 

15,786 

16,  789 

16,784 

Louisiana  

14,055 

6,530 

13,993 

14,624 

12,243 

13,536 

13,418 

13,  461 

Maine                            .... 

6,418 

3,297 

5,809 

5,794 

5,177 

5,325 

5,436 

5,661 

Mary&nd.     

13,225 

6,  324 

11,950 

12,  131 

10,252 

10,  362 

10,620 

11,108 

Massachusetts 

41,226 

18  446 

34  001 

33  565 

29,382 

29  757 

29  999 

30  \\f) 

Michigan          

40,736 

19,  770 

35,989 

34.244 

30,325 

29,645 

29  624 

29  557 

Minnesota  ,  

24,609 

13,270 

21,  798 

20,679 

18,  125 

17,756 

17,208 

17.  195 

Mississippi  

15,713 

4,819 

11,862 

12,204 

10,646 

11,909 

11,794 

12,  4SO 

Missouri  

33,089 

16,  216 

29,346 

29,313 

25,518 

25,704 

27,279 

26.589 

Montana  

10,  643 

4,595 

8,028 

7,740 

6,710 

6,348 

6.164 

6,048 

Nebraska  

12,  151 

6,739 

10,999 

10,654 

9.849 

9,450 

9,311 

9,207 

Nevada     

1,524 

750 

1,540 

1,334 

1.229 

1.277 

1,142 

1.  188 

New  Hampshire 

3  957 

2.121 

3  548 

3,121 

2  748 

2  857 

2  967 

3  103 

New  Jersey        

35,961 

16,  087 

31,  702 

31,251 

27.506 

27,323 

27,432 

27  577 

New  Mexico 

3,767 

1,823 

3  570 

3  243 

2  798 

2  637 

2  389 

2  .537 

New  York           .           

127,  930 

54,822 

97  944 

99,022 

87,  357 

85,952 

87  6% 

89  088 

North  Carolina 

19,252 

7  552 

15  231 

15  904 

13  887 

14  373 

15  223 

15  282 

North  Dakota 

6,903 

3,794 

6  585 

6  310 

5  455 

5.512 

5  279 

5  369 

Ohio            

62,760 

29,793 

56,493 

55.  632 

48  625 

47,985 

48  675 

49.  393 

Oklahoma 

16,  470 

8  433 

16  617 

16  476 

13  870 

14  537 

14  929* 

15  285 

Oregon  

7,659 

4,759 

8,037 

8,062 

7,129 

7,394 

7,217 

7,172 

Pennsylvania     

91,041 

44,104 

84,589 

82,954 

73,538 

74,  195 

74.252 

75,  599 

Rhode"  Island  

5,846 

3,039 

5,148 

5,110 

4,491 

4,728 

4,635 

4,589 

South  Carolina  

11,485 

4,399 

9,714 

10,  038 

8  907 

9,216 

10,  389 

10,  153 

South  Dakota  

6,322 

3,552 

6,016 

5,678 

5.077 

4.941 

5,025 

4,883 

Tennessee 

18  607 

8,572 

17,509 

17  122 

14  511 

15  3% 

16  071 

16  534 

Texas  

39,  133 

19,  393 

35,650 

35,  586 

30  422 

32.240 

31,188 

32  513 

Utah  

4,893 

2,471 

4,195 

4,021 

3,626 

3,596 

3.493 

3,517 

Vermont  

2,912 

1,505 

2,540 

2.509 

2,408 

2,  419 

2,416 

2,555 

Virginia  

16,  358 

7,782 

16,300 

16,526 

13,929 

14,581 

16  693 

16,  539 

Washington  . 

13,  987 

8,159 

14,  515 

14,  136 

12  265 

12,651 

12,410 

12,  499 

Wp.st  Virtnnia             .... 

12,  976 

6,438 

12,  778 

13,074 

10.  649 

11,188 

11.  597 

11,  514 

Wisconsin  

24,390 

14,090 

23,040 

21,748 

20,325 

19,437 

19,044 

20,327 

Wyoming  

2,660 

1,615 

3.168 

2  986 

2,427 

2,498 

2,286 

2,404 

APPENDIX   TABLES.  457 

APPENDIX  TABLE  66-A. — Registration;  age-distribution  by  States — Continued. 


Age  39. 

Age  40. 

Age  41. 

Age  42. 

Age  43. 

Age  44. 

Age  45. 

Age  not 
reported. 

United  States 

725,416 

688,918 

648,599 

693,657 

654,915 

624,129 

688,002 

284,867 

Alabama  

12,296 

2,557 
10,  436 
29,104 
6,933 
11,232 
l,t!49 
3,084 
5,955 
14,448 
3,331 
47,406 
20,360 
15,323 
11,303 
14,012 
11,804 
4,900 
9,561 
27,816 
25,796 
15,435 
9,327 
23,425 
5,339 
8,141 
1,146 
2,776 
24,609 
1,955 
80,039 
13,504 
4,868 
42,953 
12,574 
6,316 
66,064 
4,230 
8,126 
4,410 
13,652 
26,670 
3,237 
2,452 
13,380 
11,128 
9,671 
18,554 
2,069 

11,181 
3,270 
9,700 
27,354 
6:467 
10,662 
1,513 
2,798 
5,466 
14,006 
3,202 
45,331 
19,313 
14,816 
11,211 
14,061 
10,331 
4,928 
9,021 
26,203 
24,250 
14,795 
9,  122 
22,744 
4,673 
8,097 
1,079 
2,772 
23,583 
2,053 
74,842 
12,918 
4,327 
41,635 
12,233 
6,103 
61,517 
4,092 
7,703 
4,030 
13,295 
25,505 
3,003 
2,331 
12,905 
10,617 
9,347 
16,623 
1,851 

9,603 
2,350 
8,530 
26,462 
6,326 
10,183 
1,454 
2,898 
5,097 
11,808 
3,115 
42,208 
18,267 
14,558 
10,608 
13,  144 
8,909 
4,722 
8,623 
24,933 
23,278 
14,223 
7,452 
21,611 
4,599 
7.556 
988 
2,700 
22,325 
1,971 
71,831 
11,495 
4,223 
38,790 
11,460 
5,962 
59,641 
4,048 
6,708 
3,996 
11,991 
23,381 
2,589. 
2,234 
12,  250 
10,  135 
8,812 
16,878 
1,674 

9,990 
3,075 
8,632 
27,942 
6,944 
11,131 
1,672 
3,001 
5,580 
12,505 
3,185 
45,477 
19,781 
15,  505 
11,296 
13,534 
9,427 
4,991 
9,607 
27,593 
25,376 
14,851 
7,688 
23,002 
4,754 
8,018 
1,070 
2,924 
24,826 
1,982 
77,760 
11,853 
4,519 
42,  -181 
11,705 
6,250 
64,652 
4,229 
7,553 
4,038 
11,768 
24,478 
2,935 
2,418 
12,752 
10,808 
9,010 
17,  192 
1,897 

9,122 
2,407 
8,455 
25,361 
6,289 
10,514 
1,562 
2,723 
5,131 
11,836 
2,965 
43,165 
19,231 
14,662 
11,183 
13,448 
8,800 
5,112 
9,158 
26,676 
22,978 
14,122 
7,342 
22,515 
4,501 
7,704 
970 
2,767 
22,682 
1,931 
74,035 
11,356 
4,221 
40,095 
11.779 
5,731 
60,006 
4,106 
6,403 
3,844 
11,487 
23,338 
2,583 
2,296 
12,053 
9,686 
8,815 
16,  168 
1,631 

9,233 
2,041 
8,127 
24,466 
5,921 
10,009 
1,465 
2,470 
4,865 
11,125 
2,859 
41,186 
18,444 
14,086 
10,534 
12,211 
8,459 
4,733 
8,828 
26.034 
22,239 
13,738 
6,986 
20,973 
4,274 
7,355 
877 
2,743 
22,074 
1,751 
70,853 
10,687 
4,016 
37,744 
10,780 
5,557 
58,756 
3,997 
6,340 
3,645 
10,568 
20,921 
2,422 
2,161 
10,957 
9,323 
8,116 
15,614 
1,566 

13,527 
3,051 
10,783 
26,027 
6,333 
10,942 
1,651 
3,006 
6,632 
14,562 
2,820 
42,520 
19,291 
14,658 
10,968 
14,458 
10,144 
5,100 
9,590 
27,220 
23,583 
14,330 
8,926 
22,716 
4,293 
7,445 
940 
2,822 
24,513 
1,853 
76,737 
12,256 
4,085 
39,955 
12,287 
5,706 
63,046 
4,171 
8,660 
3,734 
13,546 
24,678 
2,568 
2,360 
13,444 
9,699 
9,136 
16,563 
1,667 

2,729 
2,553 
848 
33,571 
2,400 
3,343 
691 
922 
2,822 
5,712 
974 
37,028 
496 
3,025 
3,444 
'      1,403 
2,906 
3,739 
2,194 
17,654 
5,989 
5,395 
3,593 
8,331 
13,543 
1,826 
381 
3,549 
4,762 
902 
27,506 
3,261 
1,105 
19,962 
2,972 
1,664 
12,253 
1,541 
2,902 
H76 
2,563 
8,203 
928 
1261 
5,016 
18,100 
1,794 
11,150 
i  41 

Arizona                     

Arkansas  

Ca;ifornia  

Colorado                

Connecticut  

Delaware  

District  of  Columbia 

Florida  

Georgia                        

Idaho  .               

Illinois  

Indiana                          .  . 

Iowa  .             

Kansas  

Kentucky.. 

Louisiana  .  .                     ... 

Maine  

Maryland  . 

Massachusetts  

Michigan 

Minnesota  ... 

Mississippi  

Missouri  

Montana. 

Nebraska  ...     . 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire  .... 

New  Jersey  

New  Mexico 

New  Yrrk  

North  Carolina  

North  Dakota 

Ohio.      .                  ... 

Oklahoma  

Oregon  . 

Pennsylvania  

Rhode"  Is  hind 

South  Carolina           .   . 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee.. 

Texas  

Utah  

Vermont  .           

Virginia  

Washington  . 

West  Virginia  

Wisconsin 

Wyoming                 

i  The  age  returns  from  this  State  show  an  apparent  excess  in  age  distribution  over  the  total  registration 
reported. 


458  APPENDIX   TABLES. 

APPENDIX  TABLE  71-A. — Colored  and  white  registration,  compared  by  States. 


Total 
colored 
and  white 
regis- 
trants. 

Colored 
regis- 
trants, 
June  5. 
1917,  to 
Sept.  11, 
1918. 

Colored 
regis- 
trants, 
Sept.  12, 
1918. 

Total 
colored 
regis- 
trants. 

Percent 
oftotal 
regis- 
trants. 

White 
regis- 
trants, 
JuneS, 
1917,  to 
Sept.  11, 
1918. 

White 
regis- 
trants, 
Sept.  12, 
1918. 

Total 
white 
regis- 
trants. 

Per 
cent  of 
total 
regis- 
trants. 

United  States  

23,779,997 

1,078,331 

1,212,196 

2,290,527 

9.63 

9,562,515 

11,926,955 

21,489,470 

90.37 

Alabama  

444,692 

81,963 

81,410 

163,373 

36.74 

124,247 

157,  072 

281,319 

ftf  21  i 

Arizona  

93,  078 

295 

680 

975 

1.05 

39,884 

52,  219 

92,103 

9S.  95 

Arkansas      

365,  754 

51,  176 

53,659 

104,835 

28.66 

117,111 

143,808 

26Q,  919 

71.34 

California  

787,  676 

3,308 

6,404 

9,712 

1.23 

312,994 

464,970 

777,964 

98.77 

Colorado.. 

215,  178 

1,103 

1,867 

2,970 

1.38 

90  453 

121,  755 

212,208 

98  62 

Connecticut  

373,  676 

3,524 

4,659 

8,183 

2.19 

171,296 

194,  197 

365,493 

97.81 

Delaware  

55,215 

3,798 

4,448 

8,246 

14.93 

20,  761 

26,  208 

46,  969 

85.07 

District  of  Columbia 
Florida  

89,  898 
208,931 

11,045 
39,  013 

15,433 
43,019 

26,478 
82  032 

29.45 
39.26 

25,  625 
55,572 

37,  795 
71,  327 

63,420 
126,899 

70.55 
60.74 

Georgia  

549,  020 

112,  593 

108,  188 

220,  781 

40.22 

147,  604 

180,635 

328,  239 

59.78 

Idaho 

103,  740 

254 

255 

509 

.49 

45,  224 

58,007 

103,  231 

99  51 

Illinois 

1,  571,  717 

21,816 

35,597 

57,  413 

3.65 

685,254 

829,050 

1,514,304 

96.35 

Indians^ 

639,  431 

11,289 

16,549 

27,838 

4.35 

272,  442 

339,  151 

611,  593 

95.65 

Iowa  

523,  957 

2,959 

3,022 

5  981 

1.14 

237,744 

230,  232 

517,  976 

98,86 

Kansas  

381,316 

5,575 

7,448 

13,023 

3.41 

161,  691 

206,602 

368,  293 

96.59 

Kentucky 

486,599 

25,850 

30,  182 

56  032 

11.52 

190,060 

240,  507 

88.48 

Louisiana... 

391,664 

76,223 

82,  256 

158  479 

40.46 

103,  718 

129,  467 

2;i:j,  is.) 

59.  .54 

Maine  

159,350 

163 

179 

342 

.22 

67,941 

91,067 

159,  008 

99.78 

Maryland... 

313,255 

26,  435 

32,  736 

59  171 

18.89 

110,  066 

144,018 

254,084 

81.  11 

Massachusetts 

884,030 

6,044 

8,056 

14,100 

1.60 

391,  654 

478,  276 

869,  930 

98.40 

Michigan 

871,410 

6,979 

8,950 

15  929 

1.83 

404,  040 

451,  441 

855,  481 

98.  17 

Minnesota 

540,003 

1,541 

1,809 

3  350 

.62 

247,  750 

288,903 

536,653 

99.38 

Mississippi 

344,506 

81,548 

91,534 

173,082 

50.24 

75,  977 

95,447 

171,  424 

49.76 

Missouri.... 

764,428 

22,796 

31,  524 

54  320 

7.11 

372,  106 

398,  002 

710,  108 

92.  89 

Montana  

198,  999 

320 

494 

814 

.41 

96,  753 

101,432 

198,  185 

99.59 

Nebraska  •.  

286,  147 

1,614 

2,417 

4,031 

1.42 

130,  493 

151,623 

282,  116 

98.58 

Nevada  

29,465 

59 

113 

172 

.58 

12,581 

16,  712 

29,  293 

99.  42 

New  Hampshire  
New  Jersey. 

95,035 
761,  236 

77 
14,056 

98 
19,  340 

175 
33  396 

.18 
4.39 

41,617 
18,  615 

53,243 
409,225 

94,860 
727,840 

99.82 
05  61 

New  Mexico.  . 

80,158 

235 

360 

595 

.74 

36,  776 

42,787 

79,563 

99.26 

New  York  

2,503,290 

25,  974 

35,299 

61,  273 

2.44 

1,092,061 

1,349,956 

2,442,017 

97.56 

North  Carolina 

480,901 

73,  357 

69,168 

142,  525 

29.63 

155.  102 

183,  274 

338,376 

70.37 

North  Dakota... 

159,391 

65 

165 

230 

.15 

72,837 

86,324 

159,  161 

99.85 

Ohio.. 

1,387,830 

28,831 

35,  156 

63,987 

4.61 

588,170 

735,  673 

1,323,843 

95.39 

Oklahoma  

423,864 

14,  305 

23,258 

37,563 

8.86 

173,851 

212,450 

386,  301 

91.  14 

Oregon 

176,010 

144 

534 

678 

.38 

69,  376 

105,  956 

175,  332 

99.62 

Pennsylvania.  .  .     . 

2,067,023 

39,  363 

51,111 

90,474 

4.38 

803,106 

1,  113,  443 

1,976,549 

95.  62 

Rhode  Island. 

134,  232 

1,573 

1,913 

3  486 

2.59 

57,  433 

73,313 

130,  746 

97.41 

South  Carolina 

307,229 

74,  265 

74,  912 

149,  177 

48.56 

70,  395 

87,657 

158,  052 

51.44 

South  Dakota  
Tennessee  . 

142,783 
474,253 

144 
43,  735 

171 
51,  059 

315 
94,794 

.23 
19.99 

64,896 
169,  074 

77,  572 
209,785 

142,  468 
379,  459 

99.77 
80.01 

Texas  

989,  571 

83,  671 

82,  775 

166,446 

16.82 

376,  385 

446,  740 

823,  125 

83.18 

Utah 

100,  038 

169 

392 

561 

.56 

45,  930 

53,547 

99,477 

99.44 

Vermont  

71,464 

63 

89 

152 

.21 

30,  819 

40,493 

71,312 

99.79 

Virginia 

464,903 

64,338 

75,  816 

140,  174 

30.15 

141,  714 

183,  015 

324,  729 

69.85 

Washington.. 

319,  337 

373 

1,353 

1,726 

.54 

123,  752 

193,  859 

317,611 

99.46 

West  Virginia  

Wisconsin,  ... 

324,975 
584,639 

13,292 
718 

14,652 
1,117 

27,944 
1,835 

8.60 
.31 

128,  852 
265,501 

168,  179 
317,  303 

297,031 

582,804 

91.40 
99.69 

Wyoming  

58,700 

280 

570 

850 

1.45 

24,612 

33,238 

57,850 

98.55 

APPENDIX   TABLES.  459 

APPENDIX  TABLE  73-A. — Colored  and  white  inductions,  compared  by  States. 


Total  col- 
ored and 
white  reg- 
istrants, 
June  5, 
1917,  to 
Sept.  11, 
1918. 

Colored 
regis- 
trants, 
June  5, 
1917,  to 
Sept.  11, 
1918. 

Per- 
centage 
of  color- 
ed and 
white 
regis- 
trants. 

Colored 
in- 
ducted, 
June  5, 
1917.  to 
Nov.  11, 
1918. 

Per 
cent  of 
colored 
regis- 
trants. 

White 
regis- 
trants, 
June  5, 
1917,  to 
Sept.  11, 
1918. 

Per 
cent  of 
colored 
and 
white 
regis- 
trants. 

White 
induc- 
tions. 
Junes, 
1917,  to 
Nov.  11, 
1918. 

Per 
cent 

01 

white 
regis- 
trants. 

United  States  

10,640,846 

1,078,331 

10.13 

367,  710 

34.10 

9,562,515 

89.87 

2,299,157 

24.04 

Alabama  

206,210 

81,963 

39.75 

25,874 

31.57 

124,247 

60.25 

33,881 

27.27 

40.  179 

295 

.73 

77 

26.10 

39,884 

99.27 

8,036 

20.15 

Arkansas  

168,287 

51,176 

30.41 

17,544 

34.28 

117,111 

69.59 

31,768 

27.13 

California       

316,302 

3,308 

1.05 

919 

27.78 

312,994 

98.95 

66,  148 

21.13 

Colorado  

91,556 

1,103 

1.20 

317 

28.74 

90,453 

98.80 

22,487 

24.86 

Connecticut  

174,820 

3,524 

2.02 

941 

26.70 

171,296 

97.98 

31,598 

18.45 

24,559 

3,798 

15.46 

1,365 

35.93 

20,761 

84.54 

3,628 

17.48 

District  of  Columbia. 
Florida  

36,670 
94,  585 

11,O15 
39,013 

30.12 
41.25 

4,000 
12,904 

36.  22 
33.08 

25,625 
55,572 

69.88 
58.75 

5,631 
12,012 

21.97 
21.62 

Georgia  

260,  197 

112.593 

43.27 

34,303 

30.47 

147,604 

56.73 

32,538 

32.04 

Idaho       

45,478 

254 

.56 

95 

37.40 

45',  224 

99.44 

12,471 

27.58 

Illinois     

707,070 

21,816 

3.09 

8,754 

40.13 

685,  254 

96.  91 

168,729 

24.62 

Indiana  

283,  731 

11,289 

3.98 

4,579 

40.56 

272,442 

96.02 

65,170 

23.92 

240,  703 

2,959 

1.23 

929 

31.40 

237,  744 

98.77 

65,935 

27.73 

Kansas  

167,  266 

5,575 

3.33 

2,127 

38.15 

161,691 

96.67 

39,778 

24.60 

Kentucky  

215,910 

25,850 

11.98 

11,320 

43.79 

190,060 

88.02 

47,010 

24.66 

Louisiana  

179,941 

76  223 

42.36 

28,711 

37.67 

103,718 

57.64 

27,494 

26.51 

Maine      

68,104 

163 

.24 

50 

30.67 

67,941 

99.76 

15,216 

22.40 

136,501 

26,  435 

19.37 

9,212 

34.85 

110,066 

80.63 

24,655 

22.40 

Massachusetts  

397,  698 

6,044 

1.52 

1,200 

19.85 

391,654 

98.48 

75,367 

19.24 

Michigan  

411,019 

6,979 

1.70 

2,3^5 

34.32 

404,040 

98.30 

94,085 

23.29 

Minnesota  

249,  291 

1  541 

.62 

511 

53  16 

247,  750 

99.38 

73,169 

29.53 

Mississippi  

157,  525 

81,548 

51.77 

24,066 

29.51 

75,977 

48.23 

19,296 

25.40 

334,902 

22  796 

6  81 

9  219 

40  44 

312,  106 

93.19 

83,624 

26.79 

Montana     

97,073 

'320 

.33 

'l98 

61.87 

96,753 

99.67 

27,  142 

28.05 

Nebraska  

132,  107 

1  614 

1.22 

642 

39.78 

130,493 

98.78 

29,165 

22.35 

12,640 

59 

47 

26 

44  07 

12,581 

99.53 

3,138 

24.94 

New  Hampshire  
New  Jersey  

41,694 
332,671 

77 
14,056 

.18 
4.23 

27 
4  863 

35.07 
34.60 

41,617 
318,615 

99.82 

95.77 

8,377 
66,527 

20.13 
20.88 

New  Mexico 

37,011 

235 

.63 

51 

21  70 

36,776 

99.37 

8,811 

23.96 

New  York  

1,118,035 

25,  974 

2.32 

6  193 

23.84 

1,092,061 

97.68 

247,  396 

22.65 

North  Carolina  

228,  459 

73  357 

32.11 

20  082 

27.38 

155,  102 

67.89 

38,359 

24.  73 

North  Dakota  

72,902 

65 

.09 

87 

72,83* 

99.91 

18,508 

25.41 

Ohio    

617,001 

28,831 

4.67 

7,861 

27.27 

588,  170 

95.33 

130,  287 

22.  15 

Oklahoma 

188,  156 

14  305 

7  60 

5  694 

39  ft) 

173,851 

92.40 

59,247 

34.  OS 

Oregon    

69,520 

'l44 

.21 

'  68 

47  22 

69,376 

99.79 

16,090 

23.19 

Pennsylvania  

902,  469 

39,  363 

4.36 

15  392 

39.10 

863,106 

95.64 

185,819 

21.53 

Rhode  Island         ... 

59,006 

1  573 

2  67 

291 

18  50 

57,433 

97.33 

10,885 

18.  95 

South  Carolina  

144,660 

74  2P5 

51.34 

25  798 

34.74 

70,  395 

48.66 

18,  261 

25.94 

South  Dakota  

65,040 

144 

.22 

62 

43.06 

64,896 

99.78 

21,193 

32.66 

Tennessee  

213,409 

43  735 

20  59 

17  774 

40.64 

169,674 

79.51 

42  104 

24.81 

Texas  

460,056 

83  671 

18.  19 

31,506 

37.  65 

376,385 

81.81 

85,889 

22.  82 

Utah  

46,099 

169 

.37 

77 

45.56 

45,930 

99.63 

"   10,711 

23.32 

Vermont  

30,  882 

63 

.20 

22 

34.92 

30,819 

99.80 

6,607 

21.44 

Virginia  

206,072 

64,358 

31.23 

23,541 

36.57 

141,714 

68.77 

34,  796 

24.  55 

Washington  

124,  125 

373 

.30 

173 

•    46.  38 

123,752 

99.70 

28,513 

23.  04 

142  144 

13  292 

9  35 

5  492 

41  32 

128  852 

90  65 

39  863 

30.94 

Wisconsin 

266,  219 

718 

.27 

224 

31.20 

265  501 

99.73 

70,758 

26.  65 

Wyoming  .  . 

24  892 

280 

1.12 

95 

23.93 

24,612 

98.88 

7,828 

31.81 

Alaska 

5 

1  957 

Hawaii  

5,4P6 

Porto  Rico 

' 

15  734 

' 

460  APPENDIX   TABLES. 

APPENDIX  TABLE  75-A. — Desertions:  Reported  and  outstanding. 


' 

Total  reg- 
istrants, 
June  5, 
1917,  to 
Sept.  11, 
1918. 

Total 
reported 
deser- 
tions. 

Per- 
cent- 
age of 
regis- 
trants. 

Account- 
ed for  as 
not  de- 
serters. 

Net 
reported 
deser- 
tions. 

Per- 
cent- 
age of 
regis- 
trants. 

Appre- 
hended 
or  cases 
disposed 
of. 

Out- 
stand- 
ing de- 
sertions. 

Per- 
cent- 
age of 
regis- 
trants. 

United  States  

10,679,814 

474,861 

4.45 

111,839 

363,022 

3.40 

67,838 

295,184 

2.76 

Alabama  

206,  248 

14,507 

7.04 

2,850 

11,657 

5.65 

1,532 

10,125 

4  91 

Arizona  

40,517 

7,003 

17.28 

1,780 

5,223 

12.90 

1,023 

4,200 

10.37 

Arkansas  

168,302 

7,246 

4.31 

2,151 

5,095 

3.03 

1,294 

3,801 

2  26 

California  

332,593 

15,591 

4.69 

2,420 

13,  171 

3.96 

1,748 

11,423 

3  43 

Colorado      

91,813 

5,001 

5  45 

1,583 

3,418 

3  72 

549 

2,869 

3.12 

175  026 

13  098 

7  48 

3  375 

9  723 

5  56 

2  248 

7  475 

4  27 

Delaware       

24,563 

989 

4  03 

310 

679 

2.76 

679 

2  76 

District  of  Columbia. 
Florida  

36,741 
94  792 

1,006 
10  142 

2.73 
10  70 

174 
1  839 

832 
8,303 

2.26 
8  76 

159 
475 

673 

7,828 

1.83 
8  26 

Georgia  

260,296 

13,468 

5.18 

3,106 

10.  362 

3.98 

1,079 

9,283 

3  57 

Idaho                     

45  982 

2  350 

5  11 

775 

1  575 

3  43 

346 

1  229 

2  67 

Illinois  

707,  962 

24,589 

3  47 

4,904 

19,685 

2  78 

3  977 

15,  708 

2  22 

Indiana 

283  843 

6  451 

2  27 

2  271 

4  180 

1  47 

1  551 

2  629 

93 

Iowa        

240  934 

5  779 

2  40 

1,933 

3,846 

1  60 

854 

2  992 

1  24 

Kansas  

167,  486 

3,427 

2.05 

1,007 

2,420 

1.44 

419 

2,001 

1  19 

Kentucky         . 

215  936 

3  854 

1  79 

551 

3  303 

1  53 

1  004 

2  299 

1  06 

Louisiana  

180,  226 

8,212 

4.55 

221 

7,991 

4.43 

428 

7,563 

4  20 

Maine 

68  214 

2  582 

3,  79 

876 

1  706 

2  50 

450 

1  456 

2  13 

Maryland  

136  552 

6  241 

4  57 

1,417 

4,824 

3.53 

593 

4,231 

3  10 

Massachusetts 

398  364 

20  506 

6  87 

6  139 

14  367 

4  81 

2  661 

11  706 

3  92 

Michigan  

411,596 

18  237 

4  43 

6,619 

11,618 

2  82 

2  921 

8,697 

2  11 

Minnesota  .. 

249  93-7 

10  729 

4  29 

3  059 

7  670 

3  06 

1  859 

5  811 

2  33 

Mississippi  

157  607 

9  825 

6  23 

1,873 

7  952 

5  05 

1  689 

6  263 

3  97 

Missouri 

335  012 

12  340 

3  68 

1  909 

10  431 

3  11 

1  2% 

9  135 

2  73 

Montana.         

97,762 

8  009 

8  19 

1  297 

6  712 

6  87 

1  748 

4  964 

5  08 

Nebraska  

132.458 

2,837 

2.14 

592 

2,245 

1.69 

255 

1,990 

1  50 

Nevada       

13  044 

1  395 

10  70 

399 

'996 

7  64 

204 

792 

6  07 

New  Hampshire  
New  Jersey  

41,743 
332  895 

1,431 
16  649 

3.43 
5  00 

490 
4.880 

941 
11  769 

2.25 
3  54 

91 
3  122 

850 
8  647 

2.02 
2  60 

37  300 

3  257 

8  73 

778 

2  479 

6  69 

474 

2  005 

5  38 

New  York    . 

1  120  332 

61  083 

5  45 

14  716 

46  367 

4  14 

13  860 

32'  507 

2  90 

North  Carolina  

228  844 

6  112 

2  67 

292 

5,820 

2  ."4 

595 

5  225 

2  28 

North  Dakota 

73  341 

2  539 

3  46 

947 

1  592 

2  17 

226 

1  366 

1  86 

Ohio  

617,371 

26  894 

4  36 

6,494 

20  400 

3  30 

2  370 

•    18  030 

2  92 

Oklahoma 

193  236 

7  083 

3  67 

1  493 

5  590 

2  89 

441 

5  146 

2  66 

Oregon     

70,549 

2  041 

2  89 

381 

1  660 

2  35 

336 

1  324 

1  88 

Pennsylvania   .. 

902  996 

38  338 

4  25 

8  874 

29  464 

3  26 

3  131 

26  333 

2  92 

Rhode  Island  

59  059 

2  591 

4  39 

304 

2  287 

3  87 

111 

2'  176 

3  68 

South  Carolina 

144  701 

5  696 

3  94 

949 

4  747 

3  28 

2  445 

2  302 

1  59 

South  Dakota  

66  189 

1,270 

1  92 

584 

686 

1  04 

94 

'592 

89 

Tennessee.. 

213  427 

7  953 

3  73 

2  014 

5  939 

2  78 

448 

5  491 

2  57 

Texas  

460  326 

24  597 

5.34 

2,856 

21  741 

4  72 

4  209 

17'  532 

3  81 

Utah 

46  901 

1  746 

3  72 

575 

1  171 

2  50 

348 

823 

1  75 

Vermont          . 

30  884 

694 

2  25 

286 

408 

1  32 

107 

301 

97 

Virginia  

206  190 

8  025 

3  89 

2  324 

5  701 

2  76 

1  295 

4  406 

2  14 

Washington  

125,708 

7,291 

5  80 

3,049 

4  242 

3  37 

233 

4  009 

3  19 

West  Virginia       ... 

142  174 

6  816 

4  79 

2  435 

4  381 

3  08 

671 

3  710 

2  61 

Wisconsin  

266,691 

4,736 

1  78 

1.385 

3.351 

1  26 

796 

2  555 

% 

Wyoming  ..... 

25  151 

1  797 

7  15 

223 

1  574 

6  26 

70 

1  504 

5  98 

Alaska.."  

609 

80 

529 

529 

Hawaii  

184 

184 

184 

Porto  Rico  

15 

15 

15 

APPENDIX   TABLES.  461 

APPENDIX  TABLE  76-A. — Reported  desertions  by  color,  compared  by  States. 


Total 
white 
and  col- 
ored regis- 
trants, 
June  5, 
1917,  to 
Sept.  11, 
1918. 

Total 
white 

regis- 
trants. 

Report- 
ed 
deser- 
tions, 
white. 

Per 
cent  of 
total 
regis- 
trants. 

Per 
cent  of 
white 
regis- 
trants. 

Total 
colored 
regis- 
trants. 

Report- 
ed 
deser- 
tions, 
colored. 

Per 
cent  of 
total 
regis- 
trants. 

Per 
cent  of 
col- 
ored 
regis- 
trants. 

United  States    

10,540,846 

9,562,515 

369,030 

3.47 

3.86 

1,078,331 

105,  831 

-     .99 

9  81 

Alabama  

206,210 

124,247 

3,672 

1.78 

2.96 

81,963 

10,835 

5.25 

13.22 

Arizona  

40,179 

39,884 

6,939 

17.  36 

17.40 

295 

64 

.16 

21.69 

Arkansas           

168,  287 

117,111 

2,476 

1.47 

2.11 

51,176 

4,770 

2.83 

9  32 

California  .        

316,302 

312,994 

15,323 

4.84 

4.90 

3,308 

268 

.08 

8.10 

Colorado  

91,556 

90,453 

4,910 

5.36 

5.43 

1,103 

91 

.10 

8.25 

Connecticut 

174,820 

171,296 

12,416 

7.10 

7.25 

3,524 

682 

.39 

19  35 

Delaware    

24,559 

20,761 

686 

2.79 

3.30 

3,798 

303 

1.23 

7.98 

District  of  Columbia. 
Florida 

36,670 
94,585 

25,625 
55,572 

390 
1,823 

1.06 
1  93 

1.52 
3.28 

11,045 
39,013 

616 
8,319 

1.68 
8.71 

5.58 
21.32 

Georgia 

260,  197 

147,604 

4,499 

1.73 

3.05 

112,593 

8,969 

3.45 

7.97 

Idaho  

45,478 

45,224 

2,242 

4.93 

4.96 

254 

108 

.23 

42.51 

Illinois  

707,070 

685,  254 

21,678 

3.07 

3.16 

21,816 

2,911 

.41 

13.34 

Indiana  

283,731 

272,442 

5,252 

1.85 

1.93 

11,289 

1,199 

.42 

10.62 

Iowa  

240,703 

237,  744 

5,262 

2.19 

2.21 

2,959 

517 

.21 

17.47 

Kansas 

167,  266 

161,691 

3,172 

1.90 

1.96 

5,575 

255 

.15 

4  57 

Kentucky     .  .     .. 

215,910 

190,060 

2,330 

1.08 

1.23 

25,850 

1,524 

.71 

5  90 

Louisiana  

179,941 

103,718 

2,250 

1.25 

2.17 

76,223 

5,962 

3.31 

7.82 

Maine  .       .  . 

68,104 

67,941 

2,553 

3.74 

3.76 

163 

29 

.04 

17  79 

Maryland  

136,501 

110,066 

3,831 

2.81 

3.48 

26,435 

2,410 

1.77 

9.  12 

Massachusetts  

397,698 

391,654 

19,841 

4.99 

5.07 

6,044 

665 

1.67 

11.00 

Michigan     

411,019 

404,040 

17,222 

4.  19 

4.26 

6,979 

1,015 

.25 

14  54 

Minnesota  

249,291 

247,750 

10,  108 

4.05 

4.08 

1,541 

621 

.25 

40.30 

Mississippi 

157,525 

75,977 

1,713 

1.09 

2.25 

81,548 

8,112 

5  15 

9  95 

Missouri  

334,902 

312,106 

10,  549 

3.14 

3.38 

22,796 

1,791 

.53 

7  86 

Montana  

97,073 

96,  753 

7,895 

8.13 

"8.16 

320 

114 

.12 

35.63 

Nebraska      .      ... 

132,  107 

130,493 

2,608 

1.97 

2  00 

1,614 

229 

17 

14  19 

Nevada  

12,640 

12,581 

1,392 

1.10 

11.06 

59 

3 

.02 

5.08 

New  Hampshire  
New  Jersey. 

41,694 
332,671 

41,617 
318,615 

1,428 
15,114 

3.42 
4.54 

3.43 
4.74 

77 
14,056 

3 

1,535 

.01 
.46 

3.90 
10.92 

New  Mexico  

37,011 

36,776 

3,217 

8.69 

8.75 

235 

40 

.11 

17.02 

New  York 

1,118,035 

1,092,061 

57,  021 

5  10 

5  22 

25,974 

4,062 

36 

15  64 

North  Carolina      

228,459 

155,  102 

1,175 

5.14 

.76 

73,357 

4,937 

2  16 

6.73 

North  Dakota  

72,902 

72,837 

2,520 

3.46 

3.46 

65 

19 

.03 

29.23 

Ohio  ..             

617,001 

588,170 

22,846 

3.70 

3  88 

28,831 

4,048 

66 

14  04 

Oklahoma  

188,  156 

173,  851 

5,860 

3.11 

3.37 

14,305 

1,223 

.65 

8.56 

Oregon              

69,520 

69,  376 

2,023 

2  91 

2  92 

144 

18 

03 

12  50 

Pennsylvania  

902,  469 

803,106 

31,739 

3.52 

3.68 

39,363 

6,599 

73 

16.  76 

Rhode  Island 

59,006 

57,  433 

2,340 

3  97 

4.07 

1,573 

251 

43 

15  96 

South  Carolina     . 

144,660 

70,  395 

1,107 

.77 

1  57 

74,265 

4,589 

3  14 

6  18 

South  Dakota  

65,040 

64,896 

1,243 

1.91 

1  92 

144 

27 

04 

18.75 

Tennessee          

213,409 

169,  674 

4,380 

2  05 

2  58 

43,735 

3  573 

1  €7 

8  17 

Texas  

460,056 

376,  385 

19,209 

4  18 

5  10 

83,671 

5,388 

1  17 

6  44 

Utah  

46,099 

45,  930 

1,735 

3.76 

3.78 

169 

11 

.02 

6.51 

Vermont  

30,882 

30,819 

690 

2.23 

2.71 

63 

4 

.01 

6.35 

Virginia  

206,072 

141,714 

3,090 

1.50 

2  18 

64,358 

4,935 

2  39 

7.67 

Washington  

124,125 

123,  752 

7,261 

5.85 

5.87 

373 

30 

.02 

8.04 

West  Virginia  

142,  144 

128,852 

4,803 

3.38 

3.73 

13,292 

2,013 

1.41 

15.14 

Wisconsin  

266,219 

265,501 

4,663 

1.75 

1.76 

718 

73 

03 

10.17 

Wyoming  

24,892 

24,612 

1,734 

6.96 

7.05 

280 

63 

.25 

22.50 

Alaska  

601 

Hawaii  

184 

Porto  Rico  

15 

462  APPENDIX   TABLES. 

APPENDIX  TABLE  77-A. — Reported  desertions  by  citizenship,  compared  by  States. 


Total 
registrants 
June  5, 
1917-Sept. 
11,  IftlS. 

Total 
alien 
regis- 
trants. 

Report- 
ed deser- 
tions, 
alien. 

Per 
cent  of 
total 
regis- 
trants. 

Per 

cent  of 
alien 
regis- 
trants. 

Total 
citizen 
regis- 
trants. 

Report- 
ed deser- 
tions, 
citizen. 

Per 
cent  of 
total 
regis- 
trants. 

Per 
cent  of 
citizen 
regis- 
trants. 

United  States  

10,679,814 

1,703,006 

185,081 

1.73 

10.87 

S,  971  ',808 

289,780 

2.71 

3  23 

Alabama    

206,248 

1.558 

179 

09 

11  49 

204,690 

14.328 

6  95 

7  00 

Arizona  .     .  

40,517 

15,  283 

4  388 

10  83 

28.71 

25,  234 

2,615 

6  45 

10  36 

Arkansas  

168,302 

652 

40 

.02 

6  13 

167,650 

7,206 

4  28 

4  30 

California  

332,  593 

86,954 

8,713 

10.02 

245,639 

6,878 

2.07 

2  80 

Colorado     .......... 

91,813 

10,144 

2  179 

2  37 

21  48 

81  699 

2,822 

3  07 

3  46 

Connecticut  

175,026 

64,924 

9  239 

5  28 

14  23 

110,102 

3,859 

2  20 

3  50 

Delaware 

24,563 

3,892 

407 

1  66 

10  46 

20  671 

582 

2  37 

2  82 

District  of  Columbia. 
Florida  

36,741 
94,792 

1,590 
4,543 

74 
441 

.20 

.47 

4.65 
9.  71 

35,  151 
90,249 

932 
9,701 

2.54 
10  23 

2.65 
10  75 

Georgia  

260,  296 

1,383 

54 

.02 

3  90 

258,913 

13,414 

5.15 

5  18 

Idaho     

45,  982 

4,622 

1,270 

2  76 

27  48 

41,360 

1,080 

2  35 

2  61 

Illinois  

707,  962 

143,299 

9,919 

1.40 

6  92 

564  ,  663 

14,670 

2.07 

2  GO 

Indiana  

283,843 

22,  751 

2,514 

.89 

11  05 

261,092 

3,937 

1.39 

1  51 

Iowa     

240,934 

16,  847 

1  656 

69 

9  S3 

224,087 

4,123 

1  71 

1  84 

Kansas  

167,486 

5,441 

1  176 

.70 

21  61 

162,045 

2,251 

1.34 

1  39 

Kentucky  

215,936 

1,256 

199 

.09 

15.84 

214,680 

3,665 

1.69 

1.70 

Louisiana  

180,  226 

2,829 

607 

.34 

21.46 

177,  397 

7,605 

4.22 

4.29 

Maine  

68,  214 

9,413 

1  406 

2  06 

14  94 

58,801 

1,176 

1  72 

2.00 

Maryland  

136,  552 

9,546 

895 

.66 

9.38 

127,  006 

5,346 

3-91 

4.  19 

Massachusetts  

398,  364 

139,  766 

12,070 

3.03 

8.64 

258,598 

8,436 

2.12 

3.26 

Michigan  

411,596 

106,  830 

11  939 

2  90 

11  18 

304,766 

6,298 

1.53 

2.07 

Minnesota  .  ."  

249,  937 

40,  260 

5  022 

2.01 

12.47 

209,677 

5,707 

2.2S 

2.72 

Mississippi  

157,607 

572 

231 

.15 

40.38 

157,035 

9,594 

6.09 

6.11 

Missouri  .        

335,012 

11,719 

1,703 

.51 

14.53 

323,293 

10,  637 

3.18 

3.29 

Montana  

97,  762 

19,  793 

4,242 

4.34 

21.43 

77,  969 

3,767 

3.85 

4.83 

Nebraska  

132,458 

8,897 

1  057 

.80 

11.88 

123,561 

1,780 

1.34 

1.44 

Nevada.            

13,044 

4.030 

669 

5.13 

16.60 

9,014 

726 

5.57 

8.05 

New  Hampshire  
New  Jersey  

41,743 
332,  895 

10,  896 
80,932 

705 
7,948 

1.69 
2.39 

6.47 
9.82 

30,847 
251,963 

726 
15,699 

1.74 

4.72 

2.35 
6.23 

New  Mexico  

37,300 

4  364 

1  914 

5.13 

43.86 

32,  936 

1,343 

3.60 

4.08 

New  York  

1,120,332 

374  308 

36  753 

3.28 

9.82 

746,024 

24,330 

2.17 

3.26 

North  Carolina 

228,  844 

597 

62 

.03 

10.39 

228,247 

6,050 

2.64 

2.65 

North  Dakota  

73,341 

9,245 

I,4fi9 

2.00 

15.89 

64,096 

1,070 

1.46 

1.67 

Ohio  

617,  371 

113,000 

10  746 

1.74 

9.51 

504,371 

16,148 

2.62 

3.20 

Oklahoma  

193,236 

2,684 

773 

.40 

28.80 

190,552 

6,310 

3.27 

3-31 

Oregon  .  

70,549 

11,048 

832 

1.18 

7.53 

59,501 

1,209 

1.71 

2.03 

Pennsylvania  

902,  996 

215,  070 

20,718 

2.29 

9.63 

687,  925 

17.  620 

1.95 

2.56 

Rhode  Island  

59,059 

20,  037 

1,405 

2.38 

7.01 

39,022 

1,186 

2.01 

3.04 

South  Carolina     .... 

144,701 

654 

30 

.02 

4.59 

144,047 

5,666 

3.92 

3.93 

South  Dakota  

66,189 

4,532 

463 

70 

10.22 

61  .  657 

807 

1.22 

1.31 

Tennessee  

213,427 

745 

52 

.02 

6.98 

212,682 

7,901 

3.70 

3.71 

Texas  

460,  326 

35,437 

7,358 

1.60 

20.76 

424,889 

17,239 

3.74 

4.06 

Utah  

46,901 

7,502 

1,107 

2.36 

14.76 

39,399 

639 

1.36 

1.62 

Vermont  

30,884 

2,472 

340 

1.10 

13.75 

28.412 

354 

1.15 

1.25 

Virginia  

206,190 

2,500 

593 

.29 

23.72 

203,690 

7,432 

3.60 

3.65 

Washington  

125,708 

19,287 

3,481 

2.77 

18.05 

106,421 

3,810 

3.03 

3.58 

West  Virginia  

142,  174 

10.  744 

2,320 

1.63 

21.59 

131,430 

4,487 

3.16 

3.41 

Wisconsin  

266,691 

35,068 

2,376 

.89 

6.78 

231,623 

2,360 

.88 

1.02 

Wyoming      

25,151 

3,090 

763 

3.03 

24.69 

22,061 

1,034 

4.11 

4.69 

Alaska 

469 

140 

Hawaii 

106 

78 

Porto  Rico 

15 

APPENDIX    TABLES. 


463 


APPENDIX  TABLE  78-A. — Quota  sheet  No.  1 — Statement  of  men  called  under  first  levy 

of  687,000  men. 


Gross 
quotas. 

Enlist- 
ment 
credits. 

Net 
quotas. 

Fur- 
nished to 
Dec.  31, 
1917. 

Due 
Jan.  1, 
1918. 

Date  last 
of  these 
men  were 
called. 

United  States            .  .          

1,  152,  985 

465,  985 

687,000 

516,  212 

170,  788 

Alabama  

21.300 

7,651 

13,  612 

10,  926 

2,686 

Mar.  29,1918 

Arizona      

4,478 

998 

3,472 

2,999 

473 

Mar.     4,  1918 

Arkansas  

17,  452 

7,155 

10,  267 

6,521 

3.746 

Apr.  26,  1918 

California           

34.907 

11,786 

23,060 

23.079 

-19 

Nov.    2  1917 

Colorado  

9,797 

5,027 

4,753 

4,105 

648 

Mar.     4,  1918 

Connecticut                

18,  817 

7,807 

10.977 

9.739 

1.238 

Apr.  30  1918 

Delaware         

2,  569 

1.363 

1,202 

925 

277 

Mar.     4  1918 

District  of  Columbia 

3  796 

2,860 

929 

941 

—  12 

Nov.    2  1917 

Florida         

10,  129 

3,786 

6,325 

2,224 

4,101 

Apr.  30  1918 

Georgia  

27,209 

8,825 

18,337 

8,215 

10,122 

Apr.  26,  1918 

Idaho  

4,833 

2,538 

2,287 

2,302 

—  15 

Nov.    2,  1917 

Illinois  

79.094 

27,  304 

51,  653 

33,940 

17,  713 

Apr.  26.1918 

Indiana  

29,971 

12,409 

17,  510 

11,500 

6,010 

Do. 

Iowa  

25.  465 

12,  672 

12,  749 

6,456 

6,293 

Feb.  23  1918 

Kansas  

17,  795 

11,  325 

6,439 

5,712 

727 

Do. 

Kentucky      

22,  152 

7,878 

14,236 

9,687 

4  549 

May     1  1918 

Louisiana  

18,  481 

4,867 

13,582 

8,297 

5,285 

Apr.  26  1918 

Maine  

7,076 

5.243 

1,821 

1,899 

-78 

May     1,  1918 

Maryland     

14,  139 

7,018 

7,096 

7,118 

—22 

Nov.    2  1917 

43  109 

22  448 

20  586 

18  342 

2  244 

Apr    30  1918 

Michigan       

43,  936 

13,  569 

30,291 

23  309 

G'  982 

Mar    29*  1918 

Minnesota       

20,  021 

8,198 

17,  778 

9,312 

8  466 

Feb.  23  1918 

Mississippi     

16  429 

5  600 

10,  801 

6  103 

4  698 

Mar    29  1918 

Missouri       

35,  461 

16,740 

18,  660 

15.664 

2  9% 

Apr.  26  1918 

Montana        .        .  -       -   - 

10  423 

2  533 

7  872 

7  911 

—39 

Nov     2  1917 

Nebraska        

13,900 

5  691 

8,185 

7  085 

1  100 

Mar      4*  1918 

Nevada  

1,435 

382 

1,051 

1,053 

—  2 

Nov.    2  1917 

New  Hampshire       

4,419 

3  207 

1  204 

1  180 

24 

Apr    30  1918 

35  623 

14  896 

20  665 

12  740 

7  925 

Mar      4*  1918 

New  Mexico               

3  856 

1*558 

4  102 

1  972 

*320 

Do    ' 

122  424 

52  971 

69  241 

57  828 

11  413 

Apr    26  1918 

North  Carolina              .   . 

23'  486 

i  471 

15'  974 

9*992 

5*982 

Do 

North  Dakota       

7  737 

2  452 

5  272 

2*652 

2*620 

Mar    29  1918 

Ohio 

66  474 

27  586 

38  773 

31  754 

7  019 

Mar    15*  1918 

Oklahoma         

19  943 

4  344 

15  564 

12*292 

3*272 

Apr    26*  1918 

Oregon      

7  387 

6  657 

717 

741 

—24 

Nov     2*  1917 

Pennsylvania       .          ... 

98  277 

37  248 

60  859 

51  081 

9  778 

Mar    29*  1918 

Rhode  Island       

6  277 

4  055 

2  211 

2*090 

*121 

Apr    30*  1918 

South  Carolina 

15  147 

5  040 

10  081 

6  717 

3  364 

Feb    23*  1918 

South  Dakota  

6  854 

4  125 

2  717 

2*325 

*392 

Mar      4*1918 

Tennessee 

22  158 

7  592 

14  528 

11  061 

3  467 

Apr    26  1918 

Texas  

48*  116 

17  488 

30'  545 

24*451 

6*094 

Do 

Utah  

4  945 

2  566 

2  370 

2  383 

—  13 

Nov     2  1917 

Vermont  

3  243 

2  188 

1  049 

990 

53 

May     1  1918 

Virginia    

21  354 

?'522 

13'  795 

13  809 

14 

Oct     2?'  1917 

Washington 

12  768 

5  450 

7  296 

7*327 

31 

Nov     2*  1917 

West  Virginia     

14  848 

5*721 

9'  101 

7*  613 

1  488 

Mar  '    4*  1918 

Wisconsin 

28  199 

15  274 

12  876 

9  033 

3  843 

Apr    26*  1918 

Wyoming  '.  

2  683 

l'  868 

'sio 

*811 

1 

Nov     2*  1917 

710 

13 

696 

696 

June  30*  1918 

Hawaii  

2,403 

4,397 

Porto  Ric-o  

13  480 

624 

12  833 

12  833 

June  20  1918 

464 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  78-B. — Quota  sheet  No.  2 — Interim  quotas  from  date  of  completing 
respective  quotas  under  first  levy  of  687,000  to  May  31.  1918,  on  basis  of  population 
with  credits. 


Popula- 
tion. 

Propor- 
tion. 

Gross 
quotas. 

Credits  for  enlistments  from 
July  1,1917,  to  Mar.  31,  1918. 

'  Net 
quotas. 

Fur- 
nished 
under 
sec- 
ond 
draft. 

Bal- 
ance 
due 
on 
net 
quotas. 

Regu- 
lar 
Army. 

Na- 
tional 
Guard. 

En- 
listed 
Re- 
serve. 

Total 
credits. 

Total  United  States... 
Alabama  

105,366,056 

1.000000 

1,036,046 

209,895 

114,404 

157,204 

481,503 

554,543 

254,543 

300,000 

1,946,536 
409,203 
1,594,835 
3,189,998 
895,336 
1,719,623 
234,  710 
346,856 
925,641 
2,486,544 
441,684 
7,227,952 
2,738,893 
2,327,079 
1,626,226 
2,024,353 
1,688,862 
646,  588 
1,292,091 
3,939,561 
4,015,053 
2,377,938 
1,501,345 
3,240,679 
952,478 
1,270,301 
131,232 
403,884 
3.255,407 
352,392 
11,187.798 
2,146,266 
706,992 
6,074,771 
1,822,470 
675,092 
8,981,082 
573,  583 
1,384,203 
626,359 
2,024,893 
4,397,097 
451,932 
296,426 
1,951,521 
1,166,855 
1,356,907 
2,576,931 
245,226 
64,912 
219,  580 
1,231,880 

.018474 
.003884 
.015136 
.030275 
.008497 
.  016320 
.002228 
.003292 
.008785 
.  023599 
.  004192 
.068599 
.025994 
.022086 
.015434 
.019213 
.010029 
.006137 
.012263 
.037389 
.038106 
.022568 
.014249 
.030756 
.009040 
.012056 
.001245 
.003833 
.030896 
.003344 
.  106180 
.020370 
.006710 
.057654 
.  017297 
.006407 
.085237 
.005444 
.013137 
.005945 
.  019218 
.041732 
.004289 
.002813 
.018521 
.011074 
.012878 
.024457 
.002327 
.000616 
.002084 
.011691 

19,140 
4,024 
15,682 
31,366 
8,803 
16,908 
2,308 
3,411 
9,102 
24,450 
4,343 
71,072 
26,931 
22,882 
15,990 
19,906 
16,607 
6,358 
12,  705 
38,  737 
39,480 
23,381 
14,763 
31,  865 
9,366 
12,490 
1,290 
3,971 
32,010 
3,465 
110,007 
21,104 
6,952 
59,732 
17,920 
6,638 
88,309 
5,640 
13,611 
6,159 
19,911 
43,236 
4,444 
2,914 
19,  189 
11,473 
13,342 
25,339 
2.411 
638 
2,159 
12,  112 

2.409 
465 
1,563 
10,  738 
2,244 
3,730 
384 
952 
1,639 
3,143 
1,318 
12,749 
9,107 
6,411 
3,395 
3,519 
1,520 
1,232 
2,227 
11,687 
8,750 
5,402 
1,133 
6,030 
3,046 
4.248 
751 
1,006 
6,588 
691 
20,511 
1,538 
1,440 
11,081 
4,748 
2,666 
22,270 
1,250 
1,050 
1,828 
2,613 
6,918 
1,401 
566 
2,085 
3,377 
2,443 
3,192 
640 
47 
70 
84 

776 
144 
1,810 
5,510 
832 
1,592 
453 
580 
1,024 
1,169 
410 
8,192 
3,216 
2,055 
1,941 
1,686 
628 
985 
1,649 
3,411 
2,311 
1,409 
1.467 
3,751 
555 
1,808 
38 
605 
4,207 
500 
10,766 
2,758 
1,928 
6,766 
1,121 
812 
9,021 
910 
776 
504, 
2,882 
9,673 
369 
560 
2,420 
1,278 
601 
3,628 
850 
5 
1,997 
5 

2,450 
438 
974 
10,052 
1,344 
2,839 
269 
1,750 
1,044 
4,336 
794 
13,599 
3,498 
3,600 
1,714 
1,218 
1,100 
947 
1,962 
11,  122 
7,725 
4,231 
998 
4,600 
1,350 
1,762 
242 
649 
5,166 
472 
18,295 
1,195 
646 
6,217 
1,103 
2,240 
15,  114 
632 
1,517 
499 
2,182 
5,251 
787 
443 
1,755 
3,496 
885 
2,455 
166 
44 
21 
16 

5,635 
1,047 
4,347 
26,300 
4,420 
8,161 
1,106 
3,282 
3,707 
8,648 
2,522 
34,540 
15,  821 
12,066 
7,050 
6,423 
3,248 
3,164 
5,838 
26,220 
18,786 
11,042 
3,598 
14,381 
4,951 
7,878 
1,031 
2,200 
15,961 
1,663 
49,  572 
5,491 
4,014 
24,064 
6,972 
5,718 
46,405 
2,792 
3,343 
2,831 
7,677 
21.842 
2,557 
1,569 
6,260 
8,151 
3,929 
9,275 
1.656 
% 
2,088 
105 

13,505 
2,977 
11,335 
5,066 
4,383 
8,747 
1,202 
129 
5,395 
15,  802 
1,821 
36,532 
11,110 
10,816 
8,940 
13.483 
13,359 
3,194 
6,867 
12,517 
20,  694 
12,339 
11,  165 
17,484 
4,415 
4,  012 
259 
1,711 
16,049 
1,802 
60,  435 
15,613 
2,938 
35,668 
10,948 
920 
41,904 
2,848 
10,268 
3,328 
12,234 
21,394 
1,887 
1,345 
12,  929 
3,322 
9,413 
16,064 
755 
542 
71 
12,007 

4,543 
961 
3,679 
7,879 
2,251 
4.735 
575 
851 
2,141 
5,719 
1,012 
17,253 
7,200 
7,053 
3,827 
5,211 
3,862 
1,673 
3,105 
9,898 
10,  191 
7,500 
3,465 
8,686 
2,207 
2,984 
300 
1,084 
7,977 
806 
27,  560 
4,965 
1,678 
14,  632 
4,253 
1,644 
21,725 
1,540 
2,818 
1,469 
5,108 
9,415 
1,060 
743 
4,725 
2,770 
3,204 
6,025 
581 

8,962 
2,016 
7,656 
—2,813 
2,132 
4,012 
627 
-722 
3,254 
10,083 
809 
19,279 
3,910 
3,763 
5,113 
8,272 
9,497 
1,521 
3,762 
2,619 
10,  503 
4,839 
7,700 
8,798 
2,208 
1,628 
-41 
627 
8,072 
99(> 
32,  875 
10,  648 
1,260 
21.036 
6,  695 
—724 
20,179 
1,308 
7,450 
1,859 
7,120 
11,979 
827 
602 
8,204 
552 
6,209 
10,039 
174 
542 
71 
12.007 

Arizona    

Arkansas  

California  ...,.  

Colorado  

Connecticut  

Delaware        .         .  . 

District  of  Columbia  .  . 
Florida  

Georgia  

Idaho  

Illinois  

Indiana  

Iowa  .  

Kansas  

Kentucky  

Louisiana  

Maine  

Maryland  

Massachusetts  

Michigan  

Minnesota.......  

Mississippi  

Missouri....    

Montana  

Nebraska  

Nevada  

New  Hampshire  

New  Jersey  

New  Mexico  

New  York  

North  Carolina  

North  Dakota  

Ohio  

Oklahoma.  

Oregon  

Pennsylvania  

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina.  

South  Dakota  

Tennessee  

Texas  

Utah  

Vermont  

Virginia     .        ... 

Washington  

West  Virginia    

Wisconsin  

Wvominc  

Alaska  . 

Hawaii  

Porto  Rico 

APPENDIX   TABLES.  465 

APPENDIX  TABLE  78-C. — Quota  sheet  No.  3 — Class  I  quotas  as  of  June  1,  1918. 


(1) 

Class  I. 

Current  quotas. 

(6) 

Remaining 
on  June  1, 
191  8, 
finally 
classified 
in  class  I 
and  exam- 
ined physi- 
cally and 
accepted 
for 
general 
military 
service. 

(2) 

Inducted 
and  called 
for  induc- 
tion since 
the  date 
of  com- 
pleting 
quotas, 
first  levy. 

(3) 

Volun- 
tary and 
individ- 
ual in- 
ductions. 

(4) 

Total  of 
(2),  (3) 
and  (4)= 
quota 
basis. 

(5) 

Quotas 
(80  per 
cent  of 
quota 
basis.) 

(a) 

Credits 
(previous 
indue-' 
tions). 

(b) 

Net 
current 
quotas 
not 
called. 

(c) 

Total  United  States     

1,166,317 

255,414 

61,095 

1,482,826 

1,186,262 

627,405 

559,  439 

Alabama  

26,  549 
1,836 
23,  405 
18,432 
9,441 
9,501 
1,989 
4,049 
11,488 
25,659 
6,899 
82,308 
28,417 
36,757 
22,399 
30,  305 
31,201 
8,977 
13,214 
29,  634 
34,440 
35,718 
24,603 
45,930 
12,743 
14,787 
977 
4,148 
27,430 
3,879 
102,277 
25,  680 
8,882 
57,  160 
27,  357 
9,373 
69,518 
6,131 
20,665 
16,028 
30,172 
51,140 
3,384 
2,770 
32,215 
9,604 
22,213 
38,745 
5,888 

4,504 
961 
3,679 
7,879 
2,251 
4,735 
575 
851 
2,141 
5,719 
1,012 
17,253 
7,200 
7,053 
3,827 
5,137 
3,862 
1,673 
3,105 
9,898 
10,191 
7,500 
3,465 
•       8,  686 
2,207 
2,984 
300 
1,084 
7,977 
806 
27,  560 
4,965 
1,078 
14,632 
4,253 
1,644 
21,725 
1,5-10 
2,818 
1,469 
5,108 
10,415 
1,060 
743 
4,709 
2,770 
3,204 
6,025 
581 

946 
289 
290 
3,870 
624 
508 
134 
362 
233 
430 
454 
3,470 
2,783 
1,582 
733 
379 
764 
230 
460 
1,475 
3,255 
2,238 
530 
1,319 
1,264 
911 
215 
151 
1,210 
192 
5,146 
846 
1,012 
2,  881 
2,310 
632 
4,817 
184 
137 
388 
868 
2,610 
712 
636 
459 
1,046 
3,071 
1,716 
323 

31,999 
3,086 
27,  374 
30,181 
12,316 
14,744 
2,698 
5,262 
13,862 
31,808 
8,365 
103,031 
38,400 
45,  392 
26,959 
35,  821 
35,  827 
10,  880 
16,779 
41,007 
47,886 
45,456 
28,  598 
55,935 
16,214 
18,  682 
1,492 
5,383 
36,617 
4,877 
134,  983 
31,491 
11,572 

74,  673 
33,920 
11,649 
96,  060 
7,855 
23,620 
17,  8S5 
30,  148 
64,  165 
5,156 
4,149 
37,383 
13,420 
28,488 
46,486 
6,792 

25,599 
2,469 
21,899 
24,145 
9,853 
11,795 
2,  158 
4,210 
11,090 
25,447 
6,692 
82,425 
30,  720 
36,314 
21,  567 
28,657 
28,662 
8,704 
13,423 
32,806 
38,  309 
36,365 
22,  878 
44,748 
12,971 
14,946 
1,194 
4,306 
29,294 
3,902 
107,985 
25,  193 
9,258 
59,738 
27,136 
9,319 
76,  848 
6,284 
18,  896 
14,308 
28,918 
51,332 
4,125 
3,319 
29,906 
10,736 
22,790 
37,189 
5,434 

12,567 
3,051 
8,512 
13,  348 
6,783 
9,244 
1,191 
1,938 
3,038 
8,*44 
2,311 
55,608 
17,412 
12,706 
11,059 
14,521 
9,361 
3,960 
6,644 
17,242 
23,957 
15,011 
8,212 
18,225 
5,874 
5.617 
525 
2,530 
17,855 
3,087 
72,883 
14,237 
3,945 
41,277 
15,966 
3,861 
49,  359 
3,771 
5,459 
4,553 
11,751 
23,357 
2,870 
2,572 
12,199 
4,923 
13,710 
18,536 
2,643 

13,032 
1582 
13,387 
10,  797 
3,070 
2,551 
967 
2,272 
8,052 
17,303 
4,381 
26,  817 
13,308 
23,608 
10,508 
14,136 
19,301 
4,744 
6,779 
15,564 
14,352 
21,354 
14,666 
26,  523 
7,097 
9,329 
669 
1,776 
11,439 
815 
35,102 
10,956 
5,313 
18,461 
11,170 
5,458 
27,489 
2,513 
13,437 
9,755 
17,167 
27,975 
1,255 
747 
17,707 
5,  813 
9,080 
18,653 
2,791 

Arizona  

Arkansas  

California    

Colorado     

Connecticut  

Delaware  

District  of  Columbia    ... 

Florida  

Georgia  

Idaho        

Illinois  

Indiana  

Kansas     

Maine  

Massachusetts  

Michigan      

Minnesota  
Mississippi  

Missouri    

Montana  

Nebraska  

New  Hampshire  

New  Mexico  

New  York  

North  Carolina  

North  Dakota  

Ohio    

Oklahoma  

Oregon  

Pennsylvania         

Rhode  Island  

South  C'arolina   

South  Dakota  

Tennessee      

Texas  

-Utah                  

Vermont     

Virginia               

Washington  

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin  

Wyoming  

97250°— 19 30 


i  Excess. 


466  APPENDIX    TABLES. 

APPENDIX  TABLE  78-D. — Quota  sheet  No.  4 — Class  I  quotas  as  of  Sept.  1,  1918. 


(1) 

Class  I. 

Current  quotas. 

(6) 

Remaining  on 
Sept.  1,  1918, 
finally  classified 
in  Class  I  and 
examined 
physically  and 
accepted  for 
general  military 
service. 

(2) 

Inducted  and 
Called  for  induc- 
tion since  the 
date  of  com- 
pleting quotas 
on  first  levy. 

(3) 

Voluntary 
and 
individual 
inductions. 

(4) 

Total  Of  (2), 
(3),  and  (4) 
=  quotas. 

(5) 

Credits 
(previous 
inductions). 

(a) 

Net 
current 
quotas 
not 
called. 

(b) 

Total  United  States  
Alabama.  . 

290,820 

1,506,405 

85,990 

1,883,215 

1,744,159 

139,056 

9,032 
477 
7,116 
4,777 
714 
2,037 
291 
942 
1,517 
7,298 
896 
20,994 
9,212 
11,576 
5,275 
8,121 
10,410 
1,932 
1,828 
5,223 
6,095 
9,231 
10,681 
10,  813 
2,321 
7,783 
128 
658 
5,6-15 
785 
14,972 
3,809 
3,793 
16,  2.50 
5,957 
1,079 
21,940 
38 
4,498 
1,934 
11,573 
19,  173 
1,044 
443 
4,400 
2,396 
6/073 
6,700 
940 

33,497 
3,374 
29,231 
29,617 
14,  677 
16,929 
2,884 
6,057 
15,426 
37,  693 
7,981 
99,537 
40,251 
41,  287 
27,  683 
39,369 
29,798 
10,768 
21,831 
42,  191 
49,502 
40,418 
24,017 
55,408 
15,653 
17,087 
1,492 
5,586 
37,  130 
5,406 
135,090 
38,339 
10,104 
77,  788 
37,490 
11,924 
105,618 
7,852 
27,534 
16,264 
30,676 
66,899 
5,733 
3,918 
37,012 
14,925 
25,849 
45,757 
5,853 

1,289 
318 
414 
4,705 
818 
801 
186 
602 
383 
745 
537 
5,164 
3,350 
2,197 
1,203 
567 
954 
348 
875 
2,312 
4,350 
2,992 
747 
2,369 
1.551 
1.188 
252 
342 
2,296 
485 
9.113 
1,309 
1,087 
3,959 
2,823 
993 
6,937 
336 
258 
507 
1,141 
3,813 
592 
684 
866 
1,332 
3,479 
2,045 
346 

43,818 
4,199 
36,  761 
39,099 
16,  209 
19,767 
3,361 
7,601 
17,326 
45,  736 
9,414 
125,  695 
52,  813 
55,060 
34,  161 
48,057 
41,  162 
13  048 
24,534 
49,  726 
59,947 
52,641 
35,  445 
68,590 
19,525 
26,058 
1,872 
6,586 
45,071 
6,676 
159,  175 
43,457 
14,984 
97,997 
46,270 
13,996 
134,  495 
8,226 
32,290 
18,705 
43,390 
89,885 
7,369 
5,045 
42,  278 
18,653 
35,401 
54,502 
7,139 

40,086 
4,129 
33,593 
38,530 
16,038 
18,480 
3,188 
7,159 
16,490 
42,434 
9,230 
110,243 
47,849 
51,607 
33,493 
40,636 
36,  570 
11,828 
23,364 
46,611 
56,329 
45,945 
30,807 
63,627 
18,222 
19,371 
1,850 
5,958 
43,523 
6,502 
156,  722 
40,923 
12,  401 
92,  325 
44,607 
13,817 
123,  473 
8,194 
29,434 
17,412 
38,847 
80,411 
7,230 
4,854 
40,403 
18,274 
34,530 
50,111 
6,499 

3,732 
70 
3,168 
569 
171 
1,287 
173 
442 
836 
3,302 
184 
15,  452 
4,964 
3,453 
668 
7,421 
4,592 
1,220 
1,170 
3,115 
3,618 
6,696 
4,638 
4,963 
1,303 
6,687 
22 
628 
1,548 
174 
2,453 
2,534 
2,583 
5,672 
1,663 
179 
11,022 
32 
2,856 
1,293 
4,543 
9,474 
139 
191 
1,875 
379 
871 
4,391 
640 

Arizona  . 

Arkansas  

California  .  .  . 

Colorado  .  . 

Connecticut.. 

Delaware  

District  of  Columbia  
Florida  

Georgia... 

Idaho  . 

Illinois 

Indiana  . 

Iowa  

Kansas  

Kentucky  

Louisiana  . 

Maine  

Maryland  

Massachusetts  

Michigan  

Minnesota  

Mississippi  .  . 

Missouri  

Montana  .  . 

Nebraska  

Nevada  

New  Hampshire  .... 

New  Jersey  

New  Mexico  

New  York  

North  Carolina.  . 

North  Dakota  

Ohio  .  . 

Oklahoma  

Oregon  

Pennsylvania  

Rhode  Island  

South  Carolina  

South  Dakota. 

Tennessee 

Texas. 

Utah  

Vermont  

Virginia  

Washington  

West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin  

Wyoming  .  . 

APPENDIX   TABLES.  467 

APPENDIX  TABLE  78-E. — Quota  sheet  No.  5 — Class  I  quotas  as  of  Oct.  1,  1918. 


(1) 

Class  I. 

Current  quotas. 
(6) 

Remaining  on 
Oct.  1.  1918, 
finally  classified 
in  Class  I 
and  examined 
physically  and 
accepted  for 
general  mili- 
tary service. 

(2) 

Inducted  and 
called  for 
induction  since 
the  date  of 
completing 
quotas  on  first 
levy. 

(3) 

Voluntary 
and 
individual 
inductions. 

(4) 

Total  of  (2), 
(3),and(4)= 
quotas. 

(5) 

Credits 
(previous 
inductions). 

(a) 

Net 
current 
quotas 
not 
called. 

(b) 

United  States  

193,712 

1,  774,  381 

93,  797 

-   2,061,890 

2,003,757 

58,133 

3,272 
328 
3,026 
4,155 
858 
2,087 
239 
575 
1,206 
5,435 
755 
18,120 
7,532 
5,893 
1,485 
9,449 
2,180 
916 
1,556 
6,733 
5,931 
8,357 
3,039 
7,017 
1,789 
8,630 
109 
731 
4,294 
600 
13,361 
2,131 
3,474 
7,645 
4,322 
980 
12,749 
453 
2,216 
1,783 
4,045 
10,477 
442 
425 
1,829 
2,361 
1,398 
6,783 
541 

42,634 
3,935 
36,509 
35,367 
15,764 
18,881 
3,370 
7,201 
17,438 
45,220 
9,097 
113,051 
46,303 
50,483 
33,024 
42,805 
40,199 
11,990 
24,535 
48,  272 
56,197 
45,  133 
34,294 
64,161 
17,616 
19,405 
1,719 
6,215 
43,760 
6,251 
159,470 
43,186 
11,667 
93,023 
43,280 
13,  363 
127,481 
8,353 
32,443 
17,  759 
41,040 
82,349 
7,136 
4,520 
42,312 
17,758 
32,  180 
49,681 
6,551 

1,225 
410 
455 
4,989 
878 
914 
202 
787 
421 
832 
515 
5,509 
3,495 
2,468 
1.181 
732 
989 
374 
975 
2.654 
4,425 
3,226 
2,453 
2,669 
1,089 
1,295 
256 
300 
2,647 
252 
10,325 
1,056 
1,072 
4,280 
2,685 
965 
7,764 
274 
289 
520 
1,131 
4,023 
787 
705 
835 
1,331 
3,391 
2,331 
416 

47,  131 
4,673 
39,990 
44,511 
17,500 
21,882 
3,811 
8,563 
19,065 
51,487 
10,  367 
136,680 
57,330 
58,844 
35,690 
52,986 
43,368 
13,280 
27,066 
57,659 
66,553 
56,  716 
40,  786 
73,847 
20,494 
29,330 
2,084 
7,246 
50,701 
7,103 
183,  156 
46,373 
16,  213 
104,948 
50,287 
15,308 
147,994 
9,080 
34,948 
20,062 
46,216 
96,849 
8,365 
5,650 
44,976 
21,450 
36,969 
58,795 
7,508 

45,981 
'4,545 
38,926 
41,903 
17,292 
21,021 
3,732 
8,333 
18,433 
48,562 
10,083 
133,820 
55,  774 
57,351 
34,930 
51,932 
42,258 
13,280 
26,296 
53,294 
64,172 
55,109 
39,554 
71,845 
20,005 
28,120 
2,075 
7,084 
49,328 
6,908 
178,  208 
45,  787 
15,859 
102,  193 
48,945 
14,964 
144,515 
8,837 
33,838 
19,564 
45,006 
94,454 
8,223 
5,525 
44,097 
20,993 
36,056 
57,447 
7,300 

1,150 
128 
1,064 
2,608 
208 
861 
79 
230 
632 
2,925 
284 
2,860 
1,556 
1,493 
760 
1,054 
1,110 

California  

Colorado                

Connecticut  

Delaware  

District  of  Columbia  
Florida     

Georgia     

Illinois         

Indiana  

Iowa  

Kansas  

Maine    

770 
4,365 
2,381 
1,607 
1,232 
2,002 
489 
1.210 
'     9 
162 
1,373 
195 
4,948 
586 
354 
2,755 
1,342 
344 
3,479 
243 
1,110 
498 
1,210 
2,395 
142 
125 
879 
457 
913 
1,348 
208 

Massachusetts       

Michigan    

Minnesota  

Montana     

Nebraska  

Nevada  

New  Hampshire  

New  Jersey  

New  Mexico  

New  York       

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota  

Ohio    

Oklahoma  

Oregon  

Pennsylvania  

Rhode  Island  

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota  

Tennessee  

Texas  

Utah  

Vermont  

Virginia  

Wash  ington  

West  Virginia  

Wisconsin  

Wyoming  

468 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  79-A. — Enlistments  and  inductions,  Apr.  2,  1917,  to  Oct.  SI.  1918, 
.  under  first  and  second  registrations,  compared  by  States. 


Total 
incre- 
ment, 
armed 
forces. 

Inductions  under 
first  and  second 
registrations. 

Enlistments. 

Na- 
tional 
Army. 

Per 

cent  of 
incre- 
ment. 

Army. 

Per 
cent  of 
incre- 
ment. 

Navy. 

Per 
cent  of 
incre- 
ment. 

Marine 
Corps. 

Per 

cent  of 
incre- 
ment. 

United  States  

1,034,743 

2,666,867 

66.10 

877,  458 

21.75 

437,527 

10.84 

52,891 

1  31 

Alabama  

73,543 
11,410 
65,311 
131,484 
38,  751 
55,218 
7,985 
17,945 
36,211 
86,973 
20,467 
272,235 
101,973 
101,638 
66,645 
77,983 
71,271 
26,602 
51,700 
157,  101 
142,397 
106,918 
56,740 
140,257 
39,049 
49,614 
5,488 
14,970 
118,350 
13,586 
410,569 
74,705 
27,253 
205,852 
84,909 
34,430 
313,297 
22,270 
54,284 
30,130 
80,139 
174,061 
19,421 
11,223 
78,524 
55,433 
55,895 
101,696 
12,223 
2,105 
5,733 
16,490 
1,286 

59,755 
8,113 
49,312 
67,067 
-  22,858 
32,539 
4,993 
9,631 
24,916 
66,841 
12,566 
177,483 
69,  749 
66,864 
41,905 
58,330 
56,205 
15,266 
33,867 
76,567 
96,480 
73,680 
43,362 
92,843 
27,340 
29,807 
3,164 
8,404 
71,390 
8,862 
253,589 
58,441 
18,595 
138,  148 
64,941 
16,158 
201,211 
11,176 
44,059 
21,255 
59,878 
117,395 
10,788 
6,629 
58,337 
28,686 
45,355 
70,982 
7,923 
1,962 
5,466 
15,  734 

81.25 
71.10 
75.50 
51.00 
58.99 
58.93 
62.53 
53.67 
68.81 
76.85 
61.40 
65.19 
66.44 
65.79 
62.88 
74.80 
78.86 
57.39 
65.51 
48.74 
67.75 
68.91 
76.42 
66.19 
70.02 
60.08 
57.65 
56.14 
60.32 
65.23 
61.77 
78.23 
68.23 
67.11 
76.49 
46.93 
64.22 
50.18 
81.16 
70.54 
74.72 
67.44 
55.55 
59.07 
74.29 
51.75 
81.14 
69.80 
64.82 
93.21 
95.34 
95.42 

9,562 
1,854 
11,699 
38,992 
9,670 
13,  151 
2,003 
4,442 
6,834 
14,  160 
4,955 
61,938 
25,847 
28,389 
18,  217 
13,934 
7,570 
7,290 
10,  144 
41,985 
32,403 
20,272 
9,044 
29,863 
7,331 
14,416 
1,888 
4,408 
28,333 
3,649 
89,031 
10,573 
6,611 
48,885 
14,105 
10,626 
78,671 
5,436 
6,505 
7,  OSS 
13,563 
37,704 
5,335 
3,088 
10,556 
12,761 
7,359 
22,349 
3,554 
143 
267 
756 
254 

13.00 
16.25 
17.91 
29.66 
24.95 
23.82 
25.08 
24.75 
18.87 
16.28 
24.20 
22.75 
24.62 
25.96 
27.33 
17.88 
10.62 
27.40 
19.62 
26.72 
22.76 
18.96 
15.94 
21.29 
18.77 
29.06 
34.40 
29.45 
23.94 
26.86 
21.  6S 
14.15 
24.26 
23.75 
16.61 
30.86 
25.11 
24.41 
11.  9S 
23.51 
16.92 
21.66 
27.47 
27.51 
13.45 
23.02 
13.17 
21.98 
29.08 
6.79 
4.66 
4.58 

3,938 
1,269 
4,025 
23,058 
5,075 
9,319 
919 
3,500 
4,375 
5,382 
2,450 
28,264 
8,313 
7,832 
5,907 
5,163 
6,782 
4,025 
6,913 
36,884 
11,463 
10,588 
4,069 
14,132 
3,281 
4,944 
350 
2,100 
17,457 
1,050 
61,779 
5,250 
1,838 
14,  176 
5,513 
6,694 
29,446 
5,600 
3,675 
1,663 
5,425 
16,889 
2,494 
1,488 
9,144 
12,382 
2,625 
7,569 
656 

0.35 
11.12 
6.16 
17.  54 
13.10 
16.88 
11.51 
19.50 
12.08 
6.19 
11.97 
10.38 
7.92 
7.71 
8.86 
6.62 
9.52 
15.13 
13.37 
23.48 
8.05 
9.90 
7.17 
10.08 
8.40 
9.96 
6.38 
14.  03 
14.  75 
7.73 
15.05 
7.03 
6.74 
6.89 
6.49 
19.44 
9.40 
25.15 
6.77 
5.52 
6.77 
9.71 
12.84 
13.26 
11.64 
22.34 
4.70 
7.44 
5.37 

288 
174 
275 
2,367 
1,148 
209 
70 
372 
86 
590 
496 
4,550 
1,064 
553 
616 
556 
714 
21 
776 
1,665 
2,0,-,1 
2,378 
265 
3,419 
1,097 
447 
85 
58 
1.170 
2.3 
6,170 
441 
209 
4,643 
'  3.-0 
9.V2 
3,9G9 
58 
45 
129 
1,273 
2.07'i 
804 
18 
487 
1,604 
556 
796 
90 

.40 
1.53 
.43 
1.80 
2.96 
.37 
.«8 
2.08 
.24 
.68 
2.43 
1.68 
1.02 
.54 
.93 
.70 
1.00 
.08 
1.50 
1.06 
1.-14 
2.23 
.47 
2.44 
2.81 
.90 
1.57 
.38 
.99 
.18 
l.iO 
.59 
.77 
2.25 
.41 
2.77 
1.27 
.26 
.09 
.43 
1.59 
1.19 
4.14 
.16 
.62 
2.89 
.99 
.78 
.73 

Arizona  

Arkansas  

California  

Colorado          

Connecticut  

Delaware           ......... 

District  of  Columbia  
Florida  

Georgia                    

Idaho  

Illinois  

Indiana 

Kansas....  

Kentucky  .. 

Louisiana  

Maine             

Maryland  

Massachusetts  .        

Michigan  .  

Minnesota  

Mississippi 

Missouri  

Montana  

Nebraska.  

Nevada.  

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey    

New  Mexico..  

New  York....  

North  Carolina  

North  Dakota  

Ohio  

Oklahoma      

Oregon  

Pennsylvania     .  ,  .    ..... 

Rhode"  Island  

South  Carolina  

South  Dakota  

Tennessee  

Texas  

Utah  

Vermont  ,  .                     .... 

Virginia  

Washington  

West  Virginia  

Wisconsin  

Wyoming 

Alaska.  .T.  

Hawaii  

Porto  Rico  

Not  allocated  

394 

638 



APPENDIX   TABLES. 


469 


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470 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  81-A. — List  of  requisitions  for  men,  received  by  the  Provost  Marshal 
General  from  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army,  Aug.  25,  1917,  to  Nov.  7,  1918. 


Date 
received. 


Qualifications. 


Number  of 
men. 


Aug.  25,1917 
Aug.  8, 1917 
Sept.  22, 1917 
Oct.  13,1917 

do 

Nov.  6,1917 
Nov.  5,1917 
Nov.  21,1917 
Nov.  15,1917 
Dec.  8,1917 
Dec.  7.1917 
Dec.  14,1917 
Dec.  29,1917 
Dec.  31,1917 
Jan.  3,1918 

do 

Jan.  19,1918 
Feb.  2,1918 
Feb.  11,1918 
Feb.  20,1918 
Feb.  27,1918 
Feb.  28,1918 


Mar.  1, 1918 

Apr.  10,1918 

LMar.  3,1918 

Mar.  12,1918 

Mar.  11,1918 

Mar.  1,1918 

Apr.  10,1918 

Mar.  1,1918 

Mar.  15,1918 

Mar.  10,1918 

Mar.  11,1918 

Apr.  10,1918 

Apr.  18.1918 


Mar.  22,1918 

Mar.  30,1918 

Apr.  3, 1918 

Apr.  1, 1918 

Apr.  2, 1918 


Run  of  the  draft  to  16  mobilization  camps . 
.do. 


Run  of  the  draft  to  18  mobilization  camps. 
Run  of  the  draft  to  12  mobilization  camps . 
Run  of  the  draft  to  2  mobilization  camps . . 
Run  of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp . . . 
.do 


.do. 


Run  of  the  draft  to  15  mobilization  camps .'. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  21  coast  defenses 

Run  of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp 

Run  of  the  draft  to  8  mobilization  camps 

Run  of  the  draft  to  9  mobilization  camps 

Run  of  the  draft  to  3  mobilization  camps 

Run  of  the  draft  to  2  mobilization  camps 

Spruce  producers 

Cost  accountants 

Run  of  the  draft  to  13  mobilization  camps 

Run  of  the  draft  to  2  mobilization  camps 

Run  of  the  draft  to  5  mobilization  camps 

Run  .of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp 

1,470  airplane  mechanics  and  assemblers;  972  apprentice  gunsmiths, 
machinists,  and  instrument  makers  and  repairers;  1,200  engine 
airplane  mechanics  or  auto  mechanics;  978  rigger  airplane 
mechanics,  auto  mechanics,  or  general  repair  men;  240  gen- 
eral auto  mechanics:  120  general  blacksmiths;  96  journeymen 
joiner  cabinetmakers;  180  boat,  carriage,  or  house  carpenters  or 
pattern  makers;  1,200  truck  chauffeurs;  378  general  clerical  work- 
•ers  or  stenographers;  372  cooks;  108  coppersmiths  or  tinsmiths;  12 
draftsmen:  150  electricians;  12  engine  Dlock  testers;  66  camera  re- 
pairmen or  engineering,  general,  mechanical,  nautical,  or  watch 
and  clock  instrument  makers  or  repairmen;  150  general  machin- 
ists; 150  magneto  and  ignition  auto  mechanics;  54  general  sheet 
metal  workers;  270  motorcyclists;  12  motorcycle  repairmen;  12 
molders;  24  painters;  12  pattern  makers;  72  propeller  makers  or 
testers;  108  wireless  constructors;  60  wireless  operators;  Gsaddlers; 
108  stock  keepers;  186  tailors  or  awning,  tent,  or  sail  makers;  54 
truck  masters;  54  vulcanizers:  54  welders:  30  telegraphers;  30 
wireless  telephone  operators. 

Photographers 

^Inspectors  for  gas  defense 

Chemists 

50  meteorologists;  95  physicists;  90  mechanical  engineers;  50  civil 
engineers;  10  instrument  makers  or  repairmen;  5  clerical  workers. 

2  lithographers;  31  instrument  repairmen:  5  propeller  makers;  8 
sailmakers;  10  tailors. 

100  surveyors:  15  lithographers 

Laborers 

Photographers 

Run  of  the  draft  to  16  mobilization  camps 

Run  of  the  draft  to  1  coast  defense 

Telephone  operators  with  extensive  knowledge  of  German 

442  locomotive  engineers:  368  conductors;  1,075  brakemen  and  flag- 
men; 326  locomotive  firemen;  53  yardmasters;  76  switch  tenders;  8 
engine  house  firemen:  6  engine  dispatchers;  323  railroad  shop  me- 
chanics; 84  locomotive  inspectors;  149  airbrake  inspectors;  58  flue 
repairmen;  223  boiler  makers  and  helpers;  46  plumbers;  2  elec- 
tricians; 78  carpenters;  29  stationary  engineers  and  firemen;  58 
locomotive  hostlers:  4  car  inspectors;  23  riveters  and  helpers;  137 
car  repairmen;  15  machinist  foremen;  8  boiler  maker  foremen;  32 
acetylene  welders;  26  pneumatic  riveters;  26  hand  riveters;  20 
buckers  up;  40  structural  steel  rivet  heaters;  40  structural  steel 
punchers;  44  tinsmiths;  16  boiler  inspectors:  11  railroad  shop 
draftsmen :  28  electric  crane  operators;  40  steel  railroad  car  workers. 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  for  14 
schools. 

Grammar-schoo^  education  with  mechanical  experience  for  10 
schools. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  16  mobilization  camps 

42  buglers;  40  building  construction  foremen;  395  carpenters:  48 
chauffeurs;  34  clerks;  68  cooks;  300  bricklayers;  24  blacksmiths; 
195  levelers;  3,420  laborers. 

Photographers 


31,643 

265,035 

126,800 

31,790 

18,471 

6,454 

10,7% 

8,440 

6,408 

9,000 

1.000 

Unlimited. 

Unlimited. 

Unlimited. 

Unlimited. 

5,000 

200 

74,116 

8,000 

Unlimited. 

Unlimited. 

9,000 


800 
40 

60 
300 

56 

ns 

1,000 

(it 

94,808 

11,5<H) 

75 

3,914 


4,509 
2,825 

150,000 
4,566 

400 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


471 


APPENDIX  TABLE  81-A. — List  of  requisitions  for  men,  received  by  the  Provost  Marshal 
General  from  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army,  Aug.  25, 1917,  to  Nov.  7, 1918 — Con. 


Requi- 
sition 
No. 


Date 
received. 


Qualifications. 


Number  of 
men. 


Apr.     3, 1918 


17G 
18 
18G 
19 


Apr.  11,1918 

Apr.  6, 1918 

Apr.  18,1918 

Apr.  8, 1918 


29 

29G 

33 

33G 

34  G 

35 

35G 

36 

36G 

37 

37G 


Apr.   10,1918 

-...do 

....do 

Apr.  17,1918 
Apr.  10,1918 
Apr.  24,1918 


Apr.  25,1918 


— do 

May  3, 1918 
May  1,1918 
May  6, 1918 
May  14,1918 
May  2, 1918 
May  15,1918 
May  3, 1918 
May  22,1918 
May  10,1918 
May  25,1918 


6  steam  engineers;  2  quarry  foremen;  6  powdermen;  2  gyratory 
crusher  foremen;  4  jaw  crusher  foremen;  6  firemen;  5  auto  truck 
drivers;  5  bakers;  19  barbers;  49  blacksmiths;  76  carpenters;  22  civil 
engineers;  2  cobblers;  116  cooks;  18  crusher  operators;  8  gas  engine 
men;  3  gunsmiths;  3  norseshoers;  16  plumbers;  30  rock  drill  runners 
and  helpers;  5  shovel  operators;  92  teamsters;  48  railroad  construc- 
tion foremen;  243  railroad  section  hands:  36  railroad  engineers;  24 
bridge  construction  foremen;  120  railroad  section  foremen;  48  ma- 
sons; 48  bridge  carpenters;  5  level  men  and  transit  men;  6  pile 
drivers;  18  railroad  track  foremen;  26  bricklayers;  36  bridge  fore- 
men; 90  clerks;  4  concrete  foremen;  20  concrete  workers;  16  drafts- 
men; 13  earth  work  foremen;  6  gas  engine  repairmen;  14  pipefitters; 
8  pump  men;  4  shoemakers;  6  steam  shovel  runners  and  cranemen; 
51  stenographers;  17  tailors;  6  tinsmiths;  3  water  supply  foremen; 
120  section  foremen;  816  section  hands;  18  buglers;  36  civil  engineers 
and  draftsmen;  104  airbrake  inspectors;  860  brakemen  and  flagmen; 
280  conductors;  128  electricians;  368  locomotive  engineers;  372  loco- 
motive firemen:  50  locomotive  inspectors;  60  switchmen;  12  yard- 
masters ;  1 44  boiler  makers  and  helpers ;  88  car  repairmen ;  1 2  engine 
dispatchers;  24  flue  repairmen;  16  locomotive  hostlers;  140  railroad 
machinists;  52  railroad  clerks;  1,311  laborers;  8  car  inspectors;  12 
engine  house  foremen;  50  electrical  engineers;  90  gas  engineers;  15 
forest  rangers;  25  timber  cruisers;  10  optical  instrument  makers;  15 
electrical  instrument  makers;  15  instrument  makers;  30  oxyacety- 
lene  welders;  20  topographical  draftsmen;  30  surveyors;  30  railroad 
surveyors;  30  topographers;  15  acetylene  workers;  15  compressor 
workers;  IShydrogen  oxygen  workers;  15  illuminating  gas  workers; 
15  poison  gas  workers;  20  construction  foremen;  20  steam  engine- 
men;  24  molders;  20  pattern  makers;  50  structural  steel  workers;  50 
wagon  makers;  20  solderers;  20  map  makers;  5  auto  chauffeurs;  5 
auto  mechanics;  6  instrument  repairmen;  44  linemen;  10  truck 
drivers;  2  photographers;  2  store  keepers;  12  topographical  sur- 
veyors; 2telegraph  operators;  12  telephone  operators;  10  mathema- 
ticians; 10  meteorologists;  10  physicists;  8  ship  carpenter  foremen; 
24  marine  gasoline  enginemen:  80  steersmen;  4  ship  carpenters;  12 
hoistmen;  12  ship  and  boat  blacksmiths;  12  ship  riggers;  12  sail- 
makers;  12saddlers;  200  bargemen  or  boatmen;  4  pipemen;  924  rail- 
road section  hands. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  11  mobilization  camps 

Gunsmiths 

Run  of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp 

3  timekeepers  and  checkers;  5  storekeepers;  4  overseers  of  labor;  80 
laborers;  8  cooks;  2  buglers;  10  riggers;  13  machinists;  11  machinist 
helpers;  15  floor  hands;  5  auto  mechanics;  5  auto  mechanic  helpers; 
6  blacksmiths;  10  blacksmith  helpers;  10  angle  irpnsmiths;  20 
boiler  makers;  10  riveters;  5  riveter  helpers;  10  sheet  iron  workers; 
5  tinsmiths;  5  tinsmith  helpers;  7  plumbers;  9  plumber  helpers; 
10  steam  fitters;  9  steam  fitter  helpers;  16  carpenters  and  joiners; 
10  carpenter  helpers;  6  boat  builders;  6  boat  builder  helpers;  5 
wood  carpenters;  37  painters;  6  sailmakers;  8  electricians,  armature 
winders  and  wiremen;  5  stenographers  and  typists. 

Chemical  engineers — 

Gas  inspectors 

Chemists 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  5  schools. 

Stock  raisers,  veterinarians,  hostlers  and  stablemen 

5  laundry  foremen;  25  laundry  workers;  50  horseshoers;  80  journey- 
men teamsters;  50  mule  packers;  15  horse  trainers;  6  hostlers;  50 
journeymen  tailors;  20  wheelwrights;  100  journeymen  carpen- 
ters; 75  apprentice  blacksmiths;  75  apprentice  electricians;  150 
apprentice  mechanics. 

120  telegraphers;  120  telephone  and  telegraph  linemen;  3  cobblers; 
12  buglers;  6  tailors;  6  barbers;  30  telephone  operators;  12  wire 
chiefs;  6  caterers;  15  cooks;  6  general  repairmen;  6  wireless  opera- 
tors; 6  motorcycle  repairmen;  33  laborers. 

Grammar-school  education  vyith  mechanical  experience  to  26  schools. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  27  mobilization  camps 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  1  school.. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp 

Run  of  the  draft  to  11  mobilization  camps 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  72  schools. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  19  schools. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  12  mobilization  camps 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  5  schools. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  22  mobilization  camps 


472 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  81-A. — List  of  requisitions  for  men,  received  by  the  Provost  Marshal 
General  from  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army,  Aug.  25, 1917,  to  Nov.  7, 1918 — Con. 


Date 
received. 


Qualifications. 


Number  of 
men. 


May   27,1918 


June  10,1918 
June    4, 1918 


June 
June 
June 
June 
June 
June 
June 
June 
June 
June 
June 


.do 


10, 1918 
4, 1918 
7, 1918 
18, 1918 
8, 1918 
20, 1918 
18, 1918 
20, 1918 
19, 1918 
21, 1918 
24,1918 


50  locomotive  engineers;  50  firemen;  50  railroad  grade  foremen;  50 
railroad  track  foremen;  100  wooden  bridge  carpenters;  200  locomo- 
tive repairmen;  50  telephone  linemen;  50  surveyors;  25  telegra- 
phers; 25  draftsmen;  25  pile  driver  foremen;  25  stationary  engineers 
for  donkey  engines;  25  steam  shovel  operators;  500  carpenters;  50 
Steam  fitters;  100  electricians;  100  auto  mechanics;  100  auto  driv- 
ers; 300  cooks;  250  clerks;  6,625  laborers;  200  railroad  brakemen; 
50  railroad  conductors. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp 

1  clerk;  1  caterer;  2  cooks;  17  butchers;  12  assistant  butchers;  23 
laborers. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  1  school. , 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  3  schools. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  14  mobilization  camps , 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  34  schools . 

Run  of  the  draft  to  12  mobilization  camps 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  30  schools . 

Run  of  the  draft  to  10  mobilization  camps 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  1  school . . 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  2  schools . . 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  1  school . . 
.do. 


June  26,1918 

do 

June  27,1918 


July  2, 1918 

July  3, 1918 

July  2, 1918 

July  8, 1918 


.do. 
-do. 


108  auto  repairmen;  54  axmen;  162  blacksmiths;  108  boatmen;  543 
bridge  carpenters;  162  cabinetmakers;  54  calkers;  54  concrete  fore- 
men; 272  concrete  workers;  54  construction  foremen;  162  cooks;  108 
draftsmen;  54  electricians;  54  gas  enginemen;  54  stationary  engine- 
men;  27  farriers;  54  horseshoers;  54  lithographers;  108  machinists; 
54  buglers;  54  photographers;  54  plumbers;  12  powdermen;  54 
quarrymen;  108  riggers;  27  saddlers;  27  shoemakers;  108  surveyors; 
27  tailors;  54  teamsters;  54  telephone  operators;  270  timbermen; 
108  topographers;  108  clerks;  3,265  laborers. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  43  schools 

Clerks 


do....... 

July    11,1918 

do 

July   12,1918 
July   17,1918 

do 

July   16,1918 
July   19,1918 


July  18,1918 

July  29,1918 

July  20,1918 

July  23,1918 

July  27,1918 

July  26,1918 

July  30,1918 

Aug.  2,1918 


Aug.  1,1918 
Aug.  23,1918 
Aug.  1, 1918 
Aug.  8, 1918 


35  general  logging  superintendents;  35  section  bosses;  35  rigging  fore- 
men; 35  hook  tenders;  35 hook-on  men;  35 high  cumbers ;  70 chasers; 
70  chokermen;  35  head  riggers;  105  donkey  engineers;  70  donkey 
firemen;  195  fallers;  345  buckers;  35  spool  tenders;  35  crosscut  saw 
fillers;  50  head  buckers;  35  snipers;  35  knotters;  35  blacksmiths;  35 
blacksmiths'  helpers;  96  carriage  men;  24  cooks;  48  assistant  cooks; 
24  doggers;  24  edgermen;  24  assistant  edgermen;  24  chief  engineers; 
48  engineer  helpers;  48  band  filers;  24  circular  filers;  24  assistant 
circular  filers;  24  head  foremen;  75  assistant  foremen;  48  general 
sawmill  foremen;  75  graders;  24  log  deckers;  24  millwrights;  48 
assistant  millwrights;  48  oflbearers;  48  oilers;  35  camp  helpers;  35 
pumpmen;  35  head  loaders;  35  signal  boys;  24  trimmermen;  195 
planer  feeders;  195  planer  trimmermen;  24  resawers;  48  setters;  144 
tallymen;  48  assistant  trimmermen. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  11  mobilization  camps 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  12  schools . 

Run  of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp 

Cooks 


9,000 


12,468 
56 

4,336 
381 

803 

54,500 

13,030 

45,000 

8,976 

25,000 

500 

330 

2,800 

100 

185 

258 


300 

25,575 

6.50 

3,000 


Run  of  the  draft  to  15  mobilization  camps 

Physicians 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  12  schools . 

264  laborers;  8  plumbers;  12  electricians;  8  blacksmiths;  8  machinists; 
80  clerks;  28  stenographers;  24  foremen;  16  cooks;  8  second  cooks;  8 
mess  sergeants;  8  printers;  24  carpenters;  8  crane  operators;  16  paint- 
ers: 20  motor  mechanics;  12  motor  truckmasters;  48  chauffeurs. 

6  instrument  repairmen;  6  mechanical  instrument  makers;  6  camera 
repairmen;  6  instrument  makers. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  19  schools. . 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  5  schools. 

Clerks 


Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  1  school 

Run  of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp 

2  plumbers;  3  electricians;  2  blacksmiths;  2  machinists;  20  clerks; 
7  stenographers;  6  foremen;  4  cooks;  2  second  cooks;  2  mess  ser- 
geants; 2  printers;  6  carpenters;  2  crane  operators;  4  painters;  5 
motor  mechanics;  3  motor  truckmasters;  12  chauffeurs;  66  laborers. 

Run  of  the  draft  to  13  mobilization  camps 

75  auto  repairmen;  19  stenographers 

Run  of  the  draft  to  16  mobilization  camps 

Run  of  the  draft  to  3  mobilization  camps .- 


46.000 

7.528 

10,000 

400 

50.100 

Unlimited. 

3  814 

600 


24 

6,000 

4,325 

1,261 

10 

309 
1,084 

150 


30,000 
94 

100,000 
12,000 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


473 


APPENDIX:  TABLE  81-A. — List  of  requisitions  for  men,  received  by  the  Provost  Marshal 
General  from  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army,  Aug.  25, 1917,  to  Nov.  7, 1918 — Con. 


Requi- 
sition 
No. 

Date 
received. 

Qualifications. 

Number  of 
men. 

70 

Aug.    3,  1918 

25  stenographers;  25  clerks.     .              

50 

71 
72 

Aug.    5,  1918 
Aug.  15,1918 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  10  schools. 
Draftsmen  

2,339 
253 

73 

..do.. 

Stenographers     

15 

74 

do  

do  

15 

75 
75  G 

Aug.  27.  1918 
Aug.  20,  1918 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  8  schools. 
Run  of  the  draft  to  21  mobilization  camps 

2,304 
21  200 

76 
76  G 

Sept.  30,  1918 
Aug.  20,  1918 

Grammar-school  education  with  mechanical  experience  to  53  schools. 
Run  of  the  draft  to  11  mobilization  camps  

21,329 
40,500 

77G 

...do..*.     -- 

Run  of  the  draft  to  21  mobilization  camps. 

125  000 

79G 

Aug.  15.  1918 

Photographers 

3 

80G 

Aug.  22,  1918 

Run  of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp        •  . 

5,000 

81  G 

do  

do  

900 

82G 

Aug.  29,  1918 

Clerks     ...              

6  054 

83G 

Aug.  28,  1918 

Mechanical  draftsmen  

200 

84G 

Sept.   9,1918 

Stenographers  and  typists  

2,000 

85G 

Sept.  10,  1918 

Run  of  the  draft  to  20  mobilization  camps 

39  750 

87  G 

do..    

Telegraphers  

5 

88G 

Sept.  13,  1918 

Run  of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp  

856 

89G 

Sept.  17,  1918 

Run  of  the  draft  to  6  mobilization  camps 

13  000 

90G 

Sept.  25,  1918 

Spruce  producers  .... 

1  800 

91G 

Oct.     4,1918 

Run  of  the  draft  to  38  mobilization  camps  

1  114,  395 

92G 

Oct.    22,1918 

Run  of  the  draft  to  1  mobilization  camp  

2,000 

'93G 

Oct.    17,1918 

Run  of  the  draft  to  56  mobilization  camps  .  

1  290,  773 

94G 
95G 

Nov.    2,  1918 
Nov.    7,  1918 

Warehousemen,  clerks,  stenographers,  typists,  stationary  engineers, 
and  firemen,  forestrymeii  and  lumbermen,  electricians,  and  stock- 
keepers  for  10  mobilization  camps. 
Photographers  for  3  mobilization  camps  

1  18,  300 
1  900 

REQUISITIONS  RECEIVED  FROM  THE  NAVY  DEPARTMENT. 


1 

Oct.     3,  1918 

Run  of  the  draft  to  2  mobilization  points.  .    .            .... 

1  000 

2 

Nov.    1,  1918 

Carpenters  for  5  mobilization  points  

300 

3 

do... 

Boiler  makers  for  6  mobilization  points 

200 

4 

do  

Coppersmiths  for  5  mobilization  points  

200 

5 

..  do.. 

Cooks  for  2  mobilization  points 

200 

6 

....do  

Stewards  for  4  mobilization  points 

200 

7 

Nov.    7,1918 

Bridge  riggers  for  13  mobilization  points  

2  200 

1  Portions  of  the  requisitions  so  indicated  were  suspended  on  account  of  the  influenza  epidemic,  anc 
such,  suspended  requisitions  were  subsequently  canceled  by  the  President's  order  of  Nov.  11, 1918. 

2  Requisition  canceled  account  suspension  of  hostilities. 


474 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


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APPENDIX    TABLES. 


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476 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  8&-A. — Total  and  per  capita  cost  of  selective  service  system.  June, 

1917,  to  Oct.  1,  1918. 


Costto 
Sept.  1,  1918. 

Cost  from 
Sept.  1, 
1918,  to 
Oct.  1,  1918. 

Total  cost. 

Registrants 
from  June 
5,  1917,  to 
Sept.  11, 
1918. 

Cost 
per 
regis- 
trant. 

Inducted 
June  5,  1917, 
to  Oct.  1, 
1918. 

Cost 
per 
man 
in- 
ducted. 

United  States.. 

$18,965,186.46 

$1,209,466.07 

$20,174,652.53 

10,838,315 

$1.86 

2,552,173 

S7.90 

356,294.75 
76,  123.  85 
282,314.80 
556,449.82 
137,266.84 
197,696.11 
49,890.14 

29,256.17 
155,  126.  52 
432,976.10 
.    48,378.69 
1,161,987.91 
357,  150.  63 
237,664.30 
243,741.50 
348  573.21 
221,838.95 
110,321.52 
258,539.60 
612,565.13 
816,544.20 
357,726.22 
255,068.34 
538,839.22 
124,598.19 
135,648.50 
16,010.29 
56,245.04 
479,027.75 
72,334.90 
2,119,517.63 
412,054.92 
97,490.38 
988,563.33 
148,313.45 
75,154.09 
1,455,036.29 
73,370.99 
244,208.12 
99,032.68 
387,907.42 
895,743.97 
44,999.58 
50,718.14 
349,859.09 
229,510.15 
246,710.68 
365,267.33 
39,097.31 
8,567.00 
27,891.22 
38,443.11 

1,841,530.39 

8,968.00 
5,  517.  13 
12,330.09 
31,651.15 
8,952.88 
11,563.96 
2,321.45 

3,  138.  16 
9,778.77 
25,331.13 
3,141.23 
18,095.80 
37,172.62 
29,185.80 
16,425.96 
21,323.68 
49,421.93 
3,385.27 
14,229.62 
46,319.72 
78,230.08 
21,914.38 
23,691.13 
45,591.92 
5,304.32 
6,667.02 
990.62 
2,831.83 
23,635.93 
4,446.65 
81,525.48 
11,817.11 
6,200.02 
53,547.28 
15,079.90 
7,621.31 
86,623.01 
3,641.32 
12,272.93 
6,668.45 
17,565.26 
40,527.54 
8,786.96 
2,451.14 
16,079.83 
16,951.03 
14,788.93 
13,396.18 
3,350.91 
2,092.88 
3,472.14 
4,  708.  16 

203,740.07 

365,262.75 
81,640.98 
294,644.89 
588,100.97 
146,219.72 
209,260.07 
52,211.59 

32,394.33 
164,905.29 
458,307.23 
51,519.92 
1,180,083.71 
394,323.25 
266,  850.  10 
260,167.46 
369,896.89 
271,260.88 
113,706.79 
272,769.79 
658,884.85 
894,774.28 
379,640.60 
278,759.47 
584,431.14 
129,902.51 
142,315.52 
17,000.91 
59,076.87 
502,663.68 
76,781.55 
2,201,043.11 
423,872.03 
103,690.40 
1,042,110.61 
163,393.35 
82,775.40 
1,541,659.30 
77,012.31 
256,481.05 
105,701.13 
405,472.68 
936,271.51 
53,786.54 
53,169.28 
365,938.92 
246,461.18 
261,499.61 
378,663.51 
42,448.22 
10,659.88 
31,363.36 
43,151.27 

2,050,270.46 

206,248 
40,517 
168,302 
332,  563 
91,813 
175,026 
.  24,563 

36,  741 
94,792 
260,296 
45,982 
707,962 
283,843 
240,934 
167,486 
215,936 
180,226 
68,214 
136,552 
398,364 
411,596 
249,937 
157,607 
335,012 
97,  762 
132,458 
13,044 
41,743 
332,  895 
37.300 
1,  120,  332 
228,844 
73,341 
617,371 
193,236 
70,549 
902,996 
59,059 
144,701 
66,189 
213,427 
460,326 
46,901 
30,884 
206,190 
125,708 
142,  174 
266,691 
25,151 
6,851 
31,200 
120,450 

1.77 
2.01 
1.75 
1.77 
1.59 
1.20 
2.13 

.88 
1.74 
1.76 
1.12 
1.67 
1.39 
1.11 
1.55 
1.71 
1.51 
1.67 
2.00 
1.65 
2.17 
1.52 
1.77 
1.74 
1.33 
1.07 
1.30 
1.42 
l.ol 
2.06 
1.96 
1.85 
1.41 
1.69 
.85 
1.17 
1.71 
1.30 
1.77 
1.60 
1.90 
2.03 
.15 
.72 
.77 
.96 
.84 
.42 
.69 
1.56 
1.01 
.36 

19 

57,459 
7,777 
47,221 
63,192 
21,381 
30,847 
4,771 

9,050 
24,186 
62,966 
11,  747 
171,109 
67,473 
65,7.81 
40,680 
57,826 
54,581 
14,205 
32,668 
71,856 
91,109 
66,402 
43,073 
85,  722 
26,  731 
29,019 
2,981 
7,722 
67,  165 
8,774 
239,499 
57,  748 
18,117 
136,461 
61,621 
14,916 
194,604 
10,833 
42,857 
20,938 
55,  770 
115,724 
10,  275 
6,275 
56,975 
25,  715 
44,687 
64,841 
7,709 
1,937 
5,464 
13,733 

6.36 
10.49 
4.33 
9.31 
6.83 
6.78 
10.94 

3.57 
2.64 
7.27 
4.39 
6.90 
5.84 
4.05 
6.39 
6.39 
4.96 
8.00 
8.35 
9.16 
9.82 
5.71 
6.47 
6.81 
4.85 
4.90 
5.70 
7.65 
7.48 
8.75 
9.  19 
7.34 
5.72 
7.63 
2.65 
5.54 
7.92 
7.11 
5.98 
5.04 
7.27 
8.09 
5.23 
8.47 
6.42 
9.58 
5.85 
5.83 
5.50 
5.50 
5.74 
3.14 

.80 

Arizona  

California....... 

Colorado  ....... 

Connecticut  

District  orCo- 
liunbia      . 

Florida  

Idaho    

Illinois  

Kansas  

Kentucky  

Maryland  

Massachusetts  .  . 

Mississippi 

Montana  

Nftvada  

New  Hampshire 
New  Jersey  
New  Mexico  
New  York  .... 

North  Carolina. 
North  Dakota.. 
Ohio       

Oklahoma.  .  .  

Pennsylvania... 
Rhode  Island... 
South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota.  . 

Texas     

Utah  

Vermont     ..... 

Virginia  ........ 

Washington  
West  Virginia  .  . 
Wisconsin  
Wyoming  
Alaska.......... 

Hawaii  

Porto  Rico  
Not    allocated 
(Table  87-A, 
col.  1,  lines  4, 
5.7.frombot- 

'       1  """ 

APPENDIX    TABLES. 


477 


478 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


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APPENDIX   TABLES. 


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480 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 

APPENDIX  TABLE  94-A.— 1-Far  Industries  Board  priorities  list 


Key  No. 

Industry. 

«'S  . 

."^  ti 

rH'SS 

,& 

United 
States. 

Ala- 
bama. 

1 
2 

3 
4 
6 

(i 

7 
8 
<J 

10 
11 

12 
13 
14 
15 

16 

17 
18 

19 
20 

21 

22 

23 

24 
25 
26 

27 
28 

29 

30 

31 
32 

33 

34 
35 
3<> 
37 

38 
39 

Number  of  district  boards  reporting  

149 

4 

Agricultural  implements.    See  Farm  implements. 
Aircraft:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  aircraft  or  aircraft  sup- 
plies and  equipment  

I 

I 
I 
I 

I 

IV 
I 

IV 

II 
III 

I 

IV 

I 

II 

IV 

II 
II 

I 

III 

IV 

III 
I 
III 

IV 

I 

11 
II 

IV 

I 
III 

IV 

IV 

I 
III 

IV 
IV 

II 

I 
II 

132 

138 
134 
118 

130 

68 
104 
89 

97 
78 

137 
79 

111 

74 

56 

77 
77 

93 
65 

104 
103 

134 
105 
107 

77 

79 

77 
69 

128 

103 
95 

119 

127 

75 
45 
37 
115 

113 
104 

3 

4 
4 

4 

4 

1 
3 
1 

1 
1 

4 

1 

4 
3 

Ammunition:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same  for  the 
United  States  Government  and  the  allies  

Army  and  Navy:  Arsenals  and  navy  yards 

Army  and  Navy:  Cantonments  and  camps  

Arms  (small):  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same  for  the 
United  States  Government  and  the  allies  

Bags:  Hemp,  jute,  and  cotton  —  plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing 
same  .     .  .. 

Blast  furnaces  (producing  pig  iron)  

Boots  and  shoes:  Plants  engaged  exclusively  in  manufacturing  same 

Brass  and  copper:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  rolling  and  drawing  copper, 
brass,  and  other  copper  alloys  in  the  form  of  sheets,  rods,  wire,  and  tubes  
Buildings.    See  Public  institutions  and  buildings. 
Chain:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  iron  and  stoel  chain  

Chemicals:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  chemicals  for  the  pro- 
duction of  military  and  naval  explosives,  ammunition,  and  aircraft,  and  use 
in  chemical  warfare  ..                           ... 

Chemicals:  Plants,  not  otherwise  classified  and  listed,  engaged  principally  in 
manufacturing  chemicals  

Coke:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  producing  metallurgical  coke  and  by- 
products, including  toluol  

Coke:  Plants,  not  otherwise  classified  and  listed,  producing  same 

Copper  and  brass.    See  Brass  and  copper. 
Cotton:  Plants  engaged  in  the  compression  of  cotton  

Cotton  textiles.  See  Textiles. 
Cranes:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  locomotive  cranes  

1 

1 

1 

Cranes:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  traveling  cranes 

Domestic  consumers:  Fuel  and  electric  energy  for  residential  consumption, 
including  homes,  apartment  houses,  residential  flats,  restaurants,  and  hotels. 
Domestic  consumers:  Fuel  and  electric  energy  not  otherwise  specifically  listed  . 
Drugs:  Medicines  and  medical  and  surgical  supplies,  plants  engaged  princi- 
pally in  manufacturing  same  

1 
2 

4 
1 

Electrical  equipment:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same  
Explosives:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same  for  military 
and  naval  purposes  for  the  united  States  Government  and  the  allies  

Explosives:  Plants,  not  otherwise  classified  or  listed,  engaged  principally  in 
manufacturing  same  

Farm  implements:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  agricultural 
implements  and  farm-operating  equipment  

Feed:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  preparing  or  manufacturing  feed  for  live 
stock  and  poultry  ..  .. 

Ferro  alloys:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  producing  ferrochrome,  ferroman- 
ganese,  ferromolybdenum,  ferrosilicon,  ferrotungsten,  ferrouranium,  ferro- 
vanadium,  and  fernuirconium  

1 

Fertilizers:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  producing  same 

Fire  brick:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same 

Foods:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  producing,  milling,  refining,  preserving, 
refrigerating,  wholesaling,  or  storing  food  for  human  consumption  embraced 
within  the  following  description:  All  cereals  and  cereal  products,  meats  (in- 
cluding poultry),  fish,  vegetables,  fruit,  sugar,  sirups,  glucose,  butter,  eggs, 
cheese,  milk  and  cream,  lard,  lard  compounds,  oleomargarine  and  other  sub- 
stitutes for  butter  or  lard,  vegetable  oils,  beans,  salt,  colfee,  baking  powder, 
soda  and  yeast;  also  ammonia  for  refrigeration  

"  1 

1 
1 

3 

4 

Foods:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  producing,  milling,  preparing,  refining, 
preserving,  refrigerating,  or  storing  food  for  human  consumption  not  other- 
wise speciacally  listed;  excepting  nerefrom  plants  producing  confectionery, 
soft  drinks,  and  chewing  gum.   .  .           

Food  containers:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same 

Foundries  (iron):  Plants  engagea  principally  in  the  manufacture  of  gray  iron 
and  malleable  iron  castings  

Fungicides.    See  Insecticides  and  fungicides. 
Gas.    See  Oil  and  gas,  also  Public  utilities. 
Guns  (large):  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same  for  the  United 
States  Government  and  the  allies  

Hospitals.    See  Public  institutions  and  buildings. 
Ice*  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same                      

Insecticides  and  fungicides:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same  . 
Laundries                                                                                                        

Machine  tools:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same  

3 

3 
3 

Medicines.    See  Drugs  and  'medicines*. 
Mines:  Coal  .    .        

Mines:  Producing  metals  and  ferro-allov  minerals.  .  . 

APPENDIX    TABLES. 
compared  with  district  board  rulings  as  to  necessary  industries. 


481 


Arizona. 

Arkansas. 

California. 

Colorado. 

Connecti- 
cut. 

Delaware. 

District  of 
Columbia. 

Florida. 

Key  No. 

1 

2 

5 

2 

3 

1 

1 

.     2 

1 

1 
1 
I 

2 

2 
2 
j 

5 
5 

1 

1 
1 
1 

3 

3 
3 
3 

1 

1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 
2 
2 

1 

2 
3 

4 

1 

2 
1 

5 

4 

1 
1 

3 
2 

1 
1 

1 

2 

5 
6 

1 

1 

5 

1 

2 

1 

7 

1 

4 

2 

s 

1 

1 

4 

1 

3 

9 

1 

2 

3 

1 

10 

1 

2 

5 
4 

2 
1 

3 
2 

1 
1 

1 

2 
1 

11 
12 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

13 

2 

1 

2 

1 

14 

1 

1 

2 

I 

2 

2 

15 

1 

3 

2 

1 

15 

1 

3 

1 

2 

1 

17 

1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

1 

18 

1 

4 

1 

1 

19 

1 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

20 

1 

4 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

21 

1 

1 
1 

5 
4 

2 
1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 
2 

22 
23 

1 

4 

2 

3 

1 

2 

24 

1 

4 

2 

1 

1 

1 

25 

1 

1 

4 

2 

1 

1 

26 

2 

4 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

27 

1 

2 

1 

28 

1 

2 

1 

1 

-     5 
4 

2 
2 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

29 
30 

1 

4 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

31 

1 

3 

2 

3 

1 

1 

2 

32 

1 
1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

2 
3 

1 

2 
1 

'  3 

2 
1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

2 

a 
1 

33 

34 
35 

1 

2 

1 

1 

36 

1 
1 

2 
2 

4 
3 

2 
2 

3 
3 

1 
1 

1 

1 

2 

37 
38 

1 

1 

4 

2 

1 

1 

1 

39 

97250°— 19- 


-31 


482 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 
APPENDIX  TABLE  94-A.— War  Industries  Board  priorities  list  com," 


Georgia. 

Idaho. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Ken- 
tucky. 

Louisi- 
ana. 

Maine. 

Mary- 
land. 

3 

2 

8 

4 

2 

2 

3 

3 

2 

3 

3 
3 

1 

7 
8 

4 
4 

2 
2 

2 

2 

•      3 
3 

2 

2 

1 
2 

2 
3 

3 
2 

1 

8 
7 

4 
3 

2 
2 

2 
2 

a 

3 

2 
2 

2 
1 

2 
2 

2 

7 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

) 

2 

5 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

6 

4 

1 

1 

3 

2 

1 

2 

2 

6 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

7 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

5 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 
2 
3 

1 
1 

8 
4 
5 

4 
3 
4 

1 
1 
1 

2 
1 
1 

2 
2 
3 

2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
1 

3 
2 
2 

2 

4 

3 

1 

1 

3 

2 

2 

2 

- 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

2 

3 

4 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

4 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

4 

2 

5 

2 
2 

4 

2 
2 

2 

2 
1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

3 
3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 

7 

3 

1 

1 

2 

3 

2 

3 
"l 
3 
3 

2 

1 
1 
1 
1 

7 
6 
8 
4 

s 

4 
4 
3 
2 

2 

1 
1 
2 
2 

1 

2 
2 
2 
1 

3 
1 
2 
1 

1 

2 
2 
3 
2 

2 

2 
2 
1 

1 

3 
2 
2 
3 

2 

2 

,         i 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

4 

3 

2 

o 

2 

1 

2 

3 

1 
2 

2 
2 

5 
5 

4 

2 
3 

2 

2 
1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

2 
1 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 
1     2 

3 

3 
3 

3 

3 
3 

1 

1 
1 

7 

8 
1 

4 

4 
2 

2 

1 
1 

2 

2 
2 

2 

.    2 
1 

2 

2 
3 

1 
1 

2 

3 
2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

i 

i 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 
2 

1 

8 
7 

4 
4 

1 
1 

1 

2 

3 
3 

2 
2 

i 

2 
2 

2 

2 

5 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

i 

2 

APPEXDIX    TABLES. 
pared  with  district  board  rulings  as  to  nectssary  industries — Continued. 


Massa- 
chusetts. 

Miphijjau. 

Minne- 
sota: 

Missis- 
sippi. 

Missouri: 

Montana. 

XP- 
braska. 

Nevada. 

New 
Hamp- 
shire. 

New 
Jersey. 

6 

7 

5 

2 

5 

2 

2 

1 

1 

3 

6 
6 

e 

6 
6 
3 

7 

7 
7 
6 

7 

4 

5 
5 
5 

5 
3 

2 

2 
2 
2 

2, 
1 

5 

5 
5 
5 

8 
2 

2 

2 
2 
2 

2 
2 

2 

2 
2 
2 

2 
2 

1 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 
1 

1 

3 

3 
3 
2 

3 
1 

3 

5 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

3" 

4 
5 
1 

3 

4 
1 

5 
4 
4 

2 
2 
2 

3' 
2 

2 

2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
1 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
3 
2 

6 
3 

7 
2 

4 
2 

2 
2 

5 
3 

2 
2 

2 
2 

1 

1 

3 
2 

5 
3 

5 
1 

0 

4 

2 

2 

3 

2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

1 

1 

3 
1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

3 

4 

2 

3 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

5 

5 

4 
3 

a 

5 

3 

3 

2 

1 
1 

3 

1 
1 

2 

1 
1 

1: 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

2 

2 
2 

5 

5 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

• 
3 

5 
6 
6 
5 

5 

6 
4  . 

3 

5 
4 
5 

2 
2 
2 
2 

2 
5 
5 
4 

1 
2 
1 
1 

1 

2 
2 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 

3 
3 
3 

2 

4 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

4 

3 

4 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

4 

1 

4 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

4 

1 

3 

2 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

5 

5 
4 

5 

3 
3 

5 

4 
5 

5 

2 

2 
'  2 

9 

3 

2 

2 

4 

1 

1 
1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 
2 

3 

6 
5 

5 

5 
2 

2 
2 

4 
2 

2 
1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

3 
2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

6 

5 

2 

3 

r 

3 

5 

4 

2 

5 

2 

1 

1 

2 

4 

4 

5 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

484 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


APPENDIX  TABLE  94-A. —  War  Industries  Board  priorities  list  com- 


Key  No. 

New 
Mexico. 

New 
'   York. 

North 
Caro- 
lina. 

North 
Dakota. 

Ohio. 

Okla- 
homa. 

Oregon. 

Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Rhode 
Island. 

South 
Carolina. 

1 

9 

2 

1 

6 

2 

3 

9 

2 

2 

1 

9 

2 

1 

C 

1 

3 

9 

2 

2 

2 
3 
4 

1 

1 

1 
1 

9 

7 
6 

9 

2 
2 
2 

2 

1 
1 
1 

1 

6 
5 
3 

6 

2 
1 
1 

1 

2 
3 
3 

1 

9 
9 
9 

9 

2 
2 
2 

2 

2 
2 
1 

2 

6 

3 

1 

3 

1 

4 

2 

1 

7 

6 

1 

1 

6 

9 

1 

2 

8 

3 

2 

1 

4 

1 

6 

2 

1 

0 

7 

1 

1 

4 

2 

7 

2 

2 

10 

4 

1 

1 

6 

1 

7 

1 

2 

11 

9 

2 

1 

6 

1 

1 

9 

2 

2 

1° 

3 

2 

3 

1 

6 

2 

1? 

1 

6 

2 

6 

7 

2 

1 

]1 

1 

2 

1 

4 

1 

6 

1 

]"> 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

Ti 

5 

1 

4 

1 

5 

1 

1 

17 

4 

1 

5 

1 

5 

1 

1 

11 

1 

5 

2 

2 

1 

3- 

6 

2 

1 

10 

i 

2 

1 

1 

2 

4 

2 

1 

T) 

9 

8 

2 

6 

1 

1 

6 

2 

1 

"1 

8 

2 

5 

1 

8 

2 

1 

<v> 

9 

2 

6 

2 

1 

8 

2 

2 

*>? 

5 

1 

1 

3 

*       8 

2 

2 

'M 

7 

2 

1 

5 

1 

1 

9 

1 

1 

•"i 

1 

6 

1 

4 

1 

1 

6 

2 

1 

% 

1 

3 

1 

1 

5 

7 

1 

1 

•>7 

4 

2 

6 

1 

7 

2 

1 

28 

2 

2 

4 

9 

1 

1 

29 

?n 

1 
1 

8 

7 

2 

2 

1 

1 

5 
4 

1 

3 

2 

9 

7 

2 
2 

1 

1 

••ti 

4 

1 

1 

4 

1 

3 

7 

2 

1 

T> 

8 

2 

.1 

6 

1 

3 

9 

2 

2 

"n 

9 

1 

1 

6 

1 

2 

9 

2 

1 

T4 

4 

2 

3 

1 

2 

8 

1 

2 

TT 

3 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Ti 

2 

2 

1 

3 

1 

87 

8 

2 

1 

6 

1 

9 

2 

1 

3S 
3J 

1 
1 

5 

4 

2 
2 

1 
1 

5 

4 

2 

1 

2 
2 

9 

7 

2 
1 

1 
2 

APPENDIX   TABLES.  485 

pared  with  district  "board  rulings  as  to  necessary  industries — Continued. 


South 
Dakota. 

Tennes- 
see. 

Texas. 

Utah. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

Wash- 
ington. 

West 
Virginia. 

Wis- 
consin. 

Wyom- 
ing. 

2 

3 

4 

1 

2 

2 

3 

2 

5 

1 

1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

3 

2 

5 

1 

3 

2 

1 

2 

3 

2 

;, 

1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

3 

2 

5 

1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

2 

4 

1 

3 

2 

1 

2 

3 

2 

5 

2 

4 

2 

1 

2 

3 

3 

1 

1 

2 

2 

5 

3 

3 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

5 

2 

3 

1 

1 

3 

4 

2 

3 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

3 

4 

1 

2 

2 

3 

2 

4 

3 

3 

2 

3 

2 

1 

3 

3 

1 

2 

1 

3 

2 

3 

3 

3 

1 

3 

2 

2 

2 

4 

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

2 

3 

1 

3 

1 

1 

2 

3 

4 

1 

2 

2 

3 

2 

3 

4 

1 

3 

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

5 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

3 

1 

,      2 

1 

3 

3 

1 

2 

3 

2 

5 

1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

4 

1 

3 

1 

1 

3 

5 

1 

4 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

3 

4 

1 

1 

2 

3 

2 

5 

1 

1 

4 

1 

1 

2 

3 

1 

5 

2 

3 

1 

2 

2 

1 

4 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

1 

5 

2 

3 

1 

3 

3 

2 

2 

3 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

1 

3 

3 

1 

1 

3 

1 

5 

1 
1 

2 
2 

3 
3 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
2 

2 
3 

2 
1 

2 
5 

1 

486 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 

APPENDIX  TABLE.  94-A. — War  Industries  Board  priorities  list  com- 


Industry. 


S  he 

0.3 


United 

Stales. 


Ala- 
bama 


Mines:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  mining  tools  or  equipment . 

Navy.    See  Army  and  Navy. 

Navy  Department.    See  War  and  Navy  Departments. 

Newspapers  and  periodicals:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  printing  newspapers 
or  periodicals  which  are  entered  at  the  post  office  as  second-class  mail  matter. . 

Oil  and  gas:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  producing  oil  or  natural  gas  for  fuel, 
or  for  mechanical  purposes,  including  refining  or  manufacturing  oil  for  fuel,  or 
for  mechanical  purposes - 

Oil  and  gas:  Pipe  lines  and  pumping  stations  engaged  in  transporting  oil  or 
natural  gas 

Oil  and  gas:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  equipment  or  supplies 
or  producing  or  transporting  oil  or  natural  gas,  or  for  refining  and  manufactur- 
ing oil  for  fuel  or  for  mechanical  purposes 


Paper  and  pulp.    See  Pulp  and  paper. 
Periodicals.    See  Newspa 


. .     lapers  and  periodicals. 

Public  institutions  and  buildings  (maintenance  and  operation  of)  other  than 
hospitals  and  sanitariums 

Public  institutions  and  buildings  (maintenance  and  operation  of)  used  as  hos- 
pitals or  sanitariums 

Public  utilities:  Gas  plants  producing  toluol 

Public  utilities:  Street  railways,  electric  lighting  and  power  companies,  gas 
plants  not  otherwise  classified,  telephone  and  telegraph  companies,  water- 
supply  companies,  and  like  general  utilities 

Public  utilities:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  equipment  for 
railways  or  other  public  utilities „ 

Pulp  and  paper:  Plants  engaged  exclusively  in  manufacturing  same 

Railways:  Operated  by  United  States  Railroad  Administration 

Railways:  Not  operated  by  United  States  Railroad  Administration  (excluding 
those  operated  as  plant  facilities) 

Railways  (street).    See  Public  utilities. 

Rope.    See  Twine  and  rope. 

Rope  wire.    See  Wire  rope. 

Sanitariums.    See  Public  institutions  and  buildings. 

Ships  (maintenance  and  operation  of):  Excluding  pleasure  craft  not  common 


Ships:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  building  ships,  excluding  (a)  pleasure  craft 
not  common  carriers,  (6)  ships  not  built  for  the  United  States  Government  or 
the  allies  under  license  from  United  States  Shipping  Board , 

Soap:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same , 

Steel-making  furnaces:  Plants  engaged  solely  in  manufacturing  ingots  and  steel 
castings  by  the  open-hearth,  Bessemer;  crucible,  or  electric-furnace  process, 
including  blooming  mills,  billet  mills,  and  slabbing  mills  for  same 

Steel-plate  mills - 

Steel-rail  mills:  Rolling  rails,  50  or  more  pounds  per  yard , 

Steel:  All  plants  opertaing  steel  rolling  and  drawing  mills  exclusive  of  those 
taking  higher  classification 

Surgical  supplies.    See  Drugs  and  medicines. 

Tanners:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  tanning  leather 

Tanning:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  tanning  extracts 

Textiles:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  cotton  textiles,  includ- 
ing spuming,  weaving,  and  finiahing 

Textiles:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  woolen  textiles,  in- 
cluding spinners,  top  makers,  and  weavers \ 

Textiles:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  cotton  or  woolen  knit 
goods . . 


Textiles:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  textile  machinery.. 
Tin  plates:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same . 


Tobacco:  Only  for  preserving,  drying,  curing,  packing,  and  storing  same — not 
for  manufacturing  and  marketing 

Toluol.    See  Coke;  also  Public  utilities. 

Tools:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  small  or  hand  tools  for 
working  wood  or  metal - „ 

Twine  (binder  and  rope):  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same.. 

War  and  Navy  Departments:  Construction  work  conducted  by  either  tho  War 
Department  or  the  Navy  Department  of  the  United  States,  in  embarkation 
ports,  harbors,  fortified  places,  flood-protection  operations,  docks,  locks, 
channels,  inland  waterways,  and  in  the  maintenance  and  repair  of  same 

Wire  rope  and  rope  wire:  Plants  engaged  principally  in  manufacturing  same . . 

Wroolen  textiles.    See  Textiles. 


Ill 

IV 

I 
I 

III 

n 

i 
I 

n 

ii 

IV 

i 


I 

IV 


I 
I 

II 

in 

IV 
IV 

IV 
IV 

IV 
IV 

in 

IV 


in 

IV 


9."> 

77 

102 
85 


51 


109 
103 


129 

109 
88 
141 

116 


120 


108 
72 


106 
99 
96 

107 

90 
73 

90 
97 

93 
77 
73 


130 
89 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 
pared  ivith  district  board  rulings  as  to  necessary  industries — Continued. 


487 


Arizona. 

Arkansas. 

California. 

Colorado. 

Connecti- 
cut. 

Delaware. 

District  of 
Columbia. 

Florida. 

Key  No. 

1 

4 

2 

2 

1 

2 

40 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

41 

1 

1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

2 

42 

1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

1 

43 

1 

1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

44 

3 

1 

1 

1 

45 

2 

3 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

4"> 

1 

4 

2 

2 

1 

2 

47 

1 

2 
2 

3 

4 

2 
2 

3 
3 

1 

1 
1 

2 
2 

48 
40 

.     1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

53 

1 
1 

1 

1 

2 
2 

1 
1 

4 
3 

4 
4 

2 
2 

1 

1 

3 
1 

3 

2 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

2 
2 

2 
1 

51 

52 

53 
54 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

55 

1 
1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

3 

4 

4 

4 
3 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

3 
3 
2 

3 
2 

1 
1 

1 

1 
I 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

56 
*    57 

58 

59 
60 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

81 

1 

4 

1 

3 

1 

1 

62 

1 

4 

1 

3 

1 

1 

63 

1 

3 

1 

3 

1 

1 

64 

1 

3 

1 

3 

1 

1 

65 

1 

1 

3 

1 

3 

1 

€6 

1 

2 

1 

1 

67 

1 

3 

2 

:i 

1 

1 

68 

1 

3 

1 

3 

1 

69 

1 

2 
1 

4 
4 

2 
1 

3 
3 

1 

1 

2 
1 

70 
71 

488 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 
APPENDIX  TABLE  94-A. — War  Industries  Rftard  priorities  list  mm- 


o 

y, 

>> 

\4 

Georgia. 

Idaho. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Ken- 
tucky. 

Louisi- 
ana. 

Maine. 

Mary- 
land. 

4T 

2 

6 

3 

1 

1 

3 

2 

2 

41 

62 

2 
3 

1 
1 

1 

5 

3 

4 

2 
2 

1 
2 

2 
2 

*           3 
3 

1 

2 
2 

•n 

2 

5 

3 

1 

2 

2 

3 

2 

1  ' 

•  2 

5 

2 

1 

2 

1 

3 

2 

Uj 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

M 

/- 

3 

2 

1 

5 

6 

4 
4 

2 
1 

2 
1 

3 
1 

3 
3 

2 

3 
2 

4S 

4') 
'  ) 

3 

2 
2 

2 

1 

5 

7 
4 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 
1 

1 

1 
1 

3 

1 
1 

3 

3 

2 

1 

2 
1 

3 

2 
2 

51 
52 

63 

3 
3 

2 

2 
2 

8 
5 

5 

4 
3 

4 

2 
2 

2 

2 
2 

1 

3 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

2 
2 

3 

2 

3 

'! 

1 

5 

4 

2 

2 

3 

3 

2 

3 

2 

3 

3 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

6 

4 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

,r7 

2 

6 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

sa 

2 

5 

4 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

VI 

2 

c 

4 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

6T 

2 

5 

3 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

61 

2 

5 

2 

1 

1 

1 

-  2 

1 

2 

6? 

3 

4 

3 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

(H 

2 

6 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

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3 

6 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

cs 

3 

5 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

83 

2 

5 

4 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

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2 

4 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

6S 

2 

6 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

6^ 

2 

6 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

70 

71 

3 
2 

1 

8 
8 

4 
3 

2 
1 

2 
1 

3 
1 

2 
2 

2 

3 
2 

APPENDIX    TABLES. 
pared  with  district  board  rulings  as  to  necessary  industries — Continued. 


489 


Massa- 
chusetts. 

Michigan. 

Minne- 
sota. 

Missis- 
sippi. 

Missouri. 

Montana. 

Ne- 
braska. 

Nevada. 

New 
Hamp- 
shire. 

New 
Jersey. 

3 

4 

4 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

3 

4 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

2 

4 

2 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

1 

3 

<> 

4 

1 

1 

2 

4 

1 

3 

2 

4 

1 

1 

2 

| 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

,-, 

3 

4 

1 

4 

1 

1 

2 

6 

G 

4 

1 

4 

1 

1 

3 

6 

7 

2 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

5 

4 

5 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

5 

2 

5 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 
0 

7 
6 

5 
4 

2 
2 

5 
5 

2 
1 

......... 

1 

1 
1 

1 

2 
2 

G 
6 

7 
6 

5 

4 
3 

2 

2 
2 

3 

3 
3 

2 

2 
1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

3 

2 
2 

3 

6 

4 

2 

4 

2 

1 

1 

3 

4 

4 

2 

3 

2 

1 

2 

3 

2 

3 

2 

1 

2 

4 

5 

2 

3 

2 

1 

1 

3 

4 

4 

4 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

4 

2 

4 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

4 

1 

4 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

3 

4 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

3 

2 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

4 

2 

3 

1 

4 

3 

5 

2 

3 

1 

1 

2 

4 

1 

5 

2 

1 

1 

2 

6 
4 

.      7 
2 

6 

4 

2 
2 

5 
3 

2 
1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

3 
3 

490 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 
APPENDIX  TABLE  94-A. — War  Industries  Board  priorities  list  com- 


Key  No.] 

New 
Mexico. 

New 
York. 

North 
Caro- 
lina. 

North 
Dakota. 

Ohio. 

Okla- 
homa. 

Oregon. 

Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Rhode 
Island. 

South 
Carolina. 

40 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

9 

1 

1 

41 

3 

2 

L> 

2 

1 

5 

2 

42 
4T 

1 

6 
3 

1 
1 

1 
1 

5 
5 

2 
2 

1 

7 
9 

2 
1 

2 
2 

44 

3 

1 

1 

4 

2 

1 

1 

2 

4  -I 

2 

1 

4 

1 

3 

48 

47 

1 

8 
7 

2 
2 

1 
1 

6 

| 

1 

1 
1 

7 

2 
2 

2 
1 

48 

4() 

1 
1 

9 

7 

2 

1 

1 
1 

6 
5 

1 

3 
2 

8 
8 

2 

2 

2 
2 

r,n 

6 

2 

1 

6 

1 

8 

1 

1 

r>i 

52 

53 

54 
n 

1 
1 

1 
1 

9 
B 

8 

7 
3 

2 
2 

1 

2 
1 

.1 
1 

1 
1 

5 
4 

4 

4 
6 

3 

1 

2 
2 

3 
1 

2 

2 
1 

8 
7 

7 

4 
2 

2 
2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 
1 

V, 

7 

1 

1 

6 

. 

2 

8 

1 

2 

->7 

5 

1 

1 

5 

1 

9 

2 

2 

<iS 

4 

1 

1 

6 

9 

1 

2 

50 

6 

1 

1 

6 

; 

9 

2 

2 

60 

4 

2 

1 

5 

1 

9 

2 

2 

»il 

2 

2 

1 

3 

6 

1 

2 

rr> 

6 

2 

1 

3 

1 

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5 

2 

2 

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7 

2 

1 

4 

2 

2 

6 

2 

2 

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7 

2 

1 

4 

2 

6 

2 

2 

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3 

2 

1 

6 

6 

2 

2 

t'K) 

4 

2 

1 

2 

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1 

1 

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2 

1 

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1 

3 

1 

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7 

2 

1 

5 

2 

8 

2 

1 

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3 

2 

1 

5 

1 

1 

5 

2 

1 

70 
71 

1 
1 

7 
4 

2 
2 

1 
1 

4 

4 

2 

3 
1 

9 

8 

2 
2 

2 
2 

APPENDIX   TABLES. 
pared  with  district  board  rulings  as  to  necessary  industries — Continued. 


South 
Dakota. 

Tennes- 
see. 

Texas. 

Utah. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

Wash- 
ington. 

West 
Virginia. 

Wis- 
consin. 

Wyom- 
ing. 

Key  No. 

1 

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2 

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3 

40 

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3 

4 

1 

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1 

1 

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1 

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1 

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1 

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3 

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1 

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110 

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2 

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71 

APPENDIX    TABLES. 


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523 


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524 


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APPENDIX   TABLES. 


525 


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527 


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528 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


q  O  CS  00  CO  > 


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APPENDIX   TABLES. 


529 


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530 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


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.  Town  Hall  
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.  1  Mason  Building  
.  Town  Hall  
.  Selectmen's  Office  
.  Memorial  Hall,  807  Wa. 
G  Town  Hall  
.  323  Union  Street  
27  Bedford  Street  

.  Town  House  
.  Courthouse  
.  Town  Hall,  Mansfield. 
.  TownIIn.ll  
.  County  Courthouse.  .  . 

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5 

APPENDIX  TABLES. 


531 


i-7  T*  C!>         00  O  '"•  O  N  CO  i-H 


^H  —<  *jj  i-M  r?  .-;  ~r  c-»  CM 


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o  c^  to  10 
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l^r-.C^OC^'^ClCSCOC^CMT^'-t         ^c 


0  O    i-t  tD  n*.  »  >7  -**'/:'  *M  X  l-TOCOX'O'—  (t-^"*iCCNO*OOCO'X>O»Oi-li—  i  «O  CO  CO  O    ClT-iOl—  lOOO 

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«  co  co     o  -4'  •-.  ro  r:  ^.  i-  i*  TT  co  i—  i-  -^n  M  co  «s  oo  ^  -^  s&  o  xr   ^:  o      -        -    • 


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Street. 

•  ii  is  i  n  i  n  ii  1  1  n  n  i 

51..  Lithgow  Building,  Codman  Square, 
22  Curtis  Hal!,  Center  St  root  ,  Jamaica  I 
^O.  West  Roxbury  Branch  Library,  Wes 

4.  .  Hydo  Park  Trust  Co.  Building,  Hyc 
...  Brighton  District  Court,  Brighton.. 
Hall 

4 

.  .  .  Town  Hall  
...  381  Cambi-idge  Street  

.  .  .  Municipal  Building,  Central  Square. 
..  CitvHall... 

.  .  .  City  Building,  Brattle  Square  
.  .  .  Courthouse  
Cit  v  Hull 

.  .  .  Boys'  Club  Building,  55-57  EmersoE 
..  CitvHall... 

_c 

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— 

...  424  Bay  State  Building  
.  .  .  Courthouse,  Applet  on  Street  
.  .  .  Room  18,  Meigs  Building  
.  .  .  Room  3,  226  Merrimac  Street  
..  CitvHall 

rt  A  *^  ^  ^  5  o  H- 
*3  fl^'S'brM'r'*1' 
>S  §  S  S  gj1^  > 

tSocSt^K   5u 

.  .  Room  10,  Medford  Building  
Fire  Engine  House,  Acushnet  Aveni 
.  .  Care  of  the  Evening  Standard  
.  .  Third  District  Court  Building  
.  .  No.  11  Fire  Station,  754  Brock  Aven 
.  CitvHall... 

Qumcy  Courthouse  
Room  2,  Masonic  Temple  
Police  Building.  Bow  Street  
State  Armory,  Highland  Avenue  
Branch  Library,  College  Avenue  .  .  . 
.  289  Main  Street  
.  470  Main  Street  

35     ; 
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000  Mi  01  CC  M  02 


532 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


|1 

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APPENDIX   TABLES. 


533 


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—  —  —.--  .--  t  ---  I  -  S.  --  »«  -*•  r-^  00  GO  CO  *-«  '•r  CO  X)  CN  0-:  O  CC  ^  O  S3  O  rr  »-t  CO  CO  Gi  t-  CC  •—  I-  C^ 

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llj! 

CCKSw 


544 


APPENDIX  TABLES. 


1! 


o  to  os  o*  oc  co  r—  C 
cc  oc  T  '"  *r  co  o  '- 

- 


CO    ^-t          CQ 


5'~lOiO'^l^t''^CslCiOiOC 

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TT  fq  --o  r-i  IN  >c  cc  -^  c-.  35  oo.  c^  -^;  cc  -.0  1-1 


llll^llllllllllllll 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


545 


t-  1-1  c5  <M  co 


cocc      ^H^» 


f-i         COr-«         r-t 


i-H^t—Cl*— I  »-^  CO  C  »O  C 


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CM  V*  r-i  CM'CO  ft'i-l  i-H         »H  tH  rH         **  -«t  rH         CM         CM  fH         T^ 


»O  t^»  CO  r-t  i—  t  »-" 


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rr  ^  co  w  co  ^  t^  o>      90  eo  t^  w  oo  *c  c»  C4  o»  ^r  cl  -9  1 

CSCO  CS  CS^H         C^T-lr-t         i-(  COCO 


97250°—  19  -  35 


C*        CD  T-I  CO  CO  1 
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546 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


111 


O  O  f  — i  O  »  O  — i  C-5  O  O  ".C  T-I  M  --O  l-~  -f.  'f.  O  -i'  I-  ^  •-<  t~  90  O 

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Cr-  o  c^  c;  t~  -?  *r  i  -  (^  i--  i- 


5O  O  O  «s  -r  -^  p  -p  o.  oa  i^-  w  T  i-t  ic  *a  *-•  o  ac  ^)  c^  O  I-H  c:  o  oo  so  i-  r-<  y.  r-  ^  -^  -r  irj 

rHi— ICJTJ'O        C^CN|  Or-1        rH  t'-tNrH  i— I        CsJCS-«— ir-lCSt-HC^i— tCDOil^-CS 


CCCCC^rHI—  •*T<OCi^iOOLr5"^^"-COOl--tOOrH*OCN1'^O»COiO5OT— l-^OS 


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IN        NlCTfirtS^l-HCsft^        rt         ^.ic-MC-1        ^HMCMKCT 


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;  g    ;  S    ;>>;;;;;  c  §;    ;       ;;;: 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


547 


'S- 


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CSC^CC-VCCCQC^^-I      co          i-*  co  P*J  co 


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548 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


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APPENDIX   TABLES. 


549 


rH  CO  O  CO  t- 


r-l        1-        MO        CO 


CO  '.£  i-H  O  CO  C  -f  C-.  l~ 


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rf  OC  <N  C  CO  i-l  00  • 


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'    co'co'i-Tco"  cfcfc 


550 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


So 
CO  > 


r:  —  c-:  o  —  '  oo  c-»  —  i  '. 


;  co  oo  i£  ~  06      CN 


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APPENDIX   TABLES. 


551 


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i:::::::::::::::::::::::: 

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;  sf  :  :           :"»  :  :« 

:;::::::::: 

....  CityHall  
,.dn  

....  301  Colt  Building  
....  CityHall  
do  

.  .  .  .  City  Hall,  Perth  A  mb 
Courthouse,  Salem... 

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552 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


n 

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fermen 

t|| 

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Union  
Valencia  

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IN-HOC-,  o:  t^o6-it 


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CO  >O  <N  CO  -«N  f-  ••?•  C~.  --D  T  C:  -r  C  "  -!•  - 
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fc ^  : 60606060060666 
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APPENDIX   TABLES. 


553 


;cor*QiT-tr^r^cocoo5!O«-<Oi' 


> »  co  t—  I*-  oo  OD  co  oo  «O       c-i  »o  ro  i--  co  cc  t^-  tr  t*  »c  c^ 


r-»   i-(  1-1  i-*   CS  CO 


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trt*"SS^*5rtS88Ss§**S;52* 


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1  CO  C$  <N  rl  -^  CO  T  CS  rt  (N  rH  O»    rt  -1  rH   <N  «  CO 


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T  -^  ro  t~  *r  *r  ^  ac  '-i  o  -^ 
- 


»c  co  c;  Ci  o  c;  yr  o  oc  »c  o  w  co  ^^  X  ^o  co 

c.  •—  '  ir.  i-  c^  o  -r  i-  -r  ^:  c:  c  co  -r  tc  c^  ^^ 

- 


—  i    -  -  --       z.  -.-.  s.  i-      -s  :-  i~  -f  .  -j:  i^  ^  -^  r-i  — 

co  x  —  —  Ti  co  t-  i-  -f.  co  cr.  r-      CN  r^  -r  -r  ~v  c->  cs  oc  cs  o  - 

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i::  71  ^-  ^-  •_  --  —  —  :~  —  T  ^^ 

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5  co"  w  I-H  I-H  c^'  c^  -*r  »o  7^c^Tco'co"o{'-H  r4  I-H  co  cs^     co  cc'co^c 


r  ^  oi  cs"i-^r^  cs"c4  co"  co~c-f  of  ci  M" 


376  Connecticut  Street  
.  .  .  371  Delaware  Avenue  
.  .  .  Federal  Building,  Olean  
90  Main  Street,  Salamanca  
.  .  .  Town  Hall,  Gowanda  
.  .  .  Federal  Building,  Auburn  

Frf>dmii,i 

.  .  .  Care  of  S.  C.  Crandall.  AVest  field  
Caro  of  J.  F.  McCarthy,  Silver  Creek  .  .  . 
.  .  .  Courthouse  Annex,  Almira  
.  .  Box  147,  Courthouse,  Norwich  
.  .  County  Court  Building,  Margaret  Street, 

burg. 
.  .  .  Au  Sable  Forks  
.  .  .  Court  house,  Hudson  
...  15  Court  Street,  Cortland  
Delhi 

_ 

I 

.  .  574  Main  Street,  Beacon  
.  .  Beekman  Arms,  Rhinebeck  
.  .  City  Hall  
City  Hall,  l.ackawunna  
.  .  Room  5,  Hamburg  Bank  Building,  Han 
.  .  Collins  Community  House,  Collins  
.  .  Town  Hall,  Lancaster  
.  .  County  Clerk's  Office,  Elizabethtown.  .. 
.  .  County  Clerk's  Oflice,  Malone  
.  .  20  Church  Street,  Saranac  Lake  
.  .  State  Armory,  Washington  Street,  Glove 
.  .  County  Clerk's  Building,  Johnstown... 
.  .  Courthouse,  Batavia  
.  .  Courthouse,  Catskill  

.  .  Long  Lake  
.  .  City  Hall,  Little  Falls  
Courthouse,  HerViiner  
.  '.  City  Hall,  East  Third  Street  
.  .  Courthouse,  Watertown  
.  Continental  Hotel,  Adams  ... 

U 

"3 

'3 

S 

C£ 

i 

_3 
^ 

.  .  .  Courthouse,  Geneseo  
.  .  .  Courthouse,  Wampsvillc  
.  .  .  City  Hall,  Rochester  

...  City  Hall,  Fairport  
—  Courthouse,  Fonda  
...  City  Hall  
Glen  Cove  Bank  Building,  Glen  Cove  .  .  . 
—  Denton  Building,  Mineola  
—  78  Church  Street,  Freeport  
—  Fireman's  Hall,  Lawrence  
....  237  Main  Street  

BUFFALO  No.  15  
BUFFALO  No.  16... 

^H'NCO     - 

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554 


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id 

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APPENDIX   TABLES. 

M  •»•        CO  O  CM        CM        -"Ii        CM  «        C4CCCM        CM        i-l 


•  CM      n  o     ~H  o  o »~ 

-.-I        -O  CO        -3-  3>  ?S  CM 


rtCM         rtOO        CMSC.-I        O         O         O-H         CMO.-I         i-l         O  O-<         O;-         CM-910CM 


3  CO         i-*  Q?  Cl         Ol 


N        i-<  CO        i-"?  10 

CM      "5t~-     N^ 


^oo      SB      n      co 

pH  CM        C**        C5        CN 


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1-1  CM         CM  C*4  C 


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X«>       >O       i-l        t-TT 


CO       >-l 
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eo  ^« 


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OO  OO  CO 


•^r  oo  co      G}  co      ic  oo  »o      o      o      *— <  t*-      10*000     c5 
to'ooW     otTo1     to^fcc"     06"     co"     ccto"     o'oo'oo'     oT 


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do     odd     d     d     do    .o'd.d 


x  *  «     «  «     «  *  « 

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APPENDIX   TABLES. 


555 


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C^i-t         ^•^''-H         CICCC-IC 


1H'-' 

CNCOtN       --,00 

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S  '_;  i£        COO'C        >O        M-  TJ  N        *-'JO 

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COCO  —  CNOCNM-  M        00 

CO  CO 

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Si  co  iS   r£-  S  s  o 

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s:i?s 

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CNtbl^        t^COCO        CN         COOO^H        Oi-H 

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.  .  .  Public  School  143,  TIavemeyer  and  North  Sixth 
Street,  Brooklyn. 

:                  :  4>    J 

...i  174  Nassau  Street,  Brooklyn  
...  Public  Library,  Clinton  and  1  ninn  Slrec 
Brooklyn. 

.  .  .  10o  Uapelye  Street,  Brooklyn  
...  Municipal  Court,  6  Lee  Avoivi'',  Brooklyn... 
.  .  .  Forty-seventh  Regiment  Armory,  Lynch  Sir 
and  Maivy  Avenue,  Brooklyn. 
...  411  Lewis  A"  venue,  Brooklyn.  
...  219  P:\tehen  Avenue,  Brooklyn  
...  115  Stockton  Street,  BrooUlvn  
.  Annex  Public  School  25,  335  Kosciusko  Stre 

:c        &3-;rS        a^SS            5 

I  IS  1  •  1  J  M   2 

•      -a                i     "d              S     i10          +>      A               » 

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S^£    S^S    £    Rgfi    B£    2S    (5    §s£ 

5S6  Driggs  Avenue,  Brooklyn  
87  Herbert  Street,  Brooklyn  
99  Mcserole  Street,  Brooklyn  
2215  Coney  Island  Avenue,  Brooklyn  
1770  Eighty-sixth  Street,  Brooklyn  
1215  Avenue  Q,  Brooklyn  
7024  New  Utrecht  Avenue,  Brooklyn  
Public  School  134,  Ocean  Parkway  and  Eig 
teenth  Avenue,  Brooklyn. 
.  .  .  Bedford  Avenue  and  Monroe  Street,  Y.  M.  C.  i 
Brooklyn. 

SCN 

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NEW  YORK  No 
NEW  YORK.  No 

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O  O  p      O  p  O  C 

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ooo     oco     o    pop     co 

WWW       WWW      W       WWW       WW 

K  fi  a     PS  as  P;     PS     PS  PS  as     KM 
p  o  p    ,c  p  p    p     ooo     o  p 

zzz   zzz   z   zzz   zz 

NEW  YORK  No 
N  EW  YORK  No 

NEW  YORK  No 

NEW  YORK  No 
N  EW  YORK  No 
NEW  YORK  No 

NEW  YORK  No 

p  o  p  p  p  o  p  p    p 
p  p  p  p  o  o  p  p    p 

556 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


» 

Il 

^3*       *$*       OC  O        CO       W 

C*4       ""f       »C  T"       >c       —  ' 

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Post-office  address. 

.  .  Public  School  44,  Throop  and  Putn 
Brooklyn. 
..  Commercial  High  School,  Bergen 
Albany  Avenue,  Brooklyn. 
.  .  852  St.  Johns  Place,  Brooklyn  
.  .  Erasmus  High  School,  Church  at 
Avenues,  Brooklyn. 
..  Public  School  139,  Avenue  C  and 
teenth  Street,  Brooklyn. 
.  .  Public  School  24,  Arion  Place  and  B 
Brooklvn. 

.  .  957  Broadway,  Brooklyn  
.  .  1019  Hart  Street,  corner  St.  Niche 
Brooklvn. 

.  .  Public  School  56,  Madison  Strec 
wick  Avenue,  Brooklvn. 

n 

0 

k 

» 

P 

1-" 

1 

P 

Street,  Brooklyn. 
.  .  230  Graham  Avenue,  Brooklyn  
.  .  Royal  Palace,  16-181£anbattan  A  ven 

.  Public  School  141,  McKibben  a 

Streets,  Brooklvn. 
.  .  Public  School  106,  Hamburg  a 
Avenues,  Brooklvn. 

.  .  2S<»3  Fulton  Street,  Brooklyn  
.  Brooklvn  Waterworks  Buildin 

Avenue  and  Logan  Street,  Brook 
.  Public  School  108,  Linwood  Street 

ton  Avenue,  Brooklyn. 
.  .  Public  School  72,  New  Lots  Road 
Avenue,  Brooklvn. 

.  .  Belmont  Avenue  atul  Berriman  Str 
.  .  343-345  Ralph  Avenue,  Brooklyn.. 
.  .  223  Utica  Avenue,  Brooklyn  
.  .  2513  Atlantic  Avenue,  Brooklyn  .  .  . 
.  .  Ill  Watkins  Street,  Brooklyn  
.  .  461  Rockaway  Avenue,  Brooklyn. 

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NEW  YORK  No. 

NEW  YORK  No. 
NEW  YOIIK  No. 

NEW  YORK  No. 

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APPENDIX   TABLES. 

OO         t*-         t*-  CO         •*}<         CC  'f  i-H  Ci  CO  OO  NO 


557 


rH  CN       T-HO'-<'-<OOi-lcNOOOO**OCNON       O       OO       C       CN  CN  O  -H  CO  i-l  O  O  ••»•       riO       OOO       O  i-l  CN 


-pOt^t^—  "Oio-HOCCT.  C2        O        •*  <N        O        CO  CO  —  <•<*••<)•  O 

CN  co      >o  co  t^  10  o  cc  &  to  :•?  -r  i--  -*  -r  :j:  -*•  --T  o      oo      cc  o      T-I      to  o  i^  o  01  1-1  c 
••»•  co      Qo'ir9>aoF*<Ko9OoGt«ooaboo<5oor-f>     cc      w  >->      cc      t~  c;  cc  oc  CN  o 


•"*        O»  O 

CN      »»•  t- 
49      r-  1— 


§tO        OCCto-«'*CCCCt^-fCCOi-ICNOO'-<'-< 
•^J       cccc*c*cccctoccCN*j'C":i— '  O  I~-  t"-  >O  t^  cc 


O>        f        •-<  CO  CC  CO  CN  CN 


lOt~        i-lQ         00r-lt>.        COCNCO 
**  CO  25         O  O  00         CN  O  I— 


i—  iCi'-'C^i—  it*»-<cc      o-i      *oc**      co      oc  t^-  —*  c  t—  •—  rao          occ      ca  •**      o  o  10      co  QO  oo 
Q  c5  o  us  &  eib»  *o      co      t--^      ^f      <£•  cc  co  T-<  —  IM  o          occs      a;  o      ooccc      cst^-oi 

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>.-r-n  .-i  CN  t^tN'*  CO^-C 

t-  co  I-  -^  I-H  m  CN  »i  oc  • 

cico1  fo"fo~  T)T'nrlf3'  nT^fc 


it^cocoi—  "*-icNoocC'--'*xic!M'^-»oai      CN      cctN      o      c3<Nt--<*jtr~r>.i'-          cr*-*      ob*      omcc      -*^-co 
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COt"Mf]CCC^CC5)^lC^CNCN!MCOC^CN         CN         CMCN         CO         COCNfOC^COC^CS  ^HCN         CNCS         CNCNCS        i-lrtrt 


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'      K~     I     "—    -°2      '         X3E  h^«^2^J  J3ki^;^,5  J3^i  — "<"r/S''-'cO  ' 

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c-i  r-.  co  -    f  J  •«•  -        ui  CN  c  -    r  ^  — •  O  »        «        i^  <T^      ^      CD  •-<  t  cc  01  r«- . 

i-l  n<  CO  i— C4 -.  H.  X  CN  -HCC^CNCC.oS-M        PH        P-lPn        r- 


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«  f— (  »— (  t— <  rH  T-< 

o'  o'     o'  d     o'  o'  o'     o'  o'  o° 


2  II  i 

c  c  p  c  p  c  6  6  6  6  6  6  6  6  c  c"  o"     o'  c  o'  d 

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co  oooooocoooooooooo  o  co  o  cccoocP   op  pp  pop  pop 


W  W   WWW 


558 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


t>-  1*>      L^O 

rH  CO!N 


<MO        C^COONt-       r-l  O       rH  O       rH  CO       O       Or-IO       O  O        rH  I 


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Wf     e"?"?     ufro'co'cN''o'     •"*!'         •£     •£*£     •<?>£     *£     COM  to"     •«?          V     13" -"iT 


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APPENDIX   TABLES. 

-«**  '-3  •*&        tO        «O        Is*        »H  O        OO        O 

C4  »                                            -^         CO                rH         CO 

01 

559 

SOS  ^J*  O  l*»  f*  ift  O       '«*»O        *OOO^CO 
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CO'IN'IN'CO  IN"<N  N  c<T     co"c<i     co~oi  N  c* 

.  .  Librarv,  535  West  One  hundred  and  seventy- 
ninth  Stieel,  N'ew  York. 
..  Public  School  151,  Nimy-Srst  Street  and  First 
Avenue,  New  York. 
..  240  East  One  hundred  and  fifth  Street,  Now 
York. 
.  .  231  East  One  hundred  and  fourth  Street,  New 
York. 

.  .  59  South  Washington  Square,  New  York  
.  .  (>0  West  Tllirteenil'.  Street,  New  York  
.  .  Public  School  80,  Ninty-sixth  Street  and  Lex- 
ington Avenue,  New  York. 
.  72  East  One  hundred  and  eighth  Street,  New 
York. 

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New  York. 
.  14S2  Broadway,  New  York  
.  121  E'ist  Fift  y-first  Strf  ei  ,  New  York  

.  174  East  One  hundred  and  tenth  Street,  New 
York. 
..  161  East  One  hundred  and  eleventh  Street, 
New  York. 

..  121  East  One  hundred  and  sixteenth  Street, 
New  York. 

.  .  Central  Park  Arsenal.  Fifth  Avenue  and  Sixtv- 
fourth  Street,  New  York. 
.  .  51  East  E  ighty-tliird  Street,  New  York  
.  .  Public  School  159,  241  East  One  hundred  and 

nineteenth  Street,  New  York. 
.1  1C5  East  One  hundred  and  twenty-first  Street, 

New  York. 
..  57  East  One  hundred  and  twenty-fifth  Street, 
New  York. 
..  31  West  One  hundred  and  tenth  Street.  New 

•          -00         -60         •     •73_{ 

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York. 
.  .  144  St.  Nicholas  Avenue,  New  York  
.  .  2£0  Lenox  Avenue,  New  York  
.  .  !)  Jackson  Avenue,  Long  Island  
.  .  158  Grand  Avenue,  New  York  
.  .  442  Tenth  Avenue,  Long  Island  City  
.  .  Public  School  11,  Woodside,  Long  Island... 
.  .  15  Whitney  Avenue,  Elmhurst,  Long  Island 
..  23A  South  Eighth  Avenue,  Whitestone,  L 
Island. 
.  .  14  Grand  Street,  Maspeth,  Long  Island  
.  .  Seneca  and  Bleeker  Streets,  Ridgewood,  L 
Island. 
.  .  2404  Myrtle  Avenue,  Ridgewood,  Long  Islan 
..  Glendale,  Long  Island  
-.  372  Boulevard,  Rockaway  Beach,  Long  Isls 
.  .  4110  Jamaica  Avenue,  WTildhaven,  Long  Isla 

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NEW  YORK  No. 
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560 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


cO"3-*t3'*t-OCC 


CN        —  11^        OC 


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1O        1O 


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00        W  '"l1^        ^       ^^        i— 1US  CC'M4!— it^t^-CO^^flCOCOUSOcCO*— lUSOCOUDcOCOt^l^ 

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APPENDIX   TABLES. 


569 


i-c  i-fi-l         CO 


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§mm  — it~i-i 
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,  Somerset. 

2 
1 

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:  :  :    d  :  : 

203  Federal  Building,  Dayton 
McConnelsville  
Courthouse,  Mount  Gilead  — 
.  .  .  Courthouse.  Zanesville  
do  
Second  floor.  Courthouse,  Ne\ 
....  I.O.O.F.  Building,  Caldwel 
Port.  Clinton 

Paulding  

Citizens'  State  Bank  Building 
Courthouse,  Circleville  

Wnvsrlv 

111  East  Main  Street,  Ravenn 
....  O  fflce  of  H.  R.  Gilmore,  Eato 

Otl  n.wn 

Courthouse,  Mansfield  
....  5  Federal  Building,  Chillicoth 
....  Elks  Block,  Fremont.  
Portsmouth 

Courthouse,  Tiffin  
Courthouse,  Sidney  
New  County  Building,  Spring 

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Courthouse,  Marietta  
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Courthouse,  Bryan  
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570 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


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APPENDIX    TABLES. 


571 


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3  'as  ".s 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


573 


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PENNSYLVANIA. 

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574 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


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APPENDIX   TABLES. 


575 


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APPENDIX    TABLES. 


A  . 


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COCSCOC01-- 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


577 


COCO  CMt-O 


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.  York  lioad  and  Nedro  Street  
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.  .  Fifty-lift  ii  and  Pine  Streets  
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APPENDIX    TABLES. 


579 


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581 


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APPENDIX    TABLES. 


1*8^ 


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APPENDIX    TABLES. 


585 


0  rHOCOCOCM 

OC  CMOCOb-O 

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CC^Cr-tCC           i-HCCl-C^C^                                   CCt-1           W  i-l  'TrH 

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rH  00                                                                                                                     i-i 

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586 


APPENDIX    TABLES. 


• 

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1 


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ts  to 

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J   :   •  :  :»  :  :  :  ;  :  :    -« 

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APPENDIX    TABLES. 


587 


co-^o-*'*  o  o-«co  or-    • 

—  4  T-J  "^  to  o  o  co  r  i  71  ro 

OOCr-li-*d»pJpt*30lr*-OOC^'—  ii—  «OOOO*^OOCO-^^-«t--»O 

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588 


APPENDIX   TABLES. 


APPEXDIX    TABLES. 


589 


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APPENDIX   TABLES. 


—  «  O  ***  cO  1-*  O  C<l  I.-  ^  CO  * 


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APPENDIX    TABLES. 


591 


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INDEX. 


[References  are  to  pages.] 


Acts  of  Concress: 

Act  of  May  18,  1917,  133,  H7,  213. 

Act  of  March  16,  1918,  144. 

Act  of  July  9,  1918,  99,  217. 

Act  of  August  31,  1918,  6,  26,  147. 

Joint  resolution,  January  15,  191S,  214. 

Joint  resolution,  May  16, 1918,  5,  20. 

Joint  resolution,  May  20,  1918,  1,  22,  175. 
Actuarial  estimates  of  age  groups,  1S1. 
Adjutant  General  of  the  Army,  The,  requisitions 

issued  through  ,-232. 
Adjutants  general  (State): 

Kecommeudations  of,  on  presidential  appeals, 
49. 

Statement    of,    to    accompany    presidential 
appeals,  49. 

To  administer  third  registration,  26. 

To  appoint  additional  registrars,  23. 

To  provide  additional  places  of  registration,  23. 
Age  groups,  179. 

Effectives  in,  l-^. 

Estimates,  25,  180. 

Extended,  estimate  of  classification,  189. 

Numbers,  variance  in,  l^s. 

Physical  rejections,  a;,re.  21, 161. 

Registered,  as  classified,  1K8. 
/*    Slackers  and  nonrodstrants,  185. 
Ages,  distribution  by  States,  188. 
Agricultural  furloughs,  144. 
Agricultural  workers,  necessary,  137. 
Agriculture,  ground  for  deferment,  135. 
Alaska: 

Quota,  219. 
t        Registration,  33. 
Alcohol  and  drug  addiction,  167. 
Alienage,  MI. 

As  disturbing  quota  basis,  92. 
Alien  enemies,  92. 

As  altected  by  draft,  104. 

As  affecting  desertion  record,  203. 

In  Army,  104. 

Naturalization,  107. 
Aliens: 

Citizenship,  88. 

Classification,  90. 

Declarant,  94. 

Department  of  Justice,  registrations,  90.   ' 

Diplomatic  requests  for  discharge,  97. 

Discharge  at  camps,  101. 

Enemy,  92. 

Legal  status,  88. 

Loyaltv,  86. 

Neutral,  classified,  91. 

Nondeclarant,  94. 

Nonliability  to  draft,  93. 

Numlier  registered,  88. 

i  'hysical  rejections,  160. 

Registered,  comparison  of  war  status,  90. 

Registered,  for  each  registration.  89. 

Treatment  by  military  authorities.  101. 

Treatment  of,  as  cause  for  diplomatic  protest,  94. 

Waivers,  96. 
Alsace-Lorraine,  106. 
American  Bar  Association,  295,  304. 
American  Medical  Association,  294,  304. 
American  Protective  League,  304. 

Detect  ion  and  apprehension  of  delinquents  and 

deserters,  200. 

American  Railway  Association,  303. 
American  Red  Cross,  304. 

Third  registration,  29. 
Amidon,  Judge,  remarks  re  aliens,  87. 


Appeal  agents.    See  Government  appeal  agents. 
Appeals:  • 

Kinds  of  claims,  53. 
Method  of  making,  48. 
To  the  President,  52. 

Changes  in  regulations,  53. 
Disposition  of,  54. 
Apportionment  of  quotas,  213. 
Appropriations,  247. 
Armed  forces,  total  strength,  227. 
Armistice,  call  canceled  by,  237. 
Armories,  deferment  of  artificers  in,  125. 
Army: 

Alien  enemies  in,  104. 

Convicted  persons  in,  148. 

Enlistment  prohibited,  223. 

Forces  of,  raised  by  induction  and  enlistment, 

227. 

Arsenals,  deferment  of  artificers  in,  125. 
Artificers,  in  armories,  arsenals,  and  navy  yards, 

deferment  of,  125. 

I  Austria-Hungary,  enemy  aliens,  104. 
Baseball  players: 

Entry  on  Emergency  Fleet  Classification  List, 

70. 

Status  under  work  or  fight  order,  82. 
Blanket  deferments,  139. 

Boards  of  Instruction.    See  Instruction,  boards  of. 
Brassards,  238. 
British  Empire,  forces  raised  by  enlistment  and  by 

conscription,  229. 
British  military  service  acts,  20. 

.    System  of  classification  under,  171. 
Bulgaria,  enemy  aliens,  105. 
Bureau  of  Navigation,  director  of  mobilization,  232. 
Calls,  5. 

Denned,  233. 
Kinds  of,  232. 
Mode  of  allocating,  236. 
Camp: 

Aliens  discharged  at,  101. 
Naturalizations  at,  101. 
Physical  rejections  at,  162. 
Camp  destinations,  240. 
Camp  surgeons'  revision  of  physical  examinations, 

162. 

Cam  ps  of  mobilization,  240. 
Canada: 

Exemption  under  reciprocal  military  service 

conventions,  35. 

Registration  of  American  citizens  in,  35. 
Registration  under  reciprocal  conventions,  35. 
Census,  Bureau  of,  303. 

Adaptation  of  draft  methods  to,  21. 
Figures  for  age  groups,  180. 
Children,  affecting  dependency,  111. 
Citizenship: 

]  >enied  to  certain  declarants,  99. 
Of  Indians,  196. 

City  officials  to  assist  in  third  registration,  27. 
Civic  cooperating  agencies,  303. 
Civil  War,  draft,  7,  20. 
Civilian: 

Administration  of  Selective  Service  system,  8. 
Personnel,  Selective  Service  system,  251. 
Claims: 

Filed  with  district  boards,  51. 
Granted,  ratio  to  claims  mad 3,  51. 
Made  for  certain  classes,  4it. 
Making  and  granting  of,  48. 
Number  made  and  granted,  49. 
Ratio  to  registrants,  49. 

COS 


604 


INDEX. 


Class  I,  2,  172. 

As  quota  basis,  215. 

Depletion,  owing  to  enlistments  and  emergency 
fleet  listing,  24. 

Effect  of  enlistment,  223. 

Effective,  elements  of  complication  in  using, 
175. 

Effectives,  174. 

Exhaustion,  176. 

Nominal,  172. 

Ratio  to  deferred  classes  by  occupations,  136. 

Third  registration.  176. 
Class  H-A,  111. 
Class  H-B.  111. 
Classification,  2. 

Aliens,  90. 

Briti^i  system,  171. 

Cobelligents,  91. 

Colored  and  white  compared,  191. 

Deferred,  fluctuation  of,  171. 

Economic  aspectj  12. 

Economic  necessity  for,  3. 

Enemy  aliens,  92. 

Extended  age  groups,  189. 

Married  and  single  registrants,  compared,  118. 

Neutral  aliens.  91. 

Registrants,  age  groups,  188. 
Classification  system,  45,  93,  110. 

As  regards  dependency,  111. 
Clerical  force,  267. 

Cleveland,  method  of  preinduction  training,  298. 
Coal-mining,  as  affected  by  draft,  141. 
Cobelligerent,    nondeclarant,    and    neutral    defer- 
ments, compared,  91. 
Cobelligerents: 

Classified,  91. 

Reciprocal  treaties  of  conscription  with,  93,  99. 

Recruiting,  102. 
Colored: 

Classification,  compared  with  white,  191. 

Desertions,  compared  with  white,  204. 

Inductions,  compared  with  white,  192. 

Physical  rejections,  159. 

Registration,  compared  with  white,  190. 
Color  groups,  190. 
Commissioned  personnel,  Selective  Service  system, 

252. 

Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  report,  97. 
Committee  on  Public  Information.  303. 

Participation  in  third  registration,  29,  31. 

Work  among  Negroes,  195. 
Compensation: 

Clerical  services,  244. 

Local  board  members.  242. 

Selective  Service  officials,  242. 
Compulsory-work  movement,  expressed  by  State 

legislation.  85. 
Conscientious  objectors,  56. 

Board  of  inquiry  to  investigate,  60. 

Court-martial  trials,  61. 

Disposition,  61. 

Furloughs  for  agricultural  work,  60. 

Segregation,  60. 
Conseription,reciprocal  treaties  with  Cobelligerents, 

93,  99. 

Consuls,  to  accomplish  registration,  35. 
Correspondence : 

Volume  of  P.  M.  G.  O.,  258. 

Rules,  P.M.  G.  O.,256. 

Cost  of  draft,  per  capita,  for  1917  and  1918,  compared, 
249. 

National  and  State,  248. 

Cost  per  capita,  of  induction  and  enlistment,  com- 
pared, 250. 

In  Civil  War,  250. 
Councils  of  national  defense,  304. 

To  assist  in  third  registration,  29. 
County  officials: 

Deferment  of,  125, 132. 

To  assist  in  third  registration,  27. 
Court-martial  trials  of  conscientious  objectors,  61. 
Crowder,  Maj.  Gen.  E.  H.,  designated  Provost 

Marshal  General,  253. 
Customhouse  clerks,  deferment  of,  125. 
Czecho-Slovaks,  recruiting,  105,  .'.07. 
Decentralization,  257. 
Declarants,  98. 


Deferments: 

Based  on  agriculture  and  industry,  135. 

Based  on  specified  vocations,  124. 

Blanket,  139. 

Compared  as  to  ages,  188. 

Comparison  of  grounds  for,  1917-18, 168. 

Compulsory,  13. 

Divisions  within  classes,  170. 

Emergency  fleet- 
Ratio  of  deferred  to  employed,  69. 
Ratio  to  other  deferments," 69. 
Reduction  of,  68. 

Federal  employees,  128. 

Governmental  employees,  126. 

Indians,  197. 

Industrial  enlargement,  146. 

In  general,  170. 

Marriage  dependency,  as  ground  for,  116. 

Means  of  evasion,  9. 

Nondeclarant,  Cobelligerent,  and  neutral,  com- 
pared, 91. 

Ratio  of  different  classes,  169. 

Single  men,  118. 

Summarization,  168. 

Deferred  classification,  fluctuation  of,  171. 
Delinquents,  10. 

Class  I  effectives,  174. 

Detection  and  apprehension  of,  199. 
Department  of  Justice: 

Alien  registrations,  90. 

Apprehension  of  deserters  by,  200. 
Dependency,  108. 

As  cause  for  deferment,  figures,  116. 

As  cause  for  deferment  of  sm?le  men,  118. 

Classes,  distribution  of  registrants,  117. 

Marriage,  divisions  of,  117. 

Presidential  appeals,  138. 

Under  British  classification  system,  172. 
Deserters,  10. 

Class  I  effectives,  174. 

Detection  and  apprehension  of,  198, 199. 
Desertions,  202. 

Compared  by  color,  204. 

Compared  by  citizenship,  205. 

Reported  and  net  reported,  202. 
Diplomatic  protests  re  aliens,  94. 
Diplomatic  requests  for  discharge  of  aliens,  97. 
Disbursements,  247. 
Discharge: 

From  Army  for  physical  disability,  161. 

Ratio  of  different  grounds  for,  168. 
District  boards,  268. 

Claims,  appellate  and  original  jurisdiction,  51. 

Disposition  of  claims,  51. 

Final  decisions  re  work  or  fight  cases,  79. 

Jurisdiction,  10. 

Methods  of  work,  274. 

Number  and  personnel,  268. 

Original  jurisdiction,  20. 

Scope  of  work,  269. 

Divinity  students,  exemption  of,  125, 128. 
Draft: 

Achievements  of,  1. 

Age,  extension  of,  25. 

Alien  enemies,  as  affected  by,  104. 

Civil  War,  7. 

Coal-mining,  effect  on,  140. 

Evasion  of,  198. 

Executives,  264. 

Influence  on  enlistment,  224. 

Moral  responsibility  of  local  boards  for,  283. 

Per  capita  cost,  248,  249. 

Railroad  occupations,  effect  on,  139. 

Resistance  to,  206. 

Resistants,  198. 
Drawing  of  order  numbers,  41. 
Drug  addiction,  167. 
Effectives: 

In  Class  1. 174. 

In  general  age  groups,  189. 
Emergency  Fleet  classification  list,  62. 

Class  I  effectives,  174. 

Complaints  regarding,  69. 

Conditions  of  entry,  64. 

Deferments — 

Ratio  to  employees,  69. 
Ratio  to  other  deferments,  69. 
J?  educed  by  later  action,  68. 


INDEX. 


605 


Emergency  Fleet  classification  list— Continued. 

Etfect  of  the  system.  72. 

Entrance  prohibited,  223. 

Handled  by  Industrial  Relations  Division,  6C. 

Increased  entries  requiring  additional  registra- 
tion. 24. 

Local  board  check  suspended,  65. 

Navy  Department,  65. 

Operation  by  private  concerns,  66. 

Operation  cf  the  system,  69. 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  64. 
Employments: 

Classed  as  industries,  MR. 

Normal  and  nonproductive,  18. 
Enemy  aliens,  92, 104. 
Enlistments: 

Army  and  Navy,  as  affecting  quota,  217. 

As  alfected  by  draft,  224. 

As  affecting  Class  I,  217. 

As  affecting  desertion  record,  203. 

By  months,  223. 

Defined,  220. 

Increased,  requiring  additional  registration,  24. 

Navy  and  Marine  Corps,  prohibited,  218. 

Per  capita  cost,  compared  with  inductions,  250. 

Selecthe  Service  system,  influence  on,  225. 

Voluntary,  6, 13. 

Enlisted  personnel,  Selective  Service  system,  252. 
Entrainment,  237. 

Epidemic,  interference  with  mooilizntion,  237. 
Essential  industries  found  "necessary"'  by  district 

boards,  271. 
Exemption: 

Based  on  specific  vocations,  124. 

British  and  Canadian  sunjects,  36. 

Divisions  within  classes,  170. 

Ratio  of  different  classes,  169. 

Ratio  of  different  grounds  for,  168. 

To  noncombat  ant  religious-creed  members,  57. 
Extension  of  draft  age: 

Legislative  measures,  2-". 

Reasons  for,  24. 

Farmers'  and  Lalx>rers'  Protective  Association,  206. 
Federal: 

Etnployees,  deferment  of,  126. 

Officers,  exemption  of,  133. 
Felony,  as  ground  for  exemption,  147. 
Firemen,  deferment  of,  129. 
First  registration,  22. 

Late  registrants,  22. 

Slackers,  1S5. 
Fiscal  arrangements.  240. 
Forms,  distribution  to  boards,  262. 
Four  Minute  Men,  third  registration,  29. 
France,  proportion  male  population,  32. 
Fry,  Brig.  Gen.  James  B.,  report  of,  263. 
Furloughs,  industrial  and  agricultural,  144.  t 

General  military  service,  qualifications  for,  152. 
Germany: 

Subjects  registered,  90. 

Subjects  in  Army,  104. 
Government  appeal  agents: 

Appointment  of,  under  original  regulations,  290. 
Under  regulations  of  December,  1917,  291. 

Performance  of  their  duties.  292. 

Recommendations  of.  on  presidential  appeals, 
49. 

Statement    of,    to    accompany    presidential 

appeals  on  dependency,  49. 
Government  1  Tint  ing  Office,  201,  303. 
Governors  of  States,  262. 

To  provide  additional  registration  places,  27. 

To  supervise  third  registration,  26. 
Great  Britain: 

Exemption  under  reciprocal  military  service 
conventions.  ::ti. 

Forces  raised  by  enlistment  and  conscription. 
229. 

Proportion  male  population,  32. 

Registration  under  reciprocal  military  service 

conventions,  35. 

Greece,  reciprocal  draft  convention  with,  38. 
Groups,  physical,  151. 
Hawaii: 

Quota,  219. 

Registration,  33. 
Height,  standards  of,  156. 


Indians: 

Deferment,  197. 

Induction.  197. 

Registration.  32. 

Relation  to  the  draft,  196. 
Induction : 

Colored  and  white  compared,  192. 

Comparison  of  voluntary  and  involuntary,  235. 

Defined,  220. 

Indians.  197. 

Individual,  232. 

Navy  and  Marino  Corps,  220. 

Per  cipita  cost,  compared  with  enlistment,  250. 

Ratio  to  registrants,  222. 

Students'  Army  Training  Corps,  226. 

Time  of,  220. 

Total,  222. 
Industrial: 

Advisers,  142. 

Claims,  recommendation  by  local  boards,  48. 

Conscription,  85. 

Deferment,  enlargement  of,  146. 

Under  British  classification  system,  172. 

Furloughs,  144. 

Grounds  for  deferment,  135. 

Transfer,  compulsory,  14. 

Workers,  deferred ,  137. 

Industrial  index,  P.  M.  G.  O.,  130, 136, 138,  141. 
Industry : 

Necessary,  13. 

Necessary  occupations,  135. 

Statutory  enlargement  of,  146. 
Industries,  essential,  found  "necessary"  by  district 

boards,  271. 
Inspectors: 

National,  256. 

State,  206. 

Instruction,  boards  of,  298. 
Involuntary  induction',  235. 
Italy,  reciprocal  draft  convention  with,  38. 
I.  W.  W.,207,  209. 
Jurisdiction  of  district  boards,  10. 
Justice,  Department  of.    See  Department  of  Justice. 
Labor: 

Distribution,  local  and  national,  viewpoint,  19. 

Effect  of  work  or  fight  order,  15. 

Efficiency  resulting  from  draft,  16. 

Potential  effect  of  draft  on,  16. 

Transfer  of,  14. 
Lawyers,  utilization  of,  294. 
Legal  advisory  boards,  294. 
Limited  service  men: 

Detailed  to  Selective  Service  organization,  266. 

Qualifications,  154. 
Local  boards,  276. 

Additional  registrars  recommended  by,  23. 

Aliens,  treatment  of,  95. 

Dependency  classification — 
Lack  of  uniformity,  Iff?,  120. 
Opinions  concerning,  114. 

Duties,  279. 

Emergency  Fleet  classification  list,  check,  65. 

Members — 

As  chief  registrars,  23. 
Occupations,  277. 

Moral  responsibility  for  the  selective  draft,  283. 

Organization  and  personnel,  276. 

Physical    examinations,    revised    by     camp 
surgeons,  161. 

Physical  rejections,  156. 

Popular  support,  2S4. 

Recommendation  in  work  or  fight  cases,  79. 

Recommendation  on  industrial  ehiini' .  !->. 

Registrars  for  third  registration,  appointed  by, 
23. 

Registration  accomplished  by,  22. 

Spirit,  288. 

Statement  of  member  to  accompany  presidential 

appeals,  4<J. 

Madden  resolutions,  127. 
Malingerers,  157. 
Marine  Corps: 

Enlistment  prohibited,  223. 

Enlistments,  requiring  additional  registration, 
24. 

Induction,  226. 

Total  strength,  227. 


606 


INDEX. 


Mariners,  deferment  of,  125. 
Marriages: 

Change  of  rule,  121. 

Childless,  degree  of  dependency  involved,  111. 

Dependency,  as  ground  for  deferment,  116. 

Recent,  119. 
Master  list,  43. 

Mayors,  to  assist  in  providing  registration  places,  27. 
Medical  advisory  boards,  HO,  293. 
Medical  aides,  functions,  150. 
Medical  students,  exemption  of,  128. 
Mental  deficiencies  and  disorders,  168. 
Mileage,  240. 

Military  age,  ratio  of  forces  raised  to,  228. 
Military  forces: 

Raised  by  induction  and  enlistment  combined, 
22J. 

Ratio  to  male  population,  228. 

Ratio  to  military  age,  22S. 
Military  service,  ground  for  deferment,  123. 
Ministers  of  religion,  exemption  of,  125. 
Mobilization,  4,  232. 

By  camps,  240. 

By  kinds  of  calls,  234. 

Corps  assignments,  235. 

Entrainment,  237. 
Montana,  resistance  to  draft,  209. 
Moral  disqualifications,  147. 
Municipal  officials,  deferment  of,  125, 132. 
National  Association  for  Prison  Labor,  report,  149. 
National  Dental  Association,  304. 
National  inspectors,  256. 
National  occupational  summary,  127. 
National  parks,  registration  in,  33. 
Naturalization,  86. 

Act  of  May  9,  101. 

At  camp,  101, 107. 
Navy: 

Emergency  Fleet  classification  list,  Co. 

Enlistments  prohibited,  223. 

Increased  enlistments  requiring  additional  reg- 
istration, 24. 

Inductions,  226. 

Total  strength,  227. 

Naval  service,  ground  for  deferment,  123. 
Navy  yards,  deferment  of  artificers  in,  125. 
Necessary  industries,  13. 
Negroes: 

German  propaganda  among,  195. 

Relation  to  the  draft,  193. 

New  York  City,  police  and  fire  departments,  re- 
quest for  exemption,  130. 
Noncombatant  service,  definition  of,  58. 
Noncombatants,  56. 

Assignment  to  service,  58. 

Class  I  effectives,  174. 

Courts-martial,  59. 

Religious-creed  exemptions,  57. 

Religious-creed  registrants,  56. 
Nondeclarant  aliens,  94. 
"Nonpriority"  lists  of  industries,  confusion  with 

nonproductive  occupations,  83. 
Nonproductive  occupation  list,  77. 
Nonregistrants,  185. 

North  Carolina,  resistance  to  draft,  209. 
Oakes,  Brig.  Gen.,  report,  7. 
Oath,  not  required  by  draft,  221. 
Occupations: 

Classed  with  industries,  146. 

Of  local  board  members,  277. 

Of  selected  men,  5. 
Oklahoma,  resistance  to  draft,  207. 
Oppressed  races,  105,  107. 
Order  numbers: 

Determining  and  recording  of,  43. 

Drawing  of,  41. 

Order  of  liability  for  military  service,  46. 
Organization  of  Selective  Service  system,  251. 
Passports,  permits  for,  54. 
Permits  for  passports,  revocation  of  order,  55. 
Pershing,  Gen.,  recruiting  service  in  Great  Britain 

established  by,  37. 
Personnel: 

Provost  Marshal  General's  Office,  253. 

Selective  Service  administration,  251. 
Civilian,  252. 
Commissioned  and  enlisted,  252. 


Physical  disqualifications,  total,  156. 
Physical  examination,  standards  of,  151. 
Physical  examination  system,  150.         • 

Revised  by  camp  surgeons,  161. 
Physical  examinations: 
Under  questionairo  system,  45. 
Physical  groups,  151. 
Physical  qualifications,  150. 
Physical  rejections: 

Age-21,  161. 

Alien  and  native,  compared,  160. 

By  camps,  103. 

Causes,  164. 

Colored  and  white,  compared,  159. 

Urban  and  rural,  compared,  159. 

1917  and  1918,  compared,  162. 
Pilots,  deferment  of,  125. 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  slacker  raid.  200. 
Policemen,  deferment  of,  129. 
Polish  Legion,  recruiting,  102,  107. 
Population: 

As  quota  basis,  213. 

Male  proportion  of  registered,  31. 

Ratio  of  forces  raised  to,  228. 
Porto  Rico: 

Quota,  219. 

Registration,  33. 

Postal  employees,  deferment  of,  125. 
Preference  List  of  War  Industries  Board,  advisory 

only,  K3. 

Preparedness  League  of  American  Dentists,  304. 
President,  the: 

Attitude  concerning  dependency,  109. 

Order  of  April,  1918.  re  aliens,  99. 

Proclamation  calling  for  third  registration,  2*. 

Proclamation  requiring  registration  on  August 

24,24. 

Presidential  appeals.    See  Appeals  to  the  President. 
Printing  262. 
Provost  Marshal  General,  253. 

Authority.  253. 

Memorandum  to  Chief  of  Staff,  July  27,  191S,  2">. 
Provost  Marshal  General's  Office,  233. 

Administrative  divisions,  251. 

Correspondence  rules,  250. 

Filing  system,  259. 

Information  Division,  259. 

Mail,  258. 

National  inspectors,  256. 

Personnel,  254. 

Publications — 

Distributed  by  boards  of  instruction,  301. 
Provost  Marsfial  General's  Office,  261. 
Publicity  for  registration,  27. 
Questionnaire,  the,  45. 

As  basis  of  compensation,  243. 
Quota  basis,  effect  of  aliens  on,  92. 
•    Completion  of,  under  first  levy,  214. 

Disturbing  elements  affecting  computation,  218 
Quota  sheets,  216. 
Quotas: 

Allotment  under  questionnaire  system,  47. 

State,  5. 

Race  groups,  190. 

Railroad  arrangements  for  mobilization,  239. 
Railroad  occupations,  effect  of  draft  on,  138. 
Recent  marriages,  9, 119. 

Change  of  rule.  121. 
Reciprocal  conventions,  Great  Britain,  Canada,  and 

'other  countries,  35. 
Recruiting,  a  disturbing  factor,  6. 
Registrar,  chief: 

Board  member  to  act  as,  23. 

Duties,  23. 
Registration,  1,  22. 

Age  groups,  181. 

Aliens,  89. 

Cards  and  certificates,  accountability  for,  27. 

Central  registration  committees,  27. 

Citizens,  for  each  registration,  89. 

Colored  and  white,  compared,  190. 

First  (June  5, 1917)  22. 

Foreign  countries,  35. 

Indian  reservations,  32. 

Individual  ages,  183. 

Local  boards  to  accomplish,  23. 

National  parks,  33. 


INDEX. 


607 


Registration — Continued. 

Numbers  under  second  registration,  40. 

Of  age  21  group,  22. 

Places  for,  responsibility  for  providing,  23. 

Publicity,  27. 

Second  (June  5,  1918),  27. 

Supplemental  (Aug.  24,  1918),  24. 

Third  (Sept.  12,  1918),  24. 

Totals,  31. 
Registrants: 

First  registration,  total,  22. 

Ratio  of  inductions,  222. 

Total  enrolled,  all  registrations,  31. 

Second  and  supplemental  registrations,  24. 
Rejections: 

Physical,  at  camp,  162. 

Specific  causes  of,  164. 

Total  physical,  156. 
Religious  bodies  opposed  to  war,  56. 
Religious-creed   claimants,    opposed    to   military 
service,  57. 

Hoard  of  inquiry  to  investigate,  60. 
Remediable,  153. 

Class  I  effectives,  174. 
Requisitions,  232. 
Resistants,  19S. 
Rewards  for  deserters,  199. 
Rural  physical  rejections,  159. 
Scott,  Kmmett  J.,  special  assistant  to  Secretary  of 

War.  194. 
Second  registration  (June  5-Aug.  24,  1918),  22. 

Supplemental  (Aug.  24,  191S),  24. 

Total,  24. 
Selected  men: 

Entrainmcnt  regulations,  237. 

Occupations  of,  5. 
Selective  Service  system: 

Influence  of  enlistment  on,  225. 

Organization  and  personnel,  7,  251. 
Serial  numbers: 

Assignment  of,  39. 

Assignment,  when  improperly  recorded,  44. 

Late  registrants,  method  of  assignment  to,  44. 
Shipbuilding,  labor  power  obtained  by  Emergency 

l-'lfui  classification  list,  68. 
Single  men: 

Deferred,  contrasted  with  married  men,  118» 

Dependency  claims  allowed,  116. 
"Slacker  raids,'' 200. 
Slackers,  185,  1<K 

Detection  and  apprehension  of,  199. 
Slavic  Legion,  KM. 
S;M.'.cia!  and  limited  service  groups,  154. 

Class  I  effectives,  174. 
Standards  of  physical  qualification,  151. 


State  adjutant  general,  to  determine  serial  num- 
bers, 44. 

State  agencies  for  draft,  9. 
State  executives,  262. 
State  headquarters,  duties  of,  265. 
State  inspectors,  266. 
State  officers,  exemption  of,  133. 
State  quotas,  5,  213. 
Students'  Army  Training  Corps,  4 
Supervised  decentralization,  257. 
Texas,  resistance  to  draft,  206. 
Third  registration.  24. 

Class  I,  176. 

Preliminary  arrangements,  26. 

Publicity  methods,  27. 

Public  sentiment,  28. 

Those  required  to  register,  26. 

Total  registered,  31. 

Thyroid  disease,  cause  for  rejection,  167. 
Treaties  of  conscription  with  eobelh'gerents,  exempt- 
ing from  military  service,  93. 
Turkey,  enemy  ally,  105. 
United  States: 

Bureau  of  Education,  305. 

Employment  service,  to  as'sistin  work  or  fight 
order,  48. 

Fuel  '  Administration,    deferment    of    mine 
workers,  140. 

Officers,  exemption  of,  124,  133. 

Railway  Administration,  239,  303. 

Railroad  service,  deferment  of  employees,  139. 

Shipping  Board: 

Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  66. 
Recruiting  service  of,  67. 
Urban  physical  rejections,  159. 
Voluntary  enlistments,  6, 13. 
Voluntary  inductions,  225,  235. 
Voting  precincts  as  places  of  registration,  27. 
Waivers,  of  aliens,  96. 
War  Industries  Board,  83. 

Priorities,    found    "necessary"    by    district 
boards,  271. 

Priorities  list,  confusion  with  work  or  fight 

order,  83. 

Weight,  standards  of,  156. 
Work  or  fight  order.  75. 

Conversion  of  labor,  15. 

Disposition  of  cases,  79. 

Effect  on  different  occupations,  81. 

Normal  and  nonproductive  employments,  18. 

Occupational  distribution,  82. 

Potential  effect  of,  14. 

Provisions  of  the  rules',  77. 

Relation  to  War  Industries  Board  priorities 

list,  83. 
Working  Class  Union,  207. 


(JOO  671  492     7 


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